The mediating effect of charismatic leadership communication and organizational credibility in the relationship between crisis responsibility and perceived organizational reputation

The mediating effect of charismatic leadership communication and organizational credibility in the relationship between crisis responsibility and perceived organizational reputation

Based on the situational crisis communication theory (SCCT), this study focuses on the preventable crisis type and its impact on organizational reputation. Even though the SCCT has been widely used in crisis communication research, the theory still has its own limitations in explaining factors that...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Jamilah, Jamal
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2016
Subjects:
HD61 Risk Management
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/6228/1/s93389_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6228/2/s93389_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.6228
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Abu Bakar, Hassan
topic HD61 Risk Management
spellingShingle HD61 Risk Management
Jamilah, Jamal
The mediating effect of charismatic leadership communication and organizational credibility in the relationship between crisis responsibility and perceived organizational reputation
description Based on the situational crisis communication theory (SCCT), this study focuses on the preventable crisis type and its impact on organizational reputation. Even though the SCCT has been widely used in crisis communication research, the theory still has its own limitations in explaining factors that could potentially affect the reputation of an organization. This study develops a mediation model by integrating crisis responsibility, charismatic leadership communication and organizational credibility in the SCCT theoretical framework. The main objective of this study is to determine the mediating effect of charismatic leadership communication and organizational credibility in the relationship between crisis responsibility and perceived organizational reputation. Based on the mediation model, nine hypotheses are tested using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the data obtained from a sample of 368 employees of two selected public organizations in Malaysia. Research findings confirm positive and significant relationships between all constructs in this study. The tested mediation model also indicates that the dynamic mechanisms of charismatic leadership communication and organizational credibility partially mediated the relationship between crisis responsibility and perceived organizational reputation during a crisis. These findings validate the proposed model in this study. Empirically, the mediated model established can serve as an instructive guide for both public organizations and corporate leaders in managing crises and reputations. This study contributes to further establishing the SCCT and posits key attributes in the organizational reputation processes. A practical implication of the findings suggests that a leader should engage in charismatic leadership communication and strengthen organizational credibility to mitigate the impact of a crisis on organizational reputation. As a conclusion, the findings have placed the dynamic mechanism of the research constructs at the forefront of managing organizational reputation.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Jamilah, Jamal
author_facet Jamilah, Jamal
author_sort Jamilah, Jamal
title The mediating effect of charismatic leadership communication and organizational credibility in the relationship between crisis responsibility and perceived organizational reputation
title_short The mediating effect of charismatic leadership communication and organizational credibility in the relationship between crisis responsibility and perceived organizational reputation
title_full The mediating effect of charismatic leadership communication and organizational credibility in the relationship between crisis responsibility and perceived organizational reputation
title_fullStr The mediating effect of charismatic leadership communication and organizational credibility in the relationship between crisis responsibility and perceived organizational reputation
title_full_unstemmed The mediating effect of charismatic leadership communication and organizational credibility in the relationship between crisis responsibility and perceived organizational reputation
title_sort mediating effect of charismatic leadership communication and organizational credibility in the relationship between crisis responsibility and perceived organizational reputation
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
publishDate 2016
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/6228/1/s93389_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6228/2/s93389_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828040546648064
spelling my-uum-etd.62282021-04-05T02:42:33Z The mediating effect of charismatic leadership communication and organizational credibility in the relationship between crisis responsibility and perceived organizational reputation 2016 Jamilah, Jamal Abu Bakar, Hassan Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences HD61 Risk Management Based on the situational crisis communication theory (SCCT), this study focuses on the preventable crisis type and its impact on organizational reputation. Even though the SCCT has been widely used in crisis communication research, the theory still has its own limitations in explaining factors that could potentially affect the reputation of an organization. This study develops a mediation model by integrating crisis responsibility, charismatic leadership communication and organizational credibility in the SCCT theoretical framework. The main objective of this study is to determine the mediating effect of charismatic leadership communication and organizational credibility in the relationship between crisis responsibility and perceived organizational reputation. Based on the mediation model, nine hypotheses are tested using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the data obtained from a sample of 368 employees of two selected public organizations in Malaysia. Research findings confirm positive and significant relationships between all constructs in this study. The tested mediation model also indicates that the dynamic mechanisms of charismatic leadership communication and organizational credibility partially mediated the relationship between crisis responsibility and perceived organizational reputation during a crisis. These findings validate the proposed model in this study. Empirically, the mediated model established can serve as an instructive guide for both public organizations and corporate leaders in managing crises and reputations. This study contributes to further establishing the SCCT and posits key attributes in the organizational reputation processes. A practical implication of the findings suggests that a leader should engage in charismatic leadership communication and strengthen organizational credibility to mitigate the impact of a crisis on organizational reputation. As a conclusion, the findings have placed the dynamic mechanism of the research constructs at the forefront of managing organizational reputation. 2016 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/6228/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/6228/1/s93389_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6228/2/s93389_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abd-El-Salam, E. M., Shawky, A. Y., El-Nahas, T., & Nawar, Y. S. (2013). The relationship among job satisfaction, motivation, leadership, communication, and psychological empowerment: An Egyptian case study. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 78, 33-50. Adams, W. C. (2000). Responding to the media during a crisis: It's what you say and when you say it. Public Relations Quarterly, 45, 26-28. Alnemr, R., Koenig, S., Eymann, T., & Meinel, C. (2010). Enabling usage control through reputation objects: A discussion on e-commerce and the internet of services environments. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 5(2), 59-76. Al-Mashaan, O. S. (2003). Associations among job satisfaction, pessimism, and psychosomatic symptoms of employees in the government sector. Psychological Reports, 93, 17–25. Allison, D. B., & Baskin, M. L. (2009). Handbook of assessment methods for eating behaviors and weight-related problems: Measures, theory, and research. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications. Alpaslan, C. M., Green, S. E., & Mtroff, I. I. (2009). Corporate governance in the context of crises: Towards a stakeholder theory of crisis management. Journal of Contigencies andCrisis Management, 17, 38-49. Anderson, C. M., Madlock, P. E., & Hoffman, P. (2006). Leadership, commitment, and attitudes as predictors of satisfaction in small task groups. Paper presented at the Central States Communication Association Convention, Indianapolis, IN. Annual Report. (2012). Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission. Annual Report. (2013). Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commision. Anti-Corruption Initiatives In Malaysia. (2012). Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission. Antonakis, J., Fenley, M., & Liechti, S. (2011). Can charisma be taught? Tests of two interventions. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10, 374-396. Aoki, N. (2015). Institutionalization of New Public Management: The case of Singapore's education system. Public Management Review, 17, 165-186. Areiqat, A., & AbdelHadi, T. (2010). The roles of R&D in crisis management. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2, 81-87. Armstrong, J. S., & Overton , T. A. (1982). Estimating non-response bias in mail surveys in marketing research: Applications and problems. In K. J. Arun, P. Christian & B. T. Ratchford (Eds.). Chichester: John Wiley. Arpan, L. M., & Roskon-Ewoldsen, D. R. (2005). Stealing thunder: An analysis of the effects of proactive disclosure of crisis information. Public Relations Review, 31, 425-433. Asher, H. (1983). Causal Modeling. Newbury Park, CA: Sage University Press. Athiyaman, A. A. (2002). Internet users' intention to purchase air travel online: An empirical investigation. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 20, 234-242. Avery, E. J., & Kim, S. (2008). Comprising or Compromising Credibility? : Use of Spokesperson Quotations in News Releases Issued by Major Health Agencies. Public Relations Journal, 2, 1-18. Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2002). Developing potential across a full range of leadership: Cases on transactional and transformational leadership. London: Lawrence Erlbaum. Babarinsa, O. O. (2013). The role of leadership, credibility and effective communication in achieving organizational change. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. College Park, Maryland: University of Maryland University College. Babbie, E. R. (2015). The practice of social research (14th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning Bakar, H. A., & Sheer, V. C. (2013). The mediating role of perceived cooperative communication in the relationship between interpersonal exchange relationships and perceived group cohesion. Management Communication Quarterly, 27, 443-465. Bakar, H. A., Dilbeck, K. E., & McCroskey, J. C. (2010). Mediating role of supervisory communication practices on relations between leader-member exchange and perceived employee commitment to workgroup. Communication Monographs, 77, 637-656. Bakar, H. A., Jian, G., & Fairhurst, G. (2014). Where do I stand? The interaction of leadermember exchange and performance ratings. Asian Business & Management, 13, 143-170. Bakar, H. A., Mustaffa, C. S., & Mohamad, B. (2009). LMX quality, supervisory communication and team-oriented commitment: A multilevel analysis approach. Corporate Communications, 14, 11-33. Baker, F. B., & Kim, S. H. (2004). Item response theory: Parameter estimation techniques (2nd ed.). New York: Dekker. Baksh-Mohammed, S., Choi, M.-H., & Callison, C. (2006). Cashing in goodwill capital in times of crisis: Does public awareness of organizational charitable contributions lead to leniency when problems arise. Paper presented at the 10th International Public Relations Research. Barbuto, J. E. (1997). Taking the charisma out of transformational leadership. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 12, 689-697. Barge, J. K. (1996). Leadership skills and the dialectics of leadership in group decision making. Thousand Oaks,CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc. Barge, J. K., & Hirokawa, R. Y. (1989). Toward a communication competency model of group leadership. Small Group Behavior, 20, 167-189. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York, Free Press. Bass, B. M., Waldman, D. A., Avolio, B. J., & Bebb, M. (1987). Transformational leadership and the falling dominoes effect. Group and Organization Studies, 12, 73-87. Battaglio, R., Jr., & Condrey, S. E. (2009). Reforming public management: Analyzing the impact of public service reform on organizational and managerial trust. Journal of Public Administration Research & Theory, 19, 689-707. Bauer, D. J., Preacher, K. J., & Gil, K. M. (2006). Conceptualizing and testing random indirect effects and moderated mediation in multilevel models: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 11, 142-163. Bennett, R., & Kottasz, R. (2000). Practitioner perceptions of corporate reputation: An empirical investigation. Corporate Communications, 5, 224-234. Benoit, W. L. (1995). Accounts, excuses, and apologies: A theory of image restoration. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. Bettinghaus, E. P. (1969). Persuasive communication (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2004). Doing better at doing good: When, why and how consumers respond to corporate social initiatives. California Management Review. 47, 9–25. Birnbaum, M. H.; Stegner, S.E. (1979). Source credibility in social judgment: Bias, expertise, and the judge's point of view. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 48-74. Bligh, M. C., Kohles, J. C., & Meindl, J. R. (2004). Charisma under crisis: Presidential leadership, rhetoric, and media responses before and after the September 11th terrorist attacks. Leadership Quarterly, 15, 211-239. Bligh, M. C., Kohles, J. C., & Pillai, R. (2004). Where there's smoke, is there fire? Crisis and charisma in the California recall election. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Proceedings. Bligh, M. C., Kohles, J. C., & Pillai, R. (2005). Crisis and charisma in the California recall election. Leadership, 1, 323-352. Boin, A., & Hart, P. t. (2003). Public leadership in times of crisis: Mission impossible. Public Administrative Review, 63 (5). Boin, A., Hart, P. t., Stern, E., & Sundelius, B. (2005). The politic of crisis management: Public leadership under pressure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Briones, R. L., Kuch, B., Liu, B. F., & Jin, Y. (2011). Keeping up with the digital age: How the American Red Cross uses social media to build relationships. Public Relations Review, 37, 37-43. Browne, M. W., & R. Cudeck. 1993. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Testing Structural Equation Models edited by Bollen, K. A., and J. S. Long. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row. Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications and Programming. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Caligiuri, P., Colakoglu, S., Cerdin, J.-L., & Kim, M. S. (2010). Examining cross-cultural and individual differences in predicting employer reputation as a driver of employer attraction. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 10, 137-151. Callison, C., & Zillmann, D. (2002). Company affiliation and communicative ability: How perceived organizational ties influence source persuasiveness in a company negative news environment. Journal of Public Relations Research, 14, 85-102. Campbell, J.W. & Im, T. (2015). PSM and turnover intention in public organizations: Does change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior play a role? Review of Public Personnel Administration, 1–24. DOI: 10.1177/0734371X14567366 Carpenter, D. 2010. Reputation and Power: Organizational Image and Pharmaceutical Regulation at the FDA. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Carpenter, D. P., & Krause, G. A. (2012). Reputation and public administration. Public Administration Review, 72, 26-32. Casalo, L. V., Flavian, C., & Guinaliu, M. (2007). The influence of satisfaction, perceived reputation and trust on a consumer's commitment to a website. Journal of Marketing Communications, 13, 1-17. Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., & Sekaran, U. (2001). Applied business research: Quantitative and qualitative methods. Queensland, Australia: Wiley. Chan, N. H. (2011). Who killed Teoh Beng Hock? Retrieved Jan 14, 2012, from http://blog.limkitsiang.com Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464–504. Cheng, N. (2014). IGP: Police to question Kit Siang over Teoh Beng Hock article, from www.thestar.com.my Chetthamrongchai, P. (2010). Revalidating two measures of reputation in Thailand. Corporate Reputation Review, 13, 209-219. Cheung, A. B. L. (2013). Public governance reform in Hong Kong: rebuilding trust and governability. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 26, 421 - 436. Choi, J. (2006). A motivational theory of charismatic leadership: envisioning, empathy, and empowerment. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13, 1-24. Choi, J., & Chung, W. (2013). Analysis of the interactive relationship between apology and product involvement in crisis communication: An experimental study on the Toyota recall crisis. Journal of Business & Technical Communication, 27, 3-31. Chong, J. K. (2004). Six steps to better crisis management. The Journal of Business Strategy, 25, 43-46. Choudhury, E. (2008). Trust in administration: An integrative approach to optimal trust. Administration & Society, 40, 586-620. Chun, R. (2005). Corparate reputation: Meaning and management. International Journal of Management Reviews, 7, 91-109. Churchill, G.A., 1979. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64–73. Citrin, J., & Muste, C. (1999). Trust in government. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of political attitudes (pp. 465–532). San Diego: Academic. Claeys, A.-S., Cauberghe, V., & Vyncke, P. (2010). Restoring reputations in times of crisis: An experimental study of the situational crisis communication theory and the moderating effects of locus of control. Public Relations Review, 36, 256-262. Clardy, A. (2005). Reputation, goodwill, and loss: Entering the employee training audit equation. Human Resource Development Review, 4, 279-304. Coakes, S. J., & Ong, C. C. (2011). SPSS v18.0 for windows: Analysis without anguish. Australia: John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (3rd ed.). Hillsdale: Erlbaum. Coldwell, D. A. L., Joosub, T., & Papageorgiou, E. (2012). Responsible leadership in organizational crises: An analysis of the effects of public perceptions of selected SA business organizations’ reputations. Journal of Business Ethics, 109, 133-144. Colton, C., & Covert, R. W. (2007). Designing and constructing instruments for social research and evaluation: Jossey-Bass, a Wiley Imprint. Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1987). Toward a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership in organization settings. Academy of Management Review, 12(4), 637-647. Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1989). The charismatic leader: Behind the mystique of exceptional leadership. San Francisco: Josey-Bass Publishers. Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1994). Charismatic leadership in organization: Perceived behavioral attitudes and their measurement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 439-452. Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1998). Charismatic leadership in organizations. Thousands Oak, CA: Sage Publishers. Conger, J. A., Kanungo, R. N., & Menon, S. T. (2000). Charismatic leadership and follower effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 747-767. Conger, J. A., Kanungo, R. N., Menon, S. T., & Mathur, P. (1997). Measuring charisma: Dimensionality and validity of the Conger-Kanungo scale of charismatic leadership. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 14, 290-302. Conway, J.M., Huffcutt, A.I., 2003. A review and evaluation of exploratory factor analysis practices in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 6, 147–168. Coombs, W. T. (1999). Information and compassion in crisis responses: A test of their effects. Journal of Public Relation Research, 11, 125-142. Coombs, W. T. (2004). Impact of past crisis on current crisis communications: Insights from situational crisis communication theory. Journal of Business Communication, 41, 265-289. Coombs, W. T. (2006). The protective powers of crisis response strategies: Managing reputational assets during a crisis. Journal of Promotion Management, 12, 241-260. Coombs, W. T. (2007). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and application of situational crisis communication theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 10, 1-14. Coombs, W. T. (2014). Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing and responding. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2001). An extended examination of the crisis situation: A fusion of the relational management and symbolic approaches. Journal of Public Relation Research, 13, 321-340. Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2002). Helping crisis managers protect reputational assets: Initial test of the situational crisis communication theory. Management Communication Quarterly, 16, 165-186. Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2006). Unpacking the halo effect: Reputation and crisis management. Journal of Communication Management, 10, 123-137. Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2010). PR strategy and application: Managing influence. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell. Coombs, W. T., Hazleton, V., Holladay, S. J., & Chandler, R. C. (1995). The crisis grid: Theory and application in crisis management. In L. Barton (Ed.), New avenues in risk and crisis management (4, 30-39). Las Vegas: UNLV Small Business Development Center. Cooper, D. R. & Schindler P. S. (2003). International Edition: Business Research Methods. (8th ed.); New Delhi; MacGraw-Hill. Cooper, R. G. (1994). New products: The factors that drive success. International Marketing Review. 1, 60–76. Cooper, R. G. (1994). New products: The factors that drive success. International Marketing Review, 1, 60–76. Cornelius, B. P. (2004). Crafting key messages and taking points – or grounding them in what research tells us. Public Relations Quarterly, 49, 15-20. Coulson, A. (1998). Trust and contract in public sector management. In Coulson, A (Ed.), Trust and contracts: Relationships in local government, health and public services, 9–34. Bristol: The Policy Press. Craig, M., Olaniran, B. A., Scholl, J. C., & Williams, D. E. (2006). Crisis communication in public arenas. Public Relations Review, 32, 171-173. Crosby, L. A. L., & Johnson, L. S. (2006). Customer bonding - Cause and effect. Marketing Management, 15, 12-13. Culbertson, H. M. (1968). On the many sides of leadership. The Public Relations Quarterly, 2, 25-30. Davies, G., & Mian, T. (2010). The reputation of the party leader and the party being led. European Journal of Marketing, 44, 331-350. Davies, G., Chun, R., & Kamins, M. A. (2010). Reputation gaps and the performance of service organizations. Strategic Management Journal, 31, 530-546. Davies, G., & Mian, T. (2010). The reputation of the party leader and the party being led. European Journal of Marketing, 44, 331-350. Davis, K. M. (2012). Charisma under crisis revisited: Presidential leadership, perceived leader effectiveness, and contextual influences. Leadership Quarterly, 23, 918-933. de Vries, M., & Nemec, J. (2013). Public sector reform: an overview of recent literature and research on NPM and alternative paths. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 26, 4-16. de Vries, R. E., Bakker-Pieper, A., & Oostenveld, W. (2010). Leadership = communication? The relations of leaders’ communication styles with leadership styles, knowledge sharing and leadership outcomes. Journal of Business & Psychology, 25, 367-380. de Vries, R. E., Pathak, R. D., & Paquin, A. R. (2011). The paradox of power sharing: Participative charismatic leaders have subordinates with more instead of less need for leadership. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 20, 779-804. Dean, D. H. (2004). Consumer reaction to negative publicity: Effects of corporate reputation, response, and responsibility for a crisis event. Journal of Business Communication, 41, 192-211. deCastro, G. M., Lopez, J. E. N., & Saez, P. L. (2006). Business and social reputation: Exploring the concept and main dimensions of corporate reputation. Journal of Business Ethics, 63, 361-370. Deephouse, L. (2000). Media reputation as a strategic resource: An integration of mass communication and resource-based theories. Journal of Management, 26, 1091-2013. Delgado-Garcia, J. B., De Quevedo-Puente, E., & De La Fuente-Sabate, J. M. (2010). The impact of ownership structure on corporate reputation: Evidence from Spain. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 18, 540-556. Dobni, C. B. (2008). Measuring innovation culture in organizations: The development of a generalized innovation culture construct using exploratory factor analysis. European Journal of Innovation Management, 11, 539-559. Dooren, W. V., Bouckaert, G., & Halligan, J. (2010). Performance management in the public sector. New York: Routledge. Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Chaiken, S. (1978). Causal inferences about communicators and their effect on public opinion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 424-435. Eberl, M., & Schwaiger, M. (2005). Corporate Reputation: Disentangling the effects on financial performance. European Journal of Marketing, 39, 838-854. Ellis, T. S., & Webster, R. L. (1998). IS managers‘ innovation toward telecommuting: A structural equation model. Paper presented at the Thirty-First Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences-HICSS. Elmore, P. E., & Beggs, D. L. (1975). Salience of concepts and commitment to extreme judgements in response pattern of teachers. Education, 95(4), 325-334. Elsbach, K. D. (2006). Organizational perception management. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Erdogan, B. Z. (1999). Celebrity endorsement: A literature review. Journal of Marketing Management, 15, 291-314. Ewing, J., & Lee, J. (2009). Leader-member exchange and transforamtional leadership communication behaviors. Paper presented at the National Communication Association. Fairhurst, G. T. (1993). The leader-member exchange patterns of women leaders in industry: A discourse analysis. Communication Monographs, 60, 321-351. Fairhurst, G. T. (2007). Discursive Leadership: In Conversation with Leadership Psychology. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Faizuniah, P; Khulida Kirana Y; Johanim J; Mohd Faizal M. I & Zulkiflee, D (2011). The relationship between organizational climate and job satisfaction: The case of a government agency in Malaysia. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1, 152-160. Fan, Y. (2000). A classification of Chinese culture. Cross Culture Management, An International Journal, 7, 3-10. Fearn-Banks, K. (2007). Crisis communication: A casebook approach (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Field, A. P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS: and sex and drugs and rock 'n' roll (3rd ed.). London: Sage. Flatt, S. J., Harris-Boundy, J., & Wagner, S. (2013). CEO succession: A help or hindrance to corporate reputation? Corporate Reputation Review, 16, 206-219. Fombrun , C., & Wiedmann, K. (2001). Reputation quotient (RQ). Paper presented at the Department of Marketing, University of Hannover, Hannover. Fombrun, C. J. (1996). Reputation: Realizing value from the corporate image. Cambridge, MA:Harvard Business School Press. Fombrun, C. J. (2002). Corporate reputation as economic assets. In M. Hit (Ed.), Handbook of Strategic Management. Oxford: Blackwell. Fombrun, C. J., & Van Riel, C. B. M. (2004). Fame & fortune: How successful companies build winning reputations. Upper Saddle Hill, NJ: Prentice Hall. Fombrun, C. J., Gardberg, N., & Sever, J. (2000). The reputation quotient: A multistakeholders measure of corporate reputation. Journal of Brand Management, 7, 241-255. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variable, variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50. Fortunato, J. A. (2008). Restoring a reputation: The Duke University lacrosse scandal. Public Relations Review., 34, 116-123. Forward, G. L., Czech, K., & Allen, P. (2007). Leadership, communication and religiosity in higher education administration: Distinctions that make a difference. Journal of Communication Research, 30, 153–185. Freeman, R. E., & Auster, E. R. (2011). Values, authenticity, and responsible leadership. Journal Business Ethics, 98, 15-23. Frese, M., Beimel, S., & Schoenborn, S. (2003). Action training for charismatic leadership: Two evaluations of studies of a commercial training module on inspirational communication of a vision. Personnel Psychology, 56, 671-697. Friedland, W. H. (1964). For a sociological concept of charisma. Social Forces, 43(18-26). Friedman, K. (2009). Be prepared for any crisis. Communication World, 26, 2-14. Fryer, K., Antony, J., & Ogden, S. (2009). Performance management in the public sector. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 22, 478-498. Gabbioneta, C., Ravasi, D., & Mazzola, P. (2007). Exploring the drivers of corporate reputation: A study of Italian Securities analysts. Corporate Reputation Review, 10, 99-123. Garcia, H. F. (2012). Leadership communications: planning for the desired reaction. Strategy & Leadership, 40, 42-45. Gardner, W. L. (2003). Perceptions of leader charisma, effectiveness, and integrity: Effects of exemplifications, delivery, and ethical reputation. Management Communication Quarterly, 16, 502-527. Garland, R. (1991). The mid-point on a rating scale: Is it desirable. Marketing Bulletin, 2, 66-70. George, B., Sims, P., McLean, A. N., & Mayer, D. (2007). Discovering your authentic leadership. Harvard Business Review, 85, 129-138. Gibson, J. L., Ivancevich, J. M., & Donnelly, J. H. (2000). Organizations: Behavior, Structure, Processes. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill. Gliem, J.A., & Gliem, R.R (2003). Calculating, Interpreting, And Reporting Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Coefficient For Likert-Type Scales. 2003 Conference (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University). Gokhale, J., Brooks, R. M., & Tremblay, V. J. (2014). The effect on stockholder wealth of product recalls and government action: The case of Toyota's accelerator pedal recall. Quarterly Review of Economics & Finance, 54, 521-528. Goldberg, M. E., & Hartwick, J. (1990). The effect of advertiser reputation and extremity of advertising claim on advertising effectiveness. Journal of Consumer Research, 17, 172-179. Goldsmith, R. E., Lafferty, B.A., & Newell, S.J. (2000). The impact of corporate credibility and celebrity credibility on consumer reaction to advertisements and brands. Journal of Advertising, 29, 43-54. Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6, 219-247. Grebe, S. K. (2013). Things can get worse: How mismanagement of a crisis response strategy can cause a secondary or doublecrisis: the example of the AWB corporate scandal. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 18, 70-86. Greyser, S. A. (2009). Corporate brand reputation and brand crisis management. Management Decision, 47, 590-602. Grimmelikhuijsen, S.G., & Meijer, A.J. (2014). Effects of Transparency on the Perceived Trustworthiness of a Government Organization: Evidence from an Online Experiment. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 24, 137– 157. Grunig , L. (1992). How public relations/communication departments should adapt to the structure and environment of an organization … and what they actually do., in J. Grunig, D. Dozier, W. Ehling, L. Grunig, F. Repper and J. White (eds.) Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ , 467 – 482. Grunwald, G., & Hempelmann, B. (2010). Impacts of reputation for quality on perceptions of company responsibility and product-related dangers in times of product-recall and public complaints crises: Results from an empirical investigation. Corporate Reputation Review, 13, 264-283. Guth, D. W. (1995). Organizational crisis experience and public relations roles. Public Relations Review, 21, 123-136. Hackman, M. Z., & Johnson, C. E. (1996). Leadership: A communication perspective. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. Hackman, M. Z., & Johnson, C. E. (2004).Leadership: A communication perspective (4th ed.). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. Haigh, M. M., & Brubaker, P. (2010). Examining how image restoration strategy impacts perceptions of corporate social responsibility, organization-public relationships, and source credibility. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 453-468. Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. New Jersey, USA: Pearson Education Inc. Hair, J. F., Jr., Money, A. H., Samouel, P., & Page, M. (2007). Research methods for business. New York: John Wiley. Hale, J. E., Dulek, R. E., & Hale, D. P. (2005). Crisis response communication challenges. Journal of Business Communication, 42, 112-134. Halverson, S. K., Holladay, C. L., Kazama, S. M., & Quiñones, M. A. (2004). Selfsacrificial behavior in crisis situations: The competing roles of behavioral and situational factors. Leadership Quarterly, 15, 263-275. Halverson, S. K., Murphy, S. E., & Riggio, R. E. (2004). Charismatic leadership in crisis situations: A laboratory investigation of stress and crisis. Small Group Research, 35(5). Hamblin, R. L. (1958). Leadership and crisis. Sociometry, 21, 322-335. Hamdan, N. (2011, December 1). High Court upholds coroner's open verdict on Teoh Beng Hock case. The Star. Hamdi, S., & Rajablu, M. (2012). Effect of supervisor-subordinate communication and leadership style on organizational commitment of nurses in health care setting. International Journal of Business & Management, 7, 7-18. Hamilton, M. B. (2009). Online survey response rates and time-Background and guidance for industry. Retrieved 12 January, 2015, from http://www.supersurvey.com/papers/supersurvey_white_paper_response_rates.pd Hargis, M., & Watt, J. D. (2010). Organizational perception management: A framework to overcome crisis events. Organization Development Journal, 28, 73-87. Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 408-420. Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2010). Quantifying and testing indirect effects in simple mediation models when the constituent paths are nonlinear. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45, 627-660. Haywood, R. (2002). Manage your reputation: How to plan public relations to build & protect the organization's most powerful asset. London, UK: Kogan Page. Hearit, K. M. (2001). Corporate apologia: When an organization speaks in defense of itself. In R. L. Heath (Ed.), Handbook of public relations (pp. 501-511). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers. Hector, C. (2011, August 20). Teoh Beng Hock RCI—Was it an investigation or a justification exercise? Retrieved from http://charleshector.blogspot.com Helm, S. (2005). Designing a formative measure for corporate reputation. Corporate Reputation Review, 8, 95-109. Helm, S. (2007). The role of corporate reputation in determining investor satisfaction and loyalty. Corporate Reputation Review, 10, 22-37. Helm, S. V. (2013). How corporate reputation affects customers' reactions to price increases. Journal of Revenue & Pricing Management, 12, 402-415. Helm, S. V., & Tolsdorf, J. (2009, February). The impact of corporate crises on customer loyalty: Does corporate reputation cushion the fall? Paper presented at the AMA Winter Educators’ Conference, Tampa, FL. Helm, S. V., & Tolsdorf, J. (2013). How does corporate reputation affect customer loyalty? in a corporate crisis? Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management, 21, 144-152. Hickson, M., & Stacks, D. (1992). Effective communication for academic chairs. Albany: State University of New York Press. Higbee, A. G. (1992). Shortening the crisis life cycle: Seven rules to live by. Occupational Hazards, 54, 137-138. Holladay, S. J. (2009). Crisis communication strategies in the media coverage of chemical accidents. Journal of Public Relations Research, 21, 208-217. Holladay, S. J., & Coombs, W. T. (1994). Speaking of visions and visions being spoken: An exploration of the effects of content and delivery on perceptions of leader charisma. Management Communication Quarterly, 8, 165-189. Holland, R. J., & Gill, K. (2006). Ready for disaster? Communication World, 20-24. Hooijberg, R., & Choi, J. (2001). The impact of organizational characteristics on leadership effectiveness models: An examination of leadership in a private and a public sector organization. Administration & Society, 33, 403-431. Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit. Elect. J. Bus. Res. Methods., 6, 53-60. Houston, D. J., & Harding, L. H. (2013). Public trust in government administrators explaining citizen perceptions of trustworthiness and competence. Public Integrity, 16, 53-75. Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, H. H. (1953). Communication and persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Hsu, C. H., & Poole, S. W. (2011). Power signature analysis of the SPECpower ssj2008 benchmark. IEEE Xplore, 227-236. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. Huang, J. (2007). Market performance analysis of the online news industry. Dissertation presented at The University of Texas at Austin. Hunt, J. G., Boal, K. B., & Dodge, G. E. (1999). The effects of visionary and crisis responsive charisma on followers. An experimental examination of two kinds of charismatic leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 10, 423-448. Hutchins, H. M., & Wang, J. (2008). Organizational crisis management and human resource development: A review of the literature and implications to HRD research and practice. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 10, 310-330. Hutton, J., Goodman, M., Alexander, J., & Genest, C. (2001). Reputation management: The new face of corporate public relations? Public Relations Review, 27, 247-261. Hwang, S., & Cameron, G. T. (2008). Public's expectation about an organization's stance in crisis communication based on perceived leadership and perceived severity of threats. Public Relations Review, 34, 70-73. Hwang, S., & Cameron, G. T. (2009). The estimation of a corporate crisis communication based on perceived CEO's leadership perceived severity of threats, and perceived opposing public's size. Public Relations Review, 35, 136-169. Igbaria, M., Iivari, J., & Maragahh, H. (1995). Why do individuals use computer technology? A Finnish case study. Information and Management, 29, 227-238. Inglis, R., Morley, C., & Sammut, P. (2006). Corporate reputation and organizational performance: An Australian study. Managerial Auditing Journal, 21, 934-947. Ivanescu, I. L. M. (2011). Leadership crisis. Romanian Economic and Business Review, 6, 37-42. Ivanov, B., Parker, K. A., & Sims, J. D. (2009). Effectiveness of advertising and public relations message sequencing in new product introductions: Corporate credibility and image as moderators of message sequencing success. Paper presented at the National Conference Association. Jacques, T. (2010a). Reducing risk and protecting reputation. Financial Markets, 46-48. Jacques, T. (2010b). Reshaping crisis management: The challenge for organization design. Organization Development Journal, 28, 9-17. Jamal, J., & Bakar, H. A. (2015). The mediating role of charismatic leadership communication in a crisis: A Malaysian example. International Journal of Business Communication, 1-25. James, E. H., & Wooten, L. P. (2005). How to display competence in times of crisis. Organizational Dynamics, bus.umich.edu. Janczak, S. (2004). How middle managers integrate knowledge within projects. Knowledge and Process Management, 11, 210-224. Jin, C.-H., & Yeo, H.-C. (2011). Satisfaction, corporate credibility, CEO reputation and leadership effects on public relationships. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 19, 127-140. Jin, Y., Liu, B. F., & Austin, L. L. (2014). Examining the Role of Social Media in Effective Crisis Management: The Effects of Crisis Origin, Information Form, and Source on Publics’ Crisis Responses. Communication Research, 41, 74–94. Johansson, C., Miller, V. D., & Hamrin, S. (2014). Conceptualizing communicative leadership: A framework for analysing and developing leaders' communication competence. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 19, 147-165. Johnson, C. Enron’s ethical collapse: Lessons for leadership educators. Journal of Leadership Education, 2, 45-56. Joreskog, K., & Sorbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Lincolnwood, Illinois, US: Scientific Software International Inc. Kahn, W.A., Barton, M. A & Fellows, S. (2013). Organizational crises and the disturbance of relational systems. Academy of Management Review, 38, 377–396. Kakavogianni, D. (2009). Charismatic leadership and its emergence under crisis conditions: A case study from the airline industry (The University of York Working Paper). Retrieved from http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk Katz, D. J., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations. New York: Wiley. Kazoleas, D., & Teven, J. J. (2009). Public relations and organizational credibility: Refining the definition, measurement and assessment of organizational trust. Human Communication. A Publication of the Pacific and Asian Communication Association, 12, 9-32. Keefe, M. J., & Darling, J. R. (2008). Transformational crisis management in organization development. The case of talent loss at Microsoff. Organization Development Journal, 26, 43-58. Keller, K. L. (2003). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity (2nd), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kennedy, S. S. 2009. Distrust, American style diversity and the crisis of public confidence. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. Kelley, R. E. (1992). The power of followership. New York: Doubleday-Currency. Kelloway, E. K. (1998). Using LISREL for structural equation modeling: A researcher’s guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of behavioral research (3rd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Kerlinger, F. N., & Lee, H. B. (2000). Foundations of behavioral research. Holt, NY: Harcourt College Publishers. Ketrow, S. M. (1991). Valued leadership behaviors and perception of contributions: The unsung hero. Paper presented at the National Communication Association/American Forensic Association (Alta Conference on Argumentation). Khodarahmi, E. (2009). Crisis management. Disaster Prevention and Management, 18, 523-528. Kim, H. J., & Cameron, G. T. (2011). Emotions matter in crisis: The role of anger and sadness in the publics' response to crisis news framing and corporate crisis response. Kim, H., & Choi, S. M. (2004). For-profit companies as health information sponsors on the internet: Effects of corporate credibility and commercial intent. Paper presented at the International Communication Association. Kim, S., & Liu, B. F. (2012). Are all crises opportunities? A comparison of how corporate and government organizations responded to the 2009 flu pandemic. Journal of Public Relations Research, 24, 69-85. Kim, T.