Tekanan, kebimbangan, kemurungan dan kualiti hidup mangsa banjir

Flood disaster is a phenomenon that causes stress, anxiety and depression to flood victims. This study was conducted to examine the differences in the level of stress, anxiety, depression and quality of life among flood victims based on demographic factors; and, to analyze the relationship between...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Johana, Johari
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
eng
Published: 2015
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/5760/2/s813551_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5760/3/s813551_02.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5760/4/depositpermission_s813551.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
1 1
psm 1
id my-uum-etd.5760
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
eng
advisor Ahmad Marzuki, Najib
topic BF Psychology
spellingShingle BF Psychology
Johana, Johari
Tekanan, kebimbangan, kemurungan dan kualiti hidup mangsa banjir
description Flood disaster is a phenomenon that causes stress, anxiety and depression to flood victims. This study was conducted to examine the differences in the level of stress, anxiety, depression and quality of life among flood victims based on demographic factors; and, to analyze the relationship between stress, anxiety, depression and quality of life. In addition, the most dominant factors predicting the quality of life among flood victims were also studied. A survey method was utilized for this study. Data was gathered by distributing questionnaires to flood victims in the district of Kubang Pasu, Kedah. A total of 294 respondents participated in this study. Stress, anxiety and depression were measured using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), while quality of life was measured using a combination of instruments; namely the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) and the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R). Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed to analyze the data. Results indicated that there were differences in stress, anxiety and depression according to race, age, occupation and income. For the quality of life, it varied according to race, age, and occupation. Results of the study also found no significant relationship between stress, anxiety and depression with the quality of life enjoyed by the flood victims. Results showed that the main predictors of the quality of life were anxiety and depression. The study implicates that improvements can be made by the flood management agencies to enhance existing management policies, particularly those involving recovery phases such as health services, medical, welfare and support. This may help to reduce the psychological impact and enhance the quality of life among flood victims.
format Thesis
qualification_name masters
qualification_level Master's degree
author Johana, Johari
author_facet Johana, Johari
author_sort Johana, Johari
title Tekanan, kebimbangan, kemurungan dan kualiti hidup mangsa banjir
title_short Tekanan, kebimbangan, kemurungan dan kualiti hidup mangsa banjir
title_full Tekanan, kebimbangan, kemurungan dan kualiti hidup mangsa banjir
title_fullStr Tekanan, kebimbangan, kemurungan dan kualiti hidup mangsa banjir
title_full_unstemmed Tekanan, kebimbangan, kemurungan dan kualiti hidup mangsa banjir
title_sort tekanan, kebimbangan, kemurungan dan kualiti hidup mangsa banjir
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
publishDate 2015
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/5760/2/s813551_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5760/3/s813551_02.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5760/4/depositpermission_s813551.pdf
_version_ 1747827977172811776
