Strategic match and effects of competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy on hotels performance: The catalyst for economic growth of a nation

This research investigated the causal relationship of competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy on organizational performance of hotels in Malaysia. Specifically, this research considered competitive strategy (business strategy) as an independent variable, market orientation a...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Narentheren, Kaliappen
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2014
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/5389/1/s93697.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5389/13/Permissionletter93697.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.5389
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Abdullah, Haim Hilman
topic HD28-70 Management
Industrial Management
spellingShingle HD28-70 Management
Industrial Management
Narentheren, Kaliappen
Strategic match and effects of competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy on hotels performance: The catalyst for economic growth of a nation
description This research investigated the causal relationship of competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy on organizational performance of hotels in Malaysia. Specifically, this research considered competitive strategy (business strategy) as an independent variable, market orientation and innovation strategy (functional strategies) as mediating variables and their causal implication on performance. The theoretical framework of this study used dynamic capabilities, strategic implementation, hierarchy of organizational strategies and synthesis of the similar characteristics of each strategy. Out of a total 475 set of questionnaires which were distributed to top and middle managers of three- to five- star hotels’ in Malaysia only 114 or 24% were usable. The data were analysed through simple linear regression, multiple regression, the Sobel test and the bootstrapping test. Specifically, this research analysed the hypotheses based on a sample size of 54 for cost leadership strategy, competitor orientation and process innovation while, a sample size of 60 was used for differentiation strategy, customer orientation and service innovation. The causal relationship among competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy was found significant in both sample sizes. The causal relationship among competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy on organizational performance was found significant when tested with specific sample sizes of 54 and 60 but was found insignificant with a combined sample size of 114. Importantly, competitor orientation and process innovation mediated cost leadership and performance nexus, while customer orientation and service innovation mediated the differentiation and performance nexus. This study shows the specific strategic match of competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy on performance. It also provides some theoretical contribution to the strategic management theory by expanding the strategy and performance nexus. Moreover, this research provides pertinent information to top and middle management to make better strategic decisions and strategy execution, especially in shaping specific competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Narentheren, Kaliappen
author_facet Narentheren, Kaliappen
author_sort Narentheren, Kaliappen
title Strategic match and effects of competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy on hotels performance: The catalyst for economic growth of a nation
title_short Strategic match and effects of competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy on hotels performance: The catalyst for economic growth of a nation
title_full Strategic match and effects of competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy on hotels performance: The catalyst for economic growth of a nation
title_fullStr Strategic match and effects of competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy on hotels performance: The catalyst for economic growth of a nation
title_full_unstemmed Strategic match and effects of competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy on hotels performance: The catalyst for economic growth of a nation
title_sort strategic match and effects of competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy on hotels performance: the catalyst for economic growth of a nation
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate 2014
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/5389/1/s93697.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5389/13/Permissionletter93697.pdf
_version_ 1747827923714310144
spelling my-uum-etd.53892016-04-17T03:43:31Z Strategic match and effects of competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy on hotels performance: The catalyst for economic growth of a nation 2014 Narentheren, Kaliappen Abdullah, Haim Hilman Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HD28-70 Management. Industrial Management This research investigated the causal relationship of competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy on organizational performance of hotels in Malaysia. Specifically, this research considered competitive strategy (business strategy) as an independent variable, market orientation and innovation strategy (functional strategies) as mediating variables and their causal implication on performance. The theoretical framework of this study used dynamic capabilities, strategic implementation, hierarchy of organizational strategies and synthesis of the similar characteristics of each strategy. Out of a total 475 set of questionnaires which were distributed to top and middle managers of three- to five- star hotels’ in Malaysia only 114 or 24% were usable. The data were analysed through simple linear regression, multiple regression, the Sobel test and the bootstrapping test. Specifically, this research analysed the hypotheses based on a sample size of 54 for cost leadership strategy, competitor orientation and process innovation while, a sample size of 60 was used for differentiation strategy, customer orientation and service innovation. The causal relationship among competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy was found significant in both sample sizes. The causal relationship among competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy on organizational performance was found significant when tested with specific sample sizes of 54 and 60 but was found insignificant with a combined sample size of 114. Importantly, competitor orientation and process innovation mediated cost leadership and performance nexus, while customer orientation and service innovation mediated the differentiation and performance nexus. This study shows the specific strategic match of competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy on performance. It also provides some theoretical contribution to the strategic management theory by expanding the strategy and performance nexus. Moreover, this research provides pertinent information to top and middle management to make better strategic decisions and strategy execution, especially in shaping specific competitive strategy, market orientation and innovation strategy 2014 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/5389/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/5389/1/s93697.