Job related factors and moderating effect of flexible work arrangement on job satisfaction among Malaysian offshore outsourcing support employees

Job related factors and moderating effect of flexible work arrangement on job satisfaction among Malaysian offshore outsourcing support employees

Job Satisfaction, organization performance and employee turnover intention are closely interlinked. High performance culture organizations that promote both job satisfaction and work-life balance often produce good results and have the ability to attract and retain talented employees. Job satisfacti...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Yong, Shee Mun
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2015
Subjects:
HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/5757/1/s94238_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5757/2/s94238_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.5757
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Thi, Lip Sam
topic HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
spellingShingle HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
Yong, Shee Mun
Job related factors and moderating effect of flexible work arrangement on job satisfaction among Malaysian offshore outsourcing support employees
description Job Satisfaction, organization performance and employee turnover intention are closely interlinked. High performance culture organizations that promote both job satisfaction and work-life balance often produce good results and have the ability to attract and retain talented employees. Job satisfaction of fixed scheduled employees in the Malaysian offshore outsourcing support is constantly challenged from working long irregular hours to fulfill global "Follow-the-sun" workflow commitment and maintaining effective communication in a temporal dispersed virtual organization. The work time demand is felt more as the temporal dispersion variance between parties in communication widens. This research was initiated with the objective of understanding employees working under such conditions and whether having good management policies such as flexible work arrangement buffer the impact and restore job satisfaction. For this quantitative survey, 306 Information Technology Outsourcing, and Business Process Outsourcing respondents, located in the MSC flagship town of Cyberjaya, were identified. The results reveal that Malaysian offshore outsourcing workers are generally satisfied with their work environment. Whilst global communication remains a temporal dispersion challenge, flexible work arrangement does not alleviate the impact of long irregular work hours; however, it promotes job satisfaction. The findings also confirm the importance of co-workers and supervisory support in mitigating the demands of work. Contrary to the belief that globalization emphasizes cost optimization and reluctance of MNCs in spending and developing resources, most respondents acknowledged that good support from their co-workers and supervisors are vital. The study highlights the critical impact of globalization and temporal dispersion on job satisfaction among fixed working arrangement employees who support Malaysian offshore outsourcing.
format Thesis
qualification_name Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
qualification_level Doctorate
author Yong, Shee Mun
author_facet Yong, Shee Mun
author_sort Yong, Shee Mun
title Job related factors and moderating effect of flexible work arrangement on job satisfaction among Malaysian offshore outsourcing support employees
title_short Job related factors and moderating effect of flexible work arrangement on job satisfaction among Malaysian offshore outsourcing support employees
title_full Job related factors and moderating effect of flexible work arrangement on job satisfaction among Malaysian offshore outsourcing support employees
title_fullStr Job related factors and moderating effect of flexible work arrangement on job satisfaction among Malaysian offshore outsourcing support employees
title_full_unstemmed Job related factors and moderating effect of flexible work arrangement on job satisfaction among Malaysian offshore outsourcing support employees
title_sort job related factors and moderating effect of flexible work arrangement on job satisfaction among malaysian offshore outsourcing support employees
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate 2015
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/5757/1/s94238_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5757/2/s94238_02.pdf
_version_ 1747827976598192128
