Sokongan psikososial bagi kanak-kanak yang didera secara seksual di Rumah Kanak-Kanak, Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat

An increase in the number of abused children in Malaysia has resulted in the need to provide physical and emotional support to these children. In many children’s homes, providing psychosocial support is among the critical issues that have been given due attention. The focus of this qualitative study...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Norliza, Mokhtar
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2016
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/6158/1/s812429_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6158/2/s812429_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.6158
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Abd Manaf, Abdul Razak
topic HV Social Pathology
Social and Public Welfare
spellingShingle HV Social Pathology
Social and Public Welfare
Norliza, Mokhtar
Sokongan psikososial bagi kanak-kanak yang didera secara seksual di Rumah Kanak-Kanak, Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat
description An increase in the number of abused children in Malaysia has resulted in the need to provide physical and emotional support to these children. In many children’s homes, providing psychosocial support is among the critical issues that have been given due attention. The focus of this qualitative study was to conceptualize the meaning of psychosocial support as experienced and understood by the sexually-abused children in children’s homes under the auspices of the Department of Social Welfare. The objectives of the study were to investigate the types of support received by sexually-abused children, to identify the psychosocial support needed by these children and to propose practical social work interventions to further improve the current support system in the institution. A total of 14 sexually-abused children, ages ranging from 12 to 18 years old, were involved in this study. Observations, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were employed in this study. The data were analysed using rigorous manual coding to capture the central themes around the psychosocial support. The findings of the study were organised around three salient themes that emerged: experiences of the sexually-abused children; a network of support resources; and finally institution services. The findings of the study revealed that the institution was able to provide support pertaining to their basic needs. However, the children were hopeful of obtaining more psychosocial supports in terms of emotional assistance from staff, frequent interactions with family members and support from the society. the children at children`s home were more dependent on their peers should they face any problem during their stay in the institution. The theoretical and social work practical implications of the findings should be taken into consideration in conducting intervention processes and measures. In terms of theroetical implication, the research results reported in the study has potential contributions in enriching a corpus body of knowledge and literature on psychosocial supports among children who have been sexually abused. In order to provide better quality service to the affected sexually-abused children, the institution in particular must critically provide adequate and relevant psychosocial supports for the best interest of the children and betterment for their future life
format Thesis
qualification_name masters
qualification_level Master's degree
author Norliza, Mokhtar
author_facet Norliza, Mokhtar
author_sort Norliza, Mokhtar
title Sokongan psikososial bagi kanak-kanak yang didera secara seksual di Rumah Kanak-Kanak, Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat
title_short Sokongan psikososial bagi kanak-kanak yang didera secara seksual di Rumah Kanak-Kanak, Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat
title_full Sokongan psikososial bagi kanak-kanak yang didera secara seksual di Rumah Kanak-Kanak, Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat
title_fullStr Sokongan psikososial bagi kanak-kanak yang didera secara seksual di Rumah Kanak-Kanak, Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat
title_full_unstemmed Sokongan psikososial bagi kanak-kanak yang didera secara seksual di Rumah Kanak-Kanak, Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat
title_sort sokongan psikososial bagi kanak-kanak yang didera secara seksual di rumah kanak-kanak, jabatan kebajikan masyarakat
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
publishDate 2016
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/6158/1/s812429_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6158/2/s812429_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828029942398976
