The influence of celebrity endorsement on actual purchase behaviour with mediating role of brand equity: A study on local food brands

With fiercely intense competition, having a good product alone seems inadequate to sustain and be among the top notch product in the market. To do so, marketing strategy of most business firms relies heavily on advertising to promote their products and capitalize the most prominent technique in this...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Nur Shazzana, Ahmad Shaker
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2015
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/5503/1/s816041_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5503/2/s816041_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.5503
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Abd Ghani, Noor Hasmini
topic HF5415.33 Consumer Behavior.
spellingShingle HF5415.33 Consumer Behavior.
Nur Shazzana, Ahmad Shaker
The influence of celebrity endorsement on actual purchase behaviour with mediating role of brand equity: A study on local food brands
description With fiercely intense competition, having a good product alone seems inadequate to sustain and be among the top notch product in the market. To do so, marketing strategy of most business firms relies heavily on advertising to promote their products and capitalize the most prominent technique in this modern era which is the use of celebrity endorsement. Nowadays, celebrities are claimed as the most influential icons that people admire and easily attracted to. This influential power has seen to give a huge impact on most businesses especially by strengthening the company’s or product’s brand. In the meantime, having an excellent brand is considered as the most valuable asset for a company. It can be achieved by managing the brand equity in the right way. This intangible asset provides value for both the consumer and the firm. It is believed that having attractive advertising strategy that capitalizes celebrity endorsement to promote the products may increase the value of the brand which in turn can stimulate consumers to buy. Therefore this research is conducted to gain insight into the influence of celebrity endorsement towards actual purchase behaviour of consumers and investigating the impact of brand equity as the mediating variable between these two constructs. This study also intended to explore the Malaysian food brands specifically for the packaged food products. It is certainly undeniable that our local food brands still cannot compete with international origin brands. National brands are deemed as unfamiliar and unattractive enough to win the heart of consumers. Due to this crucial issue, research is conducted to examine the consumers’ purchasing behaviour of local food brands. In fact, the purpose of this research is to figure out the dimensions of celebrity endorsement that highly influence consumer’s actual purchase behavior and whether the presence of brand equity will mediate the relationship between celebrity endorsement and actual purchase behaviour of local food brands. To achieve the objectives, questionnaire was constructed and distributed to 300 respondents in Penang. Findings shown that celebrity endorsement has significant relationship with actual purchase behaviour and attractiveness of celebrity becomes the major factor in influencing consumers to buy local food brands. Results also revealed that brand equity mediates the relationship between celebrity endorsement and actual purchase behaviour and brand awareness is the most influential factor towards this relationship.
format Thesis
qualification_name masters
qualification_level Master's degree
author Nur Shazzana, Ahmad Shaker
author_facet Nur Shazzana, Ahmad Shaker
author_sort Nur Shazzana, Ahmad Shaker
title The influence of celebrity endorsement on actual purchase behaviour with mediating role of brand equity: A study on local food brands
title_short The influence of celebrity endorsement on actual purchase behaviour with mediating role of brand equity: A study on local food brands
title_full The influence of celebrity endorsement on actual purchase behaviour with mediating role of brand equity: A study on local food brands
title_fullStr The influence of celebrity endorsement on actual purchase behaviour with mediating role of brand equity: A study on local food brands
title_full_unstemmed The influence of celebrity endorsement on actual purchase behaviour with mediating role of brand equity: A study on local food brands
title_sort influence of celebrity endorsement on actual purchase behaviour with mediating role of brand equity: a study on local food brands
