Work stressors, technostress and employee commitment to change: The moderating effect of internal communication

Work stressors, technostress and employee commitment to change: The moderating effect of internal communication

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of work stessors (role overload, role conflict, role ambiguity, organizational constraints and interpersonal conflict) and technostress (techno-overload, techno-invasion, techno-complexity, techno-insecurity and techno-uncertainty) on employ...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Nor Farah Hanis, Zainun
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2015
Subjects:
HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/5489/1/s816218_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5489/2/s816218_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.5489
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Adnan, Zurina
Johari, Johanim
topic HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
spellingShingle HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
Nor Farah Hanis, Zainun
Work stressors, technostress and employee commitment to change: The moderating effect of internal communication
description The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of work stessors (role overload, role conflict, role ambiguity, organizational constraints and interpersonal conflict) and technostress (techno-overload, techno-invasion, techno-complexity, techno-insecurity and techno-uncertainty) on employee commitment to change. This study also examined whether internal communication as a moderator give an impact to work stressors and technostress on the relationship with employee commitment to change among nonacademic staff in three universities located in northern region of Malaysia which are UUM, UNiMAP and UiTM Perlis. Regression analysis results showed techno-invasion and techno-insecurity have significant and negative relationship with employee’s normative commitment to change. The result also indicated internal communication as a moderator has a significant relationship between techno-uncertainty and employee’s affective commitment to change. Finally, result also indicated internal communication as a moderator has a significant relationship between techno-uncertainty and employee’s normative commitment to change
format Thesis
qualification_name masters
qualification_level Master's degree
author Nor Farah Hanis, Zainun
author_facet Nor Farah Hanis, Zainun
author_sort Nor Farah Hanis, Zainun
title Work stressors, technostress and employee commitment to change: The moderating effect of internal communication
title_short Work stressors, technostress and employee commitment to change: The moderating effect of internal communication
title_full Work stressors, technostress and employee commitment to change: The moderating effect of internal communication
title_fullStr Work stressors, technostress and employee commitment to change: The moderating effect of internal communication
title_full_unstemmed Work stressors, technostress and employee commitment to change: The moderating effect of internal communication
title_sort work stressors, technostress and employee commitment to change: the moderating effect of internal communication
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Business Management
publishDate 2015
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/5489/1/s816218_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5489/2/s816218_02.pdf
_version_ 1747827939119988736
spelling my-uum-etd.54892021-04-04T08:10:56Z Work stressors, technostress and employee commitment to change: The moderating effect of internal communication 2015 Nor Farah Hanis, Zainun Adnan, Zurina Johari, Johanim School of Business Management School of Business Management HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management. Employment The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of work stessors (role overload, role conflict, role ambiguity, organizational constraints and interpersonal conflict) and technostress (techno-overload, techno-invasion, techno-complexity, techno-insecurity and techno-uncertainty) on employee commitment to change. This study also examined whether internal communication as a moderator give an impact to work stressors and technostress on the relationship with employee commitment to change among nonacademic staff in three universities located in northern region of Malaysia which are UUM, UNiMAP and UiTM Perlis. Regression analysis results showed techno-invasion and techno-insecurity have significant and negative relationship with employee’s normative commitment to change. The result also indicated internal communication as a moderator has a significant relationship between techno-uncertainty and employee’s affective commitment to change. Finally, result also indicated internal communication as a moderator has a significant relationship between techno-uncertainty and employee’s normative commitment to change 2015 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/5489/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/5489/1/s816218_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/5489/2/s816218_02.pdf text eng public masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Abbas, W. & Asghar, I. (2010). The role of leadership in organizational change: Relating the successful organizational change to visionary and innovation leadership. Unpublished Master thesis, University of Gavle. Ahmad, H. & Gelaidan, H.M. (2011). Organizational culture, leadership styles and employee’s affective commitment to change A case of Yemen Public Sector. Journal of Organizational Management Studies, 1, 1-10. Ahmad, U., M., U., Amin, S., M., & Ismail, W., K., W. (2014). Moderating effect of technostress inhibitors on the relationship between technostress creators and organizational commitment. Journal of Technology (Social Science), 67 (1), 51-62. Ahmad, U., N., U., Amin, S., M., & Ismail, K., W. (2012). The relationship between technostress creators and organizational commitment to change among academic librarians. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Science, 40, 182-186. Ahmad, U., N., U., Amin, S., M., & Ismail, W., K., W. (2009). The impact of technostress on organizational commitment among Malaysian Academic Librarians. Singapore Journal of Library & Information Management, 38, 103-123. Ahmady, S., Changiz, T., Masiello, I & Brommels, M. (2007). Organizational role stress among medical school faculty members in Iran: dealing with role conflict. BMC Medical Education, 7 (14), 1-10. Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of occupational Psychology, 63,1-18. Anderson, P. & Pulich, M. (2001). Managing workplace stress in a dynamic environment. The Health Care Manager, 19 (3), 1-10. Armenakis, A. A., & Bedeian, A. G. (1999). Organizational change: A review theory and research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25, 293-315. Armenakis, A., A., Harris, S., G., & Field, H. S. (1999). Making change permanent: A model for institutionalizing change interventions. Research in Organizational Change and Development, 12, 97-128. Ashforth, B.E. & Lee, R.T. (1990). Defensive behavior in organizations: a preliminary model. Human Relations. 43, pp. 621-48. Ayyagari, R. (2012). Impact of information overload and task- technology fit on technostress. Proceedings of the Southern Association for Information Systems Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA. Azam, N., H., N., Abidin, N., E., Yusof, M., A., M., Emang, S., & Entigar, G., S. (2014). A case study: Technostress Creators and employees’ job performance in Universiti Teknologi Mara Melaka. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 8 (23), 33-37. Bacharach, S. B., & Bamberger, P. (1995). Beyond situational constraints: Job resources inadequacy and individual performance at work. Human Resource Management Review, 5, 79–102. Barling, J., Kelloway, E. K., & Frone, M. R. (2005). Handbook of work stress. In T. A Beehr and S. Glazer (Ed.). Organizational role stress. (pp. 7-33). United State: Sage Publication. Bartunek, J. M., Rousseau, D. M., Rudolph, J., & DePalma, J. A. (2006). On the receiving end: Sensemaking, emotion and assessments of an organizational change initiated by others. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 42(2), 182–206. Beheshtifar, M. & Zare, E. (2013). Interpersonal conflict: A substantial factor to organizational failure. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Science, 3 (5),400-407. Best, R. G., Stapleton, L. M., & Downey, R. G. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job burnout: The test of alternative models. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 441–451. Bickford, M. (2005). Stress in the workplace: A general overview of the causes, the effects, and the solutions. Retrieved from http://www.cmhanl.ca/pdf/Work%20Place%20Stress. pdf. Boles, J., Madupalli, R., Rutherford, B., & Wood, J. A. (2007). The relationship of facets of salesperson job satisfaction with affective organizational commitment. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 22 (5), 311-321. Booker, Q., E., Rebman, C., M., & Kitchens, F., L. (2014). A model for testing technostress in the online education environment: An exploratory study. Issues in information system, 15 (2), 214-222. Borges, R. S. G. E. (2009). Organizational change implementation and the role of human resources practices: A Brazilian case study. Bouckenooghe, D., Devos, G., & Broeck, H., V., D. (2009). Organizational change questionnaire- climate of change, processes, and readiness: Development of a new instrument. The Journal of Psychology, 143 (6), 559-599. Bovee, C. L., & Thill, J. V. (2000). Business communication today. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Bramble, R. (2013). Introduction to “The changing role of the librarian: Effect of role related stress”. Honors Projects. Paper 190. Retrieved from http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/190. Burney, L., & Widener, S. K. (2007). Strategic performance measurement systems, job relevant information, and managerial behavioural responses – role stress and performance. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 19(1), 43–69. Burns, A., C., & Bush, R. F. (2002). Marketing research: Online research applications (4th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Cartwright, S., & Cooper, C. L. (1997). Managing workplace stress. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Cavana, R., Delahaye, B., & Sekaran, U. (2001). Applied Business Research. Bribane Qld: Wiley. Chitrao, P. (2014). Internal communication satisfaction as an employee motivation tool it the retail sector in pune. The European Journal of Social & Behavioral Science, 1542-1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/ejsbs.137. Comptia. (2013). Generational research on technology and its impact in the workplace. Retrieved from http://www.unify.com/~/media/ internet-2012/documents/report/CompTIA Generational-Study.pdf Coovert, M. D., Thompson, F., L., L., & Craiger, J., P. (2005). Technology as a stressor. In J. Barling, K. Kelloway, & M. Frone (Eds.). Handbook of Work Stress. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874. Dale, K., & Fox, M. L. (2008). Leadership style and organizational commitment: Mediating effect of role stress. Journal of Managerial Issues. Retrieved from http://www.accessmylibrary.com/ coms2/summary_0286-34281367_ITM Davis-Millis, N. (1998). Technostress and the organization: A manager's guide to survival in the information age. Paper presented at the 67th Annual Meeting of the Music Library Association, 14 February, Boston, Massachusetts. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/ninadm/www/mla.htm Dolphin, R. (2005). Internal communications: Today’s strategic imperative. Journal of Marketing Communications, 3, 171-190. Dordevic, B. (2004). Employee commitment in times of radical organizational changes. Economics and Organization, 2 (2), 111-117. Ergen, E. (2010). Workplace communication: A case study on informal communication network within an organization. Retrieved from http://www.ergen.gr/files/WorkplaceCommunication InformalCommunicationFramework.pdf Fedor, D. B., Caldwell, S., & Herold, D. M. (2006). The effects of organizational changes on employee commitment: a multilevel investigation. Personnel Psychology, 59(1), 1-29. Felfe, J., Yan, W., & Six, B. (2008). The impact of individual collectivism on commitment and its influence on OCB, turnover, and strain in three countries. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 8, 211-237. Fevre, M. L., Kolt, G. S., & Matheny, J. (2006). Eustress, distress and their interpretation in primary and secondary occupational stress management interventions: which way first? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21 (6), 547-565. Fok-Yew, O., Ahmad, H., & Baharin, S. (2013). Operational excellence and change management in Malaysia context. Journal of Organizational Management Studies, 2013, 1-14. Gelaidan, H., M., H. (2012). The moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationship between leadership style and employee commitment to change of public sector in Yemen. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University Utara Malaysia. Glazer, S & Beehr, T. (2005). Consistency of implications of three role stressors across four countries. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1 (26), 467-487. Goodman, J. Truss, C. (2004). The medium and the message: communicating effectively during a major change initiative. Journal of Change Management, 4 (3), 217-228. Graetz, F., Rimmer, M., Smith, A., & Lawrence, A. (2010). Managing organizational change. Australia: John Wiley & Sons. Grove, C. (2004). The measurement of levels of work stress in individuals employed in an organization undergoing change. Unpublished Master Thesis, Rank Afrikaans University. Hackman, J., R. & Oldham, G., R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250-279. Hackman, J.R., Oldham, G.R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Hair, J., F., Black, W., C., Babin, B., J., & Anderson, R., E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddles River, NJ: Pearson Education. Hayase, L. K. T. (2009). Internal communication in organizations and employee engagement. UNLV Theses, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Retrieved from http://digitalscholarship.unlv. edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2177&context=the sesdissertations Hecth, L. M. (2001). Role conflict and role overload: Different concepts, different consequences. Sociological Inquiry, 71 (1), 111-121. Herold, D. M., Fedor, D. B., & Caldwell, S. (2007). Beyond change management: A multilevel investigation of contextual and personal influences on employees’ commitment to change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 942–951. Herscovitch, L., & Meyer, J. P. (2002). Commitment to organizational change: extension of a three-component model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 474-487. Huda, B. Z., Rusli, B.N., Naing, L., Tengku, M. A., Win, T., & Rampal, K. G. (2004). A study of job strain and dissatisfaction among lecturer in the School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public, 35 (1), 210-218. Ibrahim, H., Yusoff, Y. M., & Othman, N. Z. (2014). The influence of techno stress and organizational- IS related support on user satisfaction in government organizations: A proposed model and literature review. Information Management and Business Review, 6(2), 63-71. Idris, M. K. (2011). Over time effects of role stress on psychological strain among Malaysian public university academics. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2 (9), 154-161. Igbaria, M. & Iivari, J. (1995). The effect of self-efficacy on computer usage. Omega, International Journal Management Science, 23(6), 587-605. Isaac, S., & Micheal, W. (1990). Hand Book in Research and evaluation. San Diego, CA: Edits Publishing Iverson, R. D. & Buttigieg, D. M. (1999). Affective, normative and continuance commitment: Can the ‘right kind’ of commitment be managed? Journal of Management Studies, 36(3), 307-333. Jarinto, K. (2010). Eustress: A key to improving job satisfaction and health among Thai managers comparing US, Japanese, and Thai companies using SEM analysis. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2284310 Jasmani, M. Y. & Abdul Jumaat, M. (2011). Stress and psychological well-being of government officers in Malaysia. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 7 (2), 40-50. Jena, R. K. & Mahanti, P. K. (2014). An empirical study of technostress among Indian Academicians. International Journal of Education and Learning, 3 (2), 1-10. Johnston, M. W., Parasurama, A., Furell, C. M., & Black, W. C. (1990). A longitudinal assessment of the impact of selected organizational influences on salespeople’s organizational commitment during early employment. Journal of Marketing Research, 27(3), 333-344. Jones, E., Watson, B., Gardner, J., & Gallois, C. (2004). Organizational communication: Challenges for the new century. Journal of Communication, 54, 722-750. Jones, F. & Bright, J. (2001). Stress: Myth, theory and research. Harlow, England: Prentice-Hall. Kalyal, H., J. (2009). Factor affective commitment to change and its outcomes among public sector managers in Pakistan.Unpublished PhD Thesis, National University of Science and Technology Islamabad. Kalyani, M. & Sahoo, M. P. (2011). Human resource strategy: A tool of managing change for organizational excellence. International Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 24, 157-175. Karr-Winiewski, P. & Lu, Y. (2010). When more is too much: Operationalizing technology overload and exploring its impact on knowledge worker productivity. Computer in Human Behavior, 26, 1061-1072. Kaselyte, U. & Malukaite, K. (2013). Antecedents of affective organizational commitment among economics and management lecturers in the higher education institutions in the Baltics. SSE Riga Student Research Papers. Retrieved from http://www.sseriga.edu/download.php?file=files/ researchPapers/kaselyte_malukaite_5_2013.pdf Kassim, M. A. M., & Ibrahim, H. I. (2014). Conflict management styles and organizational commitment: A study among bank employees in Penang. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 4 (1), 45-53. Kitchen, P., J. & Daly, F. (2002). Internal communication during change management. Corporate Communication: An International Journal, 7 (1), 46-53 Kritsonis, A. (2005). Comparisons of change theories. International Journal of Management, Business and Administration, 8 (1), 1-7. Kupersmith, J. (2006). Library technostress survey result. Retrieved December 2,2015 from http://www.jkup.net/tstress-survey-2003. html Kupriyanov, R. & Zhdanov, R. (2014). The eustress concept: problem and outlooks. World Journal of Medical Sciences, 11 (2), 179-185. Lambert, E. & Hogan, N. (2009). The importance of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in shaping turnover intent a test of a causal model. Criminal Justice Review, 34(1), 96-118. Lambert, E. & Paoline, E. A. (2008). The influence of individual, job and organizational characteristics on correctional staff job stress, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Criminal Justice Review, 33 (4), 541-564. Larson, L. L. (2004). Internal auditors and job stress. Managerial Auditing Journal, 19(9), 1119-1130. Laspinas, M., L. (2015). Technostress: Trend and challenges in the 21st century knowledge management. European Scientific Journal, 11(2), 205-217. Lee, B. H., & Jamil, M. (2003). An empirical study of organizational commitment: A multi-level approach. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 4 (3), 176-189. Lenaghan, J. A. & Sengupta, K. (2007). Role conflict, role balance and affect: A model of well-being of the working student. Journal of behavioral and Applied Management, 9 (1), 88-109. Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science; selected theoretical papers. New York: Harper & Row. Lim, G., S., Werner, J., M., & Desimone, R. L. (2013). Human resource development for effective organizations: Principles and practices across national boundaries. Singapore: Cengage Learning. Liu, C., Nauta, M. M., Li, C., & Fan, J. (2010). Comparisons of organizational constraints and their relations to strains in China and the United States. Journal of the Occupational Health Pyschology, 15 (4), 452-467. Liu, C., Spector, P. & Shi, L. (2007). Crossnational job stress: A quantitative and qualitative study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 209-239. Lopopolo, R. B. (2002). The relationship of role-related variables of job satisfaction and commitment to the organization in a restructured hospital environment. Physical Therapy, 82 (10), 