The effect of consumer racism, ethnic-based consumer ethnocentrism and ethnic-based consumer animosity on Malaysian Malays' product judgment and willingness to buy Malaysian Chinese products
This thesis investigated the effects of consumer racism, ethnic-based consumer ethnocentrism and ethnic-based consumer animosity of ethnic Malaysian Malay consumers’ product judgment and willingness to buy Malaysian ethnic Chinese products. This thesis used a collection of familiar consumer products...
Saved in:
Main Author: | |
---|---|
Format: | Thesis |
Language: | eng eng |
Published: |
2016
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://etd.uum.edu.my/6134/1/s94676_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/6134/2/s94676_02.pdf |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
id |
my-uum-etd.6134 |
---|---|
record_format |
uketd_dc |
institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
collection |
UUM ETD |
language |
eng eng |
advisor |
Abdul Talib, Asmat Nizam Abdul Malek, Marlin Marissa Malek |
topic |
HF5415.33 Consumer Behavior. |
spellingShingle |
HF5415.33 Consumer Behavior. Samshul Amry, Abdul Latif The effect of consumer racism, ethnic-based consumer ethnocentrism and ethnic-based consumer animosity on Malaysian Malays' product judgment and willingness to buy Malaysian Chinese products |
description |
This thesis investigated the effects of consumer racism, ethnic-based consumer ethnocentrism and ethnic-based consumer animosity of ethnic Malaysian Malay consumers’ product judgment and willingness to buy Malaysian ethnic Chinese products. This thesis used a collection of familiar consumer products and brands to elicit generalized consumer response. Respondents were obtained through two
approaches; social media platform and the traditional pencil-and-paper approach. The combined total usable respondents were 425. The hypothesized relationships between the constructs were analyzed through the partial least squares structural
equation modeling approach (PLS-SEM). The results showed the constructs were distinct. There were three unsupported hypotheses with significant t-values, suggesting rather interesting findings. Consumer racism was found to have positive
relationship on product judgment but not relationship with willingness to buy. The results also suggested that ethnic-based consumer ethnocentrism have negative impact on product judgment and but have positive relationship with willingness to buy, while ethnic-based consumer animosity have positive relationship with willingness to buy only. Future studies can use specific brands or products or product categories associated with a particular ethnic group. This thesis utilized a modified consumer racism scale suited to the Malaysian marketplace as according to
the country’s historical aspects and operationalized both consumer ethnocentrism
and animosity at subnational level or ethnic-based. The modified scale can be adjusted and be utilized in countries with similar historical background and/or multiethnic societies for future research. |
format |
Thesis |
qualification_name |
other |
qualification_level |
Doctorate |
author |
Samshul Amry, Abdul Latif |
author_facet |
Samshul Amry, Abdul Latif |
author_sort |
Samshul Amry, Abdul Latif |
title |
The effect of consumer racism, ethnic-based consumer ethnocentrism and ethnic-based consumer animosity on Malaysian Malays' product judgment and willingness to buy Malaysian Chinese products |
title_short |
The effect of consumer racism, ethnic-based consumer ethnocentrism and ethnic-based consumer animosity on Malaysian Malays' product judgment and willingness to buy Malaysian Chinese products |
title_full |
The effect of consumer racism, ethnic-based consumer ethnocentrism and ethnic-based consumer animosity on Malaysian Malays' product judgment and willingness to buy Malaysian Chinese products |
title_fullStr |
The effect of consumer racism, ethnic-based consumer ethnocentrism and ethnic-based consumer animosity on Malaysian Malays' product judgment and willingness to buy Malaysian Chinese products |
title_full_unstemmed |
The effect of consumer racism, ethnic-based consumer ethnocentrism and ethnic-based consumer animosity on Malaysian Malays' product judgment and willingness to buy Malaysian Chinese products |
title_sort |
effect of consumer racism, ethnic-based consumer ethnocentrism and ethnic-based consumer animosity on malaysian malays' product judgment and willingness to buy malaysian chinese products |
granting_institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
granting_department |
Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6134/1/s94676_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/6134/2/s94676_02.pdf |
_version_ |
1747828025571934208 |
spelling |
my-uum-etd.61342021-04-19T07:02:48Z The effect of consumer racism, ethnic-based consumer ethnocentrism and ethnic-based consumer animosity on Malaysian Malays' product judgment and willingness to buy Malaysian Chinese products 2016 Samshul Amry, Abdul Latif Abdul Talib, Asmat Nizam Abdul Malek, Marlin Marissa Malek Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government HF5415.33 Consumer Behavior. This thesis investigated the effects of consumer racism, ethnic-based consumer ethnocentrism and ethnic-based consumer animosity of ethnic Malaysian Malay consumers’ product judgment and willingness to buy Malaysian ethnic Chinese products. This thesis used a collection of familiar consumer products and brands to elicit generalized consumer response. Respondents were obtained through two approaches; social media platform and the traditional pencil-and-paper approach. The combined total usable respondents were 425. The hypothesized relationships between the constructs were analyzed through the partial least squares structural equation modeling approach (PLS-SEM). The results showed the constructs were distinct. There were three unsupported hypotheses with significant t-values, suggesting rather interesting findings. Consumer racism was found to have positive relationship on product judgment but not relationship with willingness to buy. The results also suggested that ethnic-based consumer ethnocentrism have negative impact on product judgment and but have positive relationship with willingness to buy, while ethnic-based consumer animosity have positive relationship with willingness to buy only. Future studies can use specific brands or products or product categories associated with a particular ethnic group. This thesis utilized a modified consumer racism scale suited to the Malaysian marketplace as according to the country’s historical aspects and operationalized both consumer ethnocentrism and animosity at subnational level or ethnic-based. The modified scale can be adjusted and be utilized in countries with similar historical background and/or multiethnic societies for future research. 2016 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/6134/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/6134/1/s94676_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6134/2/s94676_02.pdf text eng public other doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Aaker, J. L. (1999). The malleable self: The role of self-expression in persuasion. Available at SSRN 945453. JOUR. Abd-Razak, I.-S., & Abdul-Talib, A.-N. (2012). Globality and intentionality attribution of animosity: An insight into the consumer boycotts in the Muslim dominant markets. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 3(1), 72–80. http://doi.org/10.1108/17590831211206608 Abdullah, C. D. (2005). Memoir Abdullah CD: Zaman Pergerakan Sehingga 1948. GEN, Selangor: Strategic Information Research Development Centre. Abdul-Latif, S.-A., & Abdul-Talib, A.-N. (2015). An examination of the effects of consumer racism and consumer ethnocentrism on willingness to buy products associated with ethnic Chinese. In Australia New Zealand International Business Academy Conference (pp. 1–42). Melbourne: ANZIBA. Abdul-Talib, A.-N., & Abdul-Latif, S.-A. (2012). Will you boycott? : A study of Malaysian Non-Muslims’ Willingness to Boycott. In M. A. M. Sani, M. M. M. A. Malek, & A. E. Hara (Eds.), The Proceedings of 4th International Conference on International Studies ICIS 2012 (pp. 115–127). UUM Press. Abdul-Talib, A.