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Business Management
publishDate 2015
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/5503/1/s816041_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5503/2/s816041_02.pdf
_version_ 1747827941414273024
spelling my-uum-etd.55032021-04-04T08:20:40Z The influence of celebrity endorsement on actual purchase behaviour with mediating role of brand equity: A study on local food brands 2015 Nur Shazzana, Ahmad Shaker Abd Ghani, Noor Hasmini School of Business Management School of Business Management HF5415.33 Consumer Behavior. With fiercely intense competition, having a good product alone seems inadequate to sustain and be among the top notch product in the market. To do so, marketing strategy of most business firms relies heavily on advertising to promote their products and capitalize the most prominent technique in this modern era which is the use of celebrity endorsement. Nowadays, celebrities are claimed as the most influential icons that people admire and easily attracted to. This influential power has seen to give a huge impact on most businesses especially by strengthening the company’s or product’s brand. In the meantime, having an excellent brand is considered as the most valuable asset for a company. It can be achieved by managing the brand equity in the right way. This intangible asset provides value for both the consumer and the firm. It is believed that having attractive advertising strategy that capitalizes celebrity endorsement to promote the products may increase the value of the brand which in turn can stimulate consumers to buy. Therefore this research is conducted to gain insight into the influence of celebrity endorsement towards actual purchase behaviour of consumers and investigating the impact of brand equity as the mediating variable between these two constructs. This study also intended to explore the Malaysian food brands specifically for the packaged food products. It is certainly undeniable that our local food brands still cannot compete with international origin brands. National brands are deemed as unfamiliar and unattractive enough to win the heart of consumers. Due to this crucial issue, research is conducted to examine the consumers’ purchasing behaviour of local food brands. In fact, the purpose of this research is to figure out the dimensions of celebrity endorsement that highly influence consumer’s actual purchase behavior and whether the presence of brand equity will mediate the relationship between celebrity endorsement and actual purchase behaviour of local food brands. To achieve the objectives, questionnaire was constructed and distributed to 300 respondents in Penang. Findings shown that celebrity endorsement has significant relationship with actual purchase behaviour and attractiveness of celebrity becomes the major factor in influencing consumers to buy local food brands. Results also revealed that brand equity mediates the relationship between celebrity endorsement and actual purchase behaviour and brand awareness is the most influential factor towards this relationship. 2015 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/5503/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/5503/1/s816041_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/5503/2/s816041_02.pdf text eng public masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Aaker, D. (1991), Managing Brand Equity: Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name, Free Press, New York, NY. Aaker, D. A. & McLoughlin, D. (2010), Strategic Market Management: Global Perspectives, John Wiley and Sons, Barcelona, Spain. Abdul Razak Baginda (2009) Malaysia at 50 & Beyond , Malaysian Strategic Research Centre. Agrawal,J. & Kamakura,W.A. (1995). The Economic Worth of Celebrity Endorsers: An Event Study Analysis. Journal of Marketing, 59, pp. 56-62. Ahmed,N., Farooq,O. & Iqbal,J. (2014). Credibility of Celebrity Endorsement and Buying Intentions an Evidence from Students of Islamabad Pakistan. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, SciPress Ltd., Switzerland , 20 , pp. 1-13. Aishah,N.A. , Teh,S.Y., Rahman,A.O, & Rohani,C.Y. (2011). Sensitivity of Normality Tests to Non-normal Data. Sains Malaysiana, 40(6), pp. 637–641. Amadi, C. W. (2005). Advertising Expenditure and Firm Profitibility: An Investigation. Academy of Marketing Studies Journal, 9, pp.3-19. Amran, H., Abdul, W.M.K., Aisat, O.I., Mohamad, G.H., & Abdullah, S. (2010). Managing Local Brands in Facing Challenges of Globalization: Be A Local or Global Leader? Anholt,S. (2003). Brand New Justice: How Branding Places and Products Can Help the Developing World, ELSEVIER:Revised Edition. AnicI.D. (2010). Attitudes and Purchasing Behavior of Consumers in Domestic and Foreign Food Retailers in Croatia, 28(1), pp.113-133. Armstrong,J.S.,Morwitz,V.G. & Kumar,V. (2000). Sales Forecasts for Existing Consumer Products and Services: Do Purchase Intentions Contribute to Accuracy? Atkin C, Block M (1983). Effectiveness of Celebrity Endorsers. Journal of Advertising Research, 23(1), pp. 57-61. Au-Yeung,P.Y. (2012). Effects of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Purchasing Intention on Apparel Products (Bachelor Degree Thesis). Retrieved from www.itc.polyu.edu.hk/UserFiles/ access/Files/BA/FYP1112 Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction on Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, pp.1173–1182. Blackwell,R.D., Miniard,P.W., & Engel,J.F. (2001). Consumer Behavior. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Bower, A. B. & Landreth, S (2001). Is Beauty Best? Highs versus Normally Attractive Models in Advertising. Journal of Advertising, 30,pp. 1-11. Bornmark, H., Goransson, A. & Svensson, C. (2005). A Study to Indicate the Importance of Brand Awareness in Brand Choice: A Cultural Perspective (Bachelor Degree Thesis), Kristiansad University Brown, M. (2003). Buying or Browsing? An Exploration of Shopping Orientations and Online Purchase Intention. European Journal of Marketing, 37(11/12), pp.1666-1684. Bryan,L.C.W. & Jimmy,L.J.W (2009). A Review of The Top 100 Global Brands 2007. Labuan e-Journal of Muamalat and Society, 3, pp. 34-40. Byrne,A.,Whitehead,M. & Breen,S. (2003). The Naked Truth of Celebrity Endorsement. British Food Journal, 105 (4/5), pp. 288 – 296. Caballero, M. J.& Solomon,P.J (1984). Effects of Model Attractiveness on Sales Response. Journal of Advertising, 13, pp.17-23. Carvalho,C.A (2011). Impact of Consumer Attitude in Predicting Purchasing Behaviour. Available at: http://www.iaso.com.br/pdf/Impact %20of%20Consumer%20Attitude%20in%20Predicting%20 Purchase%20Behaviour.pdf Chan,W.Y. (2012). Investigation on Celebrity Endorsement: Effect on Consumer-Based Brand Equity in Hong Kong Cosmetic Market (Bachelor Degree Thesis), Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Chan,S.P. & Srinivasan,V. (1994). A Survey-Based Method for Measuring and Understanding Brand Equity and Its Extendibility Brand. Journal of Marketing Research, 31, pp.271-288. Chantima,P. (2010). Gender Influence on Purchase Intention. (Master Dissertation). Retrieved from eprints.usm.my http://eprints.usm.my/id/eprint/23753 Chen,C.L. (2011). Strategic Thinking Leading to Private Brand Strategy that Caters for Customers’ Shopping Preferences in Retail Marketing. African Journal of Business Management, 3 (11), pp. 741-752. Retrieved from http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM Chin,J. (2015). Malaysia’s Inflation in August Higher than Expected, The Star Online, Business News. Choy, J.Y., Ng, C.S. & Ch’ng, H.K. (2010). Consumers’ Perceived Quality, Perceived Value and Perceived Risk Towards Purchase Decision on Automobile. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 3 (1), pp.47-57. Chua,L.C. (2006). Sample Size Estimation Using Krejcie and Morgan and Cohen Statistical power Analysis: A Comparison. Research Journal IPBL, 7. Cobb-Walgren, C.J., Ruble, C.A. & Donthu, N. (1995). Brand Equity, Brand Preference and Purchase Intent. Journal of Advertising, 24 (3). Cooper,D.R. & Schindler,P.S. (2003). Business Research Method, 8ed. McGrow Hill. Irwin. Dass,F. (2013). Malaysia:Nestle’s New Plant to Boost Competitive Edge, Business Times. Dean (1999). Brand Endorsement, Popularity, and Event Sponsorship as Advertising Cues Affecting Consumer Pre purchase Attitude. Journal of Advertising, 28(3), pp.1-12. Dean,D.H. & Biswas,A., (2001). Third-party Organization Endorsement of Products: An Advertising Cue Affecting Consumer Pre-purchase Evaluation of Goods and Services. Journal of Advertising, 30 (4), pp. 41-57. Dengra,M. (2013). Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on Customer’s Buying Behaviour with Reference to Indore City. Altius Shodh Journal of Management & Commerce, 1(2), pp. 217-221. Department of Statistic Malaysia (2013). Population and Demography, Penang Basic Information 2013. Dimed,C. & Joulyana,S. (2005). Celebrity Endorsement: Hidden Factors to Success (Masters Thesis), Jonkoping International Business School. Dzisah,W.E. & Ocloo,C.E. (2013). Celebrity Endorsement and Consumer Buying Behaviour: Enhancing the Promotion Function of Marketing in the Central Business Area of Accra, Ghana. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(25). Erdogan, Z. B., Baker, M., & Tagg, S. (2001). Selecting Celebrity Endorsers: The Practitioner's Perspective, Journal of Advertising Research, 41(3), pp. 39-48. Erfan,S. & Kwek,C.L. (2013). Mediating Effects of Brand Association, Brand Loyalty, Brand Image and Perceived Quality on Brand Equity. Asian Social Science,9(3). Ernest,C.D., Yee,T.C., Khalique,M. (2012). It’s Not Just a Brand Name: The Impact of Language on Consumer Attitude and Behavior. International Journal of Research Studies in Management, 1(2), pp. 47-56. Escalas, J. E. & Bettman,J.R. (2005). Self-Construal, Reference Groups, and Brand Meaning. Journal of Consumer Research, 32, pp.378-389. Euromonitor International (2013). Frozen Processed Food in Malaysia Report, Country Market Insight, October 2010. Evangelista,R.C.S. (2008). An AHP Approach to Assess Brand Intangible Assets. Measuring Business Excellence, 12(2), pp. 68 – 78. Fahy,J. & Jobber,D. (2012). Foundations of Marketing , 4th ed, McGraw-Hill Farquhar, P.H. (1989). Managing Brand Equity. Marketing Research, 1(September), pp.24-33. Farzana,Y, Shukri,A.Y., & Ali,K. (2014). Customer Perceived Risk on Store Brand Products: A Study on Malaysian Hypermarket Consumer Perspective. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(9). Farrell,K.A., Karels,G.V., Monfort, K.W. & McClatchey, C.A. (2000). Celebrity Performance and Endorsement Value: The Case of Tiger Woods. Managerial Finance, 26(7), pp. 1-15. Fathi,F. & Kheiri,B. (2015). Celebrity Endorsement and Its Effect on Consumer Behavior: A Literature Review. International Journal of Review in Life Sciences, 5(10), pp.619-626. Fink, A. (2003). The Survey Handbook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication, Inc. Foulandivanda,F., Pashandi,M.A., Hooman,A., & Khanmohammadi,Z. (2013). The Effect of Brand Equity on Consumer Buying Behavior in term of FMCG in Iran. Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(9), pp. 945-957. Friedman, H., Friedman, L., (1979 ). Endorser Effectiveness by Product Type. Journal of Advertising Research,19, pp.63-71. Gay, L.R. & Diehl, P.L. (1992). Research Methods for Business and Management, New York: Macmillan. Ghani,U. & Kakakhel,T. (2011). The Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on the Youth of Pakistan, 2011 International Conference on Business and Economics Research, IPEDR, 16, IACSIT Press: Singapore. Ghauri,P. & Gronhaug,K. (2010). Research Methods in Business Studies, 4th ed., Pearson Gliem,J.A & Gliem,R.R (2003). Calculating, Interpreting, and Reporting Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Coefficient for Likert-Type Scales, Midwest Research to Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing, and Community Education. Goldsmith, R.E., Lafferty, B.A. & Newell, S.J. (2000). The Impact of Corporate Credibility and Celebrity Credibility on Consumer Reaction to Advertisements and Brands. Journal of Advertising, 29(3), pp. 43-54. Goi,C.L. & Chieng,F.Y.L (2011). Dimensions of Customer-Based Brand Equity: A Study on Malaysian Brands. Journal of Arts Science and Commerce, 2(1), pp.33-42. Gwinner, K. P. & J. Eaton (1999). Building Brand Image Through Event Sponsorship: The Role of Image Transfer. Journal of Advertising, 28. Hafsah,H. (2013). Overview of SME Sector in Malaysia,SME Global Champions: Malaysia-India SME Forum Hair, J.F., Black,W., Babin,B., & Anderson,R.E. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis:A Global Perspective, 7th Ed. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River Hakimi,B.Y., Abedniya,A. & Zaeim,M.N. (2011). Investigate the Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on Brand Images. European Journal of Scientific Research, 58(1),pp.116–32. Hamin,C., & Elliot,G. (2006). A Less-Developed Country Perspective of Consumer Ethnocentrism and Country of Origin Effects: Indonesian Evidence. Asia pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 18(2), pp.79-92. Hartmand, D. & Media, D. (2014). The Advantages of Fast Moving Consumer Goods or Consumer Packaged Goods. Hearst Newspapers. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-fast-moving-consumer-goodsconsumer-packaged- goods-23543.html Hasan,S. (2013). Consumerism Trend In Malaysia, myForesight, 2 Havlena, W. J. & W. S. DeSarbo (1991). On the Measurement of Perceived Consumer Risk. Decision Sciences, 22, pp.927-939. Hong Kong Trade Development Council (2014). Malaysia: Opportunities in its Dynamic and Diversified Consumer Market. Horai,J., Naccari,N. & Fathullah,E. (1974). The Effects of Expertise and Physical Attractiveness Upon Opinion Agreement and Liking. Sociometry,37,pp.601-606. Hsinkuang Chi, Huery-Ren Yeh, & Yi Ching Tsai (2011). The Influences of Perceived Value on Consumer Purchase Intention: The Moderating Effect of Advertising Endorser. Journal of International Management Studies, 6(1), pp.92- 97. Hsu,C.K. & McDonald,D. (2002). An Examination of Multiple Celebrity Endorsers in Advertising. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 11(1), pp.19-28. Jafar, A., Adidam,P.T. & Prasad,M.V.R. (2011). Celebrity Endorsements Vis-à-vis Brand Equity of High Fashion. Innovative Marketing, 7(4). Jamal,M.E.A. (2013). Actual Purchase Behavior of Local Brand Antecedents in Yemen : The Mediating Effect of Purchase Intention (Doctoral Thesis). Retrieved from UUM Repository Database Jamal, M.E.A., Nik, K.N.M, Salniza, M.S., Habibu, M.U., Musa, E., Anas, S., & Abu, N. (2012). Determining the Antecedents of Actual Purchase of Local Product Brand in Yemen. American Journal of Economics, Special Issue (June), pp.97-100. Jan,P.V., Kwang,S.N. & Anand,A. (2011). Determinants of Willingness to Purchase Organic Food: An Exploratory Study Using Structural Equation Modeling. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 14(2). Jerzyk,E. & Wyczynski,K. (2015). The Nationality and The Type of Celebrities Endorsing Product Versus Ethnocentric, Attitudes of Polish Consumers, Conference Paper, January 2015. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 270903222 Jones, M. A., Mothersbaugh, D. L., & Beatty, S. E. (2002). Why Customers Stay: Measuring the Underlying Dimensions of Services Switching Costs and Managing their Differential Strategic Outcomes. Journal of Business Research, 55(6), pp.441–450. Kahle, L.R. & Homer, P. (1985). Physical Attractiveness of the Celebrity Endorser: A Social Adaptation Perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 11, pp. 954-61. Kaikati, J.G. (1987). Celebrity Advertising: A Review and Synthesis. International Journal of Advertising, 6, pp.93-105. Kamakura,W.A. & Russel, G. J. (1993). Measuring Brand Value with Scanner Data. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 10 (1), pp. 9-22. Kamins, M.A. (1990). An Investigation into the Match-up Hypothesis in Celebrity Advertising: When Beauty May Be Only Skin Deep. Journal of Advertising, 19(1), pp. 4-13. Kamins,M.A., Brand, M.J., Hoeke, S.A., & Moe, J.C. (1989). Two-sided Versus One-Sided Celebrity Endorsements: The Impact on Advertising Effectiveness and Credibility. Journal of Advertising, 18(2), pp. 4-10. Kantar World Panel (2013). 2013 Brand Footprint Report Kearney,A.T. (2012). Ideas and Insight:Buying into Local Food Movement, ATKearney. Keller,K.L. (1993). Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Managing Customer-Based Brand Equity. Journal of Marketing, 57, pp.1-22. Keller,K.L. (2001). Building Customer-Based Brand Equity. Marketing Management, 10(2), pp.14-19. Kotler,P., & Armstrong,G.(2009). Marketing Essentials, New York: Prentice Hall. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), pp.607-610. Kwan,B. (2011). Malaysians’ Love-Hate Relationship with Celebrities, Marketing Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.marketingmag.com.au/newsc/ malaysians-love-hate-relationship-with- celebrities/ Langmeyer,L. & Shank,M. (1994). Managing Beauty-Products and People. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 3(3),pp.27-38. Lassar,W., Mittal,B. & Sharma,A. (1995). Measuring Customer-Based Brand Equity. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 12 (4), pp.11-19. Lau,T.C., Chan,M.W., Tan,H.P., & Kwek,C.L.(2013). Functional Food: A Growing Trend among the Health Conscious. Asian Social Science,9(1). Lear, K. E., Runyan, R. C., & Whitaker, W. H. (2009). Sports Celebrity Endorsements in Retail Products Advertising. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 37(4), pp.308 – 321. Lee,W.L. (2010). The Influence of Packaging Attributes on Consumer’s Purchase Decision of Packaged Food (Master’s thesis) Lew,S. & Zuraidah,S. (2014). Consumer Purchase Intention Toward Products Made in Malaysia vs. Made in China: A Conceptual Paper. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130 , pp. 37-45. Liu, M. T. (2011). Selecting a Female Athlete Endorser in China. European Journal of Marketing, 45, pp.1214-1235. Liu, M.T., Huang,Y.Y & Minghua,F. (2007). Relations Among Attractiveness of Endorsers, Match-Up, and Purchase Intention in Sport Marketing in China. Journal of Consumer Marketing,24, pp.358-365. Loh,L.P. (2014). Malaysia Retail Food Annual 2014. Global Agricultural Information Network Report,USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Low,S.F & Lim,S.W. (2012). Impacts of Celebrity Endorser on Malaysian Young Consumers: An Empirical Study in The Sports Industry. SEGi Review, 5 (1), July 2012, pp.95-114. Malaysian-German Chamber of Commerce and Industry (2012). Market Watch 2012: The Malaysian Food Industry Marubeni Group magazine (2006). M-SPIRIT,35, Edition September Mathews,S., Jain,R., Shah,T., Hizli,S., & Porwal,J. (2008). Effect of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Based Brand Equity: Toothpaste Industry. Mumbai Educational Trust, Bhujbal Knowledge Centre Mazzini,M., Rosidah,M. & Lennora,P. (2011). Celebrity Endorsement in Advertising: A Double-edged Sword. Journal of Asian Behavioral Studies, 1(3). McCracken, G. (1989). Who is the Celebrity Endorser? Cultural Foundation of the Endorsement Process. Journal of Consumer Research, 16, pp.310-321. Miciak,A.R. & Shanklin,W.L. (1994). Choosing Celebrity Endorsers. Marketing Management, 3(3), pp. 51-59. Misra,S. & Beatty, S.E. (1990). Celebrity Spokesperson and Brand Congruence: An Assessment of Recall and Affect. Journal of Business Research, 21, pp.159-173. Mohammad,D., Maryam,K. & Reza,K. (2012). Impact of Brand Equity on Purchase Decision of Final Consumer Focusing on Products with Low Mental Conflict. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(10), pp.10137-10144. Mohammad,R.J. , Neda,S. & Seyed,H.M. (2011). The Effect of Brand Equity Components on Purchase Intention: An Application of Aaker’s Model in the Automobile Industry. International Business and Management, 2(2), pp.149-158. Moisescu,O.I. & Allen,B. (2010). The Relationship Between The Dimensions of Brand Loyalty:An Empirical Investigation among Romanian Urban Consumers. Management & Marketing Challenges for Knowledge Society, 5(4), pp.83-98. Motameni,R. & Shahrokhi,M. (1998). Brand Equity Valuation: A Global Perspective. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 7(4), pp. 275–290. Moynihan,R. (2004). The Intangible Magic of Celebrity Marketing. PLoS Medicine,1(1), pp.102-104. Muhammad, E.M., Muhammad, M.G, Hafiz, K.I., Usman, R, Noor, U.H, Muhammad, M, & Salleh, S. (2013). Importance of Brand Awareness and Brand Loyalty in Assessing Purchase Intentions of Consumer. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(5). Mukherjee,D. (2009). Impact of Celebrity Endorsements on Brand Image. Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1444814 Nasreen,K.,Syed,H.R.R, Hong,Y.H., Tan,B.C. (2015). Causal Relationships among Dimensions of Consumer-Based Brand Equity and Purchase Intention: Fashion Industry. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(1). New Zealand Trade and Enterprise (2012). Food and Beverage in Malaysia, Market Profile January 2012. Ngui,Y. (2015). Malaysia Central Bank Sees Slower Growth in 2015, Sliding Oil Prices a Risk, Reuters. Nielsen (2014). Consumer Confidence Level in Malaysia below Global Average. Nigam,A. & Kaushik,R. (2011). Impact of Brand Equity on Customer Purchase Decisions: An Empirical Investigation with Special Reference to Hatchback Car Owners in Central Haryana. International Journal of Computational Engineering & Management, 12. Nornadiah,M.R. (2009). Test of Normality: A Power Comparison of Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling, Shapiro-Wilk, and Lillifors Test (Masters Dissertation). Retrieved from http://eprints.uitm.edu.my/7708/1 Norsara,N.M.Y., Wan,E.W.R., Norafifa,M.A, & Norhidaya,M.R. (2014). Muslim’s Purchase Intention towards Non-Muslim’s. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130, pp.145–154. Norshamliza,C. & Batt,P.J. (2013). Exploring the Factors Influencing Consumers’ Choice of Retail Store When Purchasing Fresh Meat in Malaysia. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 16(3). O’Doherty, J., Winston, J., Critchley, H., Perrett, D., Burt, D.M., & Dolan, J. (2003). Beauty in a Smile: The Role of Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex in Facial Attractiveness. Neuropsychologia ,41, pp.147-155. Ohanian,R. (1990). Construction and Validation of a Scale to Measure Celebrity Endorsers' Perceived Expertise, Trustworthiness, and Attractiveness. Journal of Advertising, 19 (3), pp.39-52. Osborne,M. (2013). Why Malaysian Firms Must Start to Build Brands and How to Do It. Economic Transformation Programme, Business Circle. Oyeniyi,O. (2014). Celebrity Endorsement and Product Performance: A Study of Nigerian Consumer Markets. Management & Marketing, 12(1). Pallant,J. (2005). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS for Windows (Version 12).2nd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Park, C. S. & Srinivasan,V (1994). A Survey-Based Method for Measuring and Understanding Brand Equity and Its Extendibility. Journal of Marketing Research, 31 (2), pp. 271-288. Parmar, B. J. & Patel, R. P. (2014). A Study on Consumer Perception for Celebrity & Non Celebrity Endorsement in Television Commercials for Fast Moving Consumer Goods. Global Business and Economics Research Journal, 3(2),pp.1-11. Peli,E., Lee,E., Trempe,C.L. & Buzney,S. (1994). Image Enhancement for the Visually Impaired: The Effects of Enhancement on Face Recognition. Optical Society of America ,11,pp.1929-1939. Powell,H., Hardy,J., Hawkin,S. & MacRury,I. (2009). The Advertising Handbook, Advertising Standards Authority. Pricewaterhouse Coopers (PWC). (2013). 2013 Outlook for Retail and Consumer Products Sector in Asia. Pronskaia,M. (2005).Alternative Brand Naming Strategies for Bottled Water Division of Group Danone in British Columbia. Rajah,R. (2011). Malaysian Economy :Unfolding Growth and Social Change. Rangsima,K. & Wahloonluck,C. (2013). The Use of Celebrity Endorsement with the Help of Electronic Communication Channel (Instagram): Case study of Magnum Ice Cream in Thailand (Masters thesis) Rex, M. (1997). Source Expertise and Attractiveness of Celebrity Endorsers: A Literature Review. Cyber Journal of Sport Advertising. Rimal,A.,Fletcher,S.M, & McWatters,K.H. (1999). Actual Purchase vs Intended Purchase: Do Consumers Buy What They Say? Roll,M. (2006). Asian Brand Strategy: How Asian Build Strong Brands, Palgrave McMillan, pp.74-85. Saleem,F. (2007). Young Adult Perception towards Celebrity Endorsement: A Comparative Study of Single Celebrity and Multiple Celebrities Endorsement. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 8, pp. 128-139. Salman,M. & Naeem,U. (2015). The Impact of Consumer Ethnocentrism on Purchase Intentions: Local Versus Foreign Brands. The Lahore Journal of Business, 3(2), pp. 17–34. Saunders,M.,Lewis,P.,and Thornhill,A. (2012). Research Methods for Business Students. 6th ed.London:Pearson Seelan, R. J. (2010). Sale of Carrefour May Interest Competition Commission. Retrieved from: http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/9/3/business/6973298 Seno,D. & Lukas,B.A. (2007). The Equity Effect of Product Endorsement by Celebrities: A Conceptual Framework from a Co-branding Perspective. European Journal of Marketing, 41 (1/2), pp. 121-134. Sharma,M.K. (2014). The Impact on Consumer Buying Behaviour: Cognitive Dissonance. Global Journal of Finance and Management, 6(9), pp.833-840. Simon,C.J. & Sullivan,M.W. (1993). The Measurement and Determinants of Brand Equity: A Financial Approach. Marketing Science, 12 (1),pp.28-52. Siti,N.J.,Pan,E.L. & Mohaini,M. (2013). Consumers’ Perceptions, Attitudes and Purchase Intention towards Private Label Food Products in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 2(8). Siti Soleha,A.S., Mohhidin,O. (2014). Consumer Disconfirmation of Expectation and Satisfaction with SMEs Halal Food Products in Klang Valley, Malaysia: A Theoretical Framework. Proceeding: 11th International Postgraduate Research Colloquium 2014. Sivesan,S.(2013). Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on Brand Equity in Cosmetic Product. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 2(4),pp.2278-6236. Sliburyte, L. (2009). How Celebrities Can Be Used in Advertising to the Best Advantage? World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 58,pp.934-939. Socio-Economic Research and Intelligence Observatory (2008). Understanding of Consumer Attitudes and Actual Purchasing Behaviour, with Reference to Local and Regional Foods, Socio-economic Research and Intelligence Observatory in Collaboration with the University of Plymouth Agrifood Centre, Rural Futures Unit and the Small Business and Services Unit. Sola,O.A. (2012). The Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on Strategic Brand Management. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(6), p.141. Solomon,M.R., Ashmore,R.D. & Longo,L.C. (1992). The Beauty Match-up Hypothesis: Congruence between Types of Beauty and Product Images in Advertising. Journal of Advertising, 21, pp.23-34. Spry, A., Pappu, R., & Cornwell, T.B. (2011). Celebrity Endorsement, Brand Credibility and Brand Equity. European Journal of Marketing, 45(6), pp.882-909. Srinivasan, V., Park, C.S. & Chang, D.R. (2001), EQUITYMAP: Measurement, Analysis and Prediction of Brand Equity and Its Score. Research Paper Series, No: 1685. Graduate School of Business, Stanford University. Subhadip R (2006). An Exploratory Study in Celebrity Endorsements. J. Creat. Commun., 1 (2). Sun,B. & Morwitz,V.G. (2005). Predicting Purchase Behavior from Stated Intentions: A Unified Model. International Journal for Forecasting, 16(3), pp. 383-397. SuperBrands Malaysia (2013). Malaysia’s Top 10 Brands 