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/5389/13/Permissionletter93697.pdf text eng staffonly Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abidin, N.Z., Yusof, N., Hassan, H., & Adros, N. (2011). Applying a competitive strategy in quantity surveying firms: An evolving process. Asian Journal of Management Research, 2 (1), 61-73. Acquaah, M., and Yasai-Ardekani, M. (2006). Does the implementation of a combination competitive strategy yield incremental performance benefit? A new perspective from transition economy in sub Saharan Africa. Journal of Business Research, 61. Agarwal, S., Erramilli, M.K., & Dev, C.S. (2003). Market orientation and performance in service firms: Role of innovation. Journal of Service Marketing, 17 (1), 68-82. Aggarwal, S. C. and Khurana, S. K. (2009). Research Methodology and Statistical Analysis (for M. Com), V.K. Enterprises, India Allen, D.R., and Rao, T.R. (2000). Analysis of Customer Satisfaction Data. ASQ Milwaukee: Quality Press. Allen, R., Helms, M., Jones, H., Takeda, M., & White, C. (2008). Porter’s business strategies in Japan. Business Strategy Series, 9 (1) 37-44. Allen, R., and Helms, M. (2006). Linking strategic practices and organizational performance to Porter's generic strategies. Business Process Management Journal, 12 (4). Amran, M., Radzi, S., Aziz, A., & Supardi, A. (2003). Matching strategy with structure: The case of hotel industry in Malaysia. Technical Report. Institute of research, development and commercialization, Universiti Teknologi MARA. Ambrosini, V., Bowman, C., & Collier, N. (2009). Dynamic Capabilities: An exploration of how firms renew their resource base. British Journal of Management, 20, 9–24. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2008.00610.x. Ar, I. M. and Baki, B. (2011). Antecedents and performance impacts of product versus process innovation: Empirical evidence from SMEs located in Turkish Science and Technology Parks. European Journal of Innovation Management, 14 (2), 172-206. Arias-Aranda, D. (2003). Service operation strategy, flexibility and performance in engineering consulting firms. International Journal of Operation and Production Management, 23 (11). Arend, R., and Bromiley, P. (2009). Assessing the dynamic capabilities view: Spare change, everyone? Strategic Orientation, 7 (1). Aruna, P. (2013, August 15). Giving the tourism sector a boost. The Star Online. Retrieved from www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2013/08/15/ Giving-the- tourism-sector-a-boost.aspx Atkinson, H. (2006). Strategy implementation: A role for the balanced scorecard? Management Decision, 44 (10), 1441–1460. doi:10.1108/00251740610715740 Atkinson, H., and Brander- Brown, J. (2001). Rethinking performance measures: Assessing progress in UK hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13 (3). Augier, M., and Teece, D.J. (2009). Dynamic capabilities and the role of managers in business strategy and economic performance. Organization Science, 20 (2). Auzair, S. (2011). The effect of business strategy and external environment on management control system: A study of Malaysian hotels. International Journal of Business And Social Science, 2 (13). Auzair, S.Md and Langfield-Smith, K (2005). The effect of service process type, business strategy and life cycle stage, on bureaucratic MCS in service organizations. Management Accounting Research.16(4), 399-421. Awang, K., Ishak, N., Radzi, S., & Taha, A.(2008). Environmental variables and performances: Evidence from hotel industry from Malaysia.International Journal of economics and management, 2 (1), 59-79. Aziz, N., and Yassin, N. (2010). How will market orientation and external environment influence the performance among SMEs in the Agro-Food sector in Malaysia? International Business Research, 3 (3), 154-164. Babaita, C., Sipos, G., Ispas, A., & Nagy, A. (2010). Leadership style and culture for innovation in hotel industry. International Conference on Economy and Management Transformation Proceeding, 2, 526-531. Baker, K. (2002). Chapter 14 Innovation. Management benchmark study. Retrieved from www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/doe/benchmark/ ch14.pdf Barney, J. (2001). Resource-based theories of competitive advantage: A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view. Journal of Management, 27 (6). Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustainable competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17 (1). Baron, R., and Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (6), 1173-1182. Baroto, M.B., and Abdullah, M.M. (2011). The application of cost, differentiation and hybrid strategy in business operations: Will hybrid strategy become the competitive strategy? 2nd International Conference on Business and Economic Research Proceeding, 1362-1370. Berthon, P., MacHulbert, J., & Pitt, L. (2004). Innovation or customer orientation? An empirical investigation. European Journal of Marketing, 38 (9/10), 1065- 1090. Biedenbach, T., and Muller, R. (2012). Absorptive, innovative and adaptive capabilities and their impact on project and project portfolio performance. International Journal of Project Management, 30 (5), 621–635. Bordean, O., Borza, A., Nistor, R., & Mitra, C. (2010). The use of Porter's generic strategies in Romanian hotel industry. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 1 (2), 173-178. Bourne, M. (2002). The emperor’s new scorecard. Financial World, 48-50. Bowman, C. (2008, Spring). Generic strategies: a substitute for thinking? The Ashridge Journal, 1-6. Burns, T., and Stalker, G. (1961). The management of innovation. London: Tavistock. Byrne, B.M. (2001). Structural equaltion modeling with AMOS- Basic concepts, applications and programming. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Cainelli, G., and Savona, M. (2006). Innovation and economic performance in service: A firm level analysis. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 30 (3). Campbell-Hunt, C. (2000). What have we learned about generic competitive strategy? A meta-analysis. Strategic Management Journal, 21 (2). Cavana R., Delahaye B., Sekaran U. (2001). Applied business research: Qualitative and quantitative methods. Brisbane, Australia: John Wiley & Sons. Chakravarthy, B. (1982). Adaptation: A promising metaphor for strategic management. The Academy of Management Review, 7 (1), 35-44. Chan, R. Y., and Wong, Y. H. (1999). Bank generic strategies: Does Porter’s theory apply in an international banking centre. International Business Review, 8, 561–590. Chan, L.L.M., Shaffer, M.A., & Snape, E. (2004). In search of sustained competitive advantage: The impact of organizational culture, competitive strategy and human resource management practice on firm performance. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15 (1). Chandler, A.D. (1962). Strategy and Structure. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press. Chavan, M. (2009). The balanced scorecard: A new challenge. Journal of Management Development, 28 (5), 393–406. doi:10.1108/02621710910955930. Chen, W.J. (2011). Innovation in hotel services: Culture and personality. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30 (1). Chen, F.H., Hsu, T.S., & Tzeng, G.H. (2011). A balanced scorecard approach to establish a performance evaluation and relationship models for hot spring hotels based on a hybrid MCDM model combining DEMATEL and ANP. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30 (4), 908–932, doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.02.001. Chenhall, R. H., and Langfield-Smith, K. (1998). Relationship between strategic priorities, management techniques and management accounting: an empirical investigation using a systems approach. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 61, 243-264. Chin, C.H., Lo, M.L., & Ramayah, T. (2013). Market orientation and organizational performance: the moderating role of service quality. Sage Open, 3, 1-14. doi:10.1177/2158244013512664 Chou, C. P., and Bentler, P.M. (1995). Estimates and tests. In Hoyle, R. M. Structural equation modelling in Mis research. CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Coakes, S. J., and Steed, L. G. (2007). SPSS: Analysis without anguish: version 14.0 for Windows. Brisbane: John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd. Cunill, O.M. (2006). The growth strategies of hotel chains: Best business practices by leading companies: Haworth Hospitality Press. Damanpour, F., and Gopalakrishnan, S. (2001). The dynamics of the adoption of product and process innovation in organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 38 (1). Damanpour, F., and Wischnevsky, J.D. (2006). Research on organizational innovation: Distinguishing innovation-generating from innovation- adopting organizations. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 23. Daspande, R., Farley, J.U., and Webster, F.E. (1993). Corporate culture, customer orientation and innovativeness in Japanese firms: A quadrant analysis. Journal of Marketing, 57. Deshpande, R. and Farley, J.U. (1998). Measuring market orientation: generalization and synthesis. Journal of Market-Focused Management. 2 (3), 213-32. Davidson, S. (2001). Seizing the competitive advantage. Community Banker, 10 (8), 32-4. Dawes, J. (1999). The Relationship between subjective and objective company performance measures in market orientation research: Further empirical research. Marketing Bulletin, 10 (3), 65-75. Day, G.S. (1994). The capabilities of market driven organizations. Journal of Marketing, 58. Day, G.S., and Wensley, R. (1988). Assessing advantage: A framework for diagnosing competitive superiority. Journal of Marketing, 58. Denton, G. A., and White, B. (2000). Implementing a balanced scorecard approach to managing hotel operations. Cornell Hotel Restaurant Adminstration. Quarterly February, 47-107. Dess, G.G., and Davis, P.S. (1984). Porter’s generic strategies AS determinants of strategic group membership and organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 27 (3), 467-488. Dess, G.G., and Robinson, R.B. (1984). Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: The case of the privately held firm and conglomerate business unit. Strategic Management Journal, 5 (3), 265-273. Dev, C. S., Agarwal, S., & Erramilli, M. K. (2008). Market-driven hotel brands: Linking market orientation, innovation, and performance. Hospitality Review, 26, 1- 9. Doloreux, D., and Melancon, Y. (2008). On the dynamic of innovation in Quebec's coastal maritime industry. Technovation, 28 (4). Donate, M. J., and Guadamillas, F. (2010). The effect of organizational culture on knowledge management practices and innovation. Knowledge and Process Management, 17(2), 82–97. Doran, M.S., Haddad, K., and Chow, C.W. (2002). Maximizing the success of balanced scorecard implementation in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 3 (3), 33-58. Drljaca, M. (2006). Methodology of business process development in a hotel. Creating Customer Value in Tourism and Hospitality Industry,752-763. Drucker, P. (1998). The discipline of innovation. Harvard Business Review. Reprint Nov- Dec. Eisenhardt, K.M., and Martin, J.A. (2000). Dynamic Capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21. Ellis, P.D. (2006). Market orientation and performance. A meta analysis and cross national comparisons. Journal of Management Studies, 43 (5), 1089-1097. Erdil, S., Erdil, O. & Keskin, H. (2004). The relationships between market orientation, firm innovativeness and innovation performance. Journal of Global Business and Technology, 1 (1), 1-11. Enz, C. A. (2011). Competing successfully with other hotels: The role of strategy Retrieved from Cornell University, SHA School site: http://scholarship.sha.cornell.edu/articles/308 Ernst & Young report (2013). Global hospitality insight: Top thought for 2013. Retrieved from www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Top_Thought_ for_2013/File.pdf Evans, N. (2005). Assessing the BSC as a management tool for hotel. International Journal of contemporary hospitality, 17 (5), 376-390. Everitt, B.S., and Dunn, G. (1983). Advanced methods of data exploration and modelling. Exeter, NH: Heinemann. Fernandes, C., Ferreira, J. & Raposo, M. (2013). Drivers to firm innovation and their effects on performance: An international comparison. Munich Personal Repec Archive (MPRA). Retrieved from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/46776 Frambach, R., Prabhu, J., & Verhallen, T. (2003). The influence of business strategy on new product activity: The role of market orientation. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 20, 377-397. Folan, P., and Browne, J. (2005). A review of performance measurement: Towards performance management. Computers In Industry, 56 (7), 663-680. Frigo, M.L. (2002). Strategy and balanced scorecard. Strategic Finance, 84 (5). Frohwein, T., and Hansjurgens, B. (2005). Chemicals regulation and the Porter hypothesis: A critical review of the new European chemical regulation. Journal of Business Chemistry, 2 (1), 19-36. Ge, G.L., and Ding, D.Z. (2005). Market orientation, competitive strategy and firm performance: An empirical study of chinese firms. Journal of Global Marketing, 18 (3/4), 115-142. George, D. and Mallery, P. (2006). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. India: Pearson Education, Inc. Galende, J. (2006). Analysis of technological innovation from business economics and management. Technovation, 26, 300–311. Gopalakrishna, P., and Subramanian, R. (2001). Revisiting the pure versus hybrid dilemma: Porter’s generic strategies in developing economy. Journal of Global Marketing, 15 (2), 61-79. Gunday,G., Ulusoy, G.,Kilic, K., & Alpkan, L. (2011). Effects of innovation types on firm performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 133 (2), 662-674. Grawe, S., Chen, H., & Daugherty, P. (2009). The relationship between strategic orientation, service innovation on performance. International Journal of Physical Distribution And Logistic Management, 39 (4), 282-300. Gray, B., Matear, S., Boshoff, C., & Matheson, P. (1998). Developing a better measure of market orientation. European Journal of Marketing, 32 (9/10), 884-903. Greenley, G. (1995). Forms of MO in UK companies. Journal of Management Studies, 32 (1), 47-66. Grinstein, A. (2008). The relationships between market orientation and alternative strategic orientations. A meta-analysis. European Journal of Marketing, 42 (1/2), 115-34. Hair, J. F., Money, A. H., Samouel, P. & Page, M. (2007). Research methods for business. Chichester: John Willey & Sons Ltd. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. & Black W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. (5th ed). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, J.B., Anderson, R.E., & Tatham, R.L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th ed). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Haktanir, M., and Harris, P. (2005). Performance measurement practice in an independent hotel context: A Case study approach. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17 (1), 39-50. Hambrick, D.C. (1983). Some tests of the effectiveness and functional attributes of Miles and Snows strategic types. Academy of Management Journal, 26 (1), 5- 26. Hamel, G. (1996). Strategy as revolution. Harvard Business Review, 69-82. Han, J.K., Kim, N. & Srivastava, R.K. (1998). Market orientation and organizational performance: Is innovation a missing link?. Journal of Marketing, 62, 30-45. Harison, E., and Koski, H. (2010). Applying open innovation in business strategies. Evidence from Finnish software firms. Research Policy, 39, 351–359. Harris, L.C. (2000). The organizational barriers to developing market orientation. European Journal of Marketing, 34 (5/6), 598-624. Harris, L.C. (2001). Market orientation and performance: Objective and subjective empirical evidence from UK companies. Journal of Management Studies, 38 (1), 17-43. Harris, P., and Mongiello, M. (2001). Key performance indicators in European hotel property: General manager’s choice and company profiles. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13 (3), 120-128. Harrison, S.H., and Enz, C.A. (2005). Hospitality Strategic Management- Concept and Cases. John Wiley And Sons, New Jersey. Hashim, M.K (2007). Strategic Management Text & Cases (2nd ed). Kuala Lumpur: Thomson Learning. Hedman, J., and Kalling, T. (2003). The business model concept: Theoretical underpinnings and empirical illustrations. European Journal of Information System, 12 (1), 49-59. Helfat, C.E., Finkelstein, S., Mitchell, W., Peteraf, M.A., Singh, H., Teece, D.J., & Winter,S.G. (2007). Dynamic Capabilities: Understanding Strategic Change in Organization. Oxford: Blackwell. Helms, M.M., Dibrell, C., & Wright, P. (1997). Competitive strategies and business performance: Evidence from the adhesives and sealants industry. Management Decision, 35 (9), 678-692. Henderson, R., and Mitchell, W. (1997). The interaction of organizational and competitive influences on strategy and performance. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 5-14. Hilmi, M.F., T.Ramayah, Mustapha, Y., & Pawanchik,S. (2010). Product and process innovatiness: Evidence from Malaysian SMEs. European Journal of Social Science, 16 (4), 556-565. Hilman, H. (2006). Pengurusan Strategik (2nd ed), Kuala Lumpur, McGraw Hill. Hilman, H. (2009). Relationship of competitive strategy, strategic flexibility and sourcing strategy on organizational performance. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Hilman, H., Mohamed, Z.A., Othman, R., & Uli, J. (2009). The effect of sourcing strategies on the relationship between competitive strategy and firm performance. International Review of Business Research Papers, 5 (3), 346- 361. Hlavacka, S., Bacharova, L., Rusnakova, V., & Wagner, R. (2001). Performance implications of Porter’s generic strategies in Slovak hospitals. Journal of Management in Medicine, 15 (1), 44-66. Homburg, C., Krohmer, H., & Workman, J. (2004). A strategy implementation perspective of market orientation. Journal of Business Research, 57,1331- 1340. Homburg, C., and Pflesser, C. (2000). A multiple layer model of market oriented organizational culture: Measurement issues and performance outcomes. Journal of Marketing Research, 37 (4), 449-462. Hoque, Z., and James, W. (2000). Linking balanced scorecard measures to size and market factors: Impact on organizational performance. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 12, 1-17. Hou, J.J. (2008). Towards a research model of market orientation and dynamic capabilities. Social Behaviour and Personality, 36 (9), 1251-1268. Hult, G.T.M., Hurley, R.F. & Knight, G.A. (2004). Innovativeness: Its Antecedents and Impact on Business Performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 33 (5), 429-38. Hunt, S., and Lambe, J. (2000). Marketing’s contribution to business strategy: market orientation, relationship marketing and resource-advantage theory. International Journal of Management Reviews, 2 (1), 17-43. Hunt, S.D., and Morgan, R.M. (1995). The comparative advantage theory of competition. Journal of Marketing, 59 (2), 1-15. Hutchinson, K., Alexander, N.B., Quinn, B., & Doherty, A.M. (2007). Internalization motives and facilitating factors: Qualitative evidance from smaller specialist retailers. Journal of International Marketing, 15 (3), 96-122. Hyatt, L. (2001). A simple guide to strategy. Nursing Homes. 50 (1). Isabelle, L. (2013, August 6). Malaysia is 10th most visited country. The Star Online. Retrieved from www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/ 2013/08/06/Malaysia-is- 10th- most-visited-country.aspx Jimenez-Jimenez, D., & Sanz-Valle, R. (2011). Innovation, organizational learning and performance. Journal of Business Research, 64, 408-417. Jin, X., and Shi, Y. (2010). Dynamic capabilities and emerging firm growth: Learning from Chinese commercial vehicle manufacturing companies. Unpublished Conference Proceeding. Johnson, W.C. and Huizenga, W. (2001), Market Orientation in the Asian MobileTelecommunication Industry: Do Buyer and Seller Perceptions Concur?, School of Business and Entrepreneurship, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale-Davie, FL. Johnson, A.J., Dibrell, C.C., & Hansen, E. (2009). Market orientation, innovativeness and performance of food companies. Journal of Agribusiness, 27 (1/2), 85-106. Julian, C.C., Mohamad, O., Ahmed, Z.U., & Sefnedi, S. (2014). The market orientation-performance relationship: The empirical