spelling my-uum-etd.57602021-03-18T08:18:56Z Tekanan, kebimbangan, kemurungan dan kualiti hidup mangsa banjir 2015 Johana, Johari Ahmad Marzuki, Najib Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences BF Psychology Flood disaster is a phenomenon that causes stress, anxiety and depression to flood victims. This study was conducted to examine the differences in the level of stress, anxiety, depression and quality of life among flood victims based on demographic factors; and, to analyze the relationship between stress, anxiety, depression and quality of life. In addition, the most dominant factors predicting the quality of life among flood victims were also studied. A survey method was utilized for this study. Data was gathered by distributing questionnaires to flood victims in the district of Kubang Pasu, Kedah. A total of 294 respondents participated in this study. Stress, anxiety and depression were measured using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), while quality of life was measured using a combination of instruments; namely the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) and the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R). Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed to analyze the data. Results indicated that there were differences in stress, anxiety and depression according to race, age, occupation and income. For the quality of life, it varied according to race, age, and occupation. Results of the study also found no significant relationship between stress, anxiety and depression with the quality of life enjoyed by the flood victims. Results showed that the main predictors of the quality of life were anxiety and depression. The study implicates that improvements can be made by the flood management agencies to enhance existing management policies, particularly those involving recovery phases such as health services, medical, welfare and support. This may help to reduce the psychological impact and enhance the quality of life among flood victims. 2015 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/5760/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/5760/2/s813551_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/5760/3/s813551_02.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/5760/4/depositpermission_s813551.pdf text eng staffonly masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Aizong, L., Hongzhuan, T., Jia, Z., Shuoqi, L., Tubao, Y., Jieru, W., & …Shi Wu, W. (2006). An Epidemiologic Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Flood Victims in Hunan China. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 51(6). 350-354. Alor Setar Airport Remains Closed. (2010, 4 November). The Star. Diakses di http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/ 11/4/nation/7362218&sec=nation pada 10 Oktober 2012. Anderson, K., L. & Burckhardt, C., S. (1999). Conceptualization and measurement of quality of life as an outcome variable for health care intervention and research. 29(2). 298–306. Asma, A. (1996). Going Global – Cultural Dimensions in Malaysian Management (pp 129-132). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Institute of Management. Augustina, R. F. (2013). Hubungan komitmen, pengetahuan dan sistem operasi dengan kesiapsiagaan menghadapi bencana banjir: Satu kajian kes di pejabat daerah Kubang Pasu, Kedah. Tesis yang tidak diterbitkan. UUM, Sintok. Azizah Md Yusof, Jamal Ali & Roslina Kamaruddin.(2013). Kesejahteraan Hidup: Kajian Petani di Kawasan Penanaman Padi di Negeri Perlis. Prosiding Perkem. VIII(3). 177. Babbie, E. (2001). The practice of social research (9thed.). Belmont, USA: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning. Badi’ah, Y., Sulaiman, B., Rohaya, H., Mohd Zaidi, M. Z., & Rohailina, R. (2010). Kesan psikologi keatas mangsa banjir di Negeri Johor. Community Health Journal, 15, 79-87. Baharudin, Y., Maimon, A., & Salmijah, S. (2012). Banjir Besar Johor. Bangi : Penerbitan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Beck, A.T., Rush, A.J., Shaw, B.F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression (pp. 11-12). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Beck, A.T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects, New York: Harper & Row. Bhatti, A. (2001, August). Risk perception, culture and communication: South Asian Experience. Paper presented at the Fifth Conference of the European Sociological Association. Helsinki, Finland Bubolz, M. M., Eicher, J. B., Evers, S. J., & Sontag, M. S. (1980). A human ecological approach to quality of life: Conceptual framework and results of a preliminary study. Social Indicator Research. 7. 103-136. Burns, R. B. (2000). Introduction to Research Method (4thed.). Frenchs Forest: Pearson Education Australia Pty Limited. Cannon, T. (2000). Vulnerability analysis in disasters. Dalam Parker, D. ed. Floods. London: Routledge. 43-55.). Diaksess di www.radixonline.org/resources/cannon-floods-chapter.doc. pada 18 April 2015. Carr, A. J., Gibson, B., & Robinson, P. G. (2001). Is quality of life determined by expectations or experience ? British Medical Journal. 322(May), 1240–1243. Chan, N. W. (1995). A contextual analysis of flood hazard management in peninsular Malaysia (Unpublished Doctoral thesis). Middlesex University, UK. Chan, N., W. & Parker, D., J. (1996). Response to Dynamic Flood Hazard Factors in Peninsular Malaysia, The Geographical Journal, 162(3). 313-325. doi: 10.2307/3059653. Chatterjee, R. & Arora, M. (2005). Life events and psychiatric disorders. Mental Health Reviews. Diakses dari http://www.psyplexus.com/mhr/.html pada 20 Mei 2014. Costanza, R., Fisher, B., Ali, S., Beer, C., Bond, L., Boumans, R., Danigelis, N. L., Dickinson, J., Elliott, C., Farley, J., Gayer, D. E., Glenn, L. M., Hudspeth, T. R., Mahoney, D. F., McCahill, L., McIntosh, B., Reed, B., Rizvi, A. T., Rizzo, M. D., Simpatico, T., & Robert Snapp (2007). Quality of life: An approach integrating opportunities, human needs, and subjective well-being. Ecological Economics, 61(2-3), 267–276. Creswell, J. W. & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory into Practice, 39(3), 124-131. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. Cummins, R.J. (1999). A Psychometric Evaluation Of The Comprehensive Quality Of Life Scale. Dalam Azahan Awang, Abdul Hadi Harman Shah & Kadaruddin Aiyub (2008). Penilaian Makna Kualiti Hidup dan Aplikasinya dalam Bidang Pengurusan Persekitaran di Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Environmental Management. 45-68. Dass-Brailsford, P. (2007). A practical approach to trauma: empowering interventions. Calif, London: Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. Do Not Ignore Plight of Flood Victims, Says Muhyiddin. (2010, 6 November). The Star. Di akses di http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/ 2010/11/6/nation/20101106140013&sec=nation pada 10 Oktober 2012. Elwell F. & Maltbie-Crannel A. D. (1981). The impact of role loss upon coping resources and life satisfaction of the elderly. Journal of Gerontology. 36. 223–232. Environmental Agency. (2009). Flooding in England. A Natural Assesment of Flood Risk. The Environment Agency. Bristol. For Farmers Affected By Floods In Kedah, Perlis. (2010, 6 November). Bernama. Di akses di http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/news index.php?id=541292 pada 10 Oktober 2012. Ferrans, C. E. (1990). Development of a quality of life index for patients with cancer. OncologyNursing Forum, 17 (3), 15-19. Few, R., Ahern, M., Matthies, F. & Kovats, S. (2004). Floods health and climate change : A strategic review. Tyndall Centre. Working Paper 63. Fewtrell, L., & Kay, D. (2006). Flooding and health – a review of the literature. Urban Flood Management project report for the Flood Risk Management ResearchConsortium, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. Diaksess dari https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/media/departmental/iges/igesstaff/Flooding&Health. pdf pada 10 Mac 2014 Gibbs M. 1989. Factors in the victim that mediate between disaster and psychopathology: A review. Journal Traumatic Stress 2(4). 