984-999. Malik, F., O., Waheed, A., & Malik, K., R. (2010). The mediating effects of job satisfaction on role stressors and affective commitment. International Journal of Business and Management, 5 (11), 223-235. Manimala, M. J., Jose, P. D., & Thomas, K. R. (2006). Organizational constraint on innovation and intrapreneurship: Insight from public sector. VIKALPA, 31 (1), 49-60. Marginson, D. ( 2006). Information processing and management control: a note exploring the role played by information media in reducing role ambiguity. Management Accounting Research, 17(2), 187–197. Margolis, J. & Nagel, L. (2006). Education reform and the role of administrators in mediating teacher stress. Teacher Education Quarterly, 143-159. Marzabadi, E. A. & Tarkhorani, N. (2007). Job stress, job satisfaction and mental health. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 4(1), 224-234. McCarthy, C. J., Lambert, R.G., O’Donnell, M. & Melendres, L. T. (2009). The relation of elementary teacher’s experience, stress, and coping resources to burnout symptoms. The Elementary School Journal, 109 (3), 282-300. Melchionda, M. G. (2007). Librarians in the age of the Internet: Their attitudes and roles. New Library World, 108 (3/4), 123-140. Men, L., R. (2015). The role of ethical leadership in internal communication: Influences on communication symmetry, leader credibility, and employee engagement. Public Relations Journal, 9 (1), 1-22. Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89. Meyer, J. P., & Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in the workplace: toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11, 299-326. Meyer, J. P., Srinivas, E. S., Lal, J. B., & Topolnytsky, L. (2007). Employee commitment and support for an organizational change: test of the three component model in two cultures. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 80 (2), 185-211. Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L. & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective continuance and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20-52. Meyer, J., P. & Allen, N., J. (2004). TCM employee commitment survey academic users guide 2004. The University of Western Ontario. Retrieved from http://employeecommitment.com/ TCM-Employee-Commitment-Survey-Academic-Package- 2004.pdf Meyers, L., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A., J. (2012). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation (2nd ed.). SAGE Publication, Inc. Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE). (2015). Executive summary Malaysia Education Blueprint 2015-2025 (Higher Education). Retrieved from https://jpt.mohe.gov.my/corporate/PPPM%20(PT)/ 4.%20Executive%20Summary%20PPPM%202015-2025.pdf Mirowsky, J. & Ross, C. E. (2002). Selecting outcomes for the sociology of mental health: Issues of measurement and dimensionality. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43 (2), 152-170. Mohammadian, M. & Amirkabiri, A. (2014). A study on the relationship between empowerment, job satisfaction, job stress and organizational commitment: A case study of the central office of Petro Pars Company. Indian J. Sci. Res, 7(1), 855-869. Nafei, W., A. (2014). Assesing employee attitudes towards organizational commitment and change: The Case of King Faisal Hospital in Al-Taif Governorate, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 4(1), 204-219. Nair, N. (2008). Towards understanding the role of emotions in conflict: A review and future directions. International Journal of Conflict Management, 19(4), 359-381. Nelson, D., L. & Simmons, B., L. (2003). Eustress: an elusive construct, an engaging pursuit. In Perrewe, P.L and Ganster, D. C. (Eds.). Research in occupational stress and well-being. Emotional and Psycholgical Processess and Positive Intervention Strategies (pp.265-322). Elsevier: Oxford. Nizam. A. M. Y. (2011). Conflict management: Evaluation in handling conflict communication in the organization. 2nd International Conference on Business and Economic Research (2nd ICBER 2011) Proceeding. Nobile, J., D., McCormick, J., Hoekman, K. (2013). Organizational communication and occupational stress in Australia Catholic primary school. Journal of Education Administration, 51 (6), 744-767. Nunally, J. C. & Bernstein, J. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Oakland, J. S., & Tanner, S. (2007). Successful change management. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 18(1/2), 1-19. Okebaram & Moses, S. (2013). Minimizing the effects of technostress in today’s organization. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3 (11), 649-658. Omolara, B. E. (2008). Influence of work related stress on organizational commitment at Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago Iwoye Ogun State Nigeria. Paper presented at the 2008 EABR & TLC Conference Proceedings, Rothenburg, Germany. Osipow, S. H. & Spokane, A. R. (1987). Manual for Occupational Stress Inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assesment Resources. Oufi, G., H. (2014). The influence of employee- centered and organizational communication on employee resistance to change: A study at Rabigh Refinery in Saudi Arabia. Unpublished PhD thesis, University Utara Malaysia, Malaysia. Peiro, J. M., Gonzalez- Roma. V., Tordera, N., & Manas, M. A. (2001). Does role stress predict burnout over tie among health care professionals? Psychology & Health, 16 (5), 511-525. Piderit, S. K. (2000). Rethinking resistance and recognizing ambivalence: A multidimensional view of attitudes toward an organizational change. Academy of Management Review, 25, 783-794. Ragu-Nathan, T. S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Tu, Q. (2008). The consequences of technostress for end users in organizations: Conceptual development and empirical validation. Information Systems Research, 19(4), 417-433. Rashid, H. & Zhao, L. (2010). The impact of job stress and its antecedents on commitment to change among IT professional in global organizations. Advanced Management Science (ICAMS), IEEE Internaltional Conference, 1, 289-293. Robbin, S. P & Judge, T. A. (2013). Organizational behavior (15rd ed.). England: Pearson Education Limited. Rothmann, S. & Jordaan, G. M. E. (2006). Job demands, job resources and work engagement of academic staff in South African Higher Education Institutions. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 32 (4),87-96. Schabracq, M.J. Winnubst, J & Cooper C. L. (2003). The handbook of work and health psychology. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Schein, E.H. (1987). Lessons for Managers and Consultants (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley). Scott, T. J. (2005). The Concise Handbook of Manager: A Practicioner’s approach. USA : The Haworth Press. Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business. A skill building approach (5th ed.). United Kingdom: John Wiley. Sekaran, U. (2003). (4th edition). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. India: Wiley. Sekaran, U. (2009). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach: Wiley-India. Senior, B. & Fleming, J. (2006). (3rd edition.). Organizational change. FT: Prentice Hall. Shah, S., S., H., Jaffari, A., R., Aziz, J., Ejaz, W., Ul-Haq, I., & Raza, S., N. (2011). Workload and performance of employees. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3 (5), 256-267. Somers, M. J. (2009). The combined influenced of affective, continuance and normative commitment on employee withdrawal. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 75-81. Spector, P. E. & Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: Interpersonal conflict at work scale, organizational constraints scale, quantitative workload inventory, physical symptoms inventory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3 (4), 356-367. Subramaniam, B. (2004). A study on occupational stress experienced by lecturers of the higher learning institutions. Unpublished Master’s thesis, University Utara Malaysia, Malaysia. Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, B., S., & Ragu-Nathan,T., S. (2007). The impact of technostress on role and productivity. Journal of Information Management, 24(1), 301-328. Trajkova, K., Andonov, M., Mihajloski, Z. (2014). Role of organization communication on the affective commitment. International Review of Management and Business Research, 3 (1), 517-527. Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, B., & Ragu-Nathan, T. S. (2001). A Path analytic study of the antecedents of organizational commitment of IS managers. Information Resources Management Journal, 14 (3), 27-36. Tu, Q., Wang, K. L. & Shu, Q. (2005). Computer-related technhostress in China. Communications of the ACM, 48(4), 77-81. Vakola, M. & Nikolaou, I. (2005). Attitudes towards Organizational Change: What is the Role of Employees' Stress and Commitment?. Employee Relations, 27 (2), 160–174. Walz, K. (2012). Stress related issues due to too much technology: Effects on working professionals. Unpublished Master thesis, Johnson and Wales University. Wanberg, C. R., & Banas, J. T. (2000). Predictors and outcomes of openness to changes in a reorganizing workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 132-142. Wang, C. L., Indridasson, T., & Saunders, M. N. K. (2010). Affective and continuance commitment in public private partnership. Employee Relations, 32 (4), 396-417. Wang, K. & Shu, Q. (2008). The moderating impact of perceived organizational support on the relationship between technostress and role stress. Database and Expert Systems Application, DEXA International Workshop, 420-424. Wells, J. B., Minor, K., Anger, E., Matz, A., & Amato, N. (2009). Predictors of job stress among staff in juvenile correctional facilities. Criminal Justice in Behavior, 36(3), 245-258. WHO. (2003). Work organization and stress. United Kingdom: WHO. Wikhamn, W. & Hall, A., T. (2012). Social exchange in as Swedish work environment. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3 (23), 56-64. Yun, S., Takeuchi, R., & Liu, W. (2007). Employee self-enhancement motives and job performance behaviors: Investigating the moderating effects of employee role ambiguity and managerial perceptions of employee commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 745–756. Zafirovski, M. (2005). Social exchange theory under scrutiny: A positive critique of its economic-behaviorist formulation. Electronic Journal of Sociology, 1-40.

Similar Items