link in export ventures. Thunderbird International Business Review, 56 (1), 97-110. Jusoh, R., and Parnell, J. A. (2008). Competitive strategy and performance measurement in the Malaysian context. Management decision, 46 (1), 5-31. Kai, C., and Fan, W. X. (2010). The effects of market orientation on performance in property service industry. Technological Innovation Project of Beijing Forestry University. International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS), Wuhan, China. Kannan, H.K. (2013, February 04). Malaysia welcomed 25m tourists in 2012.News Straits Times. Retrieved from http://www.nst.com.my/ nation/general/malaysia- welcomed-25m-tourists-in-2012-1.212681 Kaplan, R.S., and Norton, D.P. (2001). Transforming the balanced scorecard from performance to strategic management. Accounting Horizons, 15 (1), 87-104. Kaplan, R.S., and Norton, D.P. (1992). The balanced scorecard- measures that drive performance. Harvard Business Review, 70 (1), 71-79. Kaplan, R.S., and Norton, D.P. (1996). Translating strategy into action: The balanced scorecard. Harvard Business School Press. Kasim, A., and Minai, B. (2009). Linking CRM strategy, customer performance measures and performance of hotel industry. International Journal of Economics and Management, 3 (2), 297-316. Kennerly, M., and Neely, A. (2003). Measuring performance in changing business environment. International Journal of Operation and Production Management, 23 (2), 213-229. Kim, W.G., and Lee, S. (2007). Developing a new hotel performance measurement system: Application of the balanced scorecard and the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process model. Proceedings of the First Hospitality and Leisure: Business Advances and Applied Research Conference. Kim, J., and Mahoney, J.T. (2005). Property rights theory, transaction cost theory and agency theory: An organizational economic approach to strategic management. Managerial and Decision Economics, 26, 223-242. Kim, E., Nam, D., & Stimpert, J.L. (2004). Testing the applicability of Porter’s generic strategies in the digital age: A study of Korean cyber malls. Journal of Business Strategies, 21, 19-45. Kirca, A.H., Jayachandran, S., & Bearden, W. (2005). A Meta analytic review and assessment of its antecedents and impact on performance. Journal of Marketing, 69 (1), 24-41. Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed). New York: The Guilford Press. Kohli, A.H., and Jaworski, B.J. (1990). Market orientation: The constructs, research propositions and managerial implications. Journal of Marketing, 54 (2), 18. Koseoglu, M.A., Topaloglu, C., Parnell.J.A., & Lester, D.L. (2013). Linkages between business strategy, uncertainties and performance in the hospitality industry: Evidence from an emerging economy. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 81-91. Kraaijenbrink, J., Spender, J.C., & Groen, A.J. (2010). The resource based view: A review and assessment of its critics. Journal of Management, 36, 349. Krejcie, R.V., and Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610. Kumar, K., and Subramaniam, R. (1997). Porter's strategic types: differences in internal processes and their impact on performance. Journal of Applied Business Research. 14(1), 107-123. Kumar, K., Subramanian, R., & Stradholm, K. (2011). Market orientation and performance: Does organizational strategy matter? Journal of Applied Business Research, 18 (1). Kumar, K., Subramanian, R., & Yauger, C. (1997). Performance- oriented: Towards a successful strategy. Marketing Health Services, 17 (2), 10-20. Lafferty, B.A., and Hult, G.T.M. (2001). A synthesis of contemporary market orientation perspectives. European Journal of Marketing, 35 (1/2), 92-109. Lane, P.J., Salk, J.E., & Lyles, M.A. (2001). Absorptive capacity, learning and performance in international joint ventures. Strategic Management Journal, 22 (12), 1139-1161. Lawrence, P.R., and Lorsch, J.W. (1967). Differentiation and integration in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 12 (1), 1-47. Lewin, A.Y., and Volberda, H.W. (1999). Prolegomena and coevolution: A framework for research on strategy and new organizational forms. Organization Science, 10 (5), 519-534. Lewrick, M., Omar, M., & Williams, R. L. (2011). Market orientation and innovators’ success: An exploration of the influence of customer and competitor orientation. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 6(3), 49-62. Lin, T.C. (2011). How the environment affects travel agency performance. African Journal of Business Management, 5 (3), 960-966. Liu, B., and Fu, Z. (2011). Relationship between strategic orientation and organizational performance in born global: A critical review. International Journal of Business and Management, 6 (3), 109-115. Lonial, S.C., Tarim, M., Tatoglu, E., Zaim, S., & Zaim, H. (2008). The impact of market orientation on NSD and financial performance of hospitality industry. Industrial Management and Data System, 108 (6), 794-891. Lopez, A.M.M., and Sanchez, A.A.V. (2013). The strategic management process and innovative capacity of the Spanish hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality and Management, 22 (6), 596-618. Lopez, A.M.M., and Sanchez, A.V.V. (2011). Strategy and innovation: Study of the innovative capacity of the Spanish hotel industry. International Conference on Tourism and Management Studies. Book of Proceedings, 1. Lopez, F.L., and Dodinho, M.M. (2005). Service innovation and economic performance: An analyze at the firm level. DRUID Working Papers, 05-08. Low, D.R., Chapman, R.L., & Sloan, T.R. (2005). Market orientation and innovation performance within Australian SMEs, 6th International CINet Conference, Centrim, Brighton. Low, D.R., Chapman, R.L., & Sloan, T.R. (2007). Inter-relationships between innovation and market orientation in SME’s. Management Research News, 30 (12), 878-891. Lukas, B.A. (1999). Strategic type, Market orientation and balance between adaptability and adaptation. Journal of Business Research, 45, 147-156. Lukas, B., and Ferrell, O. (2000). The effect of market orientation on product innovation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28, 239-247. Malhotra, N.K., 2008. Essentials of marketing: An applied orientation (2nd ed.). Australia: Pearson Education. Malburg, C. (2000). Competing on costs. Industry Week, 249 (17), 31. Martin-Consuegra, D. and Esteban, A. (2007). Market orientation and business performance: An empirical investigation in the airline industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 13, 383-6. Ministry of Tourism and Culture Malaysia Report (2013). Registered Hotel rating statistics. Retrieved from http://www.motour.gov.my Ministry of Tourism and Culture Malaysia Report (2013). Tourists Arrivals and Receipt to Malaysia. Retrieved http://corporate.tourism. gov.my/research.asp?page=facts_figures Mintzberg, H. (1979). The structuring organizations. Eaglewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Malaysian Tourism Industry Forecast to 2012 Report. RNCOS E-Services Private Limited. Retrieved from www.researchandmarket.com Majid, Z. (2010). The mediating effects of innovation on the relationship of market orientation dimensions and ICT SME performance. Unpublished DBA Dissertation. Mansury, M.A., and Love, J.H. (2008). Innovation, productivity and growth in US business services: A firm level analysis. Technovation, 28 (1-2), 52-62. May, K.M. (2011). The value of dynamic capabilities for strategic management. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. University of Cologne, Germany. Menon, A.G., and Mohanty, B. (2008). Towards a theory of dynamic capability for firms. 6thInternational Conference on Management Proceeding. Mohamed, Z.A., Ann, H.J., & Yee, W.F. (2014). Strategic Management (2nd ed). Oxford University Press. Mohammad, A.A., Rashid, B., & Tahir, S. (2013). Assessing the influence of customer relationship management (CRM) dimensions on organization performance: An empirical study in the hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 4 (3), 228 – 247. Mokhtar, S.S.M., & Yusoff, R.Z. (2007). The impact of market orientation on business performance evidence from a developing country. Malaysian Management Journal, 11 (1 & 2), 11-26. Mueller, A., Walter, A., & Gemuenden, H. (2001). The impact of customer orientation and competitor orientation on organizational performance of new software ventures. Industrial Marketing and Purchasing Journal. Murray, A.L. (1988). A contingency view of Porter’s generic strategies. Academy of Management Review, 13 (3), 390-400. Minarik, M. (2007). An investigation of the fundamental trade-off between Porters’s cost leadership and differentiation strategies. Unpublished M.Sc Thesis in International Business. Nandakumar, M.K., Ghobadian, A., & Regan, N. (2011).Generic strategies and performance evidence from manufacturing firm. International Journal of productivity and performance management, 60 (3), 222-251. National Key Economic Areas (NKEA) (2011). Tourism. Retrieved from http://etp.pemandu.gov. my/Overview_of_NKEAs_-@-Tourism.aspx Narver, J.C., and Slater, S.F. (1990). The effect of a market orientation on business profitability. Journal of Marketing, 54 (3), 20-34. Neely, A., Mike, G., & Platts, K. (1995). Performance measurement system design. A literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Operations and Production management, 15 (4), 80-116. Neely, A., Marr, B., Roos, G., Pike, S., & Gupta, O. (2003). Towards the third generation of performance measurement. Controlling, 15 (3/4), 129-135. Neely, A. (1999). The performance measurement revolution: Why now and what next? International Journal of Operation and Production Management, 19 (2), 205-228. Niven, N. (2002). Balanced Scorecard Step by Step: Maximizing Performance and Maintaining Results. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York. Noble, C.H., and Mokwa, M.P. (1999). Implementing marketing strategies: developing and testing managerial theory. Journal of Marketing, 54 (4), 57-73. Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd Ed). New York. McGraw Hill. Nunnally, J.C., and Berstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd Ed). New York: McGraw Hill. Oke, A., Burke, G. & Myers, A. (2007). Innovation Types and Performance in Growing UK SMEs. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 27 (7), 735-753. Okumus, F. (2003). A framework to implement strategies in organizations. Management Decision, 41 (9), 871-882, doi: 10.1108/00251740310499555. Olson, E.M., Slater, S.F. & Hult, G.T.M. (2005). The performance implications of fit among business strategy, marketing organization structure, and strategic behaviour. Journal of Marketing, 69 (3), 49-65. Oltra, M. J., and Flor, M. L. (2010). The moderating effect of business strategy on the relationship between operations strategy and firms’ results. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 30, 612. O’Sullivan, D., and Dooley, L. (2009). Applying innovation. Retrieved from www.nuigalway.ie/ staff-sites/...osullivan/.../applyinginnovation. pdf Ooncharoen, N., and Usshawanitchakit, P. (2011). Service innovation strategy of hotel businesses in Thailand: An inductive approach. International Journal of Strategic Management and International Academy of Business and Economy. Retrieved from www.highbeam.com Ottenbacher, M. (2007). Innovation management in the hospitality industry: Different strategies for achieving success. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 31 (4), 431-454. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (2010). Oxford University Press. Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to dada analysis using SPSS for windows. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press. Paranjape, B., Rossiter, M., & Pantano, V. (2006). Insight from balanced scorecard performance measurement system: Successes, failure and future- a review. Measuring Business Excellence, 10 (3), 4-14. Parker, B., and Helms, M.M. (1992). Generic strategies and firm performance in a declining industry. Management International Review, 32 (1), 23-9. Parnell, J. A. (2006). Generic strategies after two decades: a reconceptualization of competitive strategy. Management Decision, 44 (8), 1139-1154, http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ 00251740610690667 Parnell. J. A. (2011). Strategic capabilities, competitive strategy and performance among retailers in Argentina, Peru and the United States. Management Decision, 49 (1), 130-155, http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251741111094482 Pavlou, P.A., and El Sawy, O.A. (2011). Understanding the elusive black box of dynamic capabilities. Decision Sciences, 42 (1), 239-273. Phongpetra, V., and Johri, L.M. (2011). Impact of business strategies of automobile manufactures in Thailand. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 6 (1), 17-37. Pitt, L., Caruana, A., & Berthon, P.R. (1996). Market orientation and business Performance: Some European evidence. International Marketing Review, 13 (1), 5-18. Pizam, A., and Ellis, T. (1999). Customer satisfaction and its measurement in hospitality enterprises. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 11 (7), 326-339. Placet, M., and Branch, K.M. (2002). Strategy. Management Benchmark Study. Retrieved www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/doe/benchmark/ ch03.pdf Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.M., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common method variance in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903. Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy. New York: Free Press. Porter, M.E. (1985). Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. New York. Free Press. Porter, M.E. (1991). Towards a dynamic theory of strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 95-117. Porter, M.E. (1996). What is strategy. Harvard Business Review,74, 61-78. Porter, M.E. (2004). Competitive strategy, techniques for analysing industries and competitors, The Free Press, New York, 396. Powers, T.L., and Hahn, W. (2004). Critical competitive methods, generic strategies and firm performance. The International Journal of Bank Marketing, 22 (1), 43-64. Preacher, K. J., and Hayes, A. F (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 36, 717-731. Preacher, K. J., and Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40 (3), 879-891. Perkin, S., Grey, A., & Remmers, H. (2013). What do we really mean by. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 63 (2), 148-169. Productivity Report 2013/2014. Malaysian Productivity Corporation (MPC). Retrieved fromwww.mpc.gov.my/ Prajogo, D.I. (2006). The relationship between innovation and business performance - A comparative study between manufacturing and service firms, knowledge and process management, 13 (3), 218-225. Prajogo, D.I., and Sohal, A. (2006). The relationship between organization strategy, total quality management and organizational performance: Mediating role of TQM. European Journal of Operational Research, 168, 1-20. Punniyamoorthy, M., and Murali, R. (2008). Balanced scorecard for the balanced scorecard: A benchmarking tool. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 15 (4), 420-443. Qin, Z. (2007). Process innovation, cost leadership and market power analysis based on electronic information industry. Research Project Of Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science. Raaij, E.M.V., and Stoelhorst, J.W. (2008). The Implementation of A Market Orientation: A Review and Integration of the Contributions to Date. European Journal of Marketing, 42, 1265-1293. Radzi, S.M., Jamaluddin, M.R., Zahari., M.S.M., Amran, M. & Othman, Z. (2007). Empirical assessment of business strategy and structure relationship of 3 star hotels in Malaysia. TEAM Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 4 (1), 1-11. Ram, J., Cui, B., & Wu, M. (2010). The conceptual dimensions of innovation: A literature review. Conference Proceeding of Business and Information, 17. Ramayah, T., Samat, N., & Lo, M.C. (2011). Market orientation, service quality and organizational performance in service organizations in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 3 (1), 8-27, doi: 10.1108/17574321111116379. Rashidirad, M., Syed, J., & Soltani, E. (2012). The strategic alignment between competitive stratgy and dynamic capability and its impact on e-business value. International Proceedings of Economics Developement and Research, 52, 116. Razghandi,M., Hashim, N.H., & Mohammadi,M. (2012). A survey of market orientation and performance within ASEAN countries. 3rd International Conference on Business and Economic Research Proceeding. Razalli, M.R. (2008). The consequences of service operations practice and service responsiveness on hotel performance: Examining hotels in Malaysia. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Razalli, M.R., Dahlan, N., & Ramayah.T. (2007). Competing through responsiveness: Effects on hotel performances. International conferences on advance in tourism economics. Villa Nova de Santo Andre, Portugal. Riddle, D.I. (2008). Service innovation. Service Growth Consultants Inc. Ros, M., and Sintes, O. (2009). Innovation activity in the hotel industry. Technovation, 632-641. Rosenbusch, N., Brinckmann, J., & Bausch, A. (2011). Is innovation always beneficial? A meta analysis of the relationship between innovation and performance in SMEs. Journal of Business Venturing, 26, 441-457. Rosli, M., and Sidek, S. (2013). Innovation and firm performance: Evidence from Malaysian Small and Medium Enterprises. Special issue of 20th IBIMA Conference proceedings on entrepreneurship vision 2020: Innovation, development, sustainability and economic growth. Ruekert, R.W. (1992). Developing a market orientation: An organizational strategic perspective. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 9. Safarnia, H., Akbari, Z., & Abbasi, A. (2011). Review of market orientation and competitive advantage in the industrial estates companies Kerman Iran: Appraisal of model by AMOS graphics. World Journal of Social Science, 1 (5), 132-150. Sainaghi, R. (2010). Hotel performance: State of the art. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22 (7), 920-952. Sandvik, T.L., and Sandvik, K. (2003). The impact of market orientation on product innovativeness and business performance. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 20, 355-376. Sandvik, I.L., Duhan, D.F., & Sandvik, K. (2014). Innovativeness and profitability: An empirical investigation in the Norwegian hotel industy. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 55 (2), 165-185. Schilling, A., and Werr, A. (2009). Managing and organizing for innovation in service firms: A literature review with annotated bibliography. VINNOVA Report. Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Sdiri, H., Ayadi, M., & Elj, M. (2010). Innovation and performance: An empirical study of Tunisian service firms. Journal of Innovation And Business Best Practices, doi: 10.5171/2010.492128 Seedee, R., Sulaiman, M., & Ismail, I. (2009). Business strategies and performance of ceramic manufacturing in Thailand. 8th Asian Academy of Management International Conference Proceedings. Sekaran, U. (2005). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach (4th ed). NY: John Wiley & Sons. Sekaran, U., and Bougie, R. (2010). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach (5th ed). John Wiley & Sons Ltd., United Kingdom. Shapiro, B.P. (1988). What the hell is market oriented? Harvard Business Review, 66 (6). Shoham, A., Rose, G.M., & Kropp, F. (2005). Market orientation and organizational performance: A meta-analysis. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 23 (5), 435-454. Sher, P.J. and P.Y. Yang. (2005) The effects of innovative capabilities and R&D clus ering on firm performance: the evidence of Taiwan’s semiconductor industry. Technovation, 25 (1), 33‐43. Simon D., Hitt., M.A. & Ireland D. (2007). Managing firm resources in dynamic environment to create value: looking inside the black box. Academy of Management Review 32, 273-292. Sin, L., Tse, C.B., You, H.M., Chow, R., & Lee, J. (2003). Market orientation and business performance: A comparative study of firms in Mainland China and Hong Kong. European Journal of Marketing, 37 (5/6), 910. Sin, L. Y. M., Tse, A. C. B., Heung, V., & Yim, F. (2005). An analysis of the relationship between market orientation and business performance in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 24, 555- 577. Slater, S.F., and Narver, J.C. (1994). Market orientation, customer value and superior performance. Business Horizons, 37 (2), 22. Slater, S.F., and Narver, J.C. (1995). Market orientation and learning organization. Journal of Marketing, 59, 63-74. Slater, S.F., and Narver, J.C. (1998). Customer-led and market oriented: Let’s not confuse the two’s. Strategic Management Journal, 19 (10), 1001-1006. Slater, S.F., and Olsen, E.M. (2001). Marketing’s contribution to the implementation