2013. Syed, R.U.H. & Raja, A.J. (2014). Influence of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Purchase Intention for Existing Products: A Comparative Study. Journal of Management Info, 4(1), pp.1-23. Tan,T.M. (2012). An Empirical Study on Brand Equity in Malaysian Fast Food Industry, Unpublished Mphil Thesis, Multimedia University. Tan,T.M., Hishamuddin,I., & Devinaga,R. (2013). The Common Challenges of Brand Equity Creation among Local Fast Food Brands in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(2). The Business Magazine of the Malaysian-German Chamber of Commerce and Industry (2013). MGCC Perspectives: Malaysia’s Food and Beverage Sector in a Nutshell, July/August Edition, 19(4). The Star (2015). Nestle Cuts Capex to Focus on New Plant. Tho, D.N., Nigel, J.B. & Kenneth, E.M. (2011). Brand Loyalty in Emerging Markets. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 29(3), pp. 222 – 232. Thusyanthy,V. & Tharanikaran,V. (2015). The Relationship Variables to Celebrity Endorsement and Brand Equity. A Comprehensive Review International Journal of Business and Management; 10(11). Till, B.D. & Busler, M. (2000). The Match-up Hypothesis: Physical Attractiveness, Expertise, and The Role of Fit on Brand Attitude, Purchase Intent, and Brand Beliefs. Journal of Advertising, 29(3), pp.1-14. Till, B.D. (1998). Using Celebrity Endorsers Effectively: Lessons from Associative Learning. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 7(5), pp. 400-409. Till, B.D. & Shimp, T.A. (1998). Endorsers in Advertising: The Case of Negative Information. Journal of Advertising, 27(1), pp. 67-82. Till, B. D. & Busler, M. (1998). Matching Products with Endorsers: Attractiveness Versus Expertise. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 15(6), pp.576. Till,E.T., Berger,E. & Larour,P. (2008). On an Exceptional Forming Behaviour Aspect of AHSS Sheets, IDDRG. Tinsley, H.E.A., & Tinsley, D.J. (1987). Use of Factor Analysis in Counseling Psychology Research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34,pp.414–424. Turner, G. (2006). The Mass Production of Celebrity. International Journal of Cultural Studies,9,pp.157-165. Tyler, I. & B. Bennett (2009). Celebrity Chav: Fame, Femininity and Social Class. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 13. Tong, X. & Hawley, J.M. (2009). Measuring Customer-Based Brand Equity: Empirical Evidence from the Sportswear Market in China. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 18(4), pp.262-271. Tze,S.O., Lay,Y.Y & Boon,H.T. (2011). Intellectual Capital Efficiency in Malaysian Food and Beverage Industry, International Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1). Vahdati,H., Mousavi,N. & Moghadam,J.T. (2014). A Study on the Effect of Marketing Mix on the Repurchase Intention with the Consideration of the Mediating Role of Brand Equity (Case Study: Ghaem Shahr Refah Bank). Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(21), pp. 467-474. Wan,M.M. (2013). Determining Comparative Advantage index of Food Processing Industry in Malaysia:Food and Beverage Industry in Malaysia. Wan,Z.W.H, Abu Bakar,H., & Lili,J.A.B (2005). Consumer Purchase Intention at Traditional Restaurant versus Fast Food Franchise Restaurant. Wanninayake,W.M.C.B. & Chovancova,M (2012). Consumer Ethnocentrism and Attitudes towards Foreign Beer Brands: With Evidence from Zlin Region in the Czech Republic. Journal of Competitiveness, 4(2), pp. 3-19. Xin,J.L. (2014). Does Sports Athletes Credibility Affects Attitude Towards Advertisement Among Consumers in Penang, Malaysia: A Structured Abstract. Business and Economics, pp.468-471. Yakup,D. & Ahmet,T. (2014). A Theoretical Approach to the Influence of Social Class on Consumer Behavior. American International Journal of Social Science, 3(3). Yoo, B. & Donthu,N. (2001). Developing and Validating Multidimensional Consumer-Based Brand Equity Scale. Journal of Business Research, 52(1), pp.1-14. Young & Rubicam (1994). Brand Asset Valuator, Y&R, London. Yi,Z. (2015). The Impact of Brand Image on Consumer Behavior: A Literature Review, Open Journal of Business and Management, 3, pp. 58-62. Zabid,A.R., Jainthy,N. & Samsinar,M.S. (2002). Perceptions of Advertising and Celebrity Endorsement in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Management Review, 7(4), pp.535-554. Zeb,H., Rashid,K. & Javeed, M. (2011). Influence of Brands on Female Consumer's Buying Behavior in Pakistan. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 2(3), pp.225-231. Zulkifli,C.M. & Anas,T. (2014). Challenges and Marketing Strategies of Halal Products in Malaysia, 5th International Conference on Business and Economic Research Proceedings.