The improvement of strategic crops production via a goal programming model with novel multi-interval weights

The improvement of strategic crops production via a goal programming model with novel multi-interval weights

Nowadays, the need to increase agricultural production has becomes a challenging task for most of the countries. Generally, there are many resource factors which affect the deterioration of production level, such as low water level, desertification, soil salinity, low on capital, lack of equipment,...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Chaloob, Ibrahim Zeghaiton
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2016
Subjects:
S Agriculture (General)
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/6022/7/s93603_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6022/8/s93603_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.6022
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Mohd Nawawi, Mohd Kamal
Ramli, Razamin
topic S Agriculture (General)
spellingShingle S Agriculture (General)
Chaloob, Ibrahim Zeghaiton
The improvement of strategic crops production via a goal programming model with novel multi-interval weights
description Nowadays, the need to increase agricultural production has becomes a challenging task for most of the countries. Generally, there are many resource factors which affect the deterioration of production level, such as low water level, desertification, soil salinity, low on capital, lack of equipment, impact of export and import of crops, lack of fertilizers, pesticide, and the ineffective role of agricultural extension services which are significant in this sector. The main objective of this research is to develop fuzzy goal programming (FGP) model to improve agricultural crop production, leading to increased agricultural benefits (more tons of produce per acre) based on the minimization of the main resources (water, fertilizer and pesticide) to determine the weight in the objectives function subject to different constraints (land area, irrigation, labour, fertilizer, pesticide, equipment and seed). FGP and GP were utilized to solve multi-objective decision making problems (MODM). From the results, this research has successfully presented a new alternative method which introduced multi-interval weights in solving a multi-objective FGP and GP model problem in a fuzzy manner, in the current uncertain decision making environment for the agricultural sector. The significance of this research lies in the fact that some of the farming zones have resource limitations while others adversely impact their environment due to misuse of resources. Finally, the model was used to determine the efficiency of each farming zone over the others in terms of resource utilization.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Chaloob, Ibrahim Zeghaiton
author_facet Chaloob, Ibrahim Zeghaiton
author_sort Chaloob, Ibrahim Zeghaiton
title The improvement of strategic crops production via a goal programming model with novel multi-interval weights
title_short The improvement of strategic crops production via a goal programming model with novel multi-interval weights
title_full The improvement of strategic crops production via a goal programming model with novel multi-interval weights
title_fullStr The improvement of strategic crops production via a goal programming model with novel multi-interval weights
title_full_unstemmed The improvement of strategic crops production via a goal programming model with novel multi-interval weights
title_sort improvement of strategic crops production via a goal programming model with novel multi-interval weights
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
publishDate 2016
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/6022/7/s93603_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6022/8/s93603_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828008073297920
spelling my-uum-etd.60222021-04-05T02:07:13Z The improvement of strategic crops production via a goal programming model with novel multi-interval weights 2016 Chaloob, Ibrahim Zeghaiton Mohd Nawawi, Mohd Kamal Ramli, Razamin Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences S Agriculture (General) Nowadays, the need to increase agricultural production has becomes a challenging task for most of the countries. Generally, there are many resource factors which affect the deterioration of production level, such as low water level, desertification, soil salinity, low on capital, lack of equipment, impact of export and import of crops, lack of fertilizers, pesticide, and the ineffective role of agricultural extension services which are significant in this sector. The main objective of this research is to develop fuzzy goal programming (FGP) model to improve agricultural crop production, leading to increased agricultural benefits (more tons of produce per acre) based on the minimization of the main resources (water, fertilizer and pesticide) to determine the weight in the objectives function subject to different constraints (land area, irrigation, labour, fertilizer, pesticide, equipment and seed). FGP and GP were utilized to solve multi-objective decision making problems (MODM). From the results, this research has successfully presented a new alternative method which introduced multi-interval weights in solving a multi-objective FGP and GP model problem in a fuzzy manner, in the current uncertain decision making environment for the agricultural sector. The significance of this research lies in the fact that some of the farming zones have resource limitations while others adversely impact their environment due to misuse of resources. Finally, the model was used to determine the efficiency of each farming zone over the others in terms of resource utilization. 2016 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/6022/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/6022/7/s93603_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6022/8/s93603_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdullah, M. R., Abdullah, S. H., & Hassoun, S. M. (2008). Determine the farmers attitudes in planting grapes at dryness conditions in Iraq. Al-Taqani, 22, 225–237. Acs, S., Berentsen, P. B. M., & Huirne, R. B. M. (2005). Modelling conventional and organic farming: a literature review. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 53(1), 1–18. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-5214(05)80007-7 Adelman, I., & Morris, C. T. (1973). Economic growth and social equity in developing countries. Stanford University Press. Adeyemo, J., Bux, F., & Otieno, F. (2010). Differential evolution algorithm for crop planning: Single and multi-objective optimization model. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 5(10), 1592–1599. Afrakhteh, H., Armand, M., & Bozayeh, F. (2015). Analysis of factors affecting adoption and application of sprinkler irrigation by farmers in Famenin County, Iran. International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 5(2), 89–99. http://doi.org/10.5455/ijamd.158625 Agannathan, N. V., Mohamed, A. S., & Kremer, A. (2009). Water in the Arab World. Middle East and North Africa Region and The World Bank. Management Perspectives and Innovations. World Bank, Washington, DC. Agbonlahor, M. U., Adeyemo, R., Bamire, a S., & Williams, S. B. (2009). Optimal arable crop plan and child farm labour reduction in rural households of Ogun state, Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology, 25(1), 25–30 ST–Optimal arable crop plan and child farm. Ahmad, M. (2002). Agricultural policy issues and challenges in Iraq: Short and medium term options. Aktar, M. W., Sengupta, D., & Chowdhury, A. (2009). Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 2(1), 1–12. http://doi.org/10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7 Alabdulkader, A. M., Al-Amoud, A. I., & Awad, F. S. (2012). Optimization of the cropping pattern in Saudi Arabia using a mathematical programming sector model. Agricultural Economics, 58(2), 56–60. Al Jawaheri, A., & Al Shammari, R. (2009). Water problems in Iraq reality and proposed solutions. Journal of Qadisiyah, 1(2), 15–54. Al Sarhan, C. M. (2011). The development of of agricultural crops strategy (Wheat) in Iraq. Journal of the Faculty of Administration and Economics, 4(123). Al-Badri, B. H. (2010). Ather scarcity of water resources in irrigated agriculture Iraq. Management and Economics Journal, 80(2010), 118–135. Al-Haboby, A., Breisinger, C., Debowicz, D., El-Hakim, A. H., Ferguson, J., Telleria, R., & Rheenen, T. van. (2014). Agriculture for Development in Iraq? Al-Hakim, A.-H. (2014, January). Agricultural and environmental division in Iraq. Supreme Commission for Agriculture Initiative. Almusaed, A. (2011). Introduction on irrigation systems. In In Biophilic and Bioclimatic Architecture (pp. 85–94). Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-534-7 Alnasrawi, A. (2001). Iraq: economic sanctions and consequences, 1990–2000. Third World Quarterly, 22(2), 205–218. Al-Omran, A. M., Al-Harbi, a. R., Wahb-Allah, M. a., Mahmoud, N., & Al-Eter, A. (2010). Impact of irrigation water quality, irrigation systems, irrigation rates and soil amendments on tomato production in sandy calcareous soil. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 34(1), 59–73. http://doi.org/10.3906/tar-0902-22 Al-Zahrani, M., Musa, A., & Chowdhury, S. (2015). Multi-objective optimization model for water resource management: a case study for Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Environment, Development and Sustainability, (2015), 1–22. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9677-3 Amini, A. (2015). Application of fuzzy multi-objective programming in optimization of crop production planning. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(5), 208–222. http://doi.org/10.3923/ajar.2015.208.222 Andreoli, M., & Tellarini, V. (2000). Farm sustainability evaluation : methodology and practice. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 77(1), 43–52. Armitage, D. M. (1998). Economic Sanctions on Iraq: Going Nowhere Fast. Asadpoor, H., Alipour, A., Shabestani, M., & Paeenafrakoti, S. B. (2009). Designing a multi-objective decision making model to determine the optimal cultivation pattern in Dasht-e Naz Region in Sari City. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci, 5(5), 592–598. Asís, M. H. E. S. A. (2007). Parametric and multiobjective optimisation applied in agriculture: the study of cropping pattern in the ameriya region in winter crops. Revista Investigación Operacional, 28(1), 17–24. Asoegwu, S. N., & Asoegwu, A. O. (2007). An Overview of Agricultural Mechanization and Its Environmental Management in Nigeria. Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Ejournal, IX(6), 1–22. Bagheri, N., & Moazzen, S. A. (2009). Optimum strategy for agricultural mechanization development in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 6(1), 225–237. Baky, I. a. (2010). Solving multi-level multi-objective linear programming problems through fuzzy goal programming approach. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 34(9), 2377–2387. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2009.11.004 Barichard, V., Ehrgott, M., Gandibleux, X., & T’Kindt, V. (Eds.). (2009). Multi objective programming and goal programming: Theoretical results and practical applications. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Barough, H. A. (2011). A multi-objective goal programming approach to a fuzzy transportation problem : The case of a general contractor company. The Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science Vol, 2(1), 9–19. Barron, F. H., & Barrett, B. E. (1996). Decision quality using ranked attribute weights. Management Science, 42(11), 1515–1525. Bayazit, O. (2006). Use of analytic network process in vendor selection decisions. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 13(5), 566–579. http://doi.org/10.1108/14635770610690410 Bazaraa, M. S., Jarvis, J. J., & Sherali, H. D. (2010). Linear Programming and Network Flows (Fourth). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Bellon, S., Cabaret, J., Debaeke, P., Ollivier, G., & Penvern, S. (2014). Promoting organic research & development: lessons from an interdisciplinary group from France (2000-243 2013). Building Organic Bridges, 1(2014), 299--302. Bertolote, J. M., & Fleischmann, A. (2002). A global perspective in the epidemiology of suicide. Suicidology, 7(2), 7–9. Bertolote, J. M., Fleischmann, A., De Leo, D., Phillips, M. R., Botega, N. J., Vijayakumar, L., … Wasserman, D. (2010). Repetition of suicide attempts. The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 31(4), 194–201. http://doi.org/10.1027/0027-5910/a000052 Bhatta, G. D., Doppler, W., & Bahadur, K. (2009). Potentials of organic agriculture in nepal. Journal of Agriculture and Environment, 10(2009), 1–11. Bishop-Sambrook, C. (2003). Labour saving technologies and practices for farming and household activities in Eastern and Southern Africa. Rome. Biswas, A., & Pal, B. B. (2005). Application of fuzzy goal programming technique to land use planning in agricultural system. Omega, 33(5), 391–398. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2004.07.003 Bjørndal, T., Herrero, I., Newman, A., Romero, C., & Weintraub, A. (2012). Operations research in the natural resource industry. International Transactions in Operational Research, 19(1-2), 39-62, 19(1–2), 39–62. Bos, M. G., Kselik, R. A. L., Allen, R. G., & Molden, D. J. (2008). Water Requirements for Irrigation and the Environment. Springer Science & Business Media. Bos, M. G., Murray-Rust, D. H., Merrey, D. J., Johnson, H. G., & Snellen, W. B. (1993). Methodologies for assessing performance of irrigation and drainage management. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 7(4), 231–261. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00881553 Boustani, F., & Mohammadi, H. (2010). Determination of Optimal Cropping Pattern Due to Water Deficit : A Case Study in the South of Iran. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 7(5), 591–595. Brouwer, C., & Heibloem, M. (1986). Irrigation Water Management: Training Manual No. 1-Introduction to Irrigation. Land and Water Development Division (Vol. 3). Rome, Italy. Brouwer, C., Prins, K., & Heibloem, M. (1989). Irrigation Water Management: Irrigation Scheduling. Training Manual, 4(1989). Butterworth, K. (1985). ractical application of linear/integer programming in agriculture. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 99–107. Charnes, A., & Cooper, W. (1961). Management Models and Industrial Applications of Linear Programming. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1(1961), 63–64. Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Ferguson, R. 0. (1955). Optimal estimation of executive compensation by linear programming. Management Science, 1(2), 138–151. Chinneck, J. W. (2008). Feasibility and infeasibility in optimization : Algorithms and Computational Methods. Computer Engineering. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74932-7 Chirwa, E. W., Kumwenda, I., Jumbe, C., Chilonda, P., & Minde, I. (2008). Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction in Malawi : Past Performance and Recent Trends. ReSAKSS-SA Working Paper, 8, 8(2008), 1–29. Cid-Garcia, N. M., Albornoz, V., Rios-Solis, Y. a., & Ortega, R. (2013). Rectangular shape management zone delineation using integer linear programming. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 93, 1–9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2013.01.009 Coello, C. A., Van Veldhuizen, D. A., & Lamont, G. B. (2002). Evolutionary Algorithm MOP Approaches. In Evolutionary Algorithms for Solving Multi-Objective Problems Volume 5 of the series Genetic Algorithms and Evolutionary Computation pp 59-99 (pp. 59–99). Springer Science+Business Media New York. Cordesman, A. H., Mausner, A., & Derby, E. (2010). Economic Challenges in Post Conflict Iraq. Past failures and future transitions in Iraq for reconstruction. Costantini, D. (2015). Land-use changes and agriculture in the tropics: pesticides as an overlooked threat to wildlife. Biodiversity and Conservation, (August), 1–3. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0878-8 Czyżak, P. (1990). Application of the’flip’method to farm structure optimization under uncertainty. In Stochastic Versus Fuzzy Approaches to Multiobjective Mathematical Programming under Uncertainty. In Stochastic Versus Fuzzy Approaches to Multiobjective Mathematical Programming under Uncertainty (pp. 263--278). Springer. da Silva, A. F., & Marins, F. A. S. (2014). A Fuzzy Goal Programming model for solving aggregate production-planning problems under uncertainty: A case study in a Brazilian sugar mill. Energy Economics, 45(2014), 196–204. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.07.005 da Silva, A. F., & Marins, F. A. S. (2014). A Fuzzy Goal Programming model for solving aggregate production-planning problems under uncertainty: A case study in a Brazilian sugar mill. Energy Economics, 45, 196–204. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.07.005 Dantzig, G. B., & Thapa, M. N. (1997). Linear programming: 1: Introduction. Springer New York. Dantzig, G. B., & Thapa, M. N. (2003). Linear programming: 2: theory and extensions. Springer Science & Business Media. Darnault, C. J. (Ed.). (2008). Overexploitation and Contamination of Shared Groundwater Resources NATO Science for Peace and Security Series. Springer Science & Business Media. Deb, K. (2014). Multi-objective optimization. In E. K. Burke & G. Kendall (Eds.), Search methodologies: Methodologies: Introductory Tutorials in Optimization and Decision Support Techniques (2 nd, pp. 403–449). New York: Springer. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6940-7_15 Deb, K., & Saxena, D. (2006). Searching For Pareto-Optimal Solutions Through Dimensionality Reduction for Certain Large-Dimensional Multi-Objective Optimization Problems. In Proceedings of the World Congress on Computational Intelligence, (2006), 3352–3360. Detyniecki, M. (2001). Fundamentals on aggregation operators. University of California, Berkeley USA. Domingo-Ferrer, J., & Torra, V. (2003). Median-based aggregation operators for prototype construction in ordinal scales. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 18(6), 633–655. http://doi.org/10.1002/int.10107 Doumpos, M., & Zopounidis, C. (2002). Multicriteria decision aid classification methods. Springer Science & Business Media. Dubois, D., & Prade, H. (1978). Operations on fuzzy numbers. International Journal of Systems Science, 9(6), 613–626. http://doi.org/10.1080/00207721.2010.492663 Duerden, F. (2004). Translating Climate Change Impacts at the Community Level. Arctic, 57(2), 204–212. Eckenrode, R. T. (1965). Weighting multiple criteria. Management Science, 12(3), 180–192. Ehrgott, M., & Gandibleux, X. (Eds.). (2003). Multiple Criteria Optimization: State Of The Art Annotated Bibliographic Surveys. Ehrgott, M., & Wiecek, M. M. (2005). Multiobjective programming. In J. Figueira, S. Greco, & M. Ehrgott (Eds.), Multiple criteria decision analysis: state of the art surveys (Vol. 78) (Vol. 1090, pp. 667–721). Springer Science & Business Media. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-688-7 El-Shazly, F. A., Mansour, M. E., Ahmed, M. A., & Shehata, E. A. (2009). Egyptian crop structure in light of the risk and the domestic and international variables. In Towards the development of new policies for the advancement of the agricultural sector in Egypt (pp. 1–48). Egypt. Erkossa, T., Haileslassie, a., & MacAlister, C. (2014). Enhancing farming system water productivity through alternative land use and water management in vertisol areas of Ethiopian Blue Nile Basin (Abay). Agricultural Water Management, 132, 120–128. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.10.007 Eshlaghy, A. T., & Farokhi, E. N. (2011). Measuring the importance and the weight of decision makers in the criteria weighting activities of group decision making process. American Journal of Scientific Research, 24(2011), 6–12. Estrella, R., Cattrysse, D., & Van Orshoven, J. (2016). An Integer Programming Model to Determine Land Use Trajectories for Optimizing Regionally Integrated Ecosystem Services Delivery. Forests, 7(2), 33. http://doi.org/10.3390/f7020033 European Environment Agency. (1999). Annual report 1999. FAO. (1991). Manual on fertilizer statistics. FAO. (2003). Towards sustainable agricultural development in Iraq: The transition from relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction to development. FAO. (2012). Iraq-Agriculture sector note. FAO/World Bank Cooperative Programme. Flavell, R. (1976). A new goal programming formulation. Omega, 4(6), 731–732. http://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0483(76)90099-2 FOA. (2008). A Review of Drought Occurrence and Monitoring and Planning Activities in the Near East Region. United Nations Regional Office for the Near East, Cairo, Egypt. Forman, E. H., Saaty, T. L., Selly, M. A., & Waldron, R. (1983). Expert choice. Chicago. McLean, VA: Decision Support Software. Forman, E. H., & Selly, M. A. (2001). Decision by objectives: how to convince others that you are right. World Scientific. Frenken, K. (2009). Irrigation in the Middle East region in figures AQUASTAT Survey-2008. Water Reports, 34, 1–162. Gero, J. (Ed.). (2012). Design Optimization. Elsevier. Ghosh, D., Pal, B. B., & Basu, M. (1993). Determination of optimal land allocation in agriculture planning through goal programming with penalty functions. Opsearch, 30(1), 15–34. Gibson, G. R. (2012). War and Agriculture: Three Decades of Agricultural Land Use and Land Cover Change in Iraq. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State. Glen, J. J. (1987). Mathematical models in farm planning: A survey. Operations Research, 35(5), 641–666. Glen, J. J., & Tipper, R. (2001). A mathematical programming model for improvement planning in a semi-subsistence farm. Agricultural Systems, 70(1), 295–317. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-521X(01)00029-4 Glimun. (2008). Impact of war on Agriculture. Grabisch, M., Marichal, J.-L., Mesiar, R., & Pap, E. (2011). Aggregation Functions. Information Sciences, 181(1), 1–22. Grzybowski, A. Z. (2010). Goal programming approach for deriving priority vectors - some new ideas. Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, 9(1), 17–27. Gupta, P., & Bhatia, D. (2001). Sensitivity analysis in fuzzy multiobjective linear fractional programming problem. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 122(2), 229–236. Gupta, P., Harboe, R., & Tabucanon, M. T. (2000). Fuzzy multiple-criteria decision making for crop area planning in Narmada river basin. Agricultural Systems, 63(2000), 1–18. Hajkowicz, S., & Collins, K. (2007). A Review of Multiple Criteria Analysis for Water Resource Planning and Management. Water Resources Management, 21(9), 1553–1566. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-006-9112-5 Handoussa, H., Nishimizu, M., & Page, J. M. (1986). Productivity change in Egyptian public sector industries after “the opening”, 1973–1979. Journal of Development Economics, 20(1), 53–73. Hannan, E. L. (1981). Linear programming with multiple fuzzy goals. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 6(3), 235–248. http://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0114(81)90002-6 Hannan, E. L. (1981). Linear programming with multiple fuzzy goals. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 6(3), 235–248. http://doi.org/doi:10.1016/0165-0114(81)90002-6 Haouari, M., & Azaiez, M. N. (2001). Optimal cropping patterns under water deficits. European Journal of Operational Research, 130(1), 133–146. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(00)00028-X Hassan, Q. M. (2013). Summary of the work of the national program for the preparation of agricultural and environmental division maps of Iraq in 2012 and its contribution to the development of the agricultural sector. Baghdad. Hayashi, K. (2002). Evaluating Farming Practices : Use of Health and Ecological Risk Concepts. In In 13th Congress of the International Farm Management Association. (pp. 1–17). Wageningen, The Netherlands. Heady, E. (1954). Simplified presentation and logical aspects of linear programming technique. Journal of Farm Economics, 24(5), 1035–1048. Heim, Ri. R. (2002). A review of twentieth-century drought indices used in the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 83(8), 1149–1165. Higgins, A. J. (1999). Optimizing cane supply decisions within a sugar mill region. Journal of Scheduling, 2(5), 229–244. Higgins, A. J. (2006). Scheduling of road vehicles in sugarcane transport: A case study at an Australian sugar mill. European Journal of Operational Research, 170(3), 987–1000. Hillier, F. S., & Lieberman, G. J. (2001). Introduction to operations research. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Hoppin, J. a., Umbach, D. M., London, S. J., Alavanja, M. C. R., & Sandler, D. P. (2002). Chemical predictors of wheeze among farmer pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 165(5), 683–689. http://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2106074 Ibrahim, H. Y. (2007). Determining optimal maize-based enterprise in soba local government area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Agro-Science, 6(2), 28–32. http://doi.org/10.4314/as.v6i2.1567 Ibrahim, H. Y., Bello, M., & Ibrahim, H. (2009). Food security and resource allocation among farming households in North Central Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(8), 1235–1239. http://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2009.1235.1239 Ibrahim, H. Y., & Omotesho, O. A. (2011). Optimal farm plan for vegetable production under Fadama in north central Nigeria. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 9(4), 43–49. Ignizio, J. (1976). Goal Programming and Extensions. . D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, Massachusetts. Ilaco, B. V. (Ed.). (2013). Agricultural Compendium: For rural development in the tropics and subtropics. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Inuiguchi, M., & Kume, Y. (1991). Goal programming problems with interval coefficients and target intervals. European Journal of Operational Research, 52(3), 345–360. http://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(91)90169-V Ishizaka, A., & Nemery, P. (2013). Multicriteria decision analysis: methods and software. Jafari, H., Koshteli, Q. R., & Khabiri, B. (2008a). An optimal model using goal programming for rice farm. Applied Mathematical Sciences, 2(23), 1131–1136. Jafari, H., Koshteli, Q. R., & Khabiri, B. (2008b). An Optimal Model using Goal Programming for Rice Farm The goal programming model of case study. Applied Mathematical Sciences, 2(23), 1131–1136. Jaradat, A. A. (2003). Agriculture in Iraq : Resources , potentials , constraints , and research needs and priorities. Food, Agriculture and Environment, 1(2), 160–166. Jena, S. D., & Arag, M. V. S. P. De. (2009). Sugar cane cultivation and harvesting : MIP approach and valid inequalities. Xli Sbpo, 969–980. Jena, S. D., & Poggi, M. (2013). Harvest planning in the Brazilian sugar cane industry via mixed integer programming. European Journal of Operational Research, 230(2), 374–384. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2013.04.011 Johnson, E. M., & Huber, G. P. (1977). The technology of utility assessment. IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 7(5), 311–325. Jones, D., & Tamiz, M. (2010). Practical goal programming. (F. S. Hillier, Ed.) (Vol. 141). New York: Springer. Jones, D., Tamiz, M., & Ries, J. (2009). New developments in multiple objective and goal programming. Kadhim, R. H. (2010). Measure the impact of some supplementary variables on agricultural production in Iraq. Journal of the University of Dhi Qar, 5(2010), 114–120. Kahraman, C. (2008). Fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making:Theory and applications with recent developments. (P. M. Pardalos & D.-Z. Du, Eds.). Springer. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76813-7 Karbasi, A., Sardehaee, B. F., Geshniyan, M. K., & Rezaei, Z. (2012). Analysis of soil nutrient management for rice production in Mazandaran. Annals of Biological Research, 3(6), 2881–2887. Karloff, H. (2009). Linear programming. Springer Science+Business Media. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8176-4844-2 Kasimis, C., Papadopoulos, A. G., & Zacopoulou, E. (2003). Migrants in Rural Greece. Sociologia Ruralis, 43(2), 167–184. http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00237 Kassam, A., Friedrich, T., Reeves, T., & Pretty, J. (2011). Production Systems for Sustainable Intensification. Schwerpunkt. Technikfolgenabschätzung, 20(2), 38–45. Kassas, M. (2008). Aridity, Drought and Desertification. Arab Environment: Future Challenges. Kaufmann, Arnold ; Henry-Labordere, Arnaud ; Sneyd, H. C. (1975). Integer and mixed programming: theory and applications. (A. P. E. Publishing, Ed.). New York ; London ; Inc., New York. Keramatzadeh, A., Chizari, A. H., & Moore, R. (2011). Economic optimal allocation of agriculture water: mathematical programming approach. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 13(2011), 477–490. Khalaf, B. G. (2011). The reality of the Iraqi economy and the challenges of foreign direct investment. Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 6(15), 1–19. Kirby, M. (2003). Operational research in war and peace: the British experience from the 1930s to 1970. Imperial College Press. Konak, A., Coit, D. W., & Smith, A. E. (2006). Multi-objective optimization using genetic algorithms: A tutorial. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 91(9), 992–1007. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2005.11.018 Kong, F., & Liu, H. (2005). An Algorithm for MADM Based on Subjective Preference. In IFIP International Federation for Information Processing (pp. 279–289). Springer US. Krishnan, A. R., Mat Kasim, M., & Engku Abu Bakar, E. M. N. (2011). Application of Choquet integral in solving multi-attribute decision making problems, 8285(Icgip), 82853L. http://doi.org/10.1117/12.914431 Lachhwani, K. (2013). On solving multi-level multi objective linear programming problems through fuzzy goal programming approach. Operational Research Society of India, 51(4), 624–637. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12597-013-0157-y Lalehzari, R., Samani, F. A., & Boroomand-nasab, S. (2015). Analysis of Evaluation Indicators for Furrow Irrigation Using Opportunity Time. Irrigation and Drainage, 64(1), 85–92. Latinopoulos, D. (2007). Multicriteria decision-making for efficient water and land resources allocation in irrigated agriculture. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 11(2), 329–343. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-007-9115-2 Latinopoulos, D., & Mylopoulos, Y. (2005). Optimal allocation of land and water resources in irrigated agriculture by means of goal programming: Application in Loudias River Basin. Global NEST Journal, 7(3), 264–273. Lazarevska, A. M., Fischer, N., Haarstrick, A., & Münnich, K. (2009). Multi-Criteria Decision Making Mcdm – a Conceptual Approach To Optimal Landfill Monitoring. In Third International Workshop “Hydro–Physico-Mechanics of Landfills. Le Billon, P. (2008). Diamond wars? Conflict diamonds and geographies of resource wars. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 98(2), 345–372. http://doi.org/10.1080/00045600801922422 Lee, S. M. (1972). Goal programming for decision analysis. Auerbach Publishers, Philadelphia. Lewis, K., Brown, C., Hart, A., & Tzilivakis, J. (2003). p-EMA (III): overview and application of a software system designed to assess the environmental risk of agricultural pesticides. Agronomie, EDP Sciences, 23(1), 85–96. http://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2002076 Li, X., Shi, H., Šimůnek, J., Gong, X., & Peng, Z. (2015). Modeling soil water dynamics in a drip-irrigated intercropping field under plastic mulch. Irrigation Science, 33(2015), 1–14. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-015-0466-4 Liu, X. (2006). An orness measure for quasi-arithmetic means. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 14(6), 837–848. http://doi.org/10.1109/TFUZZ.2006.879990 Loganathan, G. V., & Bhattacharya, D. (1990). Reservoir Operations by Fuzzy Goal Programming: Optimizing the Resources for Water Management. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual National Conference (pp. 456–461). ASCE. Loukas, a., & Vasiliades, L. (2004). Probabilistic analysis of drought spatiotemporal characteristics inThessaly region, Greece. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 4(5/6), 719–731. http://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-4-719-2004 Loukas, a., Vasiliades, L., & Tzabiras, J. (2008). Climate change effects on drought severity. Advances in Geosciences, 17, 23–29. http://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-17-23-2008 Loukas, a, Vasiliades, L., & Tzabiras, J. (2007). Evaluation of climate change on drought impulses in Thessaly, Greece. European Water, 17(18), 17–28. Lu, J., Zhang, G., Ruan, D., & Wu, F. (2007). Multi-objective group decision making (Vol. 6). London: Imperial College Press. http://doi.org/10.1142/p505 Luenberger, D. G., & Ye, Y. (2008). Linear and nonlinear programming. (third). Springer Science & Business Media. Ma, J., Fan, Z.-P., & Huang, L.-H. (1999). A subjective and objective integrated approach to determine attribute weights. European Journal of Operational Research, 112(2), 397–404. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(98)00141-6 MacQuarrie, P. (2004). Water security in the Middle East: Growing conflict over development in the Euphrates–Tigris Basin. Trinity Coll Dublin. Makui, A., Fathi, M., & Narenji, M. (2010). Interval Weighted Comparison Matrices – A Review. International Journal of Industrial Engineering & Production Research, 20(4), 139–156. Manos, B., Bournaris, T., & Chatzinikolaou, P. (2011). Impact assessment of CAP policies on social sustainability in rural areas: an application in Northern Greece. Operational Research International Journal, 11, 77–92. Mansour, H. A., El-Hagarey, M. E., Abdelgawad, S., Ibrahim, A. A., & Bralts, V. F. (2015). Management of Sprinkler Irrigation System and Different Egyptian Wheat Varieties for Uniformity, Yield and Water Productivity. European Journal of Academic Essays, 2(6), 1–6. McCauley, A., Jones, C., & Jacobsen, J. (2009). Commercial Fertilizers and Soil Amendments. Nutrient Management-A Self-Study Course from MSU Extension Continuing Education Series, 10(2009), 449–510. Min, H., & Storbeck, J. (1991). On the Origin and Persistence of Misconceptions in Goal Programming. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 42(4), 301–312. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1967.tb00588.x Ministry of Planning. (2009). The Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation. Baghdad. Ministry of Planning. (2011a). Agricultural statistical Atlas roadmap for agricultural development (green economy). (Y. Al-Fahad & T. Abbas, Eds.). Baghdad. Ministry of Planning. (2011b). Manual of Agricultural Statistical Indicators for the Priod (2002-2010). Baghdad. Mirkarimi, S. H., Joolaie, R., Eshraghi, F., & Abadi, F. S. B. (2013). Application of Fuzzy Goal Programming in Cropping Pattern Management of Selected Crops in Mazandaran Province ( Case Study Amol Township ). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 6(15), 1062–1067. Mishra, B., N., K., A., & Singh, S. R. (2014). Fuzzy Multi-fractional Programming for Land Use Planning in Agricultural Production System. Fuzzy Information and Engineering, 6(2), 245-262. Fuzzy Information and Engineering, 6(2), 245–262. Miyan, M. A. (2015). Droughts in Asian least developed countries: Vulnerability and sustainability. Weather and Climate Extremes, 7(2015), 8–23. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2014.06.003 Mohamad, N. H., & Said, F. (2011). A mathematical programming approach to crop mix problem. Agro-Science, 6(1), 191–197. Mohamed, R. H. (1997). The relationship between goal programming and fuzzy programming. Fuzzy Sets and System, 89(1997), 215–222. Moore, R. E. (1979a). Methods and applications of interval analysis. Moore, R. E. (1979b). Methods and applications of interval analysis (Vol. 2). Philadelphia: Siam. Moore, R. E., Kearfortt, R. B., & Cloud, M. J. (2009). Introduction to Interval Analysis. Mathematics of Computation (Vol. 22). http://doi.org/10.2307/2004792 Morrison, D. a., Kingwell, R. S., Pannell, D. J., & Ewing, M. a. (1986). A mathematical programming model of a crop-livestock farm system. Agricultural Systems, 20(4), 243–268. http://doi.org/10.1016/0308-521X(86)90116-2 Munier, N. (2004). Multicriteria Environmental Assessment. New York. Murphy, K. M., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1989). Income distribution, market size, and industrialization. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104(3), 537–564. Murty, K. G. (2010). Optimization for Decision Making Linear and Quadratic Modelse. (Frederick S. Hillier, Ed.). Musvoto, C., Nortje, K., De Wet, B., Mahumani, B. K., & Nahman, A. (2015). Imperatives for an agricultural green economy in South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 111(1–2), 1–8. Narasimhan, R. (1980). Goal programming in a fuzzy environment. Decision Sciences, 11(2), 325–336. National Investment Commission. (2013). Investment map of Iraq 2013. Nicola, P. (2000). Linear Programming and Extensions. In Mainstream Mathematical Economics in the 20th Century (pp. 133–141). Nik, M. a E., Khademolhosseini, N., Abbaspour-Fard, M. H., Mahdinia, a., & Alami-Saied, K. (2009). Optimum utilisation of low-capacity combine harvesters in high-yielding wheat farms using multi-criteria decision making. Biosystems Engineering, 103(3), 382–388. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2009.04.009 Ökmen, Ö. (2015). Risk assessment for determining best design alternative in a state-owned irrigation project in Turkey. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 0(5), 1–12. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-0397-x Oliveira, C., & Antunes, C. H. (2007). Multiple objective linear programming models with interval coefficients – an illustrated overview. European Journal of Operational Research, 181(3), 1434–1463. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.12.042 Paiva, R. P. O., & Morabito, R. (2009). An optimization model for the aggregate production planning of a Brazilian sugar and ethanol milling company. Annals of Operations Research, 169(1), 117–130. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-008-0428-9 Pal, B. B., Kumar, M., & Sen, S. (2010). A priority based interval-valued Goal Programming approach for land utilization planning in agricultural system: A case study. In 2010 Second International conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (pp. 1–9). Ieee. http://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCNT.2010.5591814 Pal, B. B., Moitra, B. N., & Sen, S. (2011). A linear Goal Programming approach to multiobjective fractional programming with interval parameter sets. International Journal of Mathematics in Operational Research, 3(6), 697–714. Pal, B. B., & Sen, S. (2008). A Linear Goal Programming Procedure for Academic Personel Management Problems in University System. Industrial and Information Systems, 2008. ICIIS 2008. IEEE Region 10 and the Third International Conference on, 8(10), 1–7. http://doi.org/10.1109/ICIINFS.2008.4798452 Peart, R. M., & Shoup, W. D. (Eds.). (2004). Agricultural Systems Management Ontimizing Efficiency and Performance. New York: CRC Press. Percin, S. (2008). Using the ANP approach in selecting and benchmarking ERP systems. An International Journal, 15(5), 630–649. Phumiphan, N., Kangrang, A., & Sa-Ngiamvibool, W. (2011). An Improvement of Optimal Allocation Water For Cultivating Supper Chilli. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(11), 744–751. Pingali, P. (2007). Agricultural mechanization: adoption patterns and economic impact. In R. Evenson & P. Pingali (Eds.), Handbook of Agricultural Economics (Vol. 3, pp. 2779–2805). Elsevier B.V. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(06)03054-4 Prakash, T. N. (2003). Land Suitability Analysis for Agricultural Crops : A Fuzzy Multicriteria Decision Making Approach. international institute for geo-information science and earth observation enschede. Pretty, J. (2008). Agricultural sustainability: Concepts, principles and evidence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 363(1491), 447–465. http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2163 Prišenk, J., Turk, J., Rozman, Č., Borec, A., Zrakić, M., & Pažek, K. (2014). Advantages of combining linear programming and weighted goal programming for agriculture application. Operational Research, 14(2), 253–260. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12351-014-0159-4 Ramli, R., Ghazali, M. I., Ibrahim, H., Kasim, M. M., Kamal, F. M., & Vikneswari, S. (2013). A Hybridized Competency-Based Teacher Candidate Selection System. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 7(5), 603–607. Ravindran, R. (2009). Operations Research Applications. USA. Recio, B., Rubio, F., & Criado, J. A. (2003). A decision support system for farm planning using AgriSupport II. Decision Support Systems (Vol. 36). Reynolds, M. P., Hobbs, P. R., & Braun, H. J. (2007). Challenges to international wheat improvement. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 145(3), 223–227. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859607007034 Roldán-Cañas, J., Chipana, R., Moreno-Pérez, M. F., & Chipana, G. (2015). Description and Evaluation of Zigzag Furrow Irrigation in the Inter-Andean Valleys of Bolivia. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, (1993), 1–10. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000902. Romero, C. (2014). Handbook of critical Issues in goal programming. Romero, C., & Rehman, T. (2003). Multiple criteria analysis for agricultural decisions (second, Vol. 40). Elsevier Science B.V. http://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20010316)40:6<9823 ::AID-ANIE9823>3.3.CO;2-C Roszkowska, E. (2013). Rank ordering criteria weighting methods – a comparative overview 2. Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne, 5(5), 1–20. Saaty, T. L. (1977). scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 15(3), 234–281. Saaty, T. L. (1980). The analytic hierarchy process: planning, prioritysetting, resource allocation. New York: McGraw-Hill. Saaty, T. L. (1990). How to make a decision: The analytic hierarchy process. European Journal of Operational Research, 48(1), 9–26. http://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(90)90057-I Saaty, T. L. (2008). Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process. International Journal of Services Sciences, 1(1), 83. http://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSCI.2008.017590 Saaty, T. L., & Vargas, L. G. (1987). Uncertainty and rank order in the analytic hierarchy process. European Journal of Operational Research, 32(1), 107–117. http://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(87)90275-X Saaty, T. L., & Vargas, L. G. (2006). Decision making with the Analytic Network Process (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7279-7 Saaty, T. L., & Vargas, L. G. (2012). Models , Methods , Concepts & Applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (second, Vol. 175). New York: Springer Science+Business Media. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3597-6 Saman, Z., Hadis, K., Elham, K., & Samira, S. (2014). The Determination of Optimal Cropping Pattern Using Mathematical Programming with an Emphasis on Sustainable Agriculture ( Case Study : Boroujerd City ). Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 4(3s), 21–25. Sani, M. H. ., Kushwaha, S., Abubakar, M. M., & Ayoola, G. B. . (2011). Application of modified compromise weighted multi- objective programming in Fadama farming in Dass Local Government Area of Bauchi State , Nigeria. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 3(9), 423–429. Sarker, R. a., & Newton, C. S. (2008). Optimization modelling : a practical introduction. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Vol. 53). Parkway: Taylor & Francis Group. http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Sarker, R., & Quaddus, M. a. (2002). Modelling a nationwide crop planning problem using a multiple criteria decision making tool. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 42(2–4), 541–553. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-8352(02)00022-0 Sarker, R., & Ray, T. (2009). An improved evolutionary algorithm for solving multiobjective crop planning models. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 68(2), 191–199. Scarpari, M. S., & de Beauclair, E. G. F. (2010). Optimized Agricultural Planning of Sugarcane Using Linear Programming. Revista de Investigación Operacional, 31(2), 126–132. Schnepf, R. (2003). Iraq’s agriculture: Background and status. Schnepf, R. (2004). Iraq agriculture and food supply: Background and issues. Sen, P., & Yang, J.-B. (1998). Multiple criteria decision support in engineering design. Springer-Verlag London. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3020-8 Sen, S., & Pal, B. B. (2013). Interval Goal Programming Approach to Multiobjective Fuzzy Goal Programming Problem with Interval Weights. Procedia Technology, 10(2013), 587–595. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2013.12.399 Sharifi, M. a, & Rodriguez, E. (2002). Design and development of a planning support system for policy formulation in water resources rehabilitation: the case of Alcazar De San Juan District in Aquifer 23, La Mancha, Spain. Journal of Hydroinformatics [J. Hydroinf.]., 4(3), 157–176. Sharma, D. K., Hada, D. S., Bansal, S. K., & Bafna, S. (2010). A Goal Programming Model for Solving Environmental Risk Production Planning Problem in Dairy Production System. International Journal of Computer Science & Emerging Technologies, 1(4), 160–170. Sharma, D. K., Jana, R. K., & Gaur, A. (2007). Fuzzy goal programming for agricultural land allocation problems. Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research, 17(1), 31–42. http://doi.org/10.2298/YJOR0701031S Sher, A., & Amir, I. (1994). Optimization with fuzzy constraints in agricultural production planning. Agricultural Systems, 45(4), 421–441. Singh, D. K., Jaiswal, C. S., Reddy, K. S., Singh, R. M., & Bhandarkar, D. M. (2001). Optimal cropping pattern in a canal command area. Agricultural Water Management, 50(1), 1–8. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(01)00104-4 Sivanpheng, O., Kangrang, A., & Lamom, A. (2009). A Varied-Utilized Soil Type in Linear Programming Model for Irrigation Planning. Agro-Science, 2(1), 133–138. Slowinski, R. (1986). A multicriteria fuzzy linear programming method for water supply system development planning. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 19(1986), 217–237. Smolikova, R., & Wachowiak, M. P. (2002). Aggregation operators for selection problems. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 131, 23–34. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0114(01)00252-4 Snyder, R. L., & Melo-Abreu, J. P. (2005). Protection : fundamentals , practice and economics. Water Resources. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Srinivasarao, C., Lal, R., Kundu, S., & Thakur, P. B. (2015). Conservation Agriculture and Soil Carbon Sequestration. In Conservation Agriculture (pp. 479–524). Springer International Publishing. Srivastava, A. K., Goering, C. E., Rohrbach, R. P., & Buckmaster, D. R. (1993). Engineering Principles of Agricultural Machines. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (2nd Editio). American society of agricultural engineers. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1699(97)01316-1 Steuer, R. E. (1986). Multiple criteria optimization: theory, computation, and applications. Wiley. Sugihara, K., Ishii, H., & Tanaka, H. (2004). Interval priorities in AHP by interval regression analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 158(3), 745–754. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00418-1 Tajuddin, R., Talukder, K., & Alam, M. . (1994). Optimal cropping plan for a sample of farms in a farming system area of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Economics, 17(1 and 2), 85–96. Taleizadeh, A. A., Akhavan Niaki, S. T., & Hoseini, V. (2009). Optimizing the multiproduct, multi-constraint, bi-objective newsboy problem with discount by a hybrid method of goal programming and genetic algorithm. Engineering Optimization, 41(5), 437–457. http://doi.org/10.1080/03052150802582175 Tamiz, M. (Ed.). (1996). Multi-Objective programming and goal programming. Springer Science & Business Media. Tamiz, M., Jones, D., & El-Darzi, E. (1995). A review of goal programming and its applications. Annals of Operations Research, 58(1), 39–53. Tamiz, M., Mirrazavi, S. K., & Jones, D. F. (1999). Extensions of Pareto efficiency analysis to integer goal programming. Omega, 27(2), 179–188. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0483(98)00038-3 Tanko, L., Baba, K. M., & Adeniji, O. B. (2011). Analysis of the competitiveness of monocrop and mixed crop enterprises in farming system of smallholder farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. Agro-Science, 1(November), 344–355. The Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation. (2009). The agricultural sector development plan 2010-2014. Baghdad. Timmer, P. (2005). Agriculture and Pro-Poor Growth: An Asian Perspective (Available at SSRN 1114155). Tolba, M. K., & Saab, N. (2008). Arab environment: Future challenges. Beirut, Lebanon. Torra, V., & Narukawa, Y. (2007). Modeling decisions: information fusion and aggregation operators. (D. M. Gabbay & J. Siekmann, Eds.)Managing. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68791-7 Trading Economics. (2015). Iraq GDP per capita 1960-2015. Retrieved from http://www.tradingeconomics.com/iraq/gdp-per-capita Triantaphyllou, E. (2000). Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods: A Comparative Study. Springer. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3157-6 Triantaphyllou, E., Kovalerchuk, B., Mann, L., & Knapp, G. M. (1997). Determining the most important criteria in maintenance decision making. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 3(1), 16–28. Tzimopoulos, C., Balioti, V., Evangelides, C., & Yannopoulos, S. (2011). Irrigation network planning using linear programming. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (p. A–1939–A–1946). Rhodes, Greece. UNFAO, U. N. F. a. A. O. (2012). Crop Production Statistics for Iraq. USA.United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programe, World Bank and World Resource Institute: 2000, World Resources 2000–2001. USAID, U. S. A. f. I. D. (2006). Improving grain production in Iraq, Agriculture Reconstruction and Development Program for Iraq. USA. Van Der Werf, H. M. G. (1996). Assessing the impact of pesticides on the environment. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 60(2–3), 81–96. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(96)01096-1 Vasiliades, L., & Loukas, A. (2009). Hydrological response to meteorological drought using the Palmer drought indices in Thessaly, Greece. Desalination, 237(1–3), 3–21. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.12.019 Vasiliades, L., Loukas, A., & Liberis, N. (2011). A Water Balance Derived Drought Index for Pinios River Basin, Greece. Water Resources Management, 25(4), 1087–1101. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-010-9665-1 Vavríková, L. (2011). Multicriteria Decision Making and Rankings Based on Aggregation Operators (Application on Assessment of Public Universities and Their Faculties), 8(3), 79–90. Visagie, S. E., De Kock, H. C., & Ghebretsadik, A. H. (2004). Optimising an integrated crop-livestock farm using risk programming. ORiON, 20(1), 29–54. Walangitan, H. D., Setiawan, B., Raharjo, B. T., & Polii, B. (2012). Optimization of Land Use and Allocation to Ensure Sustainable Agriculture in the Catchment Area of Lake Tondano, Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 12(3), 68–75. Wang, Y.-M., & Elhag, T. M. S. (2007). A goal programming method for obtaining interval weights from an interval comparison matrix. European Journal of Operational Research, 177(1), 458–471. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.10.066 Wang, Z.-J., Wang, W.-Z., & Li, K. W. (2009). A goal programming method for generating priority weights based on interval-valued intuitionistic preference relations. Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, 3(July), 1309–1314. http://doi.org/10.1109/ICMLC.2009.5212264 Wang, Ying- Ming, & Elhag, T. (2007). A goal programming method for obtaining interval weights from an interval comparison matrix. European Journal of Operational Research, 177(1), 458–471. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.10.066 Waugh, F. (1951). The minimum-cost dairy feed. Journal of Farm Economics, 33(3), 299–310. Wei, W., Liu, Y., Hu, Z., & Zhao, Y. (2009). An optimal model of dry land multiplecropping circular economy systems. World Journal of Modeling and Simulation, 5(3), 203–210. Wheeler, B. M., & Russell, J. R. M. (1977). Goal Programming and Agricultural Planning. Operational Research Quarterly(1970-1977), 28(1), 21–32. Williams, H. P. (2009). Logic and integer programming. (Vol. 130). springer. Williams, J. F., Roberts, S. R., Hill, J. E., Scardaci, S. C., & Tibbits, G. (1990). IPM: Managing water for weed control in rice. California Agriculture. Winston, W. L., & Goldberg, J. B. (2004). Operations research: applications and algorithms (fourth). Belmont, CA: Duxbury press. Wolsey, L. A., & Nemhauser, G. L. (2014). Integer and combinatorial optimization. John Wiley & Sons. World Bank. (2012). World development indicators 2012. (World Bank Group, Ed.). World Bank Publications. World Bank. (2014). Republic of Iraq Public Expenditure Review. Washington. Xu, X. (2004). A note on the subjective and objective integrated approach to determine attribute weights. European Journal of Operational Research, 156(2), 530–532. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00146-2 Xu, Z. (2015). Uncertain multi-attribute decision making: Methods and applications. Springer. Yager, R. R. (1988). On ordered weighted averaging aggregation operators in multi criteria decision making. Systems, Man and Cybernetics , IEEE, 18(1), 183–190. http://doi.org/10.1109/21.87068 Yager, R. R., Kacprzyk, J., & Beliakov, G. (2011). Recent Developments in the Ordered Weighted Averaging Operators: Theory and Practice. Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing (Vol. 265). Springer Science & Business Media. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17910-5 Yeh, C., Willis, R. J., Deng, H., & Pan, H. (1999). Task oriented weighting in multi-criteria analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 119(1999), 130–146. Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy sets. Information and Control, 8(3), 338–353. Zalidis, G., Stamatiadis, S., Takavakoglou, V., Eskridge, K., & Misopolinos, N. (2002). Impacts of agricultural practices on soil and water quality in the Mediterranean region and proposed assessment methodology. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 88(2), 137–146. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00249-3 Zangiabadi, M., & Maleki, H. (2013). Fuzzy goal programming technique to solve multiobjective transportation problems with Some non-linear membership functions. Iranian Journal of Fuzzy Systems, 10(1), 61–74. Zangiabadi, M., & Maleki, H. R. (2007). FUZZY GOAL PROGRAMMING FOR MULTIOBJECTIVE. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing, 24(1), 449–460. Zebarth, B. J., Drury, C. F., Tremblay, N., & Cambouris, a N. (2009). Opportunities for improved fertilizer nitrogen management in production of arable crops in eastern Canada: A review. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 89(August 2015), 113–132. http://doi.org/10.4141/CJSS07102 Zeder, M. A. (2011). The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East. Current Anthropology, 52(S4), S221–S235. http://doi.org/10.1086/659307 Žgajnar, J. A. K. A., & Kavčič, S. T. A. N. E. (2011). Weighted goal programming and penalty functions: Whole-farm planning approach under risk. In In EAAE 2011 Congress Change and Uncertainty Challenges for Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources (pp. 1–12). Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Zhao, Y., Zhang, D., Tang, Y., Wang, J., & Zheng, L. (2009). An optimal model of a agriculture circular system for paddy & edible fungus. International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Management, 4(4), 302–310. Zimmermann, H.-J. (1978). Fuzzy programming and linear programming with several objective functions. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1(1), 45–55. http://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0114(78)90031-3 Zimmermann, H.-J. (1985). Applications of fuzzy set theory to mathematical programming. Information Sciences, 36(1985), 29–58. Zimmermann, H.-J. (1996). Fuzzy set theory and its applications (third). London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Zimmermann, H.-J. (2001). Fuzzy set theory and its applications (fourth). London: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0646-0

Similar Items