489–514. Gleser, G., Green, B. & Winget, C. (1981). Prolonged Psychological Effects of Disaster. Academic Press: New York. Goldsmith, E. B. (2005) Resource management for individuals and families (3rd ed.). United States : Thompson Wadsworth. Grelot, F. & Guillaume, B. (2003, Mei). Flood-Scale: A Procedure To Elicit Public Values In Flood Risk Management. Progress in Water Resources, Water Resources Management III, 8, 389-399. Proceeding from Conference: Second International Conference on Water Resources Management, Water Resources Management II, Las Palmas, Spain Sponsor: Wessex Institute of Technology; American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE). Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. New Jersey, USA: Pearson Education Inc. Haryati S. & Sharifah M. S. M. (2009, Oktober). Pengaruh kejadian banjir di Batu Pahat terhadap persekitaran dan habitat manusia. Kertas dibentangkan di Seminar Antarabangsa ke-2 Ekologi, Habitat Manusia-manusia dan Perubahan Persekitaran. ATMA, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan (Universitas Riau, Indonesia), EMS Malaysia. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Nilai, Negeri Sembilan. Haryati, S., Sharifah M. S. M., & Nurasyikin, M. (2011, November). Kajian Kesanggupan Pemilik Rumah untuk mendapatkan perlindungan daripada banjir. Kajian dibentangkan di Persidangan Kebangsaan Masyarakat, Ruang dan Alam Sekitar. Pulau Pinang : Penerbitan USM. Haryati, S., & Nurasyikin, Miskam. (2011). Pembentukan penunjuk dan indeks kualiti hidup bagi mengukur kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat di Pekan Parit Raja, Johor. Kertas kerja dibentangkan di Persidangan Kebangsaan Geografi dan Alam Sekitar kali ke 3, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim. Hasanah, C. I., Naing, L., & Rahman, A. R. (2003) World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment: Brief version in Bahasa Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 58, 79-88. Hassan, Johari and Rajoo, Pushavalli (2012) Hubungan Di Antara Konsep Kendiri Dan Kesejahteraan Hidup Dalam kalangan Remaja Akhir. Journal of Educational Psychology and Counseling, 6, 11-29. Hatta, S., & Mohammed, H. S. (2002). Mengurus Stress, Pendekatan yang Praktikal. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Hayrol, A. M. S., Bahaman, A. Samah., Jegak, Uli., & Jeffrey, Lawrence, D. (2011). The Potential Impact of Climate Change Envioronmental Hazards on Quality of Life of Fisherman Community In Malaysia. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 5(7), 507-515. Holmes, T.H. & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social adjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213-218. Holmes, T.H. & Masuda, M. (1973). Life change and illness susceptibility, Separation and depression. American Association for advancement of science, 50-55. Ibrahim, K., Taboonpong, S., & Nilmanat, K. (2009), Coping and Quality of Life among Indonesians Undergoing Hemodialysis. Thai Journal of Nursing. 13(2). 109 – 117. Jabatan Kajicuaca Malaysia (2011), Iklim Malaysia. www.met.gov.my. Tarikh akses 12 Disember 2012. Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia (2013). Pengurusan banjir–program dan aktiviti. www.water.gov.my. Diakses pada 7 Julai 2013. Jabatan Pengairan Dan Saliran Negeri Kedah. (2011). www.didkedah.gov.my/jpskppt/. Diakses pada 3 Oktober 2012. Jabatan Pengairan Dan Saliran. (2011). www.water.gov.my. Diakses pada 3 Oktober 2012. Jabatan Pengairan Dan Saliran Kubang Pasu. (2010). Banjir di Padang Terap/Kubang Pasu. http://www.didkedah.gov.my/jpskppt/. Diakses pada 3 Oktober 2012. Katiman Rostam, Iran Herman & Asmah Bee Mohd Noor. (2009). Kawasan penempatan semula mangsa tsunami di Malaysia: Analisis kualiti kejiranan dan kesejahteraan isi rumah. Geografia Online Malaysian Journal of Society and Space. 5(1). 33-43. Ke, X., Liu, C., & Li, N. (2010). Social Support and Quality of Life: A Cross Sectional Study on Months After the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. BMC Public Health. 10 (573). Kedah Government Slow in Helping Flood Victims – Chor. (2010, 5 November). Bernama. http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsgeneral.php?id=541124. Di akses pada 10 Oktober 2012. Kedah and Perlis Scramble to Send Aid to 19,000 Hit by Floodwaters. (2010, 3 November). The Star. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/11/ 3/nation/7352766&sec=nation. Di akses pada 10 Oktober 2012. Kedah Sultan Sad over Flood, Urges Everyone to Work Together. (2010, 6 November). The Star. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/11/ 6/nation/20101106173915& sec=nation. Diakses pada 10 Oktober 2012. Krejcie, R. V. & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activitie. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610. Kwon, Y. S., Maruyama, S., & Morimoto, K. (2001). Life event and posttraumatic stress in hanshin-awaji earthquake victims, Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 6, 97-103. Liu, W.T., Xie, X. & Tang, W. (2005). Monsoon, orography, and human influence on Asian rainfall. Di dalam proceeding First International Symposium on Cloud148 prone and Rainy Areas Remote Sensing. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Chinese Univ. Press. Liu, A., Tan, H., Zhou, J., Li, S., Yang, T., Wang, J., Liu, J., Tang, X., Sun, Z., & Wen, S. W. (2006), An Epidemiologic Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Flood Victims in Hunan China. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 51(6). 350-354. Lovibond, S.H. & Lovibond, P.F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, (2nd. Ed.), Sydney: Psychology Foundation di dalam M. Ramli, M.F. Ariff, and Z. Zaini, (2007). Translation, validation and psychometric properties of Bahasa Malaysia version of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS), ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 8(2), 82-89. Lyons J. (1991). Strategies for assessing the potential for positive adjustment following trauma. Journal Traumatic Stress. 4. 93–111. Ma’arof dan Haslinda. (2004). Psikologi ( Edisi Kedua). Kuala Lumpur : Mc Graw Hill. Mahmood, N. M. (2005). Pengantar Psikologi: Satu Pengenalan Asas Kepada Jiwa dan Tingkah laku Manusia. Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Majlis Keselamatan Negara (2011). Laporan Kesiapsiagaan Bencana Semasa Monsun Timur Laut. Malaysia. www.mkn.gov.my. Tarikh akses 12 Disember 2012. Mark Schneider. (1976). The “Quality of Life” and Social Indicator Research. Public Administration Review, 36(3), 297-305. Man, C. C., Julie, W., Yvette, E. & Steven, F. (2004). Coping with post-traumatic stress: young, middle-aged and elderly comparisons. International Journal Geriatric Psychiatry. 19. 333–343. Martha, S. (2004). Understanding Depression Following a Disaster. Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona. Maslow, A. (1962). Toward a Psychology of Being. New York: Van Nostrand. McLead, D. M. (2008). Quality of life indicators. In: Lavrakas PJ (ed) Encyclopedia of survey research methods, 2, 651-652. California : Sage Publication, Thousand Oaks. Minda Lestari. (2007, 10 Januari). Berita Harian. Kuala Lumpur. Berita Harian Sdn Bhd. Mohammad, S. A. B. (2011). Bencana banjir dan kesan trauma ke atas penduduk di Mukim Jitra, Kedah. Tesis Sarjana Universiti Utara Malaysia. Mohd. Majid Konting (1990). Kaedah Penyelidikan Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Mohd. Majid Konting. (1993). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Mohd. Majid Konting (2003). Pedagogi isi kandungan (Pedagogical content knowledge). Disember. Suara Pendidik. Mohd Majid Konting (2005). Kaedah Penyelidikan Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Mohd Zulhafiz, S., Salfarina, A. G., Mohd Nazri, Abd Malik A. A. (2013). Konflik di Pusat Pemindahan Banjir: Kajian Kes di Daerah Padang Terap, Kedah, Malaysia Journal of Society and Space. 9(1). 69-78. Mohd Shaladin, Muda, Nik Wan Omar & Wan Abdul Aziz M. A. (2006). Analisis kesejahteraan hidup nelayan pesisir. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 8, 59-78. Dicapai pada 4 Disember 2013 dari http://www.fppsm.utm.my/download/doc_view/61- analisis-kesejahteraan-hidup-nelayan-pesisir.html. Moore, M., Stefan Höfer, S., Hannah McGee, H., & Ring, L. (2005). Can the concepts of depression and quality of life be integrated using a time perspective?, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2005, 3(1), doi:10.1186/1477-7525-3-1. Murray, V., Caldin, H., Amlot, R., Stanke, C., Lock, S., Rowlatt, H. & Williams, R. (2011). The Effects of Flooding on Mental Health Report, Extreme Events and Health Protection, Health Protection Agency, London. Nazirah, M. T. & Teh Zahariah, N. (2010, Mac). Menangani banjir di Malaysia: Isu dan cabaran. Dibentangkan di 2nd National Conference on Environment and Health 2010. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu. Norris, F., H. (2005). Psychosocial Consequences of Natural Disasters in Developing Countries: What Does Past Research Tell Us About the Potential Effects of the 2004 Tsunami? Diakses dari http://www.eird.org/cd/ibis/guidelines/FranNorris_ Tsunami.doc Novarti, Jamaluddin M. J., & Abd. Rahim M. N. (2011). Kualiti Hidup Nelayan di Sumatera Barat: Kekangan dan Adaptasi. Sari-International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation. 29(1). 245-257. Nygaard, E., & Heir, T. (2012). World assumptions, posttraumatic stress and quality of life after a natural disaster: a longitudinal study. Health and quality of life outcomes, 10 (76). Oort, F., Visser, M., & Sprangers, M. (2005). An application of structural modeling to detect response shifts and true change in quality of life data from cancer patients undergoing invasive surgery. Quality of Life Research, 14(3), 599-609. Papanikolaou, V. , Adamis, D. and Kyriopoulos, J. (2012) Long term quality of life after a wildfire disaster in a rural part of Greece. Open Journal of Psychiatry, 2, 164-170. doi: 10.4236/ojpsych.2012.22022. Parmjit, S., Chan Y. F., Gurnam, K. S., Ranjit, K. (2012). Panduan komprehensif penulisan cadangan penyelidikan. Shah Alam: Penerbitan UiTM. Phillips, J. G., Butt, S. & Blaszczynski, A., (2006). Personality and self-reported use of mobile phones for games. Cyber Psychology & Behavior. 9(6). 753-758. Posen, D. B. (1995). Stress Management for Patient and Physician. The Canadian Journal of Continuing Medical Education. 10-11. Psikologi Mangsa Banjir. (2007, 19 Disember). Utusan Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur. Kumpulan Utusan Malaysia Berhad. Pynoos, R., Steinberg, A., & Raith, R. (1995). A Development Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Di dalam Cohen, D.J. and D. Cicchetti, eds. Manual of Developmental Psychopathology, Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation, 2, 72-95. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Qing, Y. & Qiang, Z. (2007). Study On Decision Support System Of Flood Disaster Based On The Overall Process Emergency Management. Di bentangkan di 2007 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM 2007), 6120-6123. Raihan Fitri Agustina. (2013). Hubungan komitmen pengetahuan dan sistem operasi dengan kesiapsiagaan menghadapi bencana banjir: Satu kajian kes di Pejabat Daerah Kubang Pasu. Tesis yang tidak diterbitkan. UUM. Ralf, S., & Ute, S. (2001). The role of stressful life events. Health Psychology, 9, 1-32. Ramli, M., Ariff, M. F., & Zaini, Z. (2007). Translation, validation and psychometric properties of Bahasa Malaysia version of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 8 (2), 82-89. Ramli, M., Rosnani, S., & Aidil, F. A. R. (2012). Psychometric Profile of Malaysian version of the Depressive, Anxiety and Stress 42-item (DASS-42). Malaysia Journal of Psychiatry, April 2012. Di akses melalui http://www.mjpsychiatry.org/. Rapaport, M. H., Cathryn, C., Fayyad, R., & Endicott, J. (2005), Quality-of-Life Impairment in Depressive and Anxiety Disorders, American Journal of Psychiatry. 