The effects of institutional ownership, leverage and earnings per share on offer price: an empirical study of IPO in Malaysia

This study examines the effects of institutional ownership, leverage and earnings per share on the offer price in 71 Malaysian IPOs within the periods from year 2011 to 2015. This research examines the hypotheses by employing cross-sectional multiple regression. The finding indicates that there is...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Zi, Ong Chui
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2016
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/6102/1/s818364_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6102/2/s818364_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.6102
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Mohd Rashid, Rasidah
topic HG Finance
spellingShingle HG Finance
Zi, Ong Chui
The effects of institutional ownership, leverage and earnings per share on offer price: an empirical study of IPO in Malaysia
description This study examines the effects of institutional ownership, leverage and earnings per share on the offer price in 71 Malaysian IPOs within the periods from year 2011 to 2015. This research examines the hypotheses by employing cross-sectional multiple regression. The finding indicates that there is a negative relationship between institutional ownership and IPO offer price. This implies that high percentage of institutional investors involve into IPO markets lead to less uncertainty of IPOs, and hence low offer price is issued since uninformed investors require high initial returns from investing, which supports Rock’s Winner’s Curse Theory. Moreover, earnings per share is positively related to the IPO offer price. This indicates that a good quality firms able to generate favorable profits in future, in which support signaling theory. However, there is no relationship between leverage and IPO offer price is found from the results.
format Thesis
qualification_name masters
qualification_level Master's degree
author Zi, Ong Chui
author_facet Zi, Ong Chui
author_sort Zi, Ong Chui
title The effects of institutional ownership, leverage and earnings per share on offer price: an empirical study of IPO in Malaysia
title_short The effects of institutional ownership, leverage and earnings per share on offer price: an empirical study of IPO in Malaysia
title_full The effects of institutional ownership, leverage and earnings per share on offer price: an empirical study of IPO in Malaysia
title_fullStr The effects of institutional ownership, leverage and earnings per share on offer price: an empirical study of IPO in Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed The effects of institutional ownership, leverage and earnings per share on offer price: an empirical study of IPO in Malaysia
title_sort effects of institutional ownership, leverage and earnings per share on offer price: an empirical study of ipo in malaysia
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Economics, Finance & Banking
publishDate 2016
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/6102/1/s818364_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6102/2/s818364_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828021523382272
spelling my-uum-etd.61022021-12-08T03:13:39Z The effects of institutional ownership, leverage and earnings per share on offer price: an empirical study of IPO in Malaysia 2016 Zi, Ong Chui Mohd Rashid, Rasidah School of Economics, Finance & Banking School of Economics, Finance and Banking HG Finance This study examines the effects of institutional ownership, leverage and earnings per share on the offer price in 71 Malaysian IPOs within the periods from year 2011 to 2015. This research examines the hypotheses by employing cross-sectional multiple regression. The finding indicates that there is a negative relationship between institutional ownership and IPO offer price. This implies that high percentage of institutional investors involve into IPO markets lead to less uncertainty of IPOs, and hence low offer price is issued since uninformed investors require high initial returns from investing, which supports Rock’s Winner’s Curse Theory. Moreover, earnings per share is positively related to the IPO offer price. This indicates that a good quality firms able to generate favorable profits in future, in which support signaling theory. However, there is no relationship between leverage and IPO offer price is found from the results. 