spelling my-uum-etd.57572021-03-29T09:22:26Z Job related factors and moderating effect of flexible work arrangement on job satisfaction among Malaysian offshore outsourcing support employees 2015 Yong, Shee Mun Thi, Lip Sam Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management. Employment Job Satisfaction, organization performance and employee turnover intention are closely interlinked. High performance culture organizations that promote both job satisfaction and work-life balance often produce good results and have the ability to attract and retain talented employees. Job satisfaction of fixed scheduled employees in the Malaysian offshore outsourcing support is constantly challenged from working long irregular hours to fulfill global "Follow-the-sun" workflow commitment and maintaining effective communication in a temporal dispersed virtual organization. The work time demand is felt more as the temporal dispersion variance between parties in communication widens. This research was initiated with the objective of understanding employees working under such conditions and whether having good management policies such as flexible work arrangement buffer the impact and restore job satisfaction. For this quantitative survey, 306 Information Technology Outsourcing, and Business Process Outsourcing respondents, located in the MSC flagship town of Cyberjaya, were identified. The results reveal that Malaysian offshore outsourcing workers are generally satisfied with their work environment. Whilst global communication remains a temporal dispersion challenge, flexible work arrangement does not alleviate the impact of long irregular work hours; however, it promotes job satisfaction. The findings also confirm the importance of co-workers and supervisory support in mitigating the demands of work. Contrary to the belief that globalization emphasizes cost optimization and reluctance of MNCs in spending and developing resources, most respondents acknowledged that good support from their co-workers and supervisors are vital. The study highlights the critical impact of globalization and temporal dispersion on job satisfaction among fixed working arrangement employees who support Malaysian offshore outsourcing. 2015 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/5757/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/5757/1/s94238_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/5757/2/s94238_02.pdf text eng public dba dba Universiti Utara Malaysia ACAS. (2014). The right to apply forflexible working. A short guide for employers, working parents and careers. Retrieved from http://www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/o/0/Right-to-apply-for-flexible-working-ashort-guide.pdf. AGCAS. (2010). Starting your career in Malaysia: Country guide for international students. Retrieved from http://www.agcas.org.uk/assets/download?file= l968&parent=454. Agrifoglio, R., & Metallo, C. (2010). Linking Geographic Dispersion, Commitment, and Job Satisfaction: the Mediating Role of Quality Relationship. Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences, 1(1), 11-23. Aiken, L.S., & West, S.G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Anderson, J.C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1 988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. Asika, N. (1991). Research methodology in the behaviotiral sciences. Lagos, Nigeria: Longman Nigeria Plc. Azlinzuraini, A., Khatijah, O., Ahmad Munir, M.S., Nur Diyana, A.A., Shaw, N.E., & Bown, N. J. (2014). Assessing flexible working policies in Terengganu: A theoretical framework of work-home interaction. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 5(2), 1-9. Baarne, R., Houtkamp, P., & Knotter, M. (2010). Het nieuwe werken ontrafeld [Unraveling new ways of workind. Assen, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Van GorcudStichting Management Studies. Babbie, E. (2004). The Practice of Social Research, Tenth Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth Learning. Baker, T.L. (1994). Doing Social Research (2nd ed.). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Inc. Bakker, A.B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(1), 309-328. Baltes, B.B., Briggs, T.E., Huff, J.W., Wright, J.A., & Neuman, G.A. (1999). Flexible and compressed workweek schedules: A meta-analysis of their effects on workrelated criteria. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(1), 496-513. Banerjee, A., & Chaudhury, S. (2010). Statistics without tears: Populations and samples. lndustry Psychiatry Journal, 19(1), 60-65. Bantel K.A., & Jackson S.E. (1989). Top management and innovations in banking: Does the composition of the top team make a difference? Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 107-124. Barney, J.B. (1 991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. Barrett, P. (2007), Structural Equation Modelling: Adjudging Model Fit, Personality and Individual Diferences, 42(5), 815-824. Bassett-Jones, N. (2005). The paradox of diversity management, creativity and innovation, Creativity and Innovation Management, 14(2), 169-175. Batt, R., Holman, D., & Holgrewe, U. (2009). The globalization of service work: Comparative institutional perspectives on call centers: introduction to a special Issue of ILRR. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 62(4), 453-488. Beamer, L. & Varner, I. (2009). Intercultural communication in the global workplace (4th ed.). Dalian, China: Dongbei University of Finance & Economics Press. Beaumont, R. (2012, April 23). An introduction to Principal Component Analysis & Factor Analysis Using SPSS 19 and R (psych package). Retrieved from http://www.floppybunny.org/robinlweb/virtual classroom/stats/statistics2/pcal.pdf Becker, B. & Gerhart, B. (1996). The impact of human resource management on organizational performance: Progress and prospects. The Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 779-801. Beehr, T.A., King, L.A., & King, D.W. (1990). Social support and occupational stress: Talking to supervisors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 36(1), 61-81. Belanger, F. (1999). Workers' propensity to telecommute: An empirical study. Information Management, 35(3), 139-153. Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. Bentler, P.M., & Bonett, D.G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(1), 588-606. Beulen, E. (2012). I'm working while they're sleeping: Time zone separation challenges and solutions. Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal, 5(1), 89-93. Blair-Loy, M. (2009). Work without end? scheduling flexibility and work-to-family conflict among stockbrokers. Work and Occupations, 36(4), 279-317. Bockeman, P., & llmakunnas, P. (2012), The Job Satisfaction-Productivity Nexus: A Study Using Matched Survey and Register Data. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 65(2), 244-262. Bordens, K S., & Abbot, B.B. (2011). Research design and methods a process approach (8th ed). NY, USA: McGraw- Hill. Bos, J.T., Donders, N.C.G.M, Bouwman-Brouwer, K.M., & Van der Gulden, J.W.J. (2009). Work characteristics and determinants of job satisfaction in four age groups: University employees' point of view. International Archival Occupation Environment Health, 82(10), 1249-1259. Boushey, H. (201 1). The role of the government in work-family conflict. Journal Issue: Work and Family, 21(2), 163-190. Bowling, A. (1997). Research Methods in Health. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. Brown, J.M.O. (2010). Telecommuting: The Affects and Effects on Non-Telecommuters. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Falls Church-Virginia. Brown, T.A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). New York, USA: Guilford Publications. Brurnrnelhuis, L.L.T., Baker, A.B., Hetland, J., & Keulemans, L. (2012). Do new ways of working foster work engagement? Psicothema, 24(1), 113-120. Byrne, B.M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with Amos : Basic concepts, applications, and Programming. London, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Byrne, B.M. (2014). Structtiral equation modeling with Lisrel, Prelis, and Simplis : Basic concepts, applications and programming. Sussex, UK: Psychology Press. Carlson, D.S., Grzywacz J.G., & Kacmar, K.M., (2010). The relationship of schedule flexibility and outcomes via the work-family interface. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(4), 330-355. Camel, E. (2012). The past and future of time zone challenges. Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal, 5(2), 180-183. Cattell, R.B., & Jaspers, J.A. (1967). A general plasmode for factor analytic exercises and research. Multivariate Behavior Research Monographs, 67(3), 1-212. Chandler, A.D. Jr. (1962). Strategy and structure. Cambridge, UK: The MIT Press. Chandler, A.D. Jr. (1977). The visible hand. Harvard, USA: University Press Cheng, Y., Luh, W.M., & Guo, Y.L. (2003). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the job content questionnaire in Taiwanese Workers. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10(1), 15-30. Cheng, Y.C. (2004). Fostering local knowledge and human development in globalization of education. The International Journal of Education Management, 18(1), 7-24. Chi, M (2013, November 15). Data protection act gazetted, effective today. Retrieved from http://www.themalaymailonline.codmalaysia/article/ data-protection-act-gazetted-effective-today. Chin, W.W. (1998). Issues and opinion on structural equation modeling, MIS Quarterly, 22(1), 7-16. Choong, J. (2014, January 21). Banking on shared services and outsourcing. Retrieved from http://penangmonthly.com/banking-on-shared-services-and-outsourcing/. Chung, H., & Tijdens, K. (2013). Working time flexibility components and working time regimes in Europe. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 24(7), 1418-1434. Clark, S.C. (2000). Work-family border theory. A new theory of work-family balance. Human Relations 53(6), 747-770. Coakes, S.J., & Steed, L.G. (2001). SPSS analysis without anguish: version 10.00 for windows. Brisbane, Australia: John Wiley & Sons. Cochran, W.G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., Aiken, L.S., & West, S.G. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, N.J, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Cole, D.A. (1987). Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 55(4), 584-594. Coles, T., Coon, C., DeMuro, C., McLeod, L., & Gnanasakthy, A. (2014). Psychometric evaluation of the Sheehan Disability Scale in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Netlropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 10(1), 887-895. Cook, C., Heath, F., & Thompson, R.L. (2000). A meta-analysis of the response rates in web- or internet-based surveys. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(1), 821-836. Cook, K.S., & Rice, E. (2006). Social Exchange Theory. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, Stanford, California, USA: Springer. Cooper, D.R., & Schindler, P.S. (2008). Business research methods (10' ed.). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, Ins. Costello, A.B., & Osbome, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9. Council of Economic Advisers. (2014, June 1). Work-life balance and the economics of workplace flexibility. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/file/docs/updated_workplace_flex_report-final-0.pdf. Crossman, A, & Abou-Zaki, B. (2003). Job satisfaction and employee performance of Lebanese banking staff. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(4), 368-376. Cruz, M.M., Goncalves, P., Lopes, N., Miranda, E.M., & Putnik, G.D. (2012). Handbook of research on business social networking: Organizational, managerial, and technological dimensions. Hearshey, USA : Business Science Reference. Davis, C. (2010). Homogeneity of variance. In Neil J. Salkind (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Research Design. (ed., pp. 578-581). CAY USA: SAGE Publications, Lnc. Davis, D. (1996). Business research for decision making (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Duxbuy Press. DeCaro, S.A. (2011, March 1). A student's guide to the conceptual side of inferential statistics. Retrieved from http://psychology.sdecnet.com/stathelp.htm. Deloitte. (2014, December 1). Deloitte's 2014 Global Outsoucing and Insourcing Surney. Retrieved from http://www2. deloitte.com/content/dam/ Deloitte/us/Documents/strategy/us-2O14-global- outsourcing-insourcing-survey-report-123114.pdf. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. Demerouti, E., & Geurts, S. (2004). Towards a typology of work-home interaction. Community, Work & Family, 7(3), 285-309. De Jonge, J., Dormann, C., & Van Vergchel, N. (2004). Taakeisen, hulpbronnen en psychische vernoeidheid: HetDemand-Induced Strain Compensation (DISC) model (Job demands, job resources and mental fatigue). Gedrag and Organisatie, 17(1), 59-79. DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, Inc. Dibbern, J., & Heinzl, A. (2009). Outsourcing of information systems functions in small and medium sized enterprises: A test of a multi-theoretical model. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 1(1), 1101-1110. Dillman, D.A., Tortora, R.D., & Bowker, D. (1998). Influence of plain vs. fancy design on response rates for web surveys. Paper presented at annual meetings of the American Statistical Association, Dallas, Texas. Ducharme, L.J., &. Martin, J.K. (2000). Unrewarding work, coworker support and job satisfaction. Work and Occupations, 27(2), 223-244. Emerson, R.M. (1976). Social Exchange Theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2(1), 335-262. Epstein, C.F., & Kalleberg, A.L. (2001). Time and the Sociology of Work: Issues and Implications. Work and Occupations, 28(1). 5-16. ETP annual report, (2013, December 12). Review of the ETP 2013. Retrieved from http://etp.pemandu.gov.my/annualreport2013/upload/ ENG/01_ENG_Opening_2013Review.pdf. Evans, J., Kimda. G., & Barley, S. (2004). Beach time, bridge time, and billable hours: The temporal structure of technical contracting. Administrative Science Quarterly, 49(1), 1-38. Examstutor (2014, July 15). Herzbergs Two Factor Theory (1959). Retrieved from http://www.examstutor.com/mobi/business/resources/ studyroom/people_and_organisations/motivation_ theory/4-herzbergstwofactortheory.php. Explorable. (2015, March 22). Judgmental Sampling. Retrieved from https://explorable.com/judgmental-sampling. Explorable. (201 5, April 07). Convenience sampling. Retrieved from https://explorable.com/convenience-sampling Fabrigar, L.R., Wegener, D.T., MacCallum, R.C., & Strahan, E.J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299. Fan, X., Thompson, B. & Wang, L. (1999). Effects of sample size, estimation methods, and model specification on structural equation modeling fit indexes. Structural Equation Modeling: Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 56-83. Flury, B., & Riedwyl, H. (1988). Multivariate statistics: A practical approach. London, UK: Chapman and Hall. FMT. (2012, June 2). Cyberjaya set to become Malaysia's Silicon Valley by 2020. Retrieved from http://www,freemalaysiatoday.com/category/business/2012/06/02/cyberjaya-setto-become-malaysias- silicon-valley-by-20201. Fornell C., & Larcker D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural model with unobserved variables and measurement errors. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. Furda, J. (1995). Werk, persoon en welzijn: Een toetsing van het job demand-control model. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NL. Galbreath, J. (2005). Which resources matter the most to firm success? An exploratory study of resource based theory? Technovation, 25(9), 979-987. Ge, C., Fu, J., Chang, Y., & Lie Wang, L. (2011). Factors associated with job satisfaction among Chinese community health workers: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 11(1), 884. Geurts, S.A.E., Beckers, D.G.J, Taris, T.W., Kompier, M.A.J., & Smulders, P.G.W. (2009). Worktime demands and work-family interference: Does worktime control buffer the adverse effects of high demands? Journal of Business Ethics, 84(1), 229-241. Gong, Y. (2013). Global operations strategy. New York, USA: Springer Heidelberg. Goodman, S.N. (1999). Toward evidence-based medical statistics. 1: The P value fallacy. Annals of Internal Medicine, 130(1), 995-1004. Gonzalez, R., Gasco, J. & Llopis, J. (2006). Information systems offshore outsourcing. A descriptive analysis. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 106(9), 1233-1248. Greenhaus, J.H., & Beutell, N.J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76-88. Grzywacz, J.G., & Butler, A.B. (2005). The impact of job characteristics on work-to family facilitation: testing a theory and distinguishing a construct. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 97-109. Gwinner, C. (2014, July 12). 5-point vs. 6-point likert scale. Retrieved from http://www.infosurv.com/Insider/white_Papers/PDF/ Likert_Scale_Debate.pdf. Habsah Salleh. (2014, March 7). The Implementation of e-Survey in the Department of Statistics Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/ge.50/2014/Topic_3_Malaysia.pdf. Hair, J.F. (2005). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall. Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Uppersaddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.) . New York, USA: Pearson Prentice Hall. Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A Primer on PartialLeast Squares Structtural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, USA: Sage. Hair J.F., Tatharn, R.L., Anderson, R.E. & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. (5th ed.) London: Prentice-Hall. Hakstian, A.R., Rogers, W.T., & Cattel, R.B. (1982). The behavior of number-of factors rules with simulated data. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 17(1), 193-219. Haorei, W. (2012). A study on job satisfaction and its consequences on work productivity in textile mills. Journal of Business Management & Social Sciences Research, 1 (3), 50-56. Haper, A., & Jin, Z. (2012). Co-movements and stock market integration between India and its top trading partners: A multivariate analysis of international portfolio diversification. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(3), 50-56. Harkness, J. A. (2008). Comparative survey research: Goals and challenges. In E. D. de Leeuw, J. J. Hox & D. A. Dillman (Eds.), International handbook of survey methodology (ed., pp. 56-77). New York, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Harrington, B., & Ladge, J.J. (2009). Work-life integration: present dynamics and future directions for organizations. Organization Dynamic, 38(2), 148-1 57. Harvey, D. (1 989). The condition of post modernity. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Hatonen J., & Eriksson T. (2009). 30+ years of research and practice of outsourcing--Exploring the past and anticipating the future. Journal of International Management, 15(1), 142-155. Henry, G.T. (1990). Practical sampling, applied social research methods series (21St ed.). Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications. Herzberg, F. (1966). Work and the nature of man. Cleveland, Ohio, USA: World Publishing Company. Higgs, M. (2004). A study of the relationship between emotional intelligence and performance in UK call centres. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 19(4), 442-454. Hightower, R., & Sayeed, L. (1996). Effects of communication mode and prediscussion information distribution characteristics on information exchange in groups. Information Systems Research, 7(4), 451-465. Hitt, M.A., Keats, B.W., & DeMarie, S.M. (1998). Navigating in the new competitive landscape: Building strategic flexibility and competitive advantage in the 21st century. Academy of Management Executive, 12(4), 22-42. Hoaglin, D.C., Iglewicz, B., & Tukey, J.W. (1986). Performance of some resistant rules for outlier labeling. Journal of America Statistics Association. 