162(6), 1171-1178. Raphael, B., Meldrum, L., & McFarlane, A.C. (1995). Does debriefing after psychological trauma work? British Medical Journal, 310, 1479-1480. Reacher, M., McKenzie, K., Lane, C., Nichols, T., Kedge, I., Iversen, a, Simpson, J. (2004). Health impacts of flooding in Lewes: a comparison of reported gastrointestinal and other illness and mental health in flooded and non-flooded households. Communicable disease and public health/PHLS, 7(1), 39–46. Rohana Yusof (2003). Penyelidikan Sains Sosial: Siri Pendidikan. PTS Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd. Rohany, N., Zainah, A. Z., & Rozainee, K. (2012). Psychological Effects on Victims of the Johor Flood 2006/2007. Asian Social Science, 8(8), 126-133. Sabitha, M. (1998), Tekanan Hidup Di Tempat Kerja Satu Pengenalan Pengurusan organisasi kerja, Sintok: Penerbit UUM. Saif-ur-Rehman Saif Abbasi & Bilal Shaukat. (2012). Psychological Problems Caused by the Flood Induced Displacement: a Study of the Victims of Flood in Khyber Phukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal , 1244-1250. Salasiah, H. H. (2010). Kaedah Mengatasi Kebimbangan Dalam Kaunseling: Analisis Dari Perspektif Al-Ghazali. Jurnal Hadhari, 3(1), 41-57. Bangi: Penerbitan UKM. Sartorius, N. & Kuyken,W. (1994) Translation of health status instruments. In health status instruments. In J.Orley & W. Kuyken (Eds). Quality of Life Assessment: Quality of Life Assessment: International Perspective. Berlin: Springer Verlag. Schacter, S. & Singer, J.E. (1962). Cognitive, social and psyiological determinats of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69, 379-399. Schultz, D. P & Schultz S. E. (2005). Theories of Personality. USA: Thomson Wadsworth. Selye, H. (1976). The Stress of Life (Rev. ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Selye, H. (1976) Stress in health and disease. Cited in Cooper, C.L., Dewe, P.J. & O'Driscoll, M.P. (2001). Original Stress: A Review and Critique of Theory, Research and Applications. California : Sage Publications Selye, H. (1980). Selye's Guide to Stress Research. (1st Ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Selye, H. (1993). History of stress concept. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznitz (Eds.). Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects (2nd Ed.) New York : The Free Press. Singapore: We’re not to Blame for Johor Floods. (2007, 2 Februari). The Star. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/ 2007/2/2/nation/16758525&sec=natiOn. Di akses pada 10 Oktober 2012. Stimpson, J. P. (2005). Flood and Psychological Well-Being: Direct, Mediating and Moderating Effects. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters. 23(1). 27-48. Shirley, T., Nilkamal, S., & Meesha, J. (2009). Risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder And Depression In Survivors of The Floods in Bihar, India. India J Med Sci, 63(8). Stanke, C., Murray, V., Amlot, R., Nurse, J. & Williams, R. (2012). The Effects of Flooding on Mental Health: Outcomes and Recommendations from a Review of the Literature. PLOS Currents Disasters. Stępień, A., Małyszczak, K., Piotrowski, P., & Kiejna, A. (2007). Picture of posttraumatic stress disorder among flood victims correlated to scale of sustained loss, Archives of Psychiatry and Psychoterapy, 4, 37-44. Strongman, K.T. (1995). Theory of anxiety, New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 24(2),4-10. Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th Ed.) Boston, USA : Allyn and Bacon. Tapsell, S. (2001). The hidden impacts of flooding: experiences from two English communities. Proceeding of Integrated Water Resources Management Symposium. Davis, Carlifornia. 319-324. Tan, H. Z., Lou, Y. J., Wen, S. W., Liu, A. Z., Yang, T. B. & Sun, Z. Q. (2004). The effect of a disastrous flood on the quality of life in Dongting lake area in China. Asia Pacific Journal Health. 16(2), 126-132. Tariq, N., & Aslam, N. (2005). Psychological Disorders and Resilience among Earthquake Affected Individuals. Di dalam 6th International Postgraduate Research Colloquium. 19–28. Taylor, A. J. W. & Frazer, A. G. (1982). The stress of post-disaster, body handling and victim identification work. Journal of Human Stress. 8(4). 4–12. Telles, S., Singh, N., & Joshi, M. (2009). Risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in Survivors of the Flood in Bihar, India. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 63(8), 330-334. Terrible Twins’ La Nina and Monsoon to Hit KL and Selangor. (2011, 6 Disember). The Star. http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2011%2f 12%2f6%2fnation%2f10040911 &sec=nation. Diakses pada 10 Oktober 2012. The Quality of Life Research Center. (2005). Diakses dari http://www.livskvalitet.org/cms.ashx/ English. Thoits P.A. (1983). Dimensions of Life Events That Influence Psychological Distress: An Evaluation and Synthesis of the Literature. Di dalam Kaplan H. B. Psychosocial Stress : Trends in theory and research, Academic Press, New York. Tollan, A. (2002). Land-Use Change And Floods: What Do We Need Most, Research Or Management?. Water Science and Technology, 45(8), 183-190. Tuan Pah Rokiah, S. H., Hamidi, I. & Raman, M. (2011). Implikasi Bencana Banjir Terhadap Sosioekonomi Penduduk Lembangan Kelantan. Di dalam Prosiding PERKEM, VI(1), 377-388. Tov. W & Diener. E. (2009). Culture and Subjective Well-Being in Diener. E., Culture and Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener, Social Indicators Research Series 38, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-2352-0-2. Springer Science Business Media B.V. 2009. Unit Perancang Ekonomi. (1999). Kualiti Hidup Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Perdana Menteri. Unit Perancang Ekonomi. (2012). Kualiti Hidup Malaysia 2011, Putrajaya: Jabatan Perdana Menteri. Unit Perancang Ekonomi. (2013). Laporan Kesejahteraan Rakyat Malaysia 2013, Putrajaya: Jabatan Perdana Menteri. United Nations (2005). Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters. Report on The World Conference on Disaster Reduction. Ventegodt S., Merrick J. & Anderson N. J. (2003). Quality of life theory. The IQOL theory: an integrative theory of the global quality of life concept. The Scientific World Journal, 3, 1030-1040. Wan Saniah Wan Yahya. (2008). Penulisan Yang Tidak Diterbitkan. Universiti Malaysia Perlis. Wang X, Gao L, Shinfuku N, Zhang H, Zhao C. & Shen Y. (2000). Longitudinal study of earthquake-related PTSD in a randomly selected community sample in North China. Am J Psychiatry, 157, 1260–6. Wang, X., Gao, L., Zhang, H., Zhao, C., Shen, Y., & Shinfuku, N. (2000). Postearthquake Quality of Life and Psychological Well-Being: Longitudal Evaluation in a Rural Community Sample in Northern China. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Journal, 54, 427-433. Weiss, D.S., & Marmar, C.R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Di dalam J.P. Wilson, & T.M. Keane (Eds.), 399 – 411. Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD: A Practitioner’s Handbook. New York: Guilford Press. WHO (1996). WHOQOL-BREF Introduction, administration, scoring and generic version of the assessment. World Health Organization. www.who.int/mental_health/media/en/76.pdf. Diakses pada 10 Oktober 2012. WHO (2005). Framework for Mental Health And Psychology Support After The Tsunami. World Health Organization. Wiest, R.E., Mocellin, J.S.P. & Motsisi, D.T. 1994. The needs of women in disasters and emergencies. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba. Winterscheid, A. 2007. Application Of Scenario Technique In Flood Risk Management. Di dalam Water Science and Technology, v 56, n 4, Innovations in Coping with Water and Climate Related Risks. 56(4), 87-95. Publisher: IWA Publishing. Wethington, E. (2000). Encyclopedia of stress. Academic Press, California. Wu, H., Chou, P., Chou, F., H., Su, C., Tsai, K., Ou-Yang, W., Su, T., T., Chao, S., Sun, W., & Chen, M. (2006), Survey of Quality of Life and Related Risk Factors for a Taiwanese Village Population 3 Years Post-Earthquake, Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 355-361, http://anp.sagepub.com/content/40/4/355, DOI: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01802.x. Zaimah, R., Sarmila, M. S., Azima, A. M., Suhana, S., Mohd Yusof, H., & Lyndon, (2012). Kualiti hidup dan kesejahteraan belia: Kajian ke atas pekerja sector awam Malaysia. GEOGRAFIA OnlineTM Malaysia Journal of Society and Space, 8(6), 150-156. Zhan, L. (1992). Quality of life: Conceptual and measurent issues. Journal of Advance Nursing, 17. 795-800.