2016 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/6102/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/6102/1/s818364_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6102/2/s818364_02.pdf text eng public masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdul-Rahim, R., Che-Embi, N.A. & Yong, O. (2012). Winner’s curse and IPO initial performance: New evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 4(2), 151-159. Abdul-Rahim, R. & Che-Yahya, N. (2015). Moderating Effect of Information Asymmetry on the Signalling Role of IPO Lockup Provision. Proceedings of Sydney International Business Research Conference 2015, University of Western Sydney Campbelltown, Australia. Aggarwal, R., Bhagat, S. & Rangan, S. (2009). The Impact of Fundamentals on IPO Valuation. Financial Management, 38(2), 253-284. Akyol, A.C., Cooper, T., Meoli, M. & Vismara, S. (2014). Do regulatory changes affect the underpricing of European IPOs? Journal of Banking & Finance, 45, 43-58. Allen, F., & Faulhaber, G. (1989). Signaling by underpricing in the IPO market. Journal of Financial Economics, 23, 303–323. Bartov E., & Mohanram, P. & Seethamraju, C. (2002). Valuation of Internet Stocks – An IPO Perspective. Journal of Accounting Research, 40(2), 321-418. Benveniste, L.M. & Spindt, P.A. (1989). How investment bankers determine the offer price and allocation of new issues. Journal of Financial Economics, 24, 343–361. Betani, L. & Asghari, F. (2014). Study of Factors Affecting the Initial Public Offering (IPO) Price of the Shares on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Research in World Economy, 5(2), 68-73. Boonchuaymetta, E. & Chuanrommanee, W. (2013). Management of the IPO performance in Thailand. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 23, 272-284. Booth, J.R. & Chua, L. (1996). Ownership dispersion, costly information and IPO underpricing. Journal of Financial Economics, 24, 213-232. Brau, J.C. & Fawcett, S.E. (2006). Initial Public Offerings: An Analysis of Theory and Practice. Journal of Finance, 61(1), 399-436. Brav, A. & Gompers, P. (2003). The role of lockups in initial public offerings. Review of Financial Studies, 16, 1-29. Brealey, R.A., Myers, S.C. & Allen, F. (2008). Principles of Corporate Finance. New York: McGraw-Hill. Brennan, M.J. & Frank, J. (1997). Underpricing, ownership and control in initial public offerings of equity securities in the UK. Journal of Financial Economics, 45, 391-413. Busaba, W.Y. & Chang, C. (2010). Bookbuilding vs. fixed price revisited: The effect of aftermarket trading. Journal of Corporate Finance, 16, 370-381. Carey, P., Fang, V. & Zhang, H.F. (2016). The role of optimistic news stories in IPO pricing. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money, 41, 16-29. Chang, K & Tang, Y. (2007). Pricing Taiwan’s Initial Public Offerings. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 14, 69–84. Chanine, S. (2002) Issuing firm value and IPO discount: are investment bank valuation models accurate? Working Paper, Audencia-Nantes School of Management. Che-Yahya, N., Abdul-Rahim, R. & Rashid, R.M. (2015). Impact of Lock-Up Provision on Two IPO Anomalies in the Immediate Aftermarket. Capital Markets Review, 23, 25-39. Chen, H., Shu, P. & Chiang, S. (2011). The choice between bookbuilding and fixedprice offering: Evidence from SEOs in Taiwan. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money, 21, 28-48. Chen, L. (2015). A Study on the Influencing Factors of IPO Pricing and Policy Research in Chinese Stock Market. International Conference on Education, Management and Computing Technology. Chemmanur, T.J. (1993). The Pricing of Initial Public Offerings: A Dynamic Model with Information Production. The Journal of Finance, 48(1), 285-304. Chenmmanur, T.J., Hu, G. & Huang, J. (2010). The Role of Instiyutional Investors in Initial Public Offerings. The Review of Financial Studies, 23(12), 4496-4540. Clarkson, P.M. (1994). The underpricing of initial public offerings, ex ante uncertainty, and proxy selection. Accounting & Finance, 34(2), 67-78. Connelly, B.L. Certo, S.T., Ireland, R.D. & Reutzel, C.R. (2011). Signaling Theory: A Review and Assessment. Journal of Management, 37(1), 39-67. Cornelli, F. & Goldreich, D. (2003). Bookbuilding: how informative is the order book? Journal of Finance, 58, 1415–1443. Costa, B.A., Crawford, A. & Jakob, K. (2013). Does culture influence IPO underpricing? Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 23, 113-123. Cotter, J., Goyen, M. & Hegarty, S. (2005). Offer pricing of Australian industrial Initial Public Offerings. Accounting and Finance, 45, 95-125. Daily, C.M., Certo, S.T. & Dalton, D.R. (2005). Investment bankers and IPO pricing: does prospectus information matter? Journal of Business Venturing, 20, 93-111. Degeorge, F. Derrien, F. & Womack, K.L. (2010). Auctioned IPOs: The US evidence. Journal of Financial Economics, 98, 177-194. Edelen, R.M. & Kadlec, G. B. (2005). Issuer surplus and the partial adjustment of IPO prices to public information. Journal of Financial Economics, 77, 347-373. Espinasse, P. (2014). IPO: A Global Guide, Expanded Second Edition. Hong Kong: Paramount Printing Co., Ltd. Fernando, C.S., Krishnamurthy, S. & Spindt, P.A. (2004). Are share price levels informative? Evidence from the ownership, pricing, turnover and performance of IPO firms. Journal of Financial Markets, 7, 377-403. Firth, M. (1998). IPO earnings forecasts and their role in signaling firm value and explaining post-listing returns. Applied Financial Economics, 8, 29-39. Gao, F. & Siddiqi, M.A. (2012). The Rationale of IPO Lockup Agreements: Agency or Signaling? Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies, 15(3), 1-18. Ghicas, D.C., Iriotis, N., Papadaki, A. & Walker, M. (2000). Fundamental Analysis and the Valuation of IPOs in the Construction Industry. The International Journal of Accounting, 35(2), 227-241. Ghosh, S. (2005). Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings: The Indian Experience. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 41(6), 45-57. Grinblatt, M., & Hwang, C. (1989). Signaling and the pricing of unseasoned new issue. Journal of Finance, 44, 393–420. Gujarati, D.N. (2003). Basic Econometrics. New York: McGraw Hill. Hair, J.F., Tatham, R.L. & Anderson, R.E. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th edition. Prentice Hall. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. London: Pearson Education, Limited. Hand, J.R.M. (2003). Profits, Losses and the Non-Linear Pricing of Internet Stocks," in J.R.M. Hand and B. Lev, Eds., Intangible Assets: Values, Measures and Risks. New York, NY, Oxford University Press. Hanley, K. (1993). Underpricing of initial public offerings and the partial adjustment phenomenon. Journal of Financial Economics, 59, 313-346. Hanley, K.W. & Hoberg, G. (2010). The Information Content of IPO Prospectuses. The Review of Financial Studies, 23(7), 2821- 2864. Heinkel, R. & Zechner, J. (1990). The role of debt and preferred stock as a solution to adverse investment incentives. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 25, 1-24. Hiau Abdullah, N.A. & Taufil Mohd, K.N. (2004). Factors Influencing the Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings in an Emerging Market: Malaysia Evidence. IIUM Journal of Economics and Management, 12(2), 1-21. Jagannathan, R., Jirnyi, A. & Sherman, A.G. (2015). Share auctions of initial public offerings: Global evidence. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 24, 283- 311. Jain, B. A. & O. Kini (1994). The Post-Issue Operating Performance of IPO Firms. The Journal of Finance, 49(5), 1699-1726. Jones, S.L. & Yeoman, J.C. (2014). Initial uncertainty and the risk of setting a fixedoffer price: Implications for the pricing of bookbuilt and best-efforts IPOs. Journal of Corporate Finance, 27, 194-215. Kaplan, S.N. & Ruback, R.S. (1995). The valuation of cash flow forecasts: an empirical analysis. Journal of Finance, 50, 1059–1093. Keasey, K. & McGuinness, P.B. (2008). Firm value and its relation to equity retention levels, forecast earnings disclosures and underpricing in initial public offerings in Hong Kong. International Business Review, 17, 642-662. Khurshed, A. (2011). Initial Public Offerings: The mechanics and performance of IPOs. Britian: Harriman House Ltd. Kim, J., Krinsky, I & Lee, J. (1995). The role of financial variables in the pricing of Korean initial public offerings. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 3, 449-464. Kim, J., Pukthuanthong-Le, K. & Walker, T. (2007). Leverage and IPO under-pricing: high-tech versus low-tech IPOs. Management Decision, 46(1), 106-130. Kim, M & Ritter, J.R. (1999). Valuing IPOs. Journal of Financial Economics, 53, 409-437. Kirmani, A., & Rao, A. R. (2000). No pain, no gain: A critical review of the literature on signaling unobservable product quality. Journal of Marketing, 64(2), 66-79. Klein, A. (1996). Can investors use the prospectus to price initial public offerings? The Journal of Financial Statement Analysis, 2, 23-39. Krishnamurthy, S.,Spindt, P., Subramaniam, V., & Woidtke, T. (2005). Does investor identity matter in equity issues? Evidence from private placements. Journal of Financial Intermediation , 14 , 210–238. Kutsuna, K. & Smith, R. (2004). Why Does Book Building Drive out Auction Methods of IPO Issuance? Evidence from Japan. The Review of Financial Studies, 17(4), 1129-1166, Leland, H. E., & Pyle, D. H. (1977). Information Asymmetries, Financial Structures and Financial Intermediation. Journal of Finance, 32, 371-387. Loughran, T., Ritter, J. R. & Rydqvist, K. (1994). Initial public offerings: international insights. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 2, 165–199. Low, S. & Yong, O. (2011). Explaining over-subscription in fixed-priced IPOs – Evidence from the Malaysian stock market. Emerging Markets Review, 12, 205-216. Lowry, M. & Schwert, G.W. (2004). Is the IPO pricing efficient? Journal of Financial Economics, 71, 3-26. Mello, A.S. & Persons, J.E. (1998). Going public and the ownership structure of the firm. Journal of Financial Economics, 49(1), 79-109. Michaely, R. & Shaw, W.H. (1994). The Pricing of Initial Public Offerings: Tests of Adverse-Selection and Signaling Theories. The Review of Financial Studies, 7(2), 279-319. Mills, R.W. (2005). Assessing growth estimates in IPO valuations—a case study. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 17, 73–78. Nachman, D. & Noe, T. (1994). Optimal design of securities under asymmetric information. Review of Financial Studies, 7(1), 1-44. Peng, Y., & Wang, K. (2007). IPO underpricing and flotation methods in Taiwan — A stochastic frontier approach. Applied Economics, 39, 2785–2796. Purnanandam, A.K. & Swaminanthan, B. (2004). Are IPOs underpriced? Review of Financial Studies, 17(3), 811-848. Ramasamy, R. & Abar, S.K. (2015). Influence of Macroeconomic Variables on Exchange Rates. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 3(2), 276-281. Rashid, R.M. & Rahim, R.A. (2012). Does Shareholder Retention Matter in Explaining the Under-Pricing Phenomenon of Malaysian IPOs? The Journal of American Academy of Business, 18(1), 293-299. Reber, B. & Vencappa, D. (2016). Deliberate premarket underpricing and after market mispricing: New insights on IPO pricing. International Review of Financial Analysis, 44, 18-33. Ringim, K.J., Razalli, M.R., & Hasnan, N. (2012). A Framework of Business Process Re-engineering Factors and Organizational Performance of Nigerian Banks. Asian Social Science, 8(4), 203-216. Ritter, J.R. (1998). Initial Public Offerings. Contemporary Finance Digest, 2(1), 5-30.Ritter, J.R. & Welch, I. (2002). A review of IPO Activity: Pricing and Allocations. Journal of Finance, 57, 1795-1828. Rock, K. (1986). Why