-N., & Abdul-Latif, S.-A. (2015). Antecedents to Willingness to Boycott among Malaysian Muslims. In H. El-Gohary & R. Eid (Eds.), Emerging Research on Islamic Marketing and Tourism in the Global Economy (pp. 70–106). Hershey PA: IGI Global. http://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6272-8 Abernethy, A. P., Herndon, J. E., Wheeler, J. L., Patwardhan, M., Shaw, H., Lyerly, H. K., & Weinfurt, K. (2008). Improving health care efficiency and quality using tablet personal computers to collect research-quality, patient-reported data. Health Services Research, 43(6), 1975–1991. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773. 2008.00887.x Ahmad, Z., Ho, H. L., Gill, S. S., Talib, A. T., & Ku Ariffin, K. H. (2006). Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia. (O. Fajar, Ed.). JOUR, Shah Alam. Ahmad Sabri, A. Z. S. (2011). 3 Ethnics under one roof. JOUR, Berlin: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. Ahmed, Z., Anang, R., Othman, N., & Sambasivan, M. (2013). To purchase or not to purchase US products: role of religiosity, animosity, and ethnocentrism among Malaysian consumers. Journal of Services Marketing, 27(7), 551–563. http://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-01-2012-0023 Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. JOUR. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1975). Beliefs, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and measurement. GEN, Addison-Wesley, Reading. Akrami, N., Ekehammar, B., & Araya, T. (2000). Classical and modern racial prejudice: A study of attitudes toward immigrants in Sweden. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(4), 521–532. JOUR. Retrieved from http://www.psyk.uu.se/digitalAssets/20/20164_Akrami-Ekehammar-Araya-2000-EJSP.pdf Alatas, S. H. (1977). The Myth of the Lazy Native. Oregon: Frank Cass and Company Ltd. http://doi.org/10.2307/1866085 Alexis, M. (1999). The economics of racism. The Review of Black Political Economy, 26(3), 51–75. JOUR. Al-Hyari, K., Alnsour, M., Al-Weshah, G., & Haffar, M. (2012). Religious beliefs and consumer behaviour: from loyalty to boycotts. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 3(2), 155–174. http://doi.org/10.1108/17590831211232564 Ali, S. H. (2008). The Malays, their problems and future. Kuala Lumpur: The Other Press. Amine, L. S. (2008). Country-of-origin, animosity and consumer response: Marketing implications of anti-Americanism and Francophobia. International Business Review, 17(4), 402–422. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2008.02.013 Anderson, S. E., & Gansneder, B. M. (1995). Using electronic mail surveys and computer-monitored data for studying computer-mediated communication systems. Social Science Computer Review, 13(1), 33–46. JOUR. Ang, S. H., Jung, K., Kau, A. K., Leong, S. M., Pornpitakpan, C., & Tan, S. J. (2004). Animosity towards economic giants: what the little guys think. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 21(3), 190–207. http://doi.org/10.1108/07363760410534740 Anonymous. (2009). Disagreement on Chin Peng ’ s apology. Retrieved February 24, 2015, from http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=/2009/11/23/ nation/5163656 Anonymous. (2014). MPs argue on who’s moderate. Retrieved February 24, 2015, from http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/11/10/mps-argue-whos-moderate/ Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20–39. JOUR. Asri, M., & Ghani, A. (2012). Transformasi dan Prestasi Perniagaan Usahawan Melayu Perusahaan Kecil dan Sederhana ( PKS ) di Johor Bahru Transformation and Business Performance of Malay Entrepreneurs in Small and Medium Enterprises in Johor. In Prosiding PERKEM VII: Transformasi Ekonomi dan Sosial ke arah Negara Maju (Vol. 1, pp. 696–708). Bagozzi, R. P. (1975). Marketing as exchange. The Journal of Marketing, 18, 382–388. http://doi.org/10.2307/3150980 Bagozzi, R. P., Gurhan-Canli, Z., & Priester, J. (2002). The social psychology of consumer behaviour. BOOK, McGraw-Hill International. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74–94. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327 Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L. W. (1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 421–458. JOUR. Bahaee, M., & Pisani, M. (2009a). Iranian consumer animosity and US products: a witch’s brew or elixir? International Business Review, 18, 199–210. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2009.02.002 Bahaee, M., & Pisani, M. (2009b). The use of the consumer ethnocentrism and consumer animosity scales in Iran: A research note. Thunderbird International Business Review, 51(2), 143–151. http://doi.org/10.1002/tie Bahaee, M., & Pisani, M. J. (2009c). Are Iranian consumers poised to “buy American” in a hostile bilateral environment? Business Horizons, 52(3), 223–232. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2008.11.004 Baharuddin, S. A. (2012). Modul hubungan etnik. Institut Kajian Etnik, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Balabanis, G., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2008). Brand Origin Identification by Consumers: A Classification Perspective. Journal of International Marketing. http://doi.org/10.1509/jimk.16.1.39 Balabanis, G., Diamantopoulos, A., Mueller, R. D., & Melewar, T. C. (2001). The Impact of Nationalism, Patriotism and Internationalism on Consumer Ethnocentric Tendencies. Journal of International Business Studies. http://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490943 Baltar, F., & Brunet, I. (2012). Social research 2.0: virtual snowball sampling method using Facebook. Internet Research, 22(1), 57–74. http://doi.org/10.1108/10662241211199960 Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. BOOK, Prentice-Hall. Bank_Negara_Malaysia. (2013). Economic and Financial Developments in the fourth quarter 2013. Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved from http://www.bnm.gov.my/files/publication/qb/2013/Q4/4Q2013_fullbook_en.pdf Barclay, D., Higgins, C., & Thompson, R. (1995). The partial least squares (PLS) approach to causal modeling: Personal computer adoption and use as an illustration. Technology Studies, 2(2), 285–309. JOUR. Barnard, T. P. (2004). Contesting Malayness: Malay identity across boundaries. BOOK, Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore. Batra, R., Ramaswamy, V., Alden, D., Steenkamp, J., & Ramachander, S. (2000). Effects of Brand Local and Nonlocal Origin on Consumer Attitudes in Developing Countries. Journal of Consumer Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP0902_3 BBCD. (2013a). Cina DAP bangga guna nama AHMAD untuk produk Pau. Retrieved May 15, 2015, from http://bbcdrasmi.blogspot.com/2013/08/cina-dap-banggaguna-nama-ahmad-untuk.html BBCD. (2013b). Jihad Kita! ... Tak Mau Sudah. Retrieved May 14, 2015, from http://bbcdrasmi.blogspot.com/2013/06/jihad-kitatak-mausudah.html#sthash.0AXrvwAw.dpbs BBCD. (2013c). Siapa BBCD? Siapa Kami? Retrieved May 14, 2015, from http://bbcdrasmi.blogspot.com/p/siapa-bbcd.html# sthash.v7SCFnOk.dpbs BBCDrasmi.blogspot.com. (2013). BBCD Kit Boikot Barangan Cina DAP vol.3. Bettman, J. R., Capon, N., & Lutz, R. J. (1986). Multiattribute Measurement Modelsand Multiattribute Attitude Theory : A Test ... Blair, G., & Imai, K. (2012). Statistical Analysis of List Experiments. Political Analysis, 20(1), 47–77. http://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpr048 Blanchard, F. A., Crandall, C. S., Brigham, J. C., & Vaughn, L. A. (1994). Condemning and condoning racism: A social context approach to interracial settings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(6), 993. JOUR. Boo, S.-L. (2014). “Are Malaysians racist?” video proves Sedition Act unnecessary, Saifuddin says. Boo, S.-L., & Izwan, M. (2013). “Racial” boycott will spook investors, stall economic reforms, warn business experts. Retrieved from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/racial-boycott-will-spookinvestors-stall-economic- reforms-warn-business-experts#sthash.gwOQelS0.dpuf Bristor, J. M., Lee, R. G., & Hunt, M. R. (1995). Race and ideology: African-American images in television advertising. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 48–59. JOUR. Brkic, N., Corbo, M., & Berberovic, D. (2011). Ethnocentrism and Animosity in Consumer Behavior in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Implications for Companies. Journal of Economics and Business, 9(1), 45–61. Brynjolfsson, E., & Hitt, L. M. (2000). Beyond computation: Information technology,organizational transformation and business performance. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23–48. JOUR. Butt, M. M., & Run, E. C. De. (2010). Ethnic advertising: adolescents’ attitudes towards target and non-target advertisements. Young Consumers: Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers, 11(3), 189–203. http://doi.org/10.1108/17473611011074269 Carter, L. L., & Maher, A. a. (2014). Assessing Consumers’ Willingness to Buy Foreign Goods: An Integrative Modeling Approach. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 6(3), 23–34. http://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v6n3p23 Census. (2011). Population distribution and basic demographic characteristics 2010, Dept of Statistics, Malaysia. Dept of Statistics, Malaysia, 1–133. Chattaraman, V., & Lennon, S. J. (2008). Ethnic identity , consumption of cultural apparel, and self-perceptions of ethnic consumers. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 12(4), 518–531. http://doi.org/10.1108/13612020810906164 Chen, Y.-P., Shaffer, M., Westman, M., Chen, S., Lazarova, M., & Reiche, S. (2014). Family Role Performance: Scale Development and Validation. Applied Psychology, 63(1), 190–218. http://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12005 Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In Modern Methods for Business Research (Vol. 295, pp. 295–336). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.12.010 Chin, W. W., & Newsted, P. R. (1999). Structural Equation Modeling Analysis with Small Samples Using Partial Least Squares. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Statistical Strategies for Small Sample Research (pp. 307–341). JOUR, Duke University, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Chryssochoidis, G., Krystallis, A., & Perreas, P. (2007). Ethnocentric beliefs and country-of-origin (COO) effect: Impact of country, product and product attributes on Greek consumers’ evaluation of food products. European Journal of Marketing, 41(11/12), 1518–1544. http://doi.org/10.1108/03090560710821288 Cianfrone, B. a., Zhang, J. J., & Ko, Y. J. (2011). Dimensions of motivation associated with playing sport video games: Modification and extension of the Sport Video Game Motivation Scale. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 1(2), 172–189. http://doi.org/10.1108/20426781111146763 Clark, R. (2004). Interethnic Group and Intraethnic Group Racism: Perceptions and Coping in Black University Students. Journal of Black Psychology, 30(4), 506–526. http://doi.org/10.1177/0095798404268286 Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (Vol. 2nd). http://doi.org/10.1234/12345678 Cohen, J. (1992a). Quantitative Methods in Psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. Cohen, J. (1992b). Statistical Power Analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science1, 1(3), 98–101. Cooper, D., & Schindler, P. S. (2008). Business Research Method (10th ed.). BOOK, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Cumberland, F., Solgaard, H. S., & Nikodemska-Wolowik, A. M. (2010). The Effectsof Consumer Ethnocentrism and Country of Origin on Polish Consumers’ Evaluation of Foreign Manufactured Products. Journal of East-West Business, 16(3), 231–252. http://doi.org/10.1080/10669868.2010.523374 Darling, J. R., & Arnold, D. R. (1988). Foreign consumers’ perspective of the products and marketing practices of the United States versus selected European countries. Journal of Business Research, 17(3), 237–248. JOUR. Darling, J. R., & Wood, V. R. (1990). A longitudinal study comparing perceptions of US and Japanese consumer products in a third/neutral country: Finland 1975 to1985. Journal of International Business Studies, 427–450. JOUR. Darrat, M. (2011). A conceptual investigation into the effects of cultural animosity on Middle Eastern consumers’ purchase intentions. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2(1), 5–13. http://doi.org/10.1108/17590831111115204 Dawar, N., & Pillutla, M. M. (2000). Impact of product-harm crises on brand equity: The moderating role of consumer expectations. Journal of Marketing Research, 37(2), 215–226. JOUR. DeLamater, J. D., & Myers, D. J. (2011). Social Psychology. JOUR, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Carnegie Learning. Deshpande, R., Hoyer, W. D., & Donthu, N. (1986). The Intensity of Ethnic Affiliation: A Study of the Sociology of Hispanic Consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(2), 214–220. http://doi.org/10.1086/209061 Deutskens, E., de Ruyter, K., & Wetzels, M. (2006). An assessment of equivalence between online and mail surveys in service research. Journal of Service Research, 8(4), 346–355. JOUR. Dillman, D. a. (2005). Survey Mode as a Source of Instability in Responses across Surveys. Field Methods, 17(1), 30–52. http://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X04269550 Dmitrovic, T., Vida, I., & Reardon, J. (2009). Purchase behavior in favor of domestic products in the West Balkans. International Business Review, 18(5), 523–535. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2009.05.003 Donthu, N., & Cherian, J. (1994). Impact of strength of ethnic identification on Hispanic shopping behavior. Journal of Retailing, 70(4), 383–393. http://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4359(94)90006-X Dovidio, J. F. J. J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. S. (2000). Aversive racism and selection decisions: 1989 and 1999. Psychological Science, 11(4), 315–319. JOUR. Retrieved from http://pss.sagepub.com/content/11/4/315.short Drabble, J. H. (2000). An economic history of Malaysia, c. 1800-1990: The transition to modern economic growth. BOOK, Macmillan Basingstoke. Dunton, B. C., & Fazio, R. H. (1997). An individual difference measure of motivation to control prejudiced reactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 316–326. JOUR. Essoo, N., & Dibb, S. (2004). Religious influences on shopping behaviour: an exploratory study. Journal of Marketing Management, 20(7–8), 683–712. JOUR. Essoussi, L. H., & Merunka, D. (2007). Consumers’ product evaluations in emerging markets: Does country of design, country of manufacture, or brand image matter? International Marketing Review, 24(4), 409–426. http://doi.org/10.1108/02651330710760991 Ettenson, R. (1993). Brand name and country of origin effects in the emerging marketeconomies of Russia, Poland and Hungary. International Marketing Review, 10(5). Ettenson, R., & Klein, J. G. (2005). The fallout from French nuclear testing in the South Pacific: A longitudinal study of consumer boycotts. International Marketing Review, 22(2), 199–224. http://doi.org/10.1108/02651330510593278 Fam, K. S., Waller, D. S., & Erdogan, B. Z. (2004). The influence of religion on attitudes towards the advertising of controversial products. European Journal of Marketing, 38(5/6), 537–555. http://doi.org/10.1108/03090560410529204 Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: a bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1013. JOUR. Feagin, J. R., & Feagin, C. B. (1996). Racial and Ethnic Relations (5th ed.). GEN, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. Fernández-Ferrín, P., & Bande-Vilela, B. (2013). Regional ethnocentrism: Antecedents, consequences, and moderating effects. Food Quality and Preference, 30(2), 299–308. JOUR. Fernández-Ferrín, P., Bande-Vilela, B., Klein, J. G., & Río-Araújo, M. L. . (2015). Consumer ethnocentrism and consumer animosity: Antecedents and consequences. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 10(1), 73–88. http://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-08-2012-00102 Ferrín, P. F., & Vilela, B. B. (2015). Attitudes and reactions of Galician (Spanish) consumers towards the purchase of products from other regions. Global Business and Economics Review, 17(2), 131. http://doi.org/10.1504/GBER.2015.068563 Finn, A., & Kayande, U. (2004). Scale modification: alternative approaches and their consequences. Journal of Retailing, 80(1), 37–52. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2004.01.003 Fischer, J. (2008). Proper Islamic consumption: Shopping among the Malays in modern Malaysia. Copenhagen, Denmark: NIAS press. Fishbein, M. (1963). An investigation of the relationship between beliefs about an object and the attitude toward that object. Human Relations. JOUR. Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. BOOK, Academic Press. Galliher, J. M., Stewart, T. V., Pathak, P. K., Werner, J. J., Dickinson, L. M., & Hickner, J. M. (2008). Data collection outcomes comparing paper forms with PDA forms in an office-based patient survey. Annals of Family Medicine, 6(2), 154–160. http://doi.org/10.1370/afm.762 Garner, S. (2010). Racisms: an introduction. BOOK, Sage. Gaudart, H. (1999). Games as teaching tools for teaching English to speakers of other languages. Simulation & Gaming, 30(3), 283–291. JOUR. Gaulier, G., Lemoine, F., & Deniz, Ü.-K. (2007). China’s emergence and the reorganisation of trade flows in Asia. China Economic Review, 18(3), 209–243. JOUR. Geisser, S. (1974). A predictive approach to the random effect model. Biometrika, 61, 101–107. http://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/61.1.101 Ghauri, P., & Gronhaug, K. (2010). Research Methods in Business Studies. JOUR, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Gomez, E. T. (2003). Affirmative action and enterprise development in Malaysia: the new economic policy, business partnerships and inter-ethnic relations. Kajian Malaysia, XXI (1 & 2), 59–104. Grégoire, Y., & Fisher, R. J. (2006). The effects of relationship quality on customer retaliation. Marketing Letters, 17(1), 31–46. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-006-3796-4 Hair, J., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed., Vol. 6). New Jersey: Pearson Educational, Inc. Hair, J., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). BOOK, SAGE Publications, Incorporated. Hair, J., Ringle, C. M. C., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. http://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202 Hair, J., Sarstedt, M., Pieper, T. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2012). The Use of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling in Strategic Management Research: A Review of Past Practices and Recommendations for Future Applications. Long Range Planning, 45(5–6), 320–340. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2012.09.008 Hair, J., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M. C., & Mena, J. A. J. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414–433. JOUR. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6 Hair, J., Wolfinbarger, M. F., Ortinau, D. J., & Bush, R. P. (2010). Essentials of Marketing Research (Second Edi). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Hamin, & Elliott, G. (2006). A less-developed country perspective of consumer ethnocentrism and “country of origin” effects: Indonesian evidence. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 18(2), 79–92. http://doi.org/10.1108/13555850610658246 Han, C. M. (1989). Country image: halo or summary construct? Journal of Marketing Research, 26(2), 222–229. JOUR. Han, C. M., & Terpstra, V. (1988). Country-of-origin effects for uni-national and binational products. Journal of International Business Studies, 235–255. JOUR. Harris, R., Tobias, M., Jeffreys, M., Waldegrave, K., Karlsen, S., & Nazroo, J. (2006). Racism and health: The relationship between experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand. Social Science and Medicine, 63, 1428–1441. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.04.009 Harzing, A., Reiche, S., & Pudelko, M. (2013). Challenges in International Survey Research : A review with illustrations and suggested solutions for best practice. European Journal of International Management, 7(1), 112–134. Henseler, J. (2012). PLS-MGA: A Non-Parametric Approach to Partial Least SquaresbasedMulti- Group Analysis. In W. A. Gaul, A. Geyer-Schulz, L. Schmidt-Thieme, & J. Kunze (Eds.), Challenges at the Interface of Data Analysis, Computer Science, and Optimization (pp. 495–501). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24466-7 Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling in international Marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20(2009), 277–319. http://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014 Herche, J., & Balasubramanian, S. (1994). Ethnicity and Shopping Behaviour. Journal of Shopping Center Research. Hill, S. R., & Paphitis, K. (2011). Can consumers be racist?: An investigation of the effect of consumer racism on product purchase. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 23(1), 57–71. http://doi.org/10.1108/13555851111099998 Hilton, C. B. (1992). Japanese international business communication: The place of English. Journal of Business Communication, 29(3), 253–265. JOUR. Hinck, W. (2005). The Role of Domestic Animosity in Consumer Choice: Empirical Evidence from Germany. Journal of Euromarketing, 14(1/2), 87–104. http://doi.org/10.1300/J037v14n01_05 Hogg. (2001). A Social Identity Theory of Leadership. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(3), 184–200. http://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0503_1 Hogg, M., & Terry, D. I. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 121–140. JOUR. Hogg, M., & Vaughan, G. (2010). Essentials of social psychology. BOOK, Pearson Education. Hollensen, S. (2011). Global marketing: A decision-oriented approach (5th ed.). BOOK, Essex England: Pearson education limited. Hong, C., Hu, W., Prieger, J., & Zhu, D. (2010). French Automobiles and the Chinese Boycotts of 2008: Politics Really Does Affect Commerce. The BE Journal of Economic …. Retrieved from http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bejeap.2011.11. issue.1/bejeap.2011.11.1.2681/bejeap.2011.11.1. 2681.xml Hong, S.-T., & Kang, D. K. (2006). Country-of-origin influences on product evaluations: The impact of animosity and perceptions of industriousness brutality on judgments of typical and atypical products. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 16(3), 232–239. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76–99). JOUR, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Huang, Y., Phau, I., & Lin, C. (2008). Consumer animosity , economic hardship , and normative influence How do they affect consumers’ purchase, 44(7), 909–937. http://doi.org/10.1108/03090561011047463 Huang, Y., Phau, I., & Lin, C. (2010). Effects of Animosity and Allocentrism on Consumer Ethnocentrism : Social Identity on Consumer Willingness to Purchase. Asia Pacific Management Review, 15(3), 359–376. Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 195. http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199902) 20:2<195::AIDSMJ13>3.3.CO;2-Z Idris, A. (2008). An Analysis of Malay-Sino Relations in Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 4(2), 3–12. Imai, K. (2011). Multivariate Regression Analysis for the Item Count Technique. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 106(494), 407–416. http://doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2011.ap10415 Izwan, M. (2015). Minister calls for Malay boycott of Chinese businesses to lower prices. Retrieved May 15, 2015, from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/minister-calls-for-malayboycott-of-chinese-businesses-to-lower-prices#sthash.RYkhIO0c.dpuf Jakobowicz, E., & Derquenne, C. (2007). A modified PLS path modeling algorithm handling reflective categorical variables and a new model building strategy. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 51(8), 3666–3678. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2006.12.004 Jamal, A. (2003). Marketing in a multicultural world The interplay of marketing ethnicity and consumption minority consumers; and. European Journal of Marketing, 37(11), 1599–1620. http://doi.org/10.1108/03090560310495375 Johny, K., Ilkka, A., & Michael, R. (1994). Negative country-of-origin effects : The case of the new Russia. Josiassen, A., Assaf, a. G., & Karpen, I. O. (2011). Consumer ethnocentrism and willingness to buy: Analyzing the role of three demographic consumer characteristics. International Marketing Review, 28(6), 627–646. http://doi.org/10.1108/02651331111181448 Jung, K., Ang, S. H., Leong, S. M., Tan, S. J., Pornpitakpan, C., & Kau, a. K. (2002). A Typology of Animosity and its Cross-National Validation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(6), 525–539. http://doi.org/10.1177/0022022102238267 Kacen, J. J., & Lee, J. A. (2002). The Influence of Culture on Consumer Impulsive Buying Behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12(2), 163–176. http://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP1202_08 Kamal, S. M. (2011). DAP calls Utusan’s Christian Malaysia report a “dangerous lie” - See more at: Retrieved May 18, 2015, from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/dap-calls-utusans-christianmalaysia-report-a- dangerous-lie#sthash.uDOle7Oi.dpuf Kamal, S. M. (2012). DAP world ’ s most racist party , says Utusan. Retrieved February 25, 2015, from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/ malaysia/article/dap-worldsmost-racist-party- says-utusan Kamaruddin, A. R., Mokhlis, S., & Othman, N. (2002). Ethnocentrism Orientation and Choice Decisions of Malaysian Consumers : The Effects of Socio- Cultural and Demographic Factors. Asia Pacific Management Review, 7(4), 555–574. Kamarudin, R. P. (2014). Only malays are racists. Keil, M., Tan, B. C. Y., Wei, K.-K., Saarinen, T., Tuunainen, V., & Wassenaar, A. (2000). A cross-cultural study on escalation of commitment behavior in software projects. Mis Quarterly, 299–325. JOUR. Khoo, B. T. (2005). Ethnic Structure , Inequality and Governance in the Public Sector : Malaysian Experiences. Geneva: United Nations Research Istitute for Social Development. Retrieved from http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/search/19309421DF6D65D3C12570FA00392E12?OpenDocument Kim, N., Min, S., & Chaiy, S. (2015). Why Do Firms Enter a New Product Market? A Two‐Dimensional Framework for Market Entry Motivation and Behavior. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 32(2), 263–278. JOUR. Klein, J. G. (2002). Us Versus Them, or Us Versus Everyone? Delineating Consumer Aversion to Foreign Goods. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 345–363. Klein, J. G., & Ettenson, R. (1999). Consumer animosity and consumer ethnocentrism: an analysis of unique antecedents. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 11(4), 5–24. JOUR. Klein, J. G., Ettenson, R., & Krishnan, B. C. (2006). Extending the construct of consumer ethnocentrism: when foreign products are preferred. International Marketing Review, 23(3), 304–321. http://doi.org/10.1108/02651330610670460 Klein, J. G., Ettenson, R., & Morris, M. D. (1998). The Animosity Model of Foreign Product Purchase: An Empirical Test in the People’s Republic of China. Journal of Marketing, 62(1), 89. http://doi.org/10.2307/1251805 Klein, J. G., Smith, N. C., & John, A. (2004). Why We Boycott : Consumer Motivations for Boycott Participation. Journal of Marketing, 68(July), 92–109. JOUR. Knight, J. L., Hebl, M. R., Foster, J. B., & Mannix, L. M. (2003). Out of role? Out of luck: The influence of race and leadership status on performance appraisals. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(3), 85–93. JOUR. Korte, R. F. (2007). A review of social identity theory with implications for training and development. Journal of European Industrial Training, 31(3), 166–180. http://doi.org/10.1108/03090590710739250 Kortteinen, T. (2008). Negotiating Ethnic Identities: Alcohol as a Social Marker in East and West Malaysia. Akademika, 72 (Januar, 25–44. Retrieved from http://pkukmweb.ukm.my/~penerbit/akademika/jademik.html Krosnick, J. a., & Presser, S. (2010). Question and Questionnaire Design. Handbook of Survey Research. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10115.x Kua, K. S. (2011). May 13: Declassified documents on the Malaysian riots of 1969. Suaram. Laroche, M., Papadopoulos, N., Heslop, L. A., & Mourali, M. (2005). The influence of country image structure on consumer evaluations of foreign products. International Marketing Review, 22(1), 96–115. http://doi.org/10.1108/02651330510581190 Lax, J. R., Phillips, J. H., & Stollwerk, A. F. (2014). Are Survey Respondents Lying About their Support for Same-Sex Marriage ? Lessons from A Recent List Experiment. Leclerc, F., Schmitt, B. H., & Dube, L. (1994). Foreign Branding and Its Effects on Product Perceptions and Attitudes. Journal of Marketing Research, 31, 263. http://doi.org/10.2307/3152198 Lee, H. ., & Khalid, M. A. (2012). Degrees of discrimination in malaysia. Vasa, 1–38. Retrieved from http://medcontent.metapress.com/index/A65RM03P4874243N.pdf Lee, K., Yang, G., & Graham, J. L. (2006). Tension and trust in international business negotiations: American executives negotiating with Chinese executives. Journal of International Business Studies, 623–641. http://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400215 Lee, R., & Mazodier, M. (2015). The roles of consumer ethnocentrism, animosity, and cosmopolitanism in sponsorship effects. European Journal of Marketing, 49(5/6). http://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000001104 Lee, Y. F. (2014). Identiti Cina Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya. Leong, S. M., Cote, J. a, Ang, S. H., Tan, S. J., Jung, K., Kau, A. K., & Pornpitakpan, C. (2008). Understanding consumer animosity in an international crisis: nature, antecedents, and consequences. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(6), 996–1009. http://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400392 Levin, S., & Sidanius, J. (1999). Social dominance and social identity in the United States and Israel: Ingroup favoritism or outgroup derogation? Political Psychology, 20(1), 99–126. JOUR. Lewis, K., Kaufman, J., Gonzalez, M., Wimmer, A., & Christakis, N. (2008). Tastes, ties, and time: A new social network dataset using Facebook.com. Social Networks, 30(4), 330–342. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2008.07.002 Li, C., Tsai, S., & Soruco, G. (2013). Perceived “Hispanicness” versus “Americanness”: A study of brand ethnicity with Hispanic consumers. International Journal of Advertising, 32(3), 443. http://doi.org/10.2501/IJA-32-3-443-465 Li, F., & Shooshtari, N. H. (2006). On Toyota’s misstep in advertising its Land Cruiser SUV in Beijing: A distortion of consumers’ sociolinguistic system. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 18(4), 61–78. JOUR. Lim, R. (2008). Federal-state Relations in Sabah, Malaysia: The Berjaya Administration, 1976-85. BOOK, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Lindquist, J. D., Vida, I., Plank, R. E., & Fairhurst, A. (2001). The modified CETSCALE: validity tests in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. International Business Review, 10(5), 505–516. JOUR. Lituchy, T. R., & Rail, A. (2000). Bed and breakfasts, small inns, and the Internet: The impact of technology on the globalization of small businesses. Journal of International Marketing, 8(2), 86–97. JOUR. Lohmöller, J.-B. (1989). Latent variable path modeling with partial least squares. BOOK, Physica-Verlag Heidelberg. Lowry, P. B., & Gaskin, J. (2014). Partial Least Squares (PLS) Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for Building and Testing Behavioral Causal Theory: When to Choose It and How to Use It. Professional Communication, IEEE Transactions on, 57(2), 123–146. JOUR. Luque-Martinez, T., Ibanez-Zapata, J., & Barrio-Garcia, S. del. (2000). An assessment of the reliability and validity of the CETSCALE in Spain Consumer ethnocentrism measurement, 34(11), 1353–1373. MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2012). Common Method Bias in Marketing: Causes, Mechanisms, and Procedural Remedies. Journal of Retailing, 88(4), 542–555. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2012.08.001 Madden, T. J., Ellen, P. S., & Ajzen, I. (1992). A Comparison of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Theory of Reasoned Action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(1), 3–9. http://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292181001 Magnusson, P., Westjohn, S. A., & Zdravkovic, S. (2011). “What? I thought Samsung was Japanese”: accurate or not, perceived country of origin matters. International Marketing Review, 28(5), 454–472. JOUR. Maher, A. a., Clark, P., & Maher, A. (2010). International consumer admiration and the persistence of animosity. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 27(5), 414–424. http://doi.org/10.1108/07363761011063312 Maher, A. a., & Mady, S. (2010). Animosity, subjective norms, and anticipated emotions during an international crisis. International Marketing Review, 27(6), 630–651. http://doi.org/10.1108/02651331011088263 Majlis-Gerakan-Negara. (1969). Tragedi 13 Mei: Laporan oleh Majlis Gerakan Negara. (A. R. Hussein, Ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Majlis Gerakan Negara. Mak, A. S., & Nesdale, D. (2001). Migrant Distress: The Role of Perceived Racial Discrimination and Coping Resources1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(12), 2632–2647. JOUR. Martin, I. M., & Eroglu, S. (1993). Measuring a multi-dimensional construct: countryimage. Journal of Business Research, 28(3), 191–210. JOUR. Masron, T., Masami, F., & Ismail, N. (2013). Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia : Population, Spatial Distribution and Socio-Economic Condition. Ritsumeikan Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 6, 75–115. Retrieved from http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/re/k-rsc/hss/book/ pdf/vol06_07.pdf McConahay, J. B. (1983). Modern Racism and Modern Discrimination The Effects of Race, Racial Attitudes, and Context on Simulated Hiring Decisions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(4), 551–558. JOUR. McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. JOUR. Mcconahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has Racism Declined in America?It depends on who is asking and what is asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25(4), 563–579. McConahay, J. B., & Hough, J. C. (1976). Symbolic racism. Journal of Social Issues, 32(2), 23–45. JOUR. McCracken, G. (1989). Who is the celebrity endorser? Cultural foundations of the endorsement process. Journal of Consumer Research, 310–321. JOUR. McDonald, H., & Adam, S. (2003). A comparison of online and postal data collection methods in marketing research. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 21(2), 85–95. JOUR. McMorris, B. J., Petrie, R. S., Catalano, R. F., Fleming, C. B., Haggerty, K. P., & Abbott, R. D. (2009). Use of web and in-person survey modes to gather data from young adults on sex and drug use: an evaluation of cost, time, and survey error based on a randomized mixed-mode design. Evaluation Review, 33(2), 138–158. http://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X08326463 Meade, A. W., & Craig, S. B. (2012). Identifying careless responses in survey data. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 437–455. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0028085 Meade, A. W., Watson, A. M., & Kroustalis, C. M. (2007). Assessing Common Methods Bias in Organizational Research, (1994). Merdeka Center for Opinion Research. (2006). Introduction Survey Objectives Methodology Main Findings Perception and Expectation on Ethnic Relation Understanding and Trust Personal Experience and Social Interaction Perception on Citizenship , Equality and Solidarity Conclusions. Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved from http://www.merdeka.org Merdeka Center for Opinion Research. (2011). Survey on Ethnic Relations 2011 Peninsular Malaysia Perception towards Ethnic Relations : Sentiment , interaction & public policies. Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved from http://www.merdeka.org Milne, R. S. (1965). Political parties in Sarawak and Sabah. Journal of Southeast Asian History, 6(2), 104–117. JOUR. Minai, M. S., Ibrahim, Y., & Kheng, L. K. (2012). Entrepreneurial Network in Malaysia : Are There Any Differences Across Ethnic Groups ? Journal of Business and Policy Research, 7(1), 178–192. Mintu-Wimsatt, A., & Graham, J. L. (2004). Testing a negotiation model on Canadian anglophone and Mexican exporters. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 32(3), 345–356. JOUR. Mohd Noor, M., Abdul Aziz, A. R., & Iskandar Lee, M. A. (2006). Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia. JOUR, Petaling Jaya: Prentice Hall. Mostafa, M. M. (2010). A Structural Equation Analysis of the Animosity Model of Foreign Product Purchase in Egypt. Global Business Review, 11(3), 347–363. http://doi.org/10.1177/097215091001100303 Muhammad, N., & Che Razak, R. (2004). Consumer Ethnocentrism: The Relationshipwith Domestic Products Evaluation and Buying Preferences. International Journal of Management Studies, 11(Special Issues), 29–44. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbdv.200490137/abstract Nagashima, A. (1970). A comparison of Japanese and US attitudes toward foreign products. The Journal of Marketing, 68–74. JOUR. Nesdale, D., Rooney, R., & Smith, L. (1997). Migrant ethnic identity and psychological distress. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28(5), 569–588. JOUR. Newell, S. M., Logan, H. L., Guo, Y., Marks, J. G., & Shepperd, J. a. (2015). Evaluating Tablet Computers as a Survey Tool in Rural Communities. The Journal of Rural Health, 31(1), 108–117. JOUR. http://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12095 Ng, E. (2015). DAP supported Razak’ s NEP, until it became “Umno-putra” agenda, says Kit Siang. Retrieved February 24, 2015, from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/dap-supported-razaks-nepuntil- it-became-umno-putra-agenda-says-kit-siang Nijssen, E. J., & Douglas, S. P. (2004). Examining the animosity model in a country with a high level of foreign trade. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 21(1), 23–38. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3) McGraw-Hill. New York. JOUR. Oppermann, M. (1995). E-mail surveys--potentials and pitfalls. Marketing Research, 7(3), 29–33. JOUR. Ouellet, J.-F. (2005). Consumer Racism and Its Effects on Attitude. Advances in Consumer Research, 32, 422–428. Retrieved from http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/v32/acr_vol32_122.pdf Ouellet, J.-F. (2007). Consumer Racism and Its Effects on Domestic Cross-Ethnic Product Purchase : An Empirical Test in the. Journal of Marketing, 71(January), 113–128. Ouellet, J.-F., Beaunoyer, M., & Lacroix, C. (2009). Consumer Sexism: Scale Development and Validation. Advances in Consumer Research, 8, 100–105. Retrieved from http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/ap08/ap_2009_vol8_139.pdf Pappu, R., Quester, P. G., & Cooksey, R. W. (2007). Country image and consumerbased brand equity : relationships and implications for international marketing, 726–745. http://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400293 Paradies, Y., & Cunningham, J. (2009). Experiences of racism among urban Indigenous Australians: findings from the DRUID study. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(3), 548–573. http://doi.org/10.1080/01419870802065234 Patel, A. (2014). Malaysian education : what do the poor really want ? Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved from http://ideas.org.my/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ PolicyNo12-lowres2.pdf Peter, J. P., & Olson, J. (2009). Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategy (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Petersen, B., Welch, L. S., & Liesch, P. W. (2002). The Internet and Foreign Market Expansion by Firms. Management International Review, 42(2), 207–221. Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(1), 57–75. JOUR. Pires, G., & Stanton, J. (2000). Marketing services to ethnic consumers in culturally diverse markets: issues and implications. Journal of Services Marketing, 14(7), 607–618. http://doi.org/10.1108/08876040010352772 Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 Poon, P., Evangelista, F., & Albaum, G. (2010). Attitudes of migrants towards foreignmade products: an exploratory study of migrants in Australia. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 27(1), 35–42. http://doi.org/10.1108/07363761011012930 Putra, T. A. R. (2012). 13 Mei Sebelum dan Selepas (3rd ed.). BOOK, Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publication & Distributors. Qing, P., Lobo, A., & Chongguang, L. (2012). The impact of lifestyle and ethnocentrism on consumers’ purchase intentions of fresh fruit in China. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(1), 43–51. http://doi.org/10.1108/07363761211193037 Rahim, L. Z. (2004). Dilema Singapura: peminggiran politik dan pelajaran masyarakat Melayu. (Y. Ali, Ed.). BOOK, Kuala Lumpur: ITBM. Ramo, D. E., & Prochaska, J. J. (2012). Broad reach and targeted recruitment using Facebook for an online survey of young adult substance use. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14(1), e28. http://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1878 Reinartz, W., Haenlein, M., & Henseler, J. (2009). An empirical comparison of the efficacy of covariance-based and variance-based SEM. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(4), 332–344. JOUR. Revilla, M. a., Saris, W. E., & Krosnick, J. A. (2013). Choosing the Number of Categories in Agree-Disagree Scales. Sociological Methods & Research, 43(1), 73–97. http://doi.org/10.1177/0049124113509605 Riefler, P., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2007). Consumer animosity: a literature review and a reconsideration of its measurement. International Marketing Review, 24(1), 87–119. http://doi.org/10.1108/02651330710727204 Rigdon, E. E., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2011). Assessing Heterogeneity in Customer satisfaction studies: Across industry similarities and within industry differences. Advances in International Marketing, 22(2011), 169– 194. http://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2011) 0000022011 Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Mooi, E. A. (2010). Data Mining. (R. Stahlbock, S. F. Crone, & S. Lessmann, Eds.) (Vol. 8). Boston, MA: Springer US. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1280-0 Ringle, C., Wende, S., & Will, A. (2005). SmartPLS 2.0 (M3) Beta, Hamburg. GEN. Rofie, M. K. (2010). Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia: Realiti dan Cabaran. CONF, Jitra: Pure Honey Enterprise. Rose, M., Rose, G. M., & Shoham, A. (2009). The impact of consumer animosity on attitudes towards foreign goods: a study of Jewish and Arab Israelis. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 26(5), 330–339. http://doi.org/10.1108/07363760910976583 Rosenberg, M. J., & Hovland, C. I. (1960). Cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of attitudes. Attitude Organization and Change: An Analysis of Consistency among Attitude Components, 3, 1–14. JOUR. Roslan, A. H. (2001). Income inequality, poverty and development policy in Malaysia. In Conference on Poverty and Sustainable development (p. Vol. 4). University Montesquieu-Bordeaux. Run, E. C. De. (2007). Ethnically targeted advertising: views of those not targeted. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 19(3), 265–285. http://doi.org/10.1108/13555850710772932 Run, E. C. De, & Fah, C. S. (2006). Language Use in Packaging : The Reaction of Malay and Chinese Consumers In Malaysia. Sunway Academic Journal, 145(3), 133–145. Saffu, K., Walker, J. H., & Mazurek, M. (2010). The role of consumer ethnocentrism in a buy national campaign in a transitioning country: Some evidence from Slovakia. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 5(2), 203–226. Said, E. (1979). Orientalism. 1978. New York: Vintage, 1994. JOUR. Sakarya, S., Eckman, M., & Hyllegard, K. H. (2007). Market selection for international expansion: Assessing opportunities in emerging markets. International Marketing Review, 24(2), 208–238. http://doi.org/10.1108/02651330710741820 Samiee, S., Shimp, T. A., & Sharma, S. (2005). Brand origin recognition accuracy: its antecedents and consumers’ cognitive limitations. Journal of International Business Studies. http://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400145 Sarstedt, M., Schwaiger, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2009). Do we fully understand the critical success factors of customer satisfaction with industrial goods?-extending Festge and Schwaiger’s model to account for unobserved heterogeneity. Journal of Business Market Management, 3(3), 185–206. JOUR. Saucier, D. a, Hockett, J. M., Zanotti, D. C., & Heffel, S. (2010). Effects of racism on perceptions and punishment of intra- and interracial crimes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(10), 1767–84. http://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509358386 Saucier, D., & Miller, C. T. (2003). The persuasiveness of racial arguments as a subtle measure of racism. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(10), 1303–15. http://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203254612 Schmidt, M. J., & Hollensen, S. (2006). Marketing research: An international approach. BOOK, England: Pearson education. Schooler, R. D. (1965). Product bias in the Central American common market. Journal of Marketing Research, 394–397. JOUR. Seidenfuss, K.-U., Kathawala, Y., & Dinnie, K. (2013). Regional and country ethnocentrism: broadening ASEAN origin perspectives. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 25(2), 298–320. http://doi.org/10.1108/13555851311314077 Shankarmahesh, M. N. (2006). Consumer ethnocentrism: an integrative review of its antecedents and consequences. International Marketing Review, 23(2), 146–172. http://doi.org/10.1108/02651330610660065 Sharma, S., Shimp, T. A., & Shin, J. (1995). Consumer ethnocentrism: a test of antecedents and moderators. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 23(1), 26–37. Sharma, S., Shimp, T. A., & Shin, J. (1995). Consumer Ethnocentrism A test of Antecendents and Moderators.pdf. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 23(1), 26–37. JOUR. Sheehan, K. B. (2001). E-mail Survey Response Rates: A Review. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6(2), 0. JOUR. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2001.tb00117.x Shibutani, T., & Kwan, K. M. (1965). Ethnic stratification. A Comparative Approach. New York: Mac-Millan. JOUR. Shimp, T. A., Dunn, T. H., & Klein, J. G. (2004). Remnants of the US Civil War and modern consumer behavior. Psychology & Marketing, 21(2), 75–91. Shimp, T. A., & Sharma, S. (1987). Consumer Ethnocentrism : Construction and Validation of the CETSCALE. Journal of Marketing Research, XXIV(August),280–289. Shuttleworth, M. (2009). Research Bias. Retrieved from https://explorable.com/research-bias Siemieniako, D., Kubacki, K., Gli#ska, E., Krot, K., Glinska, E., & Krot, K. (2011). National and regional ethnocentrism: a case study of beer consumers in Poland. British Food Journal, 113(3), 404–418. Smith, M., & Li, Q. (2010). The boycott model of foreign product purchase: an empirical test in China. Asian Review of Accounting, 18(2), 106–130. http://doi.org/10.1108/13217341011059381 Smith, N. C., & Cooper-Martin, E. (1997). Ethics and target marketing: The role of product harm and consumer vulnerability. The Journal of Marketing, 1–20. JOUR. Sommers, S. R., & Norton, M. I. (2006). Lay Theories About White Racists: What Constitutes Racism (and What Doesn’t). Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 9(1), 117–138. http://doi.org/10.1177/1368430206059881 SPSS, I. B. M. (2010). SPSS for Windows (version 19) SPSS. Inc., Chicago, Illinois. JOUR. Stayman, D. M., & Deshpande, R. (1989). Situational Ethnicity and Consumer Behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(3), 361. http://doi.org/10.1086/209222 Stewart, B. (2004). Smashing Terrorism in the Malayan Emergency: The Vital Contribution of the Police. BOOK, Pelanduk Publications Sdn Bhd. Stoltman, J. J., Lim, Y. K., & Morgan, F. W. (1991). The effect of country of origin, product familiarity and ethnocentrism on the acceptance of foreign products. In Marketing Theory and Applications, Academy of Marketing Winter Educators Conference (pp. 82–89). CONF, International Business Press. Stone, M. (1974). Cross-Validatory Choice and Assessment of Statistical Predictions. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 36, 111–147. http://doi.org/10.2307/2984809 Supphellen, M., & Rittenburg, T. L. (2001). Consumer ethnocentrism when foreign products are better. Psychology & Marketing, 18(9), 907–927. JOUR. 218 Suryanidata, L. (2007). Ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia: Problems and Prospects. In Understanding the Ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia (pp. 11–28). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Tai, W.-P., & Soong, J.-J. (2014). Trade Relations Between China and Southeast. Chinese Economy, 47(3), 23–39. http://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475470302 Tajfel, H. (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. BOOK, Academic Press. Tajfel, H. (1982). Social Psychology of Intergroup relations. Annual Review Psychology, 33, 1–39. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). BOOK, Chicago: Nelson-Hall Chicago. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 33(47), 74. JOUR. Tan, C. B. (2002). Chinese minority in a Malay state: The case of Terengganu in Malaysia. BOOK, Marshall Cavendish Academic. Taylor, C. R., & Lee, J. Y. (1994). Not in vogue: Portrayals of Asian Americans in magazine advertising. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 239–245. JOUR. Teo, P., Mohamad, O., & Ramayah, T. (2011). Testing the dimensionality of Consumer Ethnocentrism Scale ( CETSCALE ) among a young Malaysian consumer market segment. African Journal of Business Management, 5(7), 2805–2816. http://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM10.1185 Thock, K. P. (2007). Ketuanan politik Melayu: pandangan kaum Cina (Malay political supremacy: The Chinese view) (2nd Editio). BOOK, Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya. Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007). Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychological Bulletin, 133(5), 859–83. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859 Truell, A. D., Bartlett, J. E., & Alexander, M. W. (2002). Response rate, speed, and completeness: A comparison of Internet-based and mail surveys. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34(1), 46–49. JOUR. Turner, J. C. (1982). Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. (H. Tajfel, Ed.)Social identity and intergroup relations (Paperback). JOUR, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Rediscovering the Social group: a self categorization theory. Personality and social psychology bulletin (Vol. 20). JOUR, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 219 Velioglu, M. N., Karsu, S., & Umut, M. O. (2013). Purchasing behaviors of the consumers based on ethnic identities in Turkey. Journal of Management and Marketing Research, (13), 1–19. Vengadesan, M. (2008). May 13 , 1969 : Truth and reconciliation. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2008%2F5%2F11%2Flifefocus%2F21 181089 Vida, I., Dmitrovic, T., & Obadia, C. (2008). The role of ethnic affiliation in consumer ethnocentrism. European Journal of Marketing, 42(3/4), 327–343. http://doi.org/10.1108/03090560810852968 Vitell, S., & Muncy, J. (2005). The Muncy–Vitell consumer ethics scale: A modification and application. Journal of Business Ethics, 267–275. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-005-7058-9 Wan Husin, W. N. (2011). Budi-Islam; Its Role in the construction of Malay Identity in Malaysia. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(12), 132– 142. Wan Husin, W. N. (2012a). Cultural Clash between the Malays and Chinese in Malaysia : An Analysis on the Formation and Implementation of National Cultural Policy, 34, 1–6. Wan Husin, W. N. (2012b). Peradaban dan Perkauman di Malaysia: Hubungan Etnik Melayu-Cina. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya. Wan Husin, W. N. (2013). Business Dominance among the Malays and Chinese in Malaysia from a Civilizational Perspectives. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 3(4), 360–364. http://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2013.V3.262 Wan Husin, W. N., & Ong, J. H. . (2012). The Role of Culture in Strengthening Chinese Business Survival during Malaysian New Economic Policy, 73–77. http://doi.org/10.7763/IPEDR. Wan Husin, W. N., & Tee, M. R. A. (2012). Social Relation between the Malays and Chinese Communities from a Civilizational Perspectives. In Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. CONF, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. Wang, C. L., & Chen, Z. X. (2004). Consumer ethnocentrism and willingness to buy domestic products in a developing country setting: testing moderating effects. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 21(6), 391–400. http://doi.org/10.1108/07363760410558663 Warren, I., & Tsousis, S. (1997). Racism and law in Australian rules football: a critical analysis. Sporting Traditions, 14, 27–54. JOUR. Watson, J. J., & Wright, K. (2000). Consumer ethnocentrism and attitudes toward domestic and foreign products. European Journal of Marketing, 34(9/10), 1149– 220 1166. http://doi.org/10.1108/03090560010342520 Wieviorka, M. (2010). Racism in Europe : Unity and Diversity. In M. Guibernau & J. Rex (Eds.), The ethnicity reader: Nationalism, multiculturalism and migration (p. 345). BOOK, Cambridge: Polity Press. Wilcox, a B., Gallagher, K. D., Boden-Albala, B., & Bakken, S. R. (2012). Research Data Collection Methods From Paper to Tablet Computers. Medical Care, 50(7), S68–S73. http://doi.org/Doi 10.1097/Mlr.0b013e318259c1e7 Wilkes, R. E., & Valencia, H. (1989). Hispanics and Blacks in television commercials. Journal of Advertising, 18(1), 19–25. JOUR. Witkowski, T. (2000). Effects of animosity toward China on willingness to buy Chinese products. Managing in a Turbulent International Business Environment, 470–477. Wold, H. (1974). Causal flows with latent variables: partings of the ways in the light of NIPALS modelling. European Economic Review, 5(1), 67–86. JOUR. Wriggins, J. (1983). Rape, racism, and the law. Harvard Journal of Law and Gender, 6(1), 103. JOUR. Wu, G. (2011). Country image, informational influence, collectivism/individualism, and brand loyalty: exploring the automobile purchase patterns of Chinese Americans. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 28(3), 169–177. http://doi.org/10.1108/07363761111127590 Yagci, M. I. (2001). Evaluating the effects of country-of-origin and consumer ethnocentrism: a case of a transplant product. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 13(3), 63–85. Yeong, N. C., Mohamad, O., Ramayah, T., & Omar, A. (2007). Purchase Preference of Selected Malaysian motorcycle buyers: The Discriminating Role of Perception of Country of Origin of Brand and Ethnocentrism. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 12(1), 1–22. Yoo, H. C., Steger, M. F., & Lee, R. M. (2010). Validation of the Subtle and Blatant Racism Scale for Asian American. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(3), 323–334. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0018674 Yow, H. C. (2011). Gardenia takes out ads to deny crony , racist claims. Retrieved February 25, 2015, from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/gardenia-takes-out-ads-todeny- crony-racist-claims Zikmund, W. G., & Babin, B. J. (2010). Essentials of Marketing Research (4th ed.). BOOK, Mason, OH, USA: South-Western Cengage Learning. Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C., & Griffin, M. (2010). Business Research Methods, South-Western, Cengage Learning. Mason, OH. JOUR. Zikmund, W. G., Ward, S., Lowe, B., Winzar, H., & Babin, B. J. (2011). Marketing research : Second Asia Pacific Edition (2nd ed.). BOOK, Victoria: Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited. Zolfagharian, M., Saldivar, R., & Sun, Q. (2014). Ethnocentrism and country of origin effects among immigrant consumers. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 31(1), 68–84. http://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-06-2013-0620 |