spelling my-uum-etd.61582021-04-19T03:03:41Z Sokongan psikososial bagi kanak-kanak yang didera secara seksual di Rumah Kanak-Kanak, Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat 2016 Norliza, Mokhtar Abd Manaf, Abdul Razak Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences HV Social Pathology. Social and Public Welfare An increase in the number of abused children in Malaysia has resulted in the need to provide physical and emotional support to these children. In many children’s homes, providing psychosocial support is among the critical issues that have been given due attention. The focus of this qualitative study was to conceptualize the meaning of psychosocial support as experienced and understood by the sexually-abused children in children’s homes under the auspices of the Department of Social Welfare. The objectives of the study were to investigate the types of support received by sexually-abused children, to identify the psychosocial support needed by these children and to propose practical social work interventions to further improve the current support system in the institution. A total of 14 sexually-abused children, ages ranging from 12 to 18 years old, were involved in this study. Observations, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were employed in this study. The data were analysed using rigorous manual coding to capture the central themes around the psychosocial support. The findings of the study were organised around three salient themes that emerged: experiences of the sexually-abused children; a network of support resources; and finally institution services. The findings of the study revealed that the institution was able to provide support pertaining to their basic needs. However, the children were hopeful of obtaining more psychosocial supports in terms of emotional assistance from staff, frequent interactions with family members and support from the society. the children at children`s home were more dependent on their peers should they face any problem during their stay in the institution. The theoretical and social work practical implications of the findings should be taken into consideration in conducting intervention processes and measures. In terms of theroetical implication, the research results reported in the study has potential contributions in enriching a corpus body of knowledge and literature on psychosocial supports among children who have been sexually abused. In order to provide better quality service to the affected sexually-abused children, the institution in particular must critically provide adequate and relevant psychosocial supports for the best interest of the children and betterment for their future life 2016 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/6158/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/6158/1/s812429_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6158/2/s812429_02.pdf text eng public masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdul Hadi Zakaria. (1992). Girls in need of protection: A sociological study of their disposition and rehabilitation. Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan. Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Abdul Razak Abd Manaf, Zakiyah Jamaluddin, Rusimah Sayuti, & Ahmad Shukri A. Hamid. (2010). Kajian keberkesanan program dan aktiviti rumah kanak-kanak kepada bekas penghuni Rumah Kanak-Kanak. Geran Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat. Abdul Razak Abd Manaf. (2009). Understanding quality of marriage among Malays (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan). The University of Western Australia, Australia. Affizal Ahmad. (2008). Kepentingan pendidikan dalam pembentukan kualiti hidup sejahtera. Malaysian Education Dean’s Council Journal, 2, 1-8. Ainon Mohd. (2011). 11 teori dan prinsip motivasi di tempat kerja. Selangor: PTS Professional. Ainsworth, F., & Fulcher, L. (1981). Group care for children: Concept and issues. New York: Tavistock Publications. Al-Fayez, G. A., Ohaeri, J. U., & Gado, O. M. (2012). Prevalence of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse among a nationwide sample of Arab high school students: association with family characteristics, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and quality of life. Social Psychiatry And Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(1), 53-66. Alva Nadia. (2004). Penganiayaan terhadap keluarga. Laporan yang dibentangkan pada Seminar Online Kharisma ke-3. Kekerasan pada anak: Efek psikis, fisik dan tinjauan agama dunia maya. 13-19 September. Anam, C., & Himawan, A.T. (2005). Peran emotion-focused koping terhadap kecenderungan Post-Traumati Stres Disorder para karyawan yang menyaksikan peledakan bom di depan kedutaan besar Australia di Jakarta tahun 2004. Humanitas: Indonesian Psychological Journal, 2 (2), 112-118. Anderson, G. D. (2014). How do contextual factors and family support influence disclosure of child sexual abuse during forensic interviews and service outcomes in child protection cases (Doctoral dissertation). University of Minnesota. Anisah Che Ngah. (2002). Penganiayaan kanak-kanak: Satu kajian sosio-perundangan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Arie, S. (2005). WHO takes up issue of child abuse. British Medical Journal, 331 (7509), 129. Armsworth, M. W., & Holaday, M. (1993). The effects of psychological trauma on children and adolescents. Journal of Counseling & Development, 72(1), 49-56. Azizah Othman, & Azelin Aziz. (2004). Fenomena sumbang mahram di kalangan masyarakat Islam di Malaysia. Laporan dibentangkan pada Seminar Antarabangsa Nilai dalam Komuniti Pasca Modenisme (SIVIC 2004), 4-6 September. Azizi Yahaya & Muhamad Jumat Aliju. (2010). Pengaruh negatif rakan sebaya. Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Barrera, M. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14(4), 413-445. Barrera, M. (2000). Social support research in community psychology. In Handbook of community psychology, 215-245. Barrera, M., & Ainlay, S. L. (2006). The structure of social support: A conceptual and empirical analysis. Journal of Community Psychology, 11(2), 133-143. Batty, D. (2004). Timeline: A history of child protection. Guardion.co.uk. Dicapai daripada http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2005/ay/18/childrensservices2 ?INTCMP =SRCH Biegel, E. D. & Naparstek, A. J. (1982). Community support systems and mental health: Practice, policy and research. Springer Publishing Company. Black, M., Dubowitz, H., & Harrington, D. (1994). Sexual abuse: Developmental differences in children's behavior and self-perception. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18(1), 85-95. Bohle, P., & Quinlan, M. (2000). Managing health and safety: A multidisciplinary approach. (2nd ed.). Melbourne: MacMillian. Bohn, D. K. (2003). Lifetime physical and sexual abuse, substance abuse, depression, and suicide attempts among native American women. Issues In Mental Health Nursing, 24(3), 333-352. Boyatzis, R.E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. London: Sage Publications. Brandon, M., Stone, N., Schofield, G., & Trinder, L. (1998). Social work with children. London: Macmillan Press. Brannon, L., Feist, J., & Updegraff, J. (2013). Health psychology: An introduction to behavior and health. US: Cengage Learning. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research In Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. Bretherton, I. (1987). New perspectives on attachment relations: Security, communication and internal working models. In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development. New York: Wiley. Briere, J., & Elliott, D. M. (2003). Prevalence and psychological sequelae of self-reported childhood physical and sexual abuse in a general population sample of men and women. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(10), 1205-1222. Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1989). The trauma symptom checklist (TSC-33) early data on a new scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4(2), 151-163. Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1993). Childhood sexual abuse long-term sequelae and implications for psychological assessment. Journal Of Interpersonal Violence, 8(3), 312-330. Brinkmann, S., & Kvale, S. (2015). Interviews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing. Sage Publications, Incorporated. Brittany C. Hernandez (2006), The children’s coping behavior questionnaire: Development and validation (Unpublished thesis). Loyola University, New Orleans. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by design and nature. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Browne, A., & Finkelhor, D. (1986). Impact of child sexual abuse: A review of the research. Psychological Bulletin, 99(1), 66-67. Carr, A. (2000). Family therapy: Concepts, process and practice. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Cassel, J. (1976). The contribution of the social environment to host resistance. American Journal Of Epidemiology, 104(2), 107-123. Christoffel, T., & Gallagher, S.S. (2006). Injury and public health: Practical knowledge, skills and strategies (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlette Publishers, Inc. Cicchetti, D. & Linch, M. (1995). Failure in Expectable Environment and Their Impact on Individual Development: The Case of Child Maltreatment dalam Cicchetty,D & Cohen, D.J., Developmental Psychopatology Volume 2. Risk Disorder and Adaptation. Halaman 32-71. John Willey and Sons Inc. Cling, B. J. (2004). Rape trauma syndrome. Sexualized violence against women and children: A psychology and law perspective. New York: Guilford Publications. Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5), 300-314. Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (1988). Psychological symptoms in sexually abused girls. Child Abuse & Neglect, 12(4), 571-577. Cohen, S., & McKay, G. (1984). Social support, stress, and the buffering hypothesis: A theoretical analysis. Handbook of Psychology and Health, 4, 253-267. Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357. Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. London: Sage Publications. Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. London: Sage publications. Corona, G., Jannini, E. A., & Maggi, M. (2014). Emotional, physical and sexual abuse: Iimpact in children and social minorities. Dordrecht: Springer. Coulton, C. J. (1978). Factors related to preventive health behavior: Implications for social interventions. Social Work in Health Care 3: 297-310. Cruger-Hansen, C. P. (2012). Expressive arts Jungian play group therapy for women sexually abused as children (Unpublished thesis). Saint Mary's College of California, California. Cutrona, C. E. (1986). Behavioral manifestations of social support: A microanalytic investigation. Journal of Personality And Social Psychology, 51, 201–208. DeMause, L. (1996). The history of child abuse. The Journal Of Psychohistory, 25(3), 216-236. Department for Education and Skills. (2007). Care matters: Time for change. Report presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Education and Skills by Command of Her Majesty. United Kingdom. Docey, A., & Travers, D. (1996). Human Development: Across The Lifespan. Masison, WI: Brown & Benchmark. Donnelly, J. (1985). The concept of human rights. London: Croom Helm. Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Whitfield, C. L., Brown, D. W., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., & Giles, W. H. (2005). Long-term consequences of childhood sexual abuse by gender of victim. American Journal Of Preventive Medicine, 28(5), 430–438. Dudley, W. (2008). Child abuse. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Dwi Agustina, N. (2015). Hubungan Antara Interaksi Orangtua Dengan Keterampilan Berbicara Anak Usia 4-6 Tahun Di Tk Pertiwi Babakan Kalimanah Purbalingga Jawa Tengah. Doctoral dissertation, Pg Paud. Egeland, B., Sroufe, L. A., & Erickson, M. (1983). The developmental consequence of different patterns of maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 7(4), 459-469. Eka Ervika. (2005). Kelekatan (Attachment) pada anak. Universitas Sumatera Utara. http\\: www. e-USU_Repository. Feiring, C., Taska, L. S., & Lewis, M. (1998). Social support and children's and adolescents' adaptation to sexual abuse. Journal Of Interpersonal Violence, 13(2), 240-260. Fenech, M., & Sumsion, J. (2007). Promoting high quality early childhood education and care services beyond risk management, performative constructions of regulation. Journal Of Early Childhood Research, 5(3), 263-283. Finkelhor, D., & Browne, A. (1985). The traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: A conceptualization. American Journal Of Orthopsychiatry, 55(4), 530-541. Fizwani M Sarkawi, Suhana Sarmadan, Mohammed Sharif Mustaffa & Sulaiman Shakib Mohd Noor (2008). Mengenal pasti punca-punca dan kaedah menangani tingkah laku sumbang mahram. Seminar Kaunseling Keluarga Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor. 43-50. Freeman, R. C., Collier, K., & Parillo, K. M. (2002). Early life sexual abuse as a risk factor for crack cocaine use in a sample of community-recruited women at high risk for illicit drug use. The American Journal Of Drug And Alcohol Abuse, 28(1), 109-131. Frost, N., Mills, S., & Stein, M. (1999). Understanding residential child care. England: Ashgate Publishing Limited. Frothingham, T. E., Hobbs, C. J., Wynne, J. M., Yee, L., Goyal, A., & Wadsworth, D. J. (2000). Follow up study eight years after diagnosis of sexual abuse. Archives Of Disease In Childhood, 83, 132–134. Gil, E. (2012). Healing power of play: Working with abused children. New York: Guilford Press. Gomes, V., Jardim, P., Taveira, F., Dinis‐Oliveira, R. J., & Magalhães, T. (2014). Alleged biological father incest: a forensic approach. Journal Of Forensic Sciences, 59(1), 255-259. Gottlieb, B. H. (1985). Assessing and strengthening the impact of social support on mental health. Social Work, 30(4), 293-300. Guion, L. A., Diehl, D. C., & McDonald, D. (2011). Triangulation: Establishing the validity of qualitative studies. University of Florida. Hafizi Zakaria, Kadir Arifin, Shaharuddin Ahmad, Kadaruddin Aiyub, & Zahedi Fisal. (2011). Pengurusan fasiliti dalam penyelenggaraan bangunan: Amalan kualiti, keselamatan dan kesihatan. Journal Of Techno Social, 2(1), 23-36. Hagemann, F., Diallo, Y., Etienne, A., & Mehran, F. (2006). Global child labour trends 2000 to 2004. Geneva: International Labour Office (ILO). Halperin, D. S., Bouvier, P., Jaffe, P. D., Mounoud, R. L., Pawlak, C. H., Laederach, et al., (1996). Prevalence of child sexual abuse among adolescents in Geneva: results of a cross sectional survey. British Medical Journal, 312(7042), 1326-1329. Havelin, K. (2000). Child abuse: Why do my parents hit me?. Mankota, MN: Capstone Press. Heller, K., Swindle Jr, R. W., & Dusenbury, L. (1986). Component social support processes: Comments and integration. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(4), 466-470. Hetherington, E.M & Parke R.D.,(Ed). (1999). Child psychology : A contemporary view point. Fifth Edition. Mc Graw-Hill College. Holloway, I., & Todres, L. (2003). The status of method: Flexibility, consistency and coherence. Qualitative Research, 3(3), 345-357. Huang, C. Y., Costeines, J., Kaufman, J. S., & Ayala, C. (2014). Parenting stress, social support, and depression for ethnic minority adolescent mothers: Impact on child development. Journal Of Child And Family Studies, 23(2), 255-262. Hyman, S. M., Gold, S. N., & Cott, M. A. (2003). Forms of social support that moderate PTSD in childhood sexual abuse survivors. Journal Of Family Violence, 18(5), 295-300. Hyu Sisca & Clara Moningka. (2011). Resiliensi perempuan dewasa muda yang pernah mengalami kekerasan seksual di masa kanak-kanak. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 2(1), 61-69. International Institute for Child Rights and Development. (2005). The Triple A: Child Rights And Community Developmental Process. Victoria: University of Victoria. International Labour Organisation. (2013). Marking Progress Against Child Labour Global Estimates And Trends 2000-2012. Dicapai daripada http://www.ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_221513/lang--en/index.htm Ismail Ali. (2008). Penglibatan dan sumbangan kanak-kanak warga Filipina dalam ekonomi perikanan di Sabah: Satu pengadilan moral. Sosiohumanika: Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Sosial Dan Kemanusiaan, 12(2), 365-390. Izzaty, Rika Eka. (2008). Peran Aktivitas Pengasuhan Pada Pengasuhan Perilaku Anak Sejak Usia Dini (Kajian Psikologis Berdasarkan Teori Sistem Ekologi). Tinjauan Berbagai Aspek Character Building. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Tiara Wacana. Jal Zabdi Mohd Yusuff, Siti Hajar Abu Bakar Ah & Weatherley, R. (2008). International trends in child abuse prevention and risk assessment: Implications for Malaysia. Malaysian Journal Of Social Administration, 5, 21-50. Jal Zabdi Mohd Yusuff. (2010). Jenayah penderaan kanak-kanak. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya. Johnson, R., Browne, K., & Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. (2006). Young children in institutional care at risk of harm. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 7(1), 34-60. Jupp, V. (2006). The Sage dictionary of social research methods. London: Sage Publications. Kamarul Azmi Jasmi, Azhar Muhammad, Mohd Ismail Mustari dan Siti Fauziyani Bt. Md Saleh @ Masrom (2004). Jenayah Sumbang Mahram: Perkembangan dan Faktor-Faktor Penyebarannya. Laporan dibentangkan dalam Seminar Kebangsaan Ketiga Psikologi Dan Masyarakat 2004 di Pusat Latihan KWSP (ESSET), Bangi, Selangor pada 04-05 Oktober 2004, 1-14. Kasmini Kassim & Mohd Sham Kasim. (1995). Child sexual abuse: Psychosocial aspects of 101 cases seen in an urban Malaysian setting. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(7), 793-799. Kasmini Kassim. (1998). Penderaan emosi kanak-kanak trauma terselindung. Bangi: Penerbit UKM. Kendall-Tackett, K., Meyer-Williams, L., & Finkelhor, D. (1993). Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 164–180. Khadijah Alavi, Aizan Sofia Amin, Nasrudin Subhi, Mohd. Suhaimi Mohamad, & Norulhuda Sarnon. (2012). Kerja sosial di sekolah: Memahami dan menangani penderaan kanak-kanak. Jurnal Sains Sosial Dan Kemanusiaan, 7(1), 17-37. Kindred, K. P. (1996). God bless the child: Poor children, parents patriae and a state obligation to provide assistance. Ohio St. LJ, 57, 519-542. Kumpfer, K. L., & Alvarado, R. (2003). Family-strengthening approaches for the prevention of youth problem behaviors. American Psychologist, 58(6-7), 457-465. Lalor, K. (2004). Child sexual abuse in sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(4), 439-460. Laporan Tahunan Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat. (2009). Kuala Lumpur. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer. Leahy‐Warren, P., McCarthy, G., & Corcoran, P. (2012). First‐time mothers: Social support, maternal parental self‐efficacy and postnatal depression. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 21(3‐4), 388-397. Lennon, M.C. (2001). Women and health: Work, welfare and well-being. Special Issues Of Women And Health, 32, 1-3. Liamputtong, P., & Ezzy, D. (2005). Qualitative research methods. Victoria: Oxford University Press. Lianny Solihin. (2004). Tindakan kekerasan pada anak dalam keluarga. Jurnal Pendidikan Penabur, 3(3), 129-139. Lin, N., Ensel, W. M., Simeone, R. S., & Kuo, W. (1979). Social support, stressful life events, and illness: A model and an empirical test. Journal Of Health And Social Behavior, 20(2), 108-119. Luthar, S. S. (2003). Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. UK: Cambridge University Press. M. Anwar Fuadi. (2011). Dinamika psikologis kekerasan seksual: Sebuah studi fenomenologi. Psikoislamika, 8(2), 191-208. Mainey, A., & Crimmens, D. (Eds.). (2006). Fit for the Future?: Residential Child Care In The United Kingdom. London: National Children's Bureau. Majlis Kebajikan Kanak-Kanak Malaysia. (2013). Dicapai daripada http://www.mkkm.org.my/mkkm1.htm Mansbach-Kleinfeld, I., Ifrah, A., Apter, A., & Farbstein, I. (2015). Child sexual abuse as reported by Israeli adolescents: social and health related correlates. Child abuse & neglect, 40, 68–80. McCoy, M. L., & Keen, S. M. (2014). Child abuse and neglect. New York: Psychology Press. Mc Cartney, K. & Dearing, E., (Ed). (2002). Child Development. Mc Millan Refference USA. Means, R., Richards, S., & Smith, R. (2003). Community care: Policy and practice. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Melton, G. B. (1991). Socialization in the global community: Respect for the dignity of children. American Psychologist, 46(1), 66-71. Metel, M., & Barnes, J. (2011). Peer‐group support for bereaved children: A qualitative interview study. Child And Adolescent Mental Health, 16(4), 201-207. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. London: Sage Publications. Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M., & Jessop, J. (Eds.). (2012). Ethics in qualitative research. London: Sage Publications. Mirowsky, J. dan Ross, C.E. (1995). Sex differences in distress: Real or artifact? American Sociological Review, 60, 449–468. Mohd Salleh Lebar. (2003). Penderaan kanak-kanak di Malaysia. Terengganu: Penerbit Kolej Universiti Sains dan Teknologi Malaysia (KUSTEM). Morris, C.G. dan Maisto, A.A. (2005). Psychology: An Introduction (12th ed.). Pearson: Prentice Hall. Mrazek, P. B., & Kempe, C. H. (Eds.). (2014). Sexually Abused Children & Their Families. Elsevier. Muhammed Sharif Mustaffa, & Nur Diyana Abd Rahim. (2012). Kesan psikologi dan bentuk sokongan anak deraan seksual. Journal Of Educational Psychology & Counseling, 6(6), 30-49. Mulinge, M. M. (2002). Implementing the 1989 United Nations' Convention on the rights of the child in sub-Saharan Africa: The overlooked socioeconomic and political dilemmas. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(11), 1117-1130. Natascha Pfeifer. (2010). Group art therapy with sexually abused girls Gertie Pretorius Centre for Psychological Services and Career Development. South African Journal Of Psychology, 40(1), 63-73. Newman, B. S., & Dannenfelser, P. L. (2005). Children's protective services and Law enforcement: Fostering partnerships in investigations of child abuse. Journal Of Child Sexual Abuse, 14(2), 97-111. Nor Ba’yah Abdul Kadir, & Asmawati Desa (2004). Sokongan sosial dan keceriaan: Tinjauan awal di institusi pengajian tinggi. e-BANGI, 3(3), 1-12. Nor Shafrin Ahmad. (2012). Penderaan seksual: Keperluan kriteria pegawai, punca penderaan, dan kes tidak dilaporkan. Sosiohumanika, 5(1), 81-92. Noremy Md. Akhir, Khadijah Alavi, Salina Nen, Fauziah Ibrahim, M. Suhaimi Mohamad, & Nazirah Hassan. (2012). Hubungan faktor dalaman penderaan fizikal terhadap kanak-kanak oleh ibubapa. Jurnal Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, 7(1), 1-14. Noriah Mohamed. (2008). Social policy in Malaysia: A study of social support for the elderly in rural area. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Institut Sosial Malaysia. Pathmanathan A/L R. Nalasamy. (2009). Implementasi hak kanak-kanak (CRC) di Rumah Kanak-Kanak (Tesis master tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (2nd edition). California: Sage Publication. Patton, M.Q. (2013). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (4th edition). California: Sage Publication. Paykel, E. S. (1994). Life events, social support and depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89(377), 50-58. Peer, S. C. I. (2006). Peer relationships, child development, and adjustment: A developmental psychopathology perspective. Developmental Psychopathology, Theory And Method, 1, 419-493. Perry, B. D. (2001). Bonding and attachment in maltreated children. The Child Trauma Center, 3, 1-17. Peters, J., & Skirton, H. (2013). Social support within a mother and child group: An ethnographic study situated in the UK. Nursing & Health Sciences, 15(2), 250-255. Pipe, M. E., Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., & Cederborg, A. C. (Eds.). (2013). Child sexual abuse: Disclosure, delay and denial. New York: Psychology Press. Poole, A., Beran, T., & Thurston, W. E. (2008). Direct and indirect services for children in domestic violence shelters. Journal Of Family Violence, 23(8), 679-686. Pramana, W. (1996). The utility of theories of parenting, attachment, stress and stigma in predicting adjustment to illness. Desertasi. Departement of Psychology the University Of Queensland. Rabionet, S. E. (2011). How I learned to design and conduct semi-structured interviews: An ongoing and continuous journey. Qualitative Report, 16(2), 563-566. Rankin, P. (2001). Protecting the best interests of the child; Some Issues and solutions. Dicapai daripada http://www.bemidjistate.edu/academics/ publications/social_work_journal/issue04/ articles/rankin.html Read, J., & Argyle, N. (1999). Hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder among adult psychiatric inpatients with a history of child abuse. Psychiatric Services, 50(11), 1467-1472. Reyes, C. J., Kokotovic, A. M., & Cosden, M. A. (1996). Sexually abused children's perceptions: How they may change treatment focus. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 27(6), 588-591. Rike Adriana Wahyono. (2011). Uji efektivitas modul terapi bermain dari russ bagi anak usia 7-11 tahun yang mengalami gangguan stress pasca trauma (PTSD) akibat pemerkosaan (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan). Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia. Robson, C. (1993). Real world research. Oxford: Blackwell. Robson. C. (2011). Real world research: Resource for social scientist and practitioner – researchers. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell. Rumah Kanak–Kanak, JKM. (2013). Dicapai daripada http://www.jkm.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89%3Arumah-kanak-kanak&catid=59%3Ainstitusi-kanakkanak&Itemid=66& lang=ms Saewyc, E.M., Taylor, D., Homma, Y., & Ogilvie, G. 2008. Trends in sexual health and risk behaviours among adolescent students in British Columbia. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 17, 1-19. Salhah Abdullah, Amla Salleh, Zuria Mahmud, Jamil Ahmad, & Saedah Abdul Ghani (2011). Cognitive distortion, depression and self-esteem among adolescents rape victims. World Applied Sciences Journal, 14(2011), 67-73. Salina Nen, & Astbury, J. (2011). Organisational barriers in working with child sexual abuse (CSA) cases: The Malaysian professionals’ experiences. Jurnal Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, 6(2), 255-272. Salina Nen, Fauziah Ibrahim, Suzana Mohd Hoesni, & Zaizul Abdul Rahman. (2012). Kajian kes inses bapa-anak perempuan: Memahami pengalaman dari perspektif mangsa. Jurnal Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, 7(1), 46-58. Salma Ishak, Fuziah Shaffie, Noor Azizah Ahmad, & Jusmawati Fauzaman. (2005). Growing up in residential care: A study of children’s homes in Malaysia. Intensification of Research in Priority Areas (IRPA) Grant. Faculty of Human and Social Development, Universiti Utara Malaysia. Samsul Amri Sallehuddin. (2009). Penderaan kanak-kanak kurang upaya: Satu kajian prevalens (pengalaman dan persepsi kanak-kanak) di institusi khas di Semenanjung Malaysia (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang. Sarason, I. G., Levine, H. M., Basham, R. B., & Sarason, B. R. (1983). Assessing social support: the social support questionnaire. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 44(1), 127-139. Scherrer, J. L. (2012). The united nations convention on the rights of the child as policy and strategy for social work action in child welfare in the United States. Social Work, 57(1), 11-22. Schönbucher, V., Maier, T., Mohler-Kuo, M., Schnyder, U., & Landolt, M. A. (2014). Adolescent perspectives on social support received in the aftermath of sexual abuse: A qualitative study. Archives Of Sexual Behavior, 43(3), 571-586. Sen, R., Kendrick, A., Milligan, I., & Hawthorn, M. (2008). Lessons learnt? Abuse in residential child care in Scotland. Child & Family Social Work, 13(4), 411-422. Shalini Sanmargaraja. (2012). Penyediaan fasiliti di rumah warga tua: Kajian kes di Bandaraya Ipoh dan Johor Bahru (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Johor. Silverman, D. (2013). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. SAGE Publications Limited. Siregar, B. (2011). Program perlindungan anak melalui rumah perlindungan sosial anak (RPSA). Jakarta: P3KS Press. Siti Zaharah Jamaluddin, Norchaya Talib, & Jal Zabdi Mohd Yusoff. (2002). Siri Undang-undang Mimi Kamariah: Akta Kanak-Kanak 2001. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya. Skidmore, T. (1964). Introduction to social work. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Skinner, E.A., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M.J. (2007). The development of coping. Annual Review Of Psychology, 58, 119-144. Social Welfare Services in Malaysia. (1970). Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Kebajikan Am Malaysia. Sperry, D. M., & Widom, C. S. (2013). Child abuse and neglect, social support, and psychopathology in adulthood: A prospective investigation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(6), 415-425. Sroufe, L.A., (2003). Attachment Categories as Reflection of Multiple Dimensions : Comment on Fraley and Spieker. Journal of Developmental Psychology Vol 39, No 3, 413-416. American Psychological Association Inc. Statistik Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat. (2013). Kuala Lumpur. Statistik Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat. (2014). Kuala Lumpur. Staudinger, U.M., Bluck, S., & Herzberg, P.Y. (2003). Looking back and looking ahead: Adult age differences in consistency of diachronous ratings of subjective well- being. Psychology And Aging, 18, 13-24. Steckley, L. (2010). Containment and holding environment: Understanding and reducing physical restraint in residential child care. Child And Youth Services Review, 32(1), 120-128. Steel, J., Sanna, L., Hammond, B., Whipple, J., & Cross, H. (2004). Psychological sequelae of childhood sexual abuse: Abuse related characteristics, coping strategies, and attributional style. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(7), 785-801. Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research. Newbury Park, California: Sage publications. Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Sutcliffe, J. (2002). Baby bonding, membentuk ikatan batin dengan bayi. Jakarta: Taramedia & Restu Agung. Tengku Fatimah Muliana Tengku Muda, & Engku Ahmad Zaki Engku Alwi (2012). Care and protection against child abuse: with special reference to Malaysia Child Act 2001. Asian Social Science, 8(1), 202-208. Thearle, M. J., & Gregory, H. (1988). Child abuse in nineteenth century Queensland. Child Abuse & Neglect, 12(1), 91-101. The Canadian Encyclopedia. (2010). Dicapai daripada http://www. thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/child-welfare Thematic Analysis. (2013) Dicapai daripada http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematicanalysis Thoits, P. A. (1986). Social support as coping assistance. Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology, 54(4), 416-423. Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2‐3), 25-52. Tremblay, C., Hébert, M., & Piché, C. (1999). Coping strategies and social support as mediators of consequences in child sexual abuse victims. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23(9), 929-945. Trickett, P. K., & Putnam, F. W. (1993). Impact of child sexual abuse on females: Toward a developmental, psychobiological integration. Psychological Science, 4(2), 81-87. Trocmé, N., MacLaurin, B., Fallon, B., Daciuk, J., Billingsley, D., Tourigny, M., & McKenzie, B. (2001). Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect: Final report. Health Canada. Tsun, O. K. (1999). Sibling incest: A Hong Kong experience. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23(1), 71-79. Uchino, B.N., Cacioppo, J.T., dan Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 488-531. Uchino, B.N., Uno, D., & Holt-Lunstad, J. (1999). Social support, psychological processes, and health. Current Directions In Psychological Science, 8, 145-148. Undang-Undang Malaysia. (1991). Akta Perlindungan Kanak-Kanak 1991 (Akta 468). Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad (PNMB). Undang-Undang Malaysia. (2001). Akta Kanak-Kanak 2001 (Akta 611). Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad (PNMB). Undang-Undang Malaysia. (2009). Kanun Keseksaan (Akta 574). Selangor: International Law Book Services. Underwood, L. A., Barretti, L., Storms, T. L., & Safonte-Strumolo, N. (2004). A review of clinical characteristics and residential treatments for adolescent delinquents with mental health disorders. A promising residential program. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 5(3), 199-242. Valentine, L., & Feinauer, L. L. (1993). Resilience factors associated with female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. American Journal Of Family Therapy, 21(3), 216-224. Vaux, A. (1988). Social support: Theory, research, and intervention. New York: Praeger Publishers. Veneman, Ann. M. (2009). The state of the world's children. UNICEF, New York. Wagner, W.G. (2008). Counseling, psychology and children. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Walrath, C., Ybarra, M., Holden, E. W., Liao, Q., Santiago, R., & Leaf, P. (2003). Children with reported histories of sexual abuse: utilizing multiple perspectives to understand clinical and psychosocial profiles. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(5), 509-524. Widom, C. S. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. American Journal Of Psychiatry, 156(8), 1223-1229. Wilkinson, S., Croy, P., King, M., & Barnes, J. (2007). Are we getting it right? Parents' perceptions of hospice child bereavement support services. Palliative Medicine, 21(5), 401-407. Windle, M. (1991). The difficult temperament in adolescence: Associations with substance use, family support and problem behaviors. Journal Of Psychology, 47(2), 310-315. Wolfe, B.L., & Haveman, R.H. (2002). Social and nonmarket benefits from education in an advanced economy. Conference Series (proceedings). Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Jun, 97-142. Wooding, J., 7 Levenstein, C. (1999). The point of production: Work environment in advanced industrial societies. NY: Guilford Publications. Woolfolk, A. (2007). Educational Psychology (10th Ed). Boston: Pearson Education. Wyatt, G. E., & Mickey, M. R. (1987). Ameliorating the effects of child sexual abuse: An exploratory study of support by parents and others. Journal Of Interpersonal Violence, 2(4), 403-414. Yeates, N. (2005). Globalization and social policy in a development context: regional responses. Social policy and development programme. Report presented on Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Yehuda, R. (2002). Post-traumatic stress disorder. New England Journal Of Medicine, 346(2), 108-114. Zainuddin Abu, Zuria Mahmud, & Salleh Amat (2008). Pendekatan kaunseling menangani masalah kebebasan dalam kalangan pelajar institut pengajian tinggi: Dua kajian kes. Jurnal Pendidikan, 33, 107-123. Zasmani Shafiee. (2003). Kaunseling melalui perspektif Islam: Sumbang mahram Laporan dibentangkan dalam Prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan Kaunseling Berperspektif Islam. USM. Pulau Pinang. Zelechoski, A. D., Sharma, R., Beserra, K., Miguel, J. L., DeMarco, M., & Spinazzola, J. (2013). Traumatized youth in residential treatment settings: Prevalence, clinical presentation, treatment, and policy implications. Journal Of Family Violence, 28(7), 639-652.