New Issues are Underpriced. Journal of Financial Economics, 15, 187-212. Roosenboom, P. (2012). Valuing and Pricing IPOs. Journal of Banking & Finance, 36, 1653-1664. Ross, S. (1977). The determination of financial structure: the incentive-signaling approach. Bell Journal of Economics, 8, 23-40. Sahoo, S. & Prabina, R. (2012). Determinants of Pricing IPOs: An Empirical Investigation. South Asian Journal of Management, 19(4), 59-87. Sarkar, J. & Sarkar, S. (2008). Debt and Corporate Governance in Emerging Economics: Evidence from India. The Economics of Transition, 16(2), 293-334. Schreiner, A. (2007). Equity Valuation Using Multiples: An Empirical Investigation. Academic Network, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, Wiesbaden: DUV Gabler Edition, Wissenschaff, Vol. 25, p. 170. Spence, M. (2002). Signaling in retrospect and the informational structure of markets. American Economic Review, 92, 434-459. Su, D. (2004). Leverage, insider ownership, and the underpricing of IPOs in China. International Financial Markets, Institutional and Money, 14, 37-54. Tajuddin, A.H., Rashid, R.M., Hiau Abdullah, N.A. & Abdul-Rahim, R. (2015). An Empirical Examination of Over-Subcription in the Malaysian IPO Market. International Journal of Economics and Management, 9(S), 81-102. Taylor, J.J. (2013). Confusing Stats Terms Explained: Heteroscedasticity. Retrieved on 31 March 2016 from http://www.statsmakemecry.com /smmctheblog/confusingstats-terms-explained- heteroscedasticity-heteroske.html Wan Hussin, W.N. (2005). The Effects of Owners’ Participation and Lockup on IPO Underpricing in Malaysia. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 10(1), 19-36. Wan Hussin, W.N. (2007). IPO Valuation, Investor Protection and Deregulation: Evidence from Bursa Malaysia. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1, 1-45. Wang, G.C.S. & Akabay, C.K. (1995).Autocorrelation: Problems and Solutions in Regression Modeli. Journal of Business Forecasting Methods & Systems, 13(4). Wang, K. (2005). Auditor and underwriter industry specialization/differentiation: evidence from IPO underpricing and long-term performance. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Texas A&M University, US. Welch, I. (1989). Seasoned offerings, imitation costs and the underpricing of initial public offerings. Journal of Finance, 44, 421–449. Welch, I. (1992). Sequential sales, learning and cascades. Journal of Finance, 47, 695-732. Yong, O. (2009). Winner’s curse, bandwagon effect and size effect in IPOs: Evidence from private placement IPOs in Malaysia. Discussion Paper Series, 4, 2-23. Yong, O. (2011a). Investor Demand, Size Effect and the Immediate Post-Listing Behavior of Malaysian IPOs. Universiti Tun Abdul Razak Ejournal, 7(2), 23-32. Yong, O. (2011b). Winner’s Curse and Bandwagon Effect in Malaysian IPOs: Evidence from 2001-2009. Jurnal Pengurusan, 32, 21-26. Yong, O. (2015). What is the 'True" value of an initial public offering? Journal of Scientific Research and Development, 2(10), 78-85. Yoo, W., Bae, S., Signh, K. Peter, Q. & Lillard Jr, J.W. (2014). A Study of Effects of Multicollinearity in the Multivariable Analysis. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 4(5), 9-19. Younesi, N., Ardekani, A.M. & Hashemijoo, M. (2012). Performance of Malaysian IPOs and Impact of Return Determinants. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 4(2), 140-158. Yu, T. & Tse, Y.K. (2006). An empirical examination of IPO underpricing in the Chinese A-share market. China Economic Review, 17(4), 363-382. Yung, C. & Zender, J.F. (2010). Moralhazard, asymmetric information and IPO lockups. Journal of Corporate Finance, 16, 320-332. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. & Griffin, M. (2013). Business Research Methods. 9th edition. Cengage Learning: South-Western, Canada. Zhang,F. (2012). Information precision and IPO pricing. Journal of Corporate Finance, 18, 331-348. Zheng, S. X. & D. A. Stangeland (2007). IPO Underpricing, Firm Quality, and Analyst Forecasts. Financial Management, 36(2), 1-20.