-Y., Bateman, T. S., Gilbreath, B., & Andersson, L. M. (2009). Top management credibility and employee cynicism: A comprehensive model. Human Relations, 62, 1435-1458. Kim, Y. (2001). Measuring the economic value of public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 13, 3-26. King, G. (2002). Crisis management and team effectiveness: A closer examination. Journal of Business Ethics, 41, 235-249. King, G. (2007). Narcissism and effective crisis management: A Review of Potential Problems and Pitfalls. Journal of Contingencies & Crisis Management, 15, 183-193. Kiousis, S., Popescu, C., & Mitrook, M. (2007). Understanding influences on corporate reputation: An examination of public relations efforts, media coverage, public opinion, and financial performance from an agenda-building and agenda-setting perspective. Journal of Public Relations Research, 19, 147-165. Kirkpatrick, S. A., & Locke, E. A. (1996). Direct and indirect effects of three core charismatic leadership components on performance and attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 18, 36-51. Klassen, R. (2009). MACC-MOST ABSURD & CONTROVERSIAL COMMISSION !! Retrieved March 9, 2014, from advocateviews.blogspot.com. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, USA: Guilford Press. Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2012). Credibility: How leaders gain and lose it, why people demand it. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass. A Wiley Imprint. Kovoor-Misra, S., Zammuto, R. F., & Mitroff, I. I. (2000). Crisis preparations in organizations: Prescription versus reality. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 63, 43-62. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement., 30, 607-610. Kuipers, B. S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J., & Van Der Voet, J. (2014). The management of change in public organizations: A literature review. Public Administration, 92, 1-20. Kuo-Tai Cheng (2015) Public service motivation and job performance in public utilities: an investigation in a Taiwan sample. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 28, 1-5. LaBarbera, P. A. (1982). Overcoming a no-reputation liability through documentation and advertising regulation. Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 223-228. Lafferty, B. A. (2007). The relevance of fit in a cause-brand alliance when consumers evaluate corporate credibility. Journal of Business Research, 60, 447–453. Lafferty, B. A., & Goldsmith, R. E. (2005). Cause-brand alliances: Does the cause help the brand or does the brand help the cause? Journal of Business Research, 58, 423–429. Lafferty, B. A., & Goldsmith, R.E. (1999). Corporate credibility's role in consumers' attitudes and purchase intentions when a high versus a low credibility endorser is used in the ad. Journal of Business Research, 44, 109-116. Lager, J. M. (2010). Governments demand compliance, ethics demands leadership. Journal of Public Affairs, 10, 216-224. Landau, S., & S, E. B. (2004). A handbook of statistical analysis using SPSS: Chapman & Hall/CRC. Lange, D., Lee, P. M., & Dai, Y. (2011). Organizational Reputation: A Review. Journal of Management, 37, 153-184. Langewiesche, W. (2002). American ground: Unbuilding the World Trade Center. New York: North Point Press. Laohavichien, T., Fredendall, L. D., & Cantrell, R. S. (2009). The effects of transformational and transactional leadership on quality improvement. The Quality Management Journal, 16, 7-24. Levine, K. (2008, May). Communicating charisma: Developing the Charismatic Leadership Communication Scale. Paper presented at the International Communication Association, Montreal, Quebec Canada. Levine, K. J., Muenchen, R. A., & Brooks, A. M. (2010). Measuring transformational and charismatic leadership: Why isn’t charisma measured? Communication Monographs, 77, 576-591. Li, Y. (2010). The case analysis of the scandal of Enron. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(10). Littlefield, R. S., & Quennette, A. M. (2007). Crisis leadership and hurricane Katrina: The portrayal of authority by the media in natural disasters. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 35, 26-47. Liu, B. F. (2010). Distinguishing how elite newspapers and A-list blogs cover crises: Insights for managing crises on and offline. Public Relations Review, 36, 28-34. Liu, B. F., Horsley, J. S., & Yang, K. (2012). Overcoming negative media coverage: Does government communication matter? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22, 597-621. Lucero, M., Tan, T. K., & Pang, A. (2009). Crisis leadership: When should the CEO step up? Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 14, 234-248. Luoma-aho, V. (2006). Intangibles of public sector organizations: Trust and reputation ’ , in V. Luoma-aho and S. Peltola (eds.) Public Organizations in the Communication Society, Publication of the Department of Communication, 29, University of Jyv ä skyl ä . Luoma-aho, V. (2007). Neutral reputation and public sector organization. Corporate Reputation Review, 10, 124–143. Luoma-aho, V. (2008). Sector reputation and public organizations. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 21(5). Luoma-aho, V. L., & Makikangas, M. E. (2014). Do public sector mergers (re) shape reputation? International Journal of Public Sector Management, 27, 39-52. Luoma-aho , V. & Peltola, S. (eds.) (2006) Public Organizations in the Communication Society, Publication of the Department of Communication, 29, University of Jyv ä skyl ä . Luoma-aho, V., Olkkonen, L., & Lähteenmäki, M. (2013). Expectation management for public sector organizations. Public Relations Review, 39, 248-250. Macleod, S. (2001). Why worry about CSR? Strategy Communication Management, 5, 8-9. Madlock, P. (2008). The link between leadership style, communicator competence, and employee satisfaction. Journal of Business Communication, 45, 61-78. Mageswari, M. (2014, September 5). Open verdict in Teoh Beng Hock inquest overturned, suicide ruled out. The Star. Mahon , J. & Wartick , S. (2003). Dealing with stakeholders: How reputation, credibility and framing influence the game. Corporate Reputation Review, 6, 19 – 35. Maor, M. 2010. Organizational reputation and jurisdictional claims: The case of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration". Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions 23, 133-159. Maor, M., Gilad, S., & Ben-Nun Bloom, P. (2013). Organizational reputation, regulatory talk, and strategic silence. Journal of Public Administration Research & Theory, 23, 581-608. Marconi, J. (2002). Reputation marketing: Building and sustaining your organization’s greatest asset. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Marien, S., & Hooghe, M. (2011). Does political trust matter? An empirical investigation into the relation between political trust and support for law compliance. European Journal of Political Research, 50, 267-291. Marlow, S. and Carter, S. (2004). Accounting for Change: Professional Status, Gender Disadvantage and Self‐Employment. Women in Management Review, 19, 5‐16 Marra, F. J. (1998). Crisis communication plans: Poor predictors of excellent crisis public relations. Public Relations Review, 24, 461-474. May, S., & Zorn, T. (2003). Forum: Communication and corporate social responsibility – forum introduction. Management Communication Quarterly, 16, 594-597. McCartney, W. W., & Campbell, C. R. (2006). Leadership, management, and derailment: A model of individual success and failure. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 27, 190-202. McDonald, L. M., Sparks, B., & Glendon, A. I. (2010). Stakeholder reactions to company crisis communication and causes. Public Relations Review, 36, 263-271. Meindl, J. R., & Ehrlich, S. B. (1988). Developing a romance of leadership scale. Paper presented at the Silver Anniversary Proceedings, Eastern Academy of Management Meetings, Washington, D. C. Men, L. R. (2012). CEO credibility, perceived organizational reputation, and employee engagement. Public Relations Review, 38, 171-173. Men, L. R., & Stacks, D. W. (2013). The impact of leadership style and employee empowerment on perceived organizational reputation. Journal of Communication Management, 17, 171-192. Meng, J., & Berger, B. (2013). An integrated model of excellent leadership in public relations: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Journal of Public Relations Research, 25, 141-167. Meng, J., Berger, B. K., Gower, K. K., & Heyman, W. C. (2012). A test of excellent leadership in public relations: Key qualities, valuable sources, and distinctive leadership perceptions. Journal of Public Relations Research, 24, 18-36. Metzger, M. J., Flanagin, A. J., Eyal, K., Lemus, D. R., & McCann, R. M. (2003). Credibility for the 21st century: Integrating perspectives on source, message, and media credibility in the contemporary media environment. Communication Yearbook, 27, 293-336. Michaelis, B.R & Stegmaier, R. (2009). Affective Commitment to Change and Innovation Implementation Behavior: The Role of Charismatic Leadership and Employees’ Trust in Top Management. Journal of Change Management. 