of business strategy. An empirical analysis. Strategic Management Journal, 22 (11), 1055-1067. Sohail, M.S., and Al.Ghamdi, S.M. (2012). The relationship between strategy, reward and organizational performance: An empirical investigation. Middle- East Journal of Scientific Research, 11 (10), 1463-1471. Solomon, M. R. (2003). Conquering consumerspace, New York, NY: American Management Association. Sorensen, H.E. (2009). Why competitors matter for market orientation. European Journal of Marketing, 43 (5/6), 735-761. Spencer, Y., Joiner, T.A & Salmon, S. (2009). Differentiation strategy, performance measurement systems and organizational performance: Evidence from Australia. International Journal of Business, 14 (1), 83-103. STR Global report (2013). Global performance results in November 2013. Retrieved from www.hotelnewsnow.com Suriati, Z.A., Mokhtar, S.S., & Yusoff, R.Z. (2011). A systematic analysis of innovation studies: A proposed framework on relationship between innovation process and firm’s performance. The Asian Journal of Technology Management, 4 (2), 65-83. Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed). Boston: Pearson Education Inc. Tajeddini, K., and Trueman, M. (2012). Managing Swiss hospitality: How cultural antecedents of innovation and customer oriented value system can influence performance in hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31 (4), 1119-1129. Taleghani, M., Gilaninia, S., & Talab, S. M. (2013). Market orientation and business performance. Singaporean Journal of Business Economics and Management Studies, 1(11), 13-17. Tang, H.K. (1998). An integrative model of innovation in organization. Technovation, 18 (5), 297-309. Taticchi, P., Tonell, F., & Cagnazzo, L. (2010). Performance measurement and management. A literature review and research agenda. Measuring Business Excellence, 14 (1), 4-18. Tavitiyaman, P., Qu, H., & Zhang, H.Q. (2011). The impact of industry force factors on resource competitive strategies and hotel performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30, 648-657. Teeratansirikool, L., Siengthai, S., Badir, Y., & Charoenngam, C. (2013). Competitive strategies and firm performance: The mediating role of performance measurement. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. 62 (2), 168-184. Teece, D.J., Pisano, G., and Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18 (7), 509-533. Teece, D.J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28 (13), 1319-1350. Teece, D.J. (2009). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management: Organizing for innovation and growth: New York: Oxford University Press. Teece, D.J. (2010). Business models, business strategy and innovation. Long Range Planning, 43 (2-3), 172-194. Thornhill, S., and White, R.E. (2007). Strategic purity: A multi industry evaluation of pure vs hybrid business strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 28 (5), 553-561. Tidd, J., Bessant, J., & Pavitt, K. (2005). Managing innovation: Integrating technological, market and organizational change. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Tourism Malaysia (2013). Tourism Malaysia official corporate website. Retrieved from www.corporate.tourism.gov.my Valmohammadi, C., and Servati, A. (2010). Performance measurement system implementation using balanced scorecard and statistical methods. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 60 (5), 493-511. Valquez, R., Santos, M.L. & Alvarez, L.I. (2001). Market orientation, innovation and competitive strategies in industrial firms. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 9 (1), 69-90. Venkatraman, N., and Ramanujam, V. (1986). Management of organizational performance in strategy research: A comparison of approaches. Academy of Management Review, 11 (4), 801-814. Venu, S. (2001). India: Competitive advantage: Alternative scenarios. Businessline. 12 (1). Victorino, L., Verma, R., Plaschka, G., & Dev, C. (2005). Service innovation and customer choices in the hospitality industry. Managing Service Quality, 15 (6), 555-576. Vincent, L. H., Bharadwaj, S. G., & Challagalla, G. N. (2004). Does innovation mediate firm performance?: A meta-analysis of determinants and consequences of organizational innovation. Georgio Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA. V. Kumar, Jones, E., Venkatesan, R., & Leone, R.P. (2011). Is market orientation a source of sustainable competitive advantage or simply the cost of competing? Journal of Marketing, 75 (1), 16-30. Voola, R., and O’Cass, A. (2010). Implementation competitive strategies: The role of responsive and proactive market orientations. European Journal of Marketing, 49 (1), 245-266. Vom Stamm, B. (2003). Managing Innovation, Design and Creativity. New York: Wiley Online Library. Wadongo, B., Odhuno, E., Kambona, O., & Othuan, L. (2010). Key performance indicators in the Kenyan hospitality industry: A managerial perspective. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 17 (6), 858-875. Walker, R.M. (2006). Innovation type and diffusion: An empirical analysis of local government. Public Administration, 84 (2), 311-335. Wang, C.H., Chen, K.Y., & Chen, S.C. (2012). Total quality management, market orientation and hotel performance: The moderating effects of external environmental factors. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31 (1), 119-129. Wang, C.L., and Ahmed, P.K. (2007). Dynamic capabilities. A review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9 (1), 31-51. Wang, C.L., and Ahmed, P.K. (2004). The development and validation of the organisational innovativeness construct using confirmatory factor analysis. European Journal of Innovation Management, 7 (4), 303-313. Wagner, B., and Digman, L. (1997). The relationship between generic and time based strategies and performance. Journal of Managerial Issues, 9 (3), 334- 354. Whitehall, G., Lukas, B. and Doyle, P. (2003). Marketing Management: A Strategic Value-Based Approach,Wiley, Brisbane. Wright, P., Kroll, M., Tu, H., & Helms, M. (1991). Generic strategies and business performance: An empirical study of the screw machine products industry. British Journal of Management, 2 (1), 57-65. Yan, S. (2010). Competitive strategy and business environment: The cases of small enterprises in China. Asian Social Science, 6 (11), 64-71. Yang, C., and Huang, J. (2000). A decision model for IS outsourcing. International Journal of Information Management, 20 (1), 225–239. Zahra, S. A., and George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconcepualisation, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27 (2), 185-203. Zhou, K.Z., Brown, J.R., Dev, C.S., & Agarwal, S. (2007). The effects of customer and competitor orientations on performance in global markets: A contingency analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 38, 303-319. Zhou, K.Z., Brown, J.R., & Dev, C.S. (2009). Market orientation, competitive advantage and performance: A demand perspective. Journal of Business Research, 62, 1063-1070.