81(1), 991-999. Holmes-smith, P., Coote, L. & Cunningham. (2004). Structural equation modeling: From the fundamentals to advanced topics. Melbourne, Australia : Sreams. Holmstrom, H., 0 Conchhir, E., Agerfalk, P.J., & Fitzgerald, B. (2006). Global Sofware Development Challenges: A Case Study on Temporal, Geographical and Socio-Cultural Distance, presented at International Conference on Global Software Engineering (ICGSE2006), Cost50 do Santinho, Florianopolis, Brazil. Homans, G.C. (1958). Social Behavior as Exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63(1), 597-606. Hoogendoom, W.E., Van Poppel, M.N.M., Koes, B.W., & Bouter, L.M. (2000). Systematic review of psychosocial factors at work and private life as risk factors for back pain. Spine, 25(1), 2114-2125. Honvitz, S.K., & Honvitz, I.B. (2007). The effects of team diversity on team outcomes: A meta-analytic review of team demography. Journal of Management, 33(1), 987-1015. Houtman, I.L.D. (2007). Work-related stress. European foundation for the improvement of living and working conditions. The Netherlands: TNO Work and Employment. Hulin, C.L., & Judge, T.A. (2003). Job attitudes: A theoretical and empirical review. In W. C. Borman, D. R. ligen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Vol. 12 (ed., pp. 255-276). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Hyland, M.M. (2000). Flexibility in work arrangements: How availability, preferences and use affect business outcomes. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the academy of management, Toronto, Ontario. Investopedia. (2014, September 5). Definition of market capitalization. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/market capitalization.asp. Jawale, K.V. (2012). Methods of sampling design in the legal research: advantages and disadvantages. Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 11 (6), 183-190. Jehn, K.A., Neale, M., & Northcraft, G. (1999). Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict, and performance in workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(1), 741-763. Jijena, R.D. (2012). Work-family enrichment and its organizational positive effect: an application on a faculty context. Panorama Socioeconomico, 30(45), 68-79. Jijena, C.E., & Jijena, R.D. (2015). Work schedule flexibility and the relationship work-family enrichment and job satisfaction: linear regression analysis. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 25(1), 1-8. Jobstreet. (2012, September 01). Malaysians are not happy at work. Retrieved from http://www.jobstreet.com.my/aboutus/malaysians-are-not-happy-at-work.htm. Johnson, S. (2011, June 28). What globalization means for diversity and inclusion efforts. Retrieved from http://www.diversityjournal.com/ 4919-whatglobalization-means-for-diversity- and-inclusion-efforts/. Joreskog, K.G., & Sorbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural Equation Modeling with the SIMPLIS Command Language. Lincolnwood, USA: Scientific Software International. Judd, C. (2014). E-Study guide for: Data analysis (2nd ed.). USA : Cram101 Textbook Reviews. Kaiser, H.F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 141-151. Kalleberg, A.L. (1977). Work values and job rewards: A theory of job satisfaction, American Sociological Review, 42(1), 124-143. Kanyongo, G.Y. (2005). Determining the correct number of components to extract from a principal components analysis: A Monte Carlo study of the accuracy of the Scree plot. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 4(1), 119-132. Karan, M. (2013, September 16). Scree Plots: Interpretation and Shortcoming. Retrieved from http://ba-finance-2013.blogspot.com/2012/09/ scree-plotsinterpretation-and.htm1. Karasek, R.A. (1979). Job demand, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285-308. Karasek, R. & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress, prodzictivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York, USA: Basic. Kawada T., & Otsuka T. (2014). Change in job stress and job satisfaction over a two year interval using the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. Work. 49(1). 107-111. Kazmier, J.L. (1996). Theory and problems of bussiness statistics: Introduction to business statistics and intermediate business statistics. USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Kelliher, C., & Anderson, D. (2008). For better or for worse? Analysis of how flexible working practices influence employees' perceptions of job quality. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(1), 419-431. Kelly, E.L., Kossek, E.E., Hammer, L.B., Durham, M., Bray, J., Chermack, K., et al. (2008). Getting there from here. Research on the effects of work-family initiatives on work-family conflict and business outcomes. Academy of Management Annals, 2(1), 305-349. Kenny, D.A (2011, September 11). Respecification of latent variable models. Retrieved from http://davidakenny.net/cm/respec.htm. Kenny, D.A. (2014, October 6). Measuring Fit. Retrieved from http://davidakenny.net/cm/fit.htm Kersley, B., Alpin, C., Forth, J., Bryson, A., Bewley, H., Dix, G. & Oxenbridge, S. (2006). Inside the workplace: Findings from the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey, London, UK: Routledge. King, J.L., & Frost, R. (2002). Managing distance over time: The evolution of technologies of dis/ambiguation. In P. Hinds S. Kiesler (Eds.), Distributed work, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Kivimaki, M., Leino-Arjas P., Luukkonen, R., Riihimaki, H., Vahtera, J., & Kirjonen, J. (2002). Work stress and risk of coronary mortality: Prospective cohort study of industrial employees. British Medical Journal, 325(1), 857-863. Klitmoller, A. & Lauring, J. (2013). When global virtual teams share knowledge: Media richness, cultural differences and language commonality. Journal of World Business, 48(3), 398-406. Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, USA: Guilford Press. Kline, R.B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, USA: Guilford Press. Kline, R.B. (201 1). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York, USA : Guilford Press. Knight, G.A. & Cavusgil, S.T. (2004). Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born-global firm. Journal of International Busines Studies, 35(2), 124-141. Kolawole, I.O., & Agha, E.A. (201 5). Achieving organizational performance through business process outsourcing. European Scientific Journal, 11(4), 457-473. Konrad, A. (2003). Defining the domain of workplace diversity scholarship. Group and Organization Management, 28(1), 4-17. Kossek, E. & Michel, J. (2011). Flexible work schedules. In S. Zedeck (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial-Organizational psychology: Vol 1 (ed., pp. 535-572). Washington DC, USA: American Psychological Association. Kotlarsky, J., Van Fenema, P.C. & Willcocks, L.P. (2008). Developing a knowledgebased perspective on coordination: The case of global software projects. Information and Management, 45(1), 96-108. Konrad, A.M. (2003). Special issue introduction: Defining the domain of workplace diversity scholarship. Group & Organization Management, 28(1), 4-17. Kramer, A., & Chung, W.J. (2014). The relationship between work demands, family demands, and BMI in dual-earners families: A 16-year longitudinal study. Unpublished manuscript. Kumar, N. & Palvia, P. (2002). A framework for global IT outsourcing management: key influence factors and strategies. Journal of Information Technology Cases and Applications, 1 (1), 56-75. Laerd Dissertation. (2015, July 1). Systematic random sampling. Retrieved from http://dissertation.laerd.codsystematic-random-sampling.php. Ledesma, D.R., & Valeo-Mora, P. (2007). Determining the number of factors to retain in EFA: An easy-to-use computer program for carrying out Parallel Analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 12(2), 1-11. Lehndorff, S. (1998). From "collective" to "individual" reductions in working time? Trends and experience with working time in the European Union. Transfer, 4(4), 598-620. Lei, P.W., & Wu, Q. (2007). Introduction to structural equation modeling: Issues and practical considerations. NCME Instructional Module, 26(3), 3 3-43. Levitt, T. (1983). The globalization of markets. Harvard Business Review, 61 (3), 92. Levene, H. (1960). Robust testes for equality of variances. In Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling (I.Olkin et al.,ed., pp. 278-292). Palo Alto, USA: Stanford University Press. Locke, E.A. (1 976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M.D. Dunnette (ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (ed., pp. 1297-1349). Chicago, USA: Rand McNally. Lojeski, K.S., Reilly, R., & Dominick, P. (2006). The Role of Virtual Distance in Innovation and Success. Paper presented at 39th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Proceedings, January 4-7 (HICSS-39 '06). Maui, Hawaii. Malhotra, S., & Chadha, 0. (2012). Stress in the context of job satisfaction: An empirical study of BPO sector. International Journal of Research in IT & Management, 2(1), 24-38. Malone, M.S. (2008, May 19). The Next American Frontier. Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121115437132202233. Mandeep, S. , Satwinder, S., & Sahib, F. (2014). Software Productivity Empirical Model for Early Estimation of Development. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 5(1), 682-685. Masood, S. (2009, April 22). Offshore globalisation driven by economic downturn. Retrieved from http://about.datamonitor.com/media/archives/2323. Matrade. (2014, September 16), ICT Industry. Retrieved from http://www.matrade.gov.my/en/ malaysian-exporters/services-forexporters/ exporters-development/new-exporters-development/ 543-ict-industry. Matsunaga, M. (2010). How to factor analyze your data right: Do's, Don'ts and How-To's. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3(1), 97-110.

Similar Items