9, 399–417. Miller, A. & Kurpius, D. (2010). A citizen-eye view of television news source credibility. American Behavioral Scientist. 54, 137–156 Mishra, J. (1996). Organizational responses to crisis: The centrality of trust. In R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.). Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Mitroff, I. I. (1988). Crisis management: Cutting through the confusion. Sloan Management Review, 29, 15-20. Mitroff, I. & Alpaslan, M.C. (2003). Preparing for evil. Harvard Business Review, 81, 109-15. Modzelewski, J. (1990). "What I would do" CEOs consider corporate crises. Public Relations Quarterly, 35, 12-14. Monavvarian, A., & Khamda, Z. (2010). Towards successful knowledge management: People development approach. Business Strategy Series, 11, 20-42. Money, K., & Hillenbrand, C. (2006). Using reputation measurement to create value: An analysis and integration of existing measures. Journal of General Management, 32, 1-12. Moore, J. D., Mowen, C. J., & Reardon, R. (1994). Multiple sources in advertising appeals: When product sponsors are paid by advertising sponsor. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 22, 234-243. Morley, M. (1998). How to manage your global reputation. Basingstoke, UK: MacMillan. Muhammad Sabbir Rahman (2012). An Exploratory study of female employees’ perception toward work environment: Structural equation modeling approach. International Journal of Business Studies, 20, 69-90 Mumford, M. D., Hunter, S. T., Friedrich, T. L., & Caughron, J. J. (2009). Charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic leadership: An examination of multi-level influences on emergence and performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 79-116. Muhammad Sabbir Rahman (2012). An Exploratory study of female employees’ perception toward work environment: Structural equation modeling approach. International Journal of Business Studies, 20, 69-90 Nyhan, R. C. (2000). Changing the paradigm: trust and its role in public sector organizations. The American Review of Public Administration, 30, 87–109. Newell, S. J., & Goldsmith, R. E. (2001). The development of a scale to measure perceived corporate credibility. Journal of Business Research, 52, 235-247. Nik Hazimah, N.M., & Zaharul Nizal, Z. (2010). Professionalism in practices: A preliminary study on Malaysian public universities. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(8), 138-145. Nor Azizah & Halimah @ Nasibah. (2007). Corporate governance in Malaysia: The effect of corporate reforms and state business relation in Malaysia. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 12, 23-34. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Nunnally, J., & Berstein, I. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Book Company. O’Rourke, M. (2004). Protecting your reputation. Risk Management, 51, 14-18. O’Toole, L. J. J., & Meier, K. J. (2009). The human side of public organizations: Contributions to organizational performance. American Review of Public Administration, 39, 499-518. Ohanian, R. (1990). Construction and validation of a scale to measure celebrity endorsers' perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. Journal of Advertising, 19, 39-52. Oliveira, M. d. F. (2013). Multicultural environments and their challenges to crisis communication. Journal of Business Communication, 50, 253-277. Osborn, R. N., Hunt, J. G., & Jauch, L. R. (2002). Toward a contextual theory of leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 797-837. Ota, H., McCann, R. M., & Honeycutt, J. M. (2012). Inter-Asian variability in intergenerational communication. Human Communication Research, 38, 172-198. Pace, K. M., Fediuk, T. A., & Botero, I. C. (2010). The acceptance of responsibility and expressions of regret in organizational apologies after a transgression. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 15, 410-427. Paine, R. T., Ruesink, J. L., Sun, A., Soulanille, E. L., Wonham, M. J., Harley, C. D. G., et al. 1996). Trouble on Oiled Waters: Lessons from the Exxon Valdez Iol Spill. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 27, 197-235. Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (3rd ed.). London: Prentice Hall. Panagopoulos, N., & Dimitriadis, S. (2009). Transformational leadership as a mediator of the relationship between behavior-based control and salespeople's key outcomes: An initial investigation. European Journal of Marketing, 43, 1008-1031. Panopoulos, F. (1999). Gender differences in transformational leadership among the field leaders of New South Wales police students. Paper presented at the Second Australian Women and Policing Conference, Emmanuel College, University of Queensland. Parasuraman, B. (2005). Communication and consultation in Malaysia: Impact of the 1975 Code of Conduct. Airaanz 2005. Parasuraman, Badariah, R., & Rathakrishnan, B. (2011). Employee participation in the public sector in Malaysia: A general overview. Journal of Arts Science & Commerce, 11, 55-69. Park, H & Cameron, G.T. (2014) Keeping It Real Exploring the Roles of Conversational Human Voice and Source Credibility in Crisis Communication via Blogs. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 91, 487-507. Park, S.M. (2012). Toward the Trusted Public Organization: Untangling the Leadership Motivation, and Trust Relationship in U.S. Federal Agencies. The American Review of Public Administration, 42, 562–590 Parker, J. (2007). The reputation, image and influence of the pharmaceutical industry: Regaining credibility. Journal of Medical Marketing, 7, 309 – 313. Patterson, B. (1993). Crises impact on reputation management. The Public Relations Journal, 49, 48-49. Pauchant, T. C., & Mitroff, I. I. (1992). Transforming the crisis prone-organization: Preventing individual, organization, and environmental tragedies. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass Publishers. Pearson, C. M., & Clair, J. A. (1998). Reframing crisis management. Academy of Management Review, 23, 59-76. Perrow, C. (1999). Normal accidents: Living with high-risk technologies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton, University Press. Perry, J., & Hondeghem, A. (2008). Motivation in Public Management: the Call for Public Service. Oxford: Oxford University. Perry, J. L., Hondeghem, A., & Wise, L. R. (2010). Revisiting the Motivational Bases of Public Service: Twenty Years of Research and an Agenda for the Future. Public Administration Review, 70, 681-690. Perry, J. L. (1996). Measuring public service motivation: an assessment of construct reliability and validity. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 6, 5–22. Pew Internet and American Life Project. (2006). “Blogger Callback Survey.” Pew Internet and American Life Project. http://www. pewinternet.org. Pew Research Center Global Attitudes Project. (2010, December 15). “Global Publics Embrace Social Networking.” Pew Research Center Global Attitudes Project. http://pewglobal.org/files/2010/12/Pew- Global-Attitudes-Technology-ReportFINAL- December-15-2010.pdf Pillai, R. (1996). Crisis and the emergence of charismatic leadership in groups: An experimental investigation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 543-562. Pillai, R., & Meindl, J. R. (1998). Context and charisma: A “meso” level examination of the relationship of organic structure, collectivism, and crisis to charismatic leadership. Journal of Management, 24, 643-671. Podolny, J. M., & Phillips, D. J. (1996). The dynamics of organizational status. Industrial and Corporate Change, 5, 453-471. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leaders behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1, 107-142. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. M., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method variance in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903. Pornpitakpan, C. (2004). The persuasiveness of source credibility: A critical review of five decades' evidence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 243-281. Pollach, I., & Kerbler, E. (2011). Appearing competent: A study of impression management in U.S. and European CEO profiles. Journal of Business Communication, 48, 355-372 Poon, J. M. L. (2003). Situational antecedents and outcomes of organizational politics perceptions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18, 138–155. Porritt, D. (2005). The reputational failure of financial success: The 'bottom line backlash' effect. Corporate Reputation Review, 8, 198-213. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. Probst, G., & Raisch, S. (2005). Organizational crisis: The logic of failure. Academy of Management Executive, 19, 90-105. Procopio, C. H., and S. T. Procopio. (2007). “Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans? Internet Communication, Geographic Community and Social Capital in Crisis.” Journal of Applied Communication Research, 35 (1): 67-87. Quick, J. C., & Macik-Frey, M. (2004). Behind the mask coaching through deep interpersonal communication. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 56, 67-74. Rainey, H. G. 1991. Understanding and managing public organizations. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass. Ramirez, D. E. (2010). ERP crisis management through leadership communication. International Journal of Management and Information, 14, 15-18. Rashidah, A. and Mohammad, R. Z. (2010), Corporate Governance in Malaysia. Sweet & Maxwell Asia Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2000). A method for comparing completely standardized solutions in multiple groups. Structural Equation Modeling, 7, 292-308. Reduan, H. (2014, September 5). Teoh Beng Hock open verdict reversed. The New Straits Times, p. 1. Renshon, S. A. (1995). The Clinton presidency: Campaigning, governing and psychology of leadership. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Renshon, S. A. (1996). The psychological assessment of presidential candidates. New York: New York Rhee, M., & Valdez, M. E. (2009). Contextual factors surrounding reputation damage with potential implications for reputation repair. Academy of Management Review, 34, 146-168. Roberts, C. (2009). An experimental investigation into the impact of crisis response strategies and relationship history on relationship quality and corporate credibility. Unpublished Theses and Dissertations, University of South Florida. Roberts, P. W., & Dowling, G. R. (2002). Corporate reputation and sustained superior financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 23, 1077-1093. Roscoe, J. T. (1975). Fundamental research statistics for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Rosenthal, U. (2003). September 11: Public administration and the study of crises and crisis management. Administration & Society, 35, 129-143. Rottier, H., Hill, D. J., Carlson, J., Griffin, M., Bond, E., Autry, C., et al. (2003). Events of 9/11/2001: Crisis and consumer dissatisfaction response styles. Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behavior, 16, 222-232. Rousseau, D. M. (2006). Is there such a thing as evidence-based management? Academy of Management Review, 31, 256-269. Salacuse, J. W. (2007). Real leaders negotiate. University Business, 10, 2-3. Saliu, I. (2004). Statistic and standard deviation. New Jersey: McGraw Hill. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9, 185-211. Sauviat, C. (2006). The demise of Andersen: A consequence of corporate governance failure in the context of major changes in the accounting profession and the audit market. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Satir, C. (2006). The nature of corporate reputation and the measurement of reputation components: An empirical study within a hospital. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 11, 56-63. Sax, L. J., Gilmartin, S. K., & Bryant, A. N. (2003). Assessing response rates and nonresponse bias in web and paper surveys. Research in Higher Education, 44, 409-432. Schachter, H. (2014). New Public Management and principals' roles in organizational governance: what can a corporate issue tell us about public sector management? Public Organization Review, 14, 517-531. Schleicher, A., & Saito, M. (2005). Data Preparation and Management: Module 10. Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning (UNESCO). Schnietz, K. E., & Epstein, M. J. (2005). Exploring the financial value of a reputation for corporate social responsibility during a crisis. Corporate Reputation Review, 7, 327-345. Schoenberg, A. (2005). Do crisis plan matter? A new perspective on leading during a crisis. Public Relations Quarterly, 50, 2-6. Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. Schwaiger, M. (2004). Components and parameters of corporate reputation - an empirical study. Schmalenbach Business Review, 56, 46-71. Seeger, M.W. & Padgett, D.R.G (2010). From image restoration to renewal: Approaches to understanding postcrisis communication. The Review of Communication, 10, 127-141. Seeger, M. W., Sellnow, T. L., & Ulmer, R. R. (2003). Communication, organization and crisis. West Port, CT: Quarum. Sen, Sankar & Bhattacharya, C.B. (2001). Does doing good always lead to doing better? Consumer reactions to corporate social responsibility. Journal of Marketing Research, 38, 225-243. Seibold, D. R., Hollingshead, A. B., & Yoon, K. (2014). Embedded teams and embedding organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business (5th ed.). West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Seltzer, J., & Bass, B. M. (1990). Transformational leadership: Beyond initiation and consideration. Journal of Management, 16, 693-703. Shamir, B. (1995). Social distance and charisma: Theoretical notes and an exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 6, 19-47. Shamir, B., House, R., & Arthur, M. B. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership : A self-concept based theory. Organizational Science, 4, 577-594. Shamir, B., Zakay, E., Breinin, E., & Popper, M. (1998). Correlates of charismatic leader behaviors in military units: Subordinates' attitudes, unit characteristics, and superiors' appraisals of leader performance. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 387-409. Shamma, H. M. (2012). Toward a comprehensive understanding of corporate reputation: Concept, measurement and implications. International Journal of Business & Management, 7, 151-169. Sharifah Latifah, S. A., Mokhtar, A., & Arawati, A. (1988). On service improvement capacity Index: A case study of the public service sector in Malaysia. Total Quality Management, 11, 837-843. Shaw, K. (2005). Getting leaders involved in communication strategy: Breaking down the barriers to effective leadership communication. Strategic Communication Management, 9, 14-17. Shea, C. M., & Howell, J. M. (1999). Charismatic leadership and task feedback: A laboratory study of their effects on self-efficacy and task performance. Leadership Quarterly, 10, 375-396. Sheather, S. J. (2009). A modern approach to regression with R. New York: Springer. Shemetov, V. (2010). Crisis management: Trade-off between effectiveness and timeliness. The Business Review, Cambridge, 16, 1-10. Shrivastava, P. (1995). Ecocentric management for a globally changing crisis society. Paper presented at the National Conference, Academy of Management. Shrout, P. E., Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422-445 Sisco, H. F. (2012a). Nonprofit in crisis: An examination of the applicability of situational crisis communication theory. Journal of Public Relations Research, 24, 1-17. Sisco, H.F, Collins, E. L., & Zoch, L. M. (2010). Through the looking glass: A decade of Red Cross crisis response and situational crisis communication theory. Public Relations Review, 36, 21-27. Sisco, H. F. (2012b). The ACORN story: An analysis of crisis response strategies in a nonprofit organization. Public Relations Review, 38, 89-96. Six, F. d. r. (2013). Trust in regulatory relations: How new insights from trust research improve regulation theory. Public Management Review, 15, 163–185. Sminia, H., & Van Nistelrooij, A. (2006). Strategic management and organization development: Planned change in a public sector organization. Journal of Change Management, 6, 99-113. Smith, B. G. (2010). Socially distributing public relations: Twitter, Haiti, and interactivity in social media. Public Relations Review, 36, 329-335. Sobehart, J. R. (2014). Rumour has it: Modelling credibility, reputation and franchise risk. Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, 7, 161-173. Sommer, A., & Pearson, C. M. (2007). Antecedents of creative decision making in organization crisis: A team-based simulation. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 74, 1234-1251. Souiden, N., & Pons, F. (2009). Product recall crisis management: the impact on manufacturer's image, consumer loyalty and purchase intention. Journal of Products & Brand Management, 18, 106-114.

Similar Items