The direct and indirect influence of brand image, brand experience, and brand personality on brand loyalty

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between brand image (BI), brand experience (BE), brand personality (BP), and brand loyalty (BL) of automobile local brands in Malaysia and also determining the mediating effect of brand satisfaction (BS) and brand trust (BT) on those re...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Mabkhot, Hashed Ahmad Nasser
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2016
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/6254/1/s93442_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6254/2/s93442_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.6254
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Md. Salleh, Salniza
Shaari, Hasnizam
topic HF5001-6182 Business
spellingShingle HF5001-6182 Business
Mabkhot, Hashed Ahmad Nasser
The direct and indirect influence of brand image, brand experience, and brand personality on brand loyalty
description The objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between brand image (BI), brand experience (BE), brand personality (BP), and brand loyalty (BL) of automobile local brands in Malaysia and also determining the mediating effect of brand satisfaction (BS) and brand trust (BT) on those relationships. This study is embarked on the fact that only a few studies have examined how brand image, brand experience, brand personality, brand satisfaction, and brand trust contribute towards the emergence of brand loyalty. Based on a theoretical consideration, a model was proposed and 17 hypotheses were formulated. Questionnaires were used to collect data. A total of 330 usable responses were received from respondents in the northern part of Malaysia, (Kedah, Penang, and Perlis). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed in the data analysis. The findings reveal significant relationships between brand image and brand loyalty, and between brand experience and brand loyalty. However, this study does not find any significant relationships between brand personality and brand loyalty. This study observes that brand satisfaction mediates both the relationships between brand image, brand personality, and brand loyalty. In addition, brand trust mediates the relationships between brand personality and brand loyalty. However, brand satisfaction does not mediate the relationships between brand experience and brand loyalty. No significant mediation is observed of brand trust on the relationships between brand image, brand experience, and brand loyalty. The significance of this study can be seen in the incorporation of brand satisfaction and brand trust as the mediating tools to explain the relationships between brand image, brand experience, brand personality, and brand loyalty. The study concludes with a discussion on the contributions, limitations as well as suggestions for future research
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Mabkhot, Hashed Ahmad Nasser
author_facet Mabkhot, Hashed Ahmad Nasser
author_sort Mabkhot, Hashed Ahmad Nasser
title The direct and indirect influence of brand image, brand experience, and brand personality on brand loyalty
title_short The direct and indirect influence of brand image, brand experience, and brand personality on brand loyalty
title_full The direct and indirect influence of brand image, brand experience, and brand personality on brand loyalty
title_fullStr The direct and indirect influence of brand image, brand experience, and brand personality on brand loyalty
title_full_unstemmed The direct and indirect influence of brand image, brand experience, and brand personality on brand loyalty
title_sort direct and indirect influence of brand image, brand experience, and brand personality on brand loyalty
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Business Management
publishDate 2016
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/6254/1/s93442_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6254/2/s93442_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828045789528064
spelling my-uum-etd.62542021-04-06T06:17:08Z The direct and indirect influence of brand image, brand experience, and brand personality on brand loyalty 2016 Mabkhot, Hashed Ahmad Nasser Md. Salleh, Salniza Shaari, Hasnizam School of Business Management School of Business Management HF5001-6182 Business The objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between brand image (BI), brand experience (BE), brand personality (BP), and brand loyalty (BL) of automobile local brands in Malaysia and also determining the mediating effect of brand satisfaction (BS) and brand trust (BT) on those relationships. This study is embarked on the fact that only a few studies have examined how brand image, brand experience, brand personality, brand satisfaction, and brand trust contribute towards the emergence of brand loyalty. Based on a theoretical consideration, a model was proposed and 17 hypotheses were formulated. Questionnaires were used to collect data. A total of 330 usable responses were received from respondents in the northern part of Malaysia, (Kedah, Penang, and Perlis). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed in the data analysis. The findings reveal significant relationships between brand image and brand loyalty, and between brand experience and brand loyalty. However, this study does not find any significant relationships between brand personality and brand loyalty. This study observes that brand satisfaction mediates both the relationships between brand image, brand personality, and brand loyalty. In addition, brand trust mediates the relationships between brand personality and brand loyalty. However, brand satisfaction does not mediate the relationships between brand experience and brand loyalty. No significant mediation is observed of brand trust on the relationships between brand image, brand experience, and brand loyalty. The significance of this study can be seen in the incorporation of brand satisfaction and brand trust as the mediating tools to explain the relationships between brand image, brand experience, brand personality, and brand loyalty. The study concludes with a discussion on the contributions, limitations as well as suggestions for future research 2016 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/6254/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/6254/1/s93442_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6254/2/s93442_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Aaker David, A. (1996). Measuring brand equity across products and markets. California Management Review, 38(3), 103. Aaker David, A. (2011). Building strong brands: Free Press. Aaker, J. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing research, 347-356. Aaker, J., Fournier, S., & Brasel, S. A. (2004). When good brands do bad. Journal of consumer research, 31(1), 1-16. Abbasi, A. S., Aqeel, A. M. B., & Awan, A. N. (2011). The impact of advertising on brand loyalty with the moderation of consumer buying behavior; a conceptual framework. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 3(4), 14. Abu Bakar, H., Abdullah, F. N., Husin, W., Zakiyatussariroh, W., Yusoff, Z., & Salleh, M. S. (2011). Consumer ethnocentrism among government servants in Kota Bharu towards buying automobile. Journal of Academic Minds, 5(1), 65-77. Abubakar, M. M., Mokhtar, S. S. M., & Abdullattef, A. O. (2014). The Role of Long-Term Orientation and Service Recovery on the Relationships between Trust, Bonding, Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty: The Case of Nigerian Retail Banks. Asian Social Science, 10(2), p209. Achouri, M. A., & Bouslama, N. (2010). The Effect of the Congruence between Brand Personality and Self-Image on Consumer’s Satisfaction and Loyalty: A Conceptual Framework. IBIMA Business Review, 2, 34-49. Aelen, T. N. K., Dalen, J. C. v., Herik, H. J. v. d., & Walle, B. A. V. d. (2011). Relationship Marketing: The Mediating Role of Customer Experiences. Maastricht School of Management Working Papers. Agustin, C., & Singh, J. (2005). Curvilinear effects of consumer loyalty determinants in relational exchanges. Journal of Marketing research, 96-108. Ahmad, A., Rehman, K.-U., Hunjra, A. I., & Naqvi, S. Q. H. (2011). Impact of Brand Loyalty on Brand Extension. Paper presented at the International Conference on Information Systems For Business Competitiveness (ICISBC). Ahmed, M., Sandhu,.A.R ., Zulkarnain,M., & Gulzar, T.,I. (2011). Factors behind the brand loyalty, developing And proposing a conceptual model. Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(3), 14. Akaah, I. P., & Korgaonkar, P. K. (1988). A conjoint investigation of the relative importance of risk relievers in direct marketing. Journal of Advertising Research, 28(4), 38-44. Al-Azzam, A. F., & Salleh, S. M. (2012). The direct effect of predictor variables on destination brand loyalty in Jordan. Al-Ekam, Mat, N. K. N., Salleh, S. M., Binti, N., Baharom, T. R. B. T. T., Noh, N. A. B., & Hussain, N. E. B. (2012). The Influence of Trust, Advertising, Family on Intention and Actual Purchase of Local Brand in Yemen. Al-shami, S. S. A., Izaidin, M., Nurulizwa, R. F., & Rashid, A. (2012). Inter-Firm Knowledge Transfer to the Capability of Local Parts Firms in the Malaysian Automobile Industry. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(18), 156-163. Alamanos, E., Brakus, J. J., & Dennis, C. (2015). How Digital Signage Affects Shoppers’ In-Store Behavior: The Role of the Evoked Experience Ideas in Marketing: Finding the New and Polishing the Old (pp. 748-751): Springer. Algesheimer, R., Dholakia, U. M., & Herrmann, A. (2005). The social influence of brand community: Evidence from European car clubs. Journal of marketing, 19-34. Alimen, N., & Cerit, A. G. (2010). Dimensions of brand knowledge: Turkish university students' consumption of international fashion brands. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 23(4), 538-558. Alloza, A. (2008). Brand engagement and brand experience at BBVA, the transformation of a 150 years old company. Corporate Reputation Review, 11(4), 371-379. Ambler, T. (1997). How much of brand equity is explained by trust? Management Decision, 35(4), 283-292. Ambler, T., Bhattacharya, C. B., Edell, J., Keller, K. L., Lemon, K. N., & Mittal, V. (2002). Relating brandand customer perspectives on marketing management. Journal of Service Research, 5(1), 13-25. Amine, A. (1998). Consumers' true brand loyalty: the central role of commitment. Journal of strategic marketing, 6(4), 305-319. Anabila, P., Narteh, B., & Tweneboah-Koduah, E. Y. (2012). Relationship Marketing Practices and Customer Loyalty: Evidence from the Banking Industry in Ghana. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(13), 51-61. Anatolevena Anisimova, T. (2007). The effects of corporate brand attributes on attitudinal and behavioural consumer loyalty. Journal of consumer marketing, 24(7), 395-405. Anderson, J. C., & Narus, J. A. (1990). A model of distributor firm and manufacturer firm working partnerships. the Journal of Marketing, 42-58. Andreani, F., Taniaji, T. L., & Puspitasari, R. N. M. (2012). The Impact of Brand Image Towards Loyalty with Satisfaction as A Mediator in McDonald’s. Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan, 14(1), 64-71. Andreassen, T. W., & Lindestad, B. (1998). Customer loyalty and complex services: the impact of corporate image on quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty for customers with varying degrees of service expertise. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 9(1), 7-23. Anholt, S. (2012). Nation-brands and the value of provenance Destination branding (pp. 26). Anisimova, T. (2013). Evaluating the impact of corporate brand on consumer satisfaction. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 25(4), 561-589. Anisimova, T. A. (2007). The effects of corporate brand attributes on attitudinal and behavioural consumer loyalty. Journal of consumer marketing, 24(7), 395-405. Anwar, A., Gulzar, A., Sohail, F. B., & Akram, S. N. (2011). Impact of brand image, trust and affect on consumer brand extension attitude: the mediating role of brand loyalty. International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 1(5), 7. Arnett, D. B., German, S. D., & Hunt, S. D. (2003). The identity salience model of relationship marketing success: the case of nonprofit marketing. Journal of marketing, 89-105. Ashley, C., & Leonard, H. A. (2009). Betrayed by the Buzz? Covert Content and Consumer-Brand Relationships. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 28(2), 212-220. Atilgan, E., Aksoy, S., & Akinci, S. (2005). Determinants of the brand equity: a verification approach in the beverage industry in Turkey. Marketing intelligence & planning, 23(3), 237-248. Augustin, D. (2013). Overview Of The Malaysian Automotive Industry – 2013 And Beyond. http://www.sharesinv.com/articles/2013/04/24/overview-of-the-malaysian-automotive-industry%E2%80%932013-and-beyond/ Aydin, S., & Özer, G. (2005). The analysis of antecedents of customer loyalty in the Turkish mobile telecommunication market. European Journal of Marketing, 39(7/8), 910-925. Ažman, S., & Gomišček, B. (2012). Asymmetric and nonlinear impact of attribute-level performance on overall customer satisfaction in the context of car servicing of four European automotive brands in Slovenia. Organizacija, 45(2), 75-86. Back, K.-J., & Parks, S. C. (2003). A brand loyalty model involving cognitive, affective, and conative brand loyalty and customer satisfaction. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 27(4), 419-435. Baek, T. H., Kim, J., & Yu, J. H. (2010). The differential roles of brand credibility and brand prestige in consumer brand choice. Psychology & Marketing, 27(7), 662-678. Bagozzi, R. P. (1995). Reflections on relationship marketing in consumer markets. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 23(4), 272-277. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 16(1), 74-94. Balakrishnan, B., Lee, S., Shuaib, A., & Marmaya, N. (2009). The impact of brand personality on brand preference and loyalty: Empirical evidence from Malaysia. Business Education & Accreditation, 1(1), 109-119. Balakrishnan, B., Saufi, R. A., & Amran, H. H. (2008). The Impact of Brand Personality on Brand Preference: A Study on Malaysian’s Perception towards Domestic and Asian Car Brands. Paper presented at the INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS CONFERENCE, Rapid City, South Dakota Baldinger, A. L., & Rubinson, J. (1996). Brand loyalty: the link between attitude and behavior. Journal of Advertising Research, 36, 22-36. Barclay, D., Higgins, C., & Thompson, R. (1995). The partial least squares (PLS) approach to causal modeling: Personal computer adoption and use as an illustration. Technology studies, 2(2), 285-309. Barnett, V., & Lewis, T. (1994). Outliers in statistical data (Vol. 3): Wiley New York. Barney, J. B., & Hansen, M. H. (1994). Trustworthiness as a source of competitive advantage. Strategic management journal, 15(S1), 175-190. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173. Bauer, H. H., Stokburger-Sauer, N. E., & Exler, S. (2008). Brand image and fan loyalty in professional team sport: a refined model and empirical assessment. Journal of Sport Management, 22(2). Baumgartner, H., & Weijters, B. (2012). Commentary on “Common Method Bias in Marketing: Causes, Mechanisms, and Procedural Remedies”. Journal of Retailing, 88(4), 563-566. Bejan, A. (2012). Creating Brand Loyalty through Virtual Brand Communities. Aarhus University Belaid, S., & Behi, A. T. (2011). The role of attachment in building consumer-brand relationships: an empirical investigation in the utilitarian consumption context. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 20(1), 37-47. doi: 10.1108/10610421111108003 Bennett. (2001). A study of brand loyalty in the Business-to-Business services sector. Bennett, & Bove, L. (2002). Identifying the key issues for measuring loyalty. Australasian Journal of Market Research, 9(2), 27-44. Bennett, Härtel, C. E. J., & McColl-Kennedy, J. R. (2005). Experience as a moderator of involvement and satisfaction on brand loyalty in a business-to-business setting 02-314R. Industrial Marketing Management, 34(1), 97-107. Bennett, & Rundel-Thiele, S. (2005). The brand loyalty life cycle: Implications for marketers. The Journal of Brand Management, 12(4), 250-263. Bennett, & Rundle-Thiele, S. (2002). A comparison of attitudinal loyalty measurement approaches. The Journal of Brand Management, 9(3), 193-209. Bennur, S. (2010). From apparel product attributes to brand loyalty: A cross-cultural investigation of U.S. and Indian consumers' attribute choices applying Kano's theory. (3422260 Ph.D.), Oklahoma State University, Ann Arbor. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11244/6697 ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Full Text database. Berger, I. E., Ratchford, B. T., & Haines Jr, G. H. (1994). Subjective product knowledge as a moderator of the relationship between attitudes and purchase intentions for a durable product. Journal of Economic Psychology, 15(2), 301-314. Berkman, H. W., Lindquist, J. D., & Sirgy, M. J. (1997). Consumer behavior: NTC Business Books Lincolnwood, IL. Berry. (1995). Relationship marketing of services growing interest, emerging perspectives. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 23(4), 236-245. Berry, & Carbone, L. P. (2007). Build loyalty through experience management. Quality progress, 40(9), 26. Bhardwaj, V., Kumar, A., & Kim, Y.-K. (2010). Brand Analyses of US Global and Local Brands in India: The Case of Levi's. Journal of Global Marketing, 23(1), 80-94. Bianchi, C. (2015). Consumer Brand Loyalty in the Chilean Wine Industry. Journal of Food Products Marketing(ahead-of-print), 1-19. Biedenbach, G., & Marell, A. (2009). The impact of customer experience on brand equity in a business-to-business services setting. Journal of Brand Management, 17(6), 446-458. Biggemann, S., & Buttle, F. (2009). Coordinated interaction and paradox in business relationships. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 24(8), 549-560. Bijttebier, P., Delva, D., Vanoost, S., Bobbaers, H., Lauwers, P., & Vertommen, H. (2000). Reliability and validity of the Critical Care Family Needs Inventory in a Dutch-speaking Belgian sample. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 29(4), 278-286. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life: Transaction Publishers. Bloemer, J., & Ruyter, K. D. (1998). On the relationship between store image, store satisfaction and store loyalty. European Journal of Marketing, 32(5/6), 499-513. Bloemer, J., Ruyter, K. D., & Peeters, P. (1998). Investigating drivers of bank loyalty: the complex relationship between image, service quality and satisfaction. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 16(7), 276-286. Blumberg, B., Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2008). Business research methods (Vol. 2): McGraw-Hill Higher Education New York. Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. (1990). Direct and indirect effects: Classical and bootstrap estimates of variability. Sociological methodology, 20(1), 15-140. Bolton, R. N. (1998). A dynamic model of the duration of the customer's relationship with a continuous service provider: the role of satisfaction. Marketing Science, 45-65. Bontis, N., Booker, L. D., & Serenko, A. (2007). The mediating effect of organizational reputation on customer loyalty and service recommendation in the banking industry. Management Decision, 45(9), 1426-1445. Boohene, R., & Agyapong, G. K. (2010). Analysis of the antecedents of customer loyalty of telecommunication industry in Ghana: The case of Vodafone (Ghana). International Business Research, 4(1), p229. Bouhlel, O., Mzoughi, N., Hadiji, D., & Slimane, I. B. (2011). Brand Personality’s Influence on the Purchase Intention: A Mobile Marketing Case. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(9), p210. Boush, D. M., & Loken, B. (1991). A process-tracing study of brand extension evaluation. Journal of Marketing research, 16-28. Bowen, J., & Chen, S.-L. (2001). The relationship between customer loyalty and customer satisfaction. International journal of contemporary hospitality management, 13(5), 213-217. Brakus, J. J., Schmitt, B. H., & Zarantonello, L. (2009). Brand Experience: What Is It? How Is It Measured? Does It Affect Loyalty? Journal of marketing, 73(3), 52-68. Breivik, E., & Thorbjørnsen, H. (2008). Consumer brand relationships: an investigation of two alternative models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 36(4), 443-472. Brexendorf, T. O., Mühlmeier, S., Tomczak, T., & Eisend, M. (2010). The impact of sales encounters on brand loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 63(11), 1148-1155. Buck, T., Liu, X., & Ott, U. (2010). Long-term orientation and international joint venture strategies in modern China. International Business Review, 19(3), 223-234. Burmann, C., Schaefer, K., & Maloney, P. (2007). Industry image: Its impact on the brand image of potential employees. Journal of Brand Management, 15(3), 157-176. Burmann, C., Schaefer, K., & Maloney, P. (2008). Industry image: Its impact on the brand image of potential employees. The Journal of Brand Management, 15(3), 157-176. Burns, A. C., Bush, R. F., & Chen, J. (2003). Marketing research: Online research applications: Prentice Hall. Cai, L. A., & Hobson, J. (2004). Making hotel brands work in a competitive environment. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(3), 197-208. Carroll, B. A., & Ahuvia, A. C. (2006). Some antecedents and outcomes of brand love. Marketing Letters, 17(2), 79-89. Cavana, R., Delahaye, B. L., & Sekeran, U. (2001). Applied Business research: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods. Chahal, H., & Bala, M. (2012). Significant components of service brand equity in healthcare sector. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 25(4), 343-362. Chang, P. L., & Chieng, M. H. (2006). Building consumer–brand relationship: A cross‐cultural experiential view. Psychology & Marketing, 23(11), 927-959. Chattananon, A., & Trimetsoontorn, J. (2009). Relationship marketing: a Thai case. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 4(3), 252-274. Chatterjee, S., & Yilmaz, M. (1992). A review of regression diagnostics for behavioral research. Applied Psychological Measurement, 16(3), 209-227. Chaudhuri, A., & Holbrook, M. B. (2001). The chain of effects from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance: the role of brand loyalty. the Journal of Marketing, 81-93. Che, H., & Seetharaman, P. (2009). “Speed of Replacement”: Modeling Brand Loyalty Using Last-Move Data. Journal of Marketing research, 46(4), 494-505. Chen-Yu, J., Cho, S., & Kincade, D. (2016). Brand perception and brand repurchase intent in online apparel shopping: An examination of brand experience, image congruence, brand affect, and brand trust. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 7(1), 30-44. Chen, C.-F., & Myagmarsuren, O. (2011). Brand equity, relationship quality, relationship value, and customer loyalty: Evidence from the telecommunications services. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 22(9), 957-974. Cheng, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2012). Theoretical model analysis of relationship marketing. Paper presented at the Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII), 2012 International Conference on. Chernatony, L. d. (2006). From Brand Vision to Brand Evaluation: The strategic process of growing and strengthening brands. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Chernick, M. R. (2011). Bootstrap methods: A guide for practitioners and researchers (Vol. 619): John Wiley & Sons. Chi, C. G. Q., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 29(4), 624-636. Chia-wen, C. (2008). The study of female customer loyalty in purchasing cosmetics. (Master Thesis), National Donghua University. Retrieved from http://libserver2.nhu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search-c/view_etd?URN=etd-0630108-130250 Chih-Hon, C., & Chia-Yu, T. (2005). Exploring Store Image, Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty Relationship: Evidence from Taiwanese Hypermarket Industry. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 7(2), 197-202. Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336. Chin, W. W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 655-690): Springer. Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Information systems research, 14(2), 189-217. Chinomona, R. (2013). The Influence Of Brand Experience On Brand Satisfaction, Trust And Attachment In South Africa. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 12(10). Chinomona, R., & Kuada, J. (2016). Brand communication, brand image and brand trust as antecedents of brand loyalty in Gauteng Province of South Africa. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 7(1). Chiou, & Droge, C. (2006). Service quality, trust, specific asset investment, and expertise: direct and indirect effects in a satisfaction-loyalty framework. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 34(4), 613-627. Chiou, & Shen, C. C. (2006). The effects of satisfaction, opportunism, and asset specificity on consumers' loyalty intention toward internet portal sites. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 17(1), 7-22. Chiu-Han, W., & Sejin, H. (2011). Store attributes influencing relationship marketing: a study of department stores. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 15(3), 326-344. Choi, Y. G., Ok, C., & Hyun, S. S. (2011). Evaluating Relationships among Brand Experience, Brand Personality, Brand Prestige, Brand Relationship Quality, and Brand Loyalty: An Empirical Study of Coffeehouse Brands. Chuah, H. W., Marimuthu, M., & Ramayah, T. (2014). The Effect of Perceived Value on the Loyalty of Generation Y Mobile Internet Subscribers: A Proposed Conceptual Framework. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130, 532-541. Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1979). Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships. Journal of personality and social psychology, 37(1), 12. Clemes, M. D., Gan, C. E., & Kao, T.-H. (2008). University student satisfaction: An empirical analysis. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 17(2), 292-325. Coelho, P. S., & Henseler, J. (2012). Creating customer loyalty through service customization. European Journal of Marketing, 46(3/4), 331-356. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences: Routledge Academic. Coltman, T., Devinney, T. M., Midgley, D. F., & Venaik, S. (2008). Formative versus reflective measurement models: Two applications of formative measurement. Journal of Business Research, 61(12), 1250-1262. Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A First Course Factor Analysis: Psychology Press. Copeland, M. T. (1923). Relation of Consumers' buying Habits To Marketing Methods. Harvard Business Review, 1(3), 282-289. Cretu, A. E., & Brodie, R. J. (2007). The influence of brand image and company reputation where manufacturers market to small firms: A customer value perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 36(2), 230-240. David, A. A. (1991). Managing brand equity: Capitalizing on the value of a brand name: Free Pr. Davies, G. (2003). Corporate reputation and competitiveness: Psychology Press. Day, G. S. (1969). A two-dimensional concept of brand loyalty. Journal of Advertising Research, 9(3), 29-35. De Chernatony, L., Halliburton, C., & Bernath, R. (1995). International branding: demand–or supply-driven opportunity? International Marketing Review, 12(2), 9-21. Dehdashti, Z., Kenari, M. J., & Bakhshizadeh, A. (2012). The impact of social identity of brand on brand loyalty development. Management Science Letters, 2, 1425–1434 Dekimpe, M., Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M., Mellens, M., & Abeele, V. P. (1997). Decline and variability in brand loyalty. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 14(5), 405-420. Delassus, V. P., & Descotes, R. M. (2012). Brand name substitution and brand equity transfer. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 21(2), 117-125. Delgado-Ballester, E., & Munuera-Alemán, J. L. (2005). Does brand trust matter to brand equity? Journal of Product & Brand Management, 14(3), 187-196. Delgado-Ballester, E., Munuera-Aleman, J. L., & Yague-Guillen, M. J. (2003). Development and validation of a brand trust scale. International Journal of Market Research, 45(1), 35-54. Dick, A. S., & Basu, K. (1994). Customer loyalty: toward an integrated conceptual framework. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 22(2), 99-113. Dijkstra, T. (1983). Some comments on maximum likelihood and partial least squares methods. Journal of Econometrics, 22(1), 67-90. Dobni, D., & Zinkhan, G. M. (1990). In search of brand image: A foundation analysis. Advances in consumer research, 17(1), 110-119. Doney, P. M., & Cannon, J. P. (1997). An examination of the nature of trust in buyer-seller relationships. the Journal of Marketing, 35-51. Douglas, S. P., Craig, C. S., & Nijssen, E. J. (2001). Integrating branding strategy across markets: Building international brand architecture. Journal of International Marketing, 97-114. Doyle, P. (1990). Building successful brands: the strategic options. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 7(2), 77-95. Doyle, P. (2012). Building successful brands. Duarte, P. A. O., & Raposo, M. L. B. (2010). A PLS model to study brand preference: An application to the mobile phone market Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 449-485): Springer. Dwyer, F. R., Schurr, P. H., & Oh, S. (1987). Developing buyer-seller relationships. The Journal of marketing, 11-27. Edvardsson, B., Johnson, M. D., Gustafsson, A., & Strandvik, T. (2000). The effects of satisfaction and loyalty on profits and growth: products versus services. Total Quality Management, 11(7), 917-927. Eggert, A., & Ulaga, W. (2002). Customer perceived value: a substitute for satisfaction in business markets? Journal of Business & industrial marketing, 17(2/3), 107-118. Ehrenberg, A., & Goodhardt, G. (2000). New brands: near-instant loyalty. Journal of marketing management, 16(6), 607-617. Ekinci, Y., & Dawes, P. L. (2009). Consumer perceptions of frontline service employee personality traits, interaction quality, and consumer satisfaction. The Service Industries Journal, 29(4), 503-521. Ekinci, Y., & Hosany, S. (2006). Destination personality: an application of brand personality to tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 45(2), 127-139. Elliott, A. C., & Woodward, W. A. (2007). Statistical analysis quick reference guidebook: With SPSS examples: Sage. Emari, H., Jafari, A., & Mogaddam, M. (2012). The mediatory impact of brand loyalty and brand image on brand equity. African Journal of Business Management, 6(17), 5692-5701. Engel, W. (2008). Determinants of consumer willingness to pay for organic food in South Africa. University of Pretoria. Retrieved from http://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/29759 Erciş, A., Ünal, S., Candan, F. B., & Yıldırım, H. (2012). The Effect of Brand Satisfaction, Trust and Brand Commitment on Loyalty and Repurchase Intentions. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 1395-1404. Erdogmus, I., & Büdeyri-Turan, I. (2012). The role of personality congruence, perceived quality and prestige on ready-to-wear brand loyalty. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 16(4), 399-417. Erfgen, C. (2011). Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on Brand Image: A Communication Process Perspective on 30 Years of Empirical Research. Research Papers on Marketing and Retailing. University of Humburg. Esch, F. R., Langner, T., Schmitt, B. H., & Geus, P. (2006). Are brands forever? How brand knowledge and relationships affect current and future purchases. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 15(2), 98-105. Faircloth, J. B. (2005). Factors influencing nonprofit resource provider support decisions: applying the brand equity concept to nonprofits. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 1-15. Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling: University of Akron Press. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior research methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS: Sage publications. Flavián, C., Guinalíu, M., & Gurrea, R. (2006). The role played by perceived usability, satisfaction and consumer trust on website loyalty. Information & Management, 43(1), 1-14. Flavian, C., Guinaliu, M., & Torres, E. (2005). The influence of corporate image on consumer trust: A comparative analysis in traditional versus internet banking. Internet Research, 15(4), 447-470. Fornell, C. (1992). A national customer satisfaction barometer: the Swedish experience. the Journal of Marketing, 6-21. Fornell, C., Ittner, C. D., & Larcker, D. F. (1995). Understanding and using the American customer satisfaction index (ACSI): assessing the financial impact of quality initiatives. Fornell, C., Johnson, M. D., Anderson, E. W., Cha, J., & Bryant, B. E. (1996). The American customer satisfaction index: nature, purpose, and findings. the Journal of Marketing, 7-18. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing research, 39-50. Forsido, M. Z. (2012). Brand loyalty in Smartphone (Master), Uppsala University Fournier, S. (1998). Consumers and their brands: Developing relationship theory in consumer research. Journal of consumer research, 24(4), 343-353. Fournier, S., & Mick, D. G. (1999). Rediscounting satisfaction. Journal of marketing, 63, 5-23. Fournier, S., & Yao, J. L. (1997). Reviving brand loyalty: A reconceptualization within the framework of consumer-brand relationships. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 14(5), 451-472. Frow, P., & Payne, A. (2007). Towards the ‘perfect’customer experience. Journal of Brand Management, 15(2), 89-101. Ganesan, S. (1994). Determinants of long-term orientation in buyer-seller relationships. the Journal of Marketing, 1-19. Geisser, S. (1974). A predictive approach to the random effect model. Biometrika, 61(1), 101-107. Ghani, N. H. A. (2012). Relationship Marketing In Branding: The Automobile Authorized Independent Dealers in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(5), 11. Ghazizadeh, M. B., Ali Soleimani; Talebi, Vajiheh. (2010). A Survey of Brand Equity and Customer Satisfaction of Iranian State-Owned Banks. European Journal of Social Sciences, 17(2), 266. Giddens, N., & Hofmann, A. (2010). Brand Loyalty Iowa State University Extension C5-54. . Giese, J., & Cote, J. (2000). Defining consumer satisfaction. Academy of marketing science review, 1(1), 1-22. Gil, R. B., Andrés, E. F., & Salinas, E. M. (2007). Family as a source of consumer-based brand equity. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 16(3), 188-199. Gocek, I., Kursun, S., & Beceren, Y. I. (2007). The Perception of Customer Satisfaction in Textile Industry According to Genders in Turkey. International Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 1, 2. Götz, O., Liehr-Gobbers, K., & Krafft, M. (2010). Evaluation of structural equation models using the partial least squares (PLS) approach Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 691-711): Springer. Grace, D., & O'Cass, A. (2005). Examining the effects of service brand communications on brand evaluation. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 14(2), 106-116. Greene, W. H. (2012). Econometric Analysis (Seventh Edition ed.): Granite Hill Publishers. Gremler, D. D. (1995). The effect of satisfaction, switching costs, and interpersonal bonds on service loyalty. Arizona State University. Grewal, D., Krishnan, R., Baker, J., & Borin, N. (1998). The effect of store name, brand name and price discounts on consumers' evaluations and purchase intentions. Journal of Retailing, 74(3), 331-352. Gronroos, C. (1996). Relationship marketing: strategic and tactical implications. Management Decision, 34(3), 5-14. Grönroos, C. (1994). From marketing mix to relationship marketing: towards a paradigm shift in marketing. Management Decision, 32(2), 4-20. Gul, M. S., Jan, F. A., Baloch, Q. B., Jan, M. F., & Jan, M. F. (2010). Brand Image and Brand Loyalty. Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), 55-74. Gwinner, K. P., Hennig-Thurau, T., & Gremler, D. D. (2002). Understanding Relationship Marketing Outcomes. Journal of Service Research, 3, 230-247. Ha, H.-Y., & Janda, S. (2014). Brand personality and its outcomes in the Chinese automobile industry. Asia Pacific Business Review, 20(2), 216-230. Ha, H. Y., & Perks, H. (2005). Effects of consumer perceptions of brand experience on the web: Brand familiarity, satisfaction and brand trust. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 4(6), 438-452. Haas, S. M. (2007). Evaluating brand relationships in the context of brand communities (Vol. 68). Hair, J. F., Black, Babin, & Anderson. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. Hair, J. F., Bush, R. p., & Ortinau, D. j. (2003). Marketing Research: Within a Changing Information Environment (2nd edn ed.): McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): SAGE Publications, Incorporated. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Editorial-Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling: Rigorous Applications, Better Results and Higher Acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1-2), 1-12. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 40(3), 414-433. Hair, J. F., Tatham, R. L., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 6): Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ. Hair, J. F., Wolfinbarger, M. F., Ortinau, D. J., & Bush, R. P. (2008). Essentials of marketing research: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Halim, R. E. (2006). The effect of the relationship of brand trust and brand affect on brand performance: An analysis from brand loyalty perspective (A case of instant coffee product in Indonesia). ssrn. com [Date of access: 22 Jan. 2009]. Halliburton, C., & Hünerberg, R. (1993). Pan-European Marketing: Myth or Reality. Journal of International Marketing, 77-92. Hameed, F. (2013). The Effect of Advertising Spending on Brand Loyalty Mediated by Store Image, Perceived Quality and Customer Satisfaction: A Case of Hypermarkets. Asian Journal of Business Management, 5(1), 181-192. Han, L., & Li, B. (2012). The effects of brand experience on customer brand loyalty: An empirical study of dairy products in the Western Liaoning Province. International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering, 3, 377-380. Hankinson, G., & Cowking, P. (1996). The Reality of Global Brands: Cases and strategies for the successful management of international brands: McGraw-Hill. Hanna, R., & Kuhnert, F. (2014). How to be No. 1: facing future challenges in the automotive industry. http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cfodirect/industries/automotive/how-to-be-no-1-facing-challenges-in-the-automotive-industry.jhtml Hanzaee, K. H., & Andervazh, l. (2012). An Analysis of Some Moderating Variables on the Value, Brand Trust and Brand Loyalty Chain. Research Journal of Applied Sciences Engineering and Technology, 4(10), 11. Hanzaee, K. H., & Asadollahi, A. (2011). Investigating the Effect of Brand Knowledge and Brand Relationships On Purchase Behavior of Customers World Applied Sciences lournal 13(9). Hanzaee, K. H., & Asadollahi, A. (2012). Investigating the Effect of Brand Equity and Brand Preference on Purchase Intention. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, 4. Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern factor analysis: University of Chicago Press. Harris, L. C., & Goode, M. M. H. (2004). The four levels of loyalty and the pivotal role of trust: a study of online service dynamics. Journal of Retailing, 80(2), 139-158. Harris, P. (2015). A Survey of the U.S. General Public and Opinion Elites Using the Reputation Quotient (pp. 25). Harun, A., Kassim, M., Wahid, A., Igau, A. O., Hassan, M. G., & Swidi, A. (2010). Managing local brands in facing challenges of globalization: Be a local or global leader? European Journal of Social Sciences 17(2). Hau, K.-T., & Marsh, H. W. (2004). The use of item parcels in structural equation modelling: Non-normal data and small sample sizes. British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology, 57(2), 327-351. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach: Guilford Press. Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2010). Quantifying and testing indirect effects in simple mediation models when the constituent paths are nonlinear. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45(4), 627-660. He, H., Li, Y., & Harris, L. (2012). Social identity perspective on brand loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 65(5), 648-657. Hee, J. L., & Myung, S. K. (2012). The effect of brand experience on brand relationship quality. Academy of Marketing Studies Journal, 16(1), 13. Helgesen, Ø., & Nesset, E. (2007). Images, satisfaction and antecedents: Drivers of student loyalty? A case study of a Norwegian university college. Corporate Reputation Review, 10(1), 38-59. Helm, S., Eggert, A., & Garnefeld, I. (2010). Modeling the impact of corporate reputation on customer satisfaction and loyalty using partial least squares Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 515-534): Springer. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in international marketing, 20, 277-319. Henseler, J., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Goodness-of-fit indices for partial least squares path modeling. Computational Statistics, 28(2), 565-580. Hess, S., Bauer, H., Kuester, S., & Huber, F. (2007). In brands we trust: marketing's impact on service brand personality and trust. Paper presented at the European Marketing Academy 36th Conference Proceedings, Iceland, May. Hin, C. W., Isa, F. M., Hee, H. C., & Swee, L. S. (2013). A Study of Foreign Students of Country of Origin and Perception Towards Locally Made Malaysian Cars. International Business Management, 7(1), 8. Hiu Fai, L., Wong, Y. W., & Lau, K. W. (2014). Measuring Customer Service Quality of Luxury Fashion Brands in Hong Kong. International Research Journal of Marketing, 2(2), 8. Hollis, N., Farr, A., & Dyson, P. (1996). Understanding, measuring, and using brand equity. Journal of Advertising Research, 9-21. Holly, H., Kim, S. S., Elliot, S., & Han, H. (2012). Conceptualizing Destination Brand Equity Dimensions from a Consumer-Based Brand Equity Perspective. Journal of travel & tourism marketing, 29(4), 385-403. Holt, D. B., Quelch, J. A., & Taylor, E. L. (2004). How global brands compete. Harvard Business Review, 82(9), 68-75. Hong-Youl, H. (2004). Factors influencing consumer perceptions of brand trust online. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 13(5), 329-342. Hongfang, Z., & Weihua, L. (2009). An Empirical Study on the Factor Influencing Brand Loyal. Paper presented at the Electronic Commerce and Business Intelligence, 2009. ECBI 2009. International Conference on. Hsiang, M. L., Ching, C. L., & Cou, C. W. (2011). Brand image strategy affects brand equity after M&A. European Journal of Marketing, 45(7/8), 1091-1111. Hsieh, & Li, C. K. (2008). The moderating effect of brand image on public relations perception and customer loyalty. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 26(1), 26-42. Hsieh, Pan, S.-L., & Setiono, R. (2004). Product-, corporate-, and country-image dimensions and purchase behavior: a multicountry analysis. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 32(3), 251-270. Huber, F., & Herrmann, A. (2001). Achieving brand and dealer loyalty: the case of the automotive industry. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 11(2), 97-122. Huber, F., Vollhardt, K., Matthes, I., & Vogel, J. (2010). Brand misconduct: Consequences on consumer-brand relationships. Journal of Business Research, 63(11), 1113-1120. Humphrey Jr, W. F., Laverie, D. A., & Rinaldo, S. B. (2015). Fostering Brand Community Through Social Media: A New Relational Framework for Targeting Connected Consumers Ideas in Marketing: Finding the New and Polishing the Old (pp. 664-664): Springer. Hünecke, P., & Gunkel, M. (2012). The influence of after-sales service determinants on brand loyalty within the premium automotive industry: an empirical comparison of three countries. Service Science, 4(4), 365-381. Hye-Shin, K. (2000). Examination of brand personality and brand attitude within the apparel product category. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 4(3), 243-252. Hyun, S. S., & Wansoo, K. (2011). Dimensions of brand equity in the chain restaurant industry. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 52(4), 429-437. Iacobucci, D., Saldanha, N., & Deng, X. (2007). A meditation on mediation: Evidence that structural equations models perform better than regressions. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(2), 139-153. Iglesias, O., Singh, J. J., & Batista-Foguet, J. M. (2011). The role of brand experience and affective commitment in determining brand loyalty. Journal of Brand Management, 18(8), 570-582. Imandoust, S. B., Honameh, M. R. P., & Fahimifard, S. M. (2011). Brand Loyalty Analysis Using Multinomial Logit Model. China-USA Business Review, 10(9), 69-77. Ing, W. P., Phing, G. T. T., Peng, N. C., Sze, J., Ho, Y., & Teik, D. O. L. (2012). Global Versus Local Brand: Perceived Quality and Status-Seeking Motivation in the Automobile Industry. World Review of Business Research, 2(4), 12. Ipsos-Mori. (2010). The Imperatives for Customer Loyalty. The Logic Group Enterprises Limited. Ismail, A., & Melewar, T. (2008). The role of customer experience in building brand loyalty within the service context. Iversen, N. M., & Hem, L. E. (2008). Provenance associations as core values of place umbrella brands: A framework of characteristics. European Journal of Marketing, 42(5/6), 603-626. Iwasaki, Y., & Havitz, M. E. (1998). A path analytic model of the relationships between involvement, psychological commitment, and loyalty. Journal of leisure research, 30, 256-280. J.D., P. (2014). Technology Has Positive Impact on New-Vehicle Buyer Experience in Malaysia J.D. Power Asia Pacific Reports:. Jacoby, J. (1971). A model of multi-brand loyalty. Journal of Advertising Research, 11(3), 25-31. Jacoby, J., & Chestnut, R. W. (1978). Brand loyalty measurement and management: Wiley New York. Jacoby, J., & Kyner, D. B. (1973). Brand loyalty vs. repeat purchasing behavior. Journal of Marketing research, 1-9. Jani, D., & Han, H. (2014). Personality, satisfaction, image, ambience, and loyalty: Testing their relationships in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 37, 11-20. Johar, G. V., Sengupta, J., & Aaker, J. (2005). Two roads to updating brand personality impressions: Trait versus evaluative inferencing. Journal of Marketing research, 458-469. Jonathan, L., Janghyuk, L., & Lawrence, F. (2001). The impact of switching costs on the customer satisfaction-loyalty link: mobile phone service in France. Journal of Services Marketing, 15(1), 35-48. Jones, M. A., & Suh, J. (2000). Transaction-specific satisfaction and overall satisfaction: an empirical analysis. Journal of Services Marketing, 14(2), 147-159. Joseph, C. (2000). An investigation of urban residents’ loyalty to tourism. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 24(1), 5-19. JPJ. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.jpj.gov.my/en/statistik-pendaftaran-motokar Kandampully, J., & Suhartanto, D. (2000). Customer loyalty in the hotel industry: the role of customer satisfaction and image. International journal of contemporary hospitality management, 12(6), 346-351. Kapferer. (1994). Strategic brand management: New approaches to creating and evaluating brand equity: Free Press (New York and Toronto). Kapferer. (2002). Is there really no hope for local brands? The Journal of Brand Management, 9(3), 163-170. Kapferer, & Jean-Noel. (2004). The New Strategic Brand Management: Creating and Sustaining Brand Equity Long Term: Kogan Page. Kapferer, & Schuiling, I. (2003). How unique are local brands? An empirical comparison of local and international brands in the food industry. Unpublished Working Paper, University of Louvain, Institut d’Administration et de Gestion. Keller. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of marketing, 1-22. Keller. (1998). Strategic Brand Management : building, measuring, and managing brand equity. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. . Keller. (2003a). Brand synthesis: The multidimensionality of brand knowledge. Journal of consumer research, 29(4), 595-600. Keller. (2003b). Strategic brand management: building, measuring, and managing brand equity Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. Keller. (2005). Branding Shortcuts: Choosing the right brand elements and leveraging secondary associations will help marketers build brand equity. Marketing management, 14(5), 18. Keller, & Lehmann, D. R. (2006). Brands and branding: Research findings and future priorities. Marketing Science, 25(6), 740-759. Keller, Parameswaran, M., & Jacob, I. (2011). Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity: Pearson Publishing. Kenny, L., & O’Cass, A. (2001). Consumer brand classifications: an assessment of culture-of-origin versus country-of-origin. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 10(2), 120-136. Keriinger, F. N., & Pedhazur, E. J. (1973). Multiple regression in behavioral research. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Khraim, S. (2011). The Influence of Brand Loyalty on Cosmetics Buying Behavior of UAE Female Consumers. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 3(2), p123. Kim, G.-S., Lee, G. Y., & Park, K. (2010). A cross-national investigation on how ethical consumers build loyalty toward fair trade brands. Journal of Business Ethics, 96(4), 589-611. Kiria, C. G. (2010). Acceptance, perceptions and willingness to pay for Quality Protein Maize (QPM) by rural consumers in Tanzania. University of Pretoria. Retrieved from http://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/29521 Knox, S., & Walker, D. (2003). Empirical developments in the measurement of involvement, brand loyalty and their relationship in grocery markets. Journal of strategic marketing, 11(4), 271-286. Kock, N. (2014). Advanced mediating effects tests, multi-group analyses, and measurement model assessments in PLS-based SEM. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 10(1), 1-13. Kotler, Keller, K., Brady, M., Goodman, M., & Hansen, T. (2009). Marketing management: first European edition: Pearson. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educ Psychol Meas. Kressmann, F., Sirgy, J., Herrmann, A., Huber, F., Huber, S., & Lee, D.-J. (2006). Direct and indirect effects of self-image congruence on brand loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 59(9), 955-964. Kuikka, A., & Laukkanen, T. (2012). Brand loyalty and the role of hedonic value. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 21(7), 529-537. Kumar, R., Luthra, A., & Datta, G. (2006). Linkages between brand personality and brand loyalty: a qualitative study in an emerging market in the Indian context. South Asian Journal of Management, 13(2), 11-35. Lai, F., Griffin, M., & Babin, B. J. (2009). How quality, value, image, and satisfaction create loyalty at a Chinese telecom. Journal of Business Research, 62(10), 980-986. Lam, S. Y., Shankar, V., Erramilli, M. K., & Murthy, B. (2004). Customer value, satisfaction, loyalty, and switching costs: An illustration from a business-to-business service context. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 32(3), 293-311. Lambe, C. J., Wittmann, C. M., & Spekman, R. E. (2001). Social exchange theory and research on business-to-business relational exchange. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 8(3), 1-36. Lambert, D. M., & Harrington, T. C. (1990). Measuring nonresponse bias in customer service mail surveys. Journal of Business Logistics, 11(2), 5-25. Lanza, K. M. (2008). The antecedents of automotive brand loyalty and repurchase intentions. University of Phoenix. Lau, G. T., & Lee, S. H. (1999). Consumers' trust in a brand and the link to brand loyalty. Journal of Market-Focused Management, 4(4), 341-370. Lee, J.-S., & Back, K.-J. (2010). Examining antecedents and consequences of brand personality in the upper-upscale business hotel segment. Journal of travel & tourism marketing, 27(2), 132-145. Lee, N., Franke, G., & Chang, W. (2015). Empirical Agreement Between Formative and Reflective Measurement Models: A Monte-Carlo Analysis. In J. L. Robinson (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2009 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 7-7): Springer International Publishing. Lee, S. A., & Jeong, M. (2014). Enhancing online brand experiences: An application of congruity theory. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 40, 49-58. Li, X. R., & Vogelsong, H. (2004). An Examination of Satisfaction Variables and Indicators at a First-Time Festival. Light, L. (1994). Brand loyalty marketing: Today’s marketing mandate. Editor & Publisher, 127(50). Lim. (1999). The relationships between brand loyalty, product involvement and information search: an empirical study. The University of Adelaide. Lin, L.-Y. (2010). The relationship of consumer personality trait, brand personality and brand loyalty: an empirical study of toys and video games buyers. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 19(1), 4-17. Lindell, M. K., & Whitney, D. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of applied psychology, 86(1), 114. Lindner, J. R., & Wingenbach, G. J. (2002). Communicating the handling of nonresponse error in Journal of Extension Research in Brief articles. Journal of Extension, 40(6), 1-5. Liu, F., Li, J., Mizerski, D., & Soh, H. (2012). Self-congruity, brand attitude, and brand loyalty: a study on luxury brands. European Journal of Marketing, 46(7/8), 922-937. Lohmoller, J.-B. (1989). Latent variable path modeling with partial least squares Louis, D., & Lombart, C. (2010). Impact of brand personality on three major relational consequences (trust, attachment, and commitment to the brand). Journal of Product & Brand Management, 19(2), 114-130. Loureiro, S. M. C. (2016). Relationship Quality as a Function of Luxury Car Brand Image and Personality Marketing Challenges in a Turbulent Business Environment (pp. 695-699): Springer. Lovelock, C. L., Walker, R. H., & Patterson, P. G. (2001). Services marketing: an Asia-Pacific perspective. Low, G. S., & Lamb Jr, C. W. (2000). The measurement and dimensionality of brand associations. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 9(6), 350-370. Lucero, L. d. l. P. C., & Legorreta, M. S. I. G. L. (2008). Factors that Influence the Brand Loyalty and Dealer Loyalty of the Automotive Industry: The Case of Mexican Consumers in the Central Region of Mexico. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11, 235-237. MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2012). Common method bias in marketing: causes, mechanisms, and procedural remedies. Journal of Retailing, 88(4), 542-555. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99-128. Mahathir, T. D. (2014). Dr M: Malays don’t want to help themselves. http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/dr-m-malays-dont-want-to-help-themselves Maheshwari, V., Lodorfos, G., & Jacobsen, S. (2016). Investigating the Drivers that Determines Brand Loyalty: A Study of the Experience-Commitment-Loyalty Construct Let’s Get Engaged! Crossing the Threshold of Marketing’s Engagement Era (pp. 731-736): Springer. Malik, M. E., & Naeem, B. (2012). Aaker’s Brand Personality Framework: A Critical Commentary. Mark, M. (2011). Brand Loyalty and the Recession: It's All About Passionistas vs. Frugalistas. Brandchannel. Martenson, R. (2007). Corporate brand image, satisfaction and store loyalty: A study of the store as a brand, store brands and manufacturer brands. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 35(7), 544-555. Mattila, A. S., & Enz, C. A. (2002). The role of emotions in service encounters. Journal of Service Research, 4(4), 268-277. Matzler, K., Grabner-Kräuter, S., & Bidmon, S. (2008). Risk aversion and brand loyalty: the mediating role of brand trust and brand affect. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 17(3), 154-162. Maynard, M., & Tian, Y. (2004). Between global and glocal: Content analysis of the Chinese web sites of the 100 top global brands. Public Relations Review, 30(3), 285-291. Mazodier, M., & Merunka, D. (2011). Achieving brand loyalty through sponsorship: the role of fit and self-congruity. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 1-14. McCrae, R. R., Kurtz, J. E., Yamagata, S., & Terracciano, A. (2010). Internal consistency, retest reliability, and their implications for personality scale validity. Personality and Social Psychology Review. Mdnoor, I., & Lingam, D. J. (2014). Malaysian perceptions toward proton car. Advances in Environmental Biology. Mengxia, Z. (2007). Impact of brand personality on PALI: a comparative research between two different brands. International Management Review, 3(3), 36-46. Miller, & Muir. (2005). The business of brands: Wiley. Mishra, M. K., & Patraϒ, S. K. (2010). Brand Personality Orientation to its Brand Loyalty: A Case Study on KILLER Brand. Journal of Business and Economics, 9(2), 12. Mitchell, V. W., & McGoldrick, P. J. (1996). Consumer's risk-reduction strategies: a review and synthesis. International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 6(1), 1-33. Mitrega, M., & Pfajfar, G. (2015). Business relationship process management as company dynamic capability improving relationship portfolio. Industrial Marketing Management(0). Mittal, V., & Kamakura, W. A. (2001). Satisfaction, repurchase intent, and repurchase behavior: Investigating the moderating effect of customer characteristics. Journal of Marketing research, 131-142. Mohammad, A. A. S. (2012). The Effect of Brand Trust and Perceived Value in Building Brand Loyalty. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics(85). Monga, A. B. (2002). Brand as a relationship partner: gender differences in perspectives. Advances in consumer research, 29(1), 36-41. Moorman, C., Zaltman, G., & Deshpande, R. (1992). Relationships between providers and users of market research: the dynamics of trust within and between organizations. Journal of Marketing research, 29(3), 314-328. Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. the Journal of Marketing, 20-38. Mudambi, S. M., Doyle, P., & Wong, V. (1997). An exploration of branding in industrial markets. Industrial Marketing Management, 26(5), 433-446. Muk, A., Chung, C., & Kim, J. (2015). Korean Consumer Perspectives Toward Soicl Media Advertising and Intention to Join Brand Pages Ideas in Marketing: Finding the New and Polishing the Old (pp. 16-16): Springer. Mullins, J. W., Walker, O. C., Boyd, H. W., & Harper, W. (2005). Marketing management: a strategic decision-making approach. Murtiasih, S., & Siringoringo, H. (2013). How word of mouth influence brand equity for automotive products in Indonesia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 81, 40-44. Nam, J., Ekinci, Y., & Whyatt, G. (2011). Brand equity, brand loyalty and consumer satisfaction. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(3), 1009-1030. Nandan, S. (2005). An exploration of the brand identitybrand image linkage: a communications perspective. The Journal of Brand Management, 12(4), 264-278. Nasir, M., & Azura, A. (2004). The Impact Of Service Quality And Corporate Image On Customer Loyalty-A Study On Perodua Service Centre. Universiti Sains Malaysia. Nawaz, N., & Usman, A. (2011). What Makes Customers Brand Loyal: A Study on Telecommunication Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(14), 213-221. Nelloh, L., Goh, A. F., & Mulia, J. A. (2011). Analysis Of The Congruency Between Brand Personality With Self Image And Service Quality To Build Customer Satisfaction And Loyalty In Hotel Sector. Proceedings of The 1 st International Conference on Information Systems For Business Competitiveness (ICISBC) Nezakati, H., Hui, A. S., & Jofreh, M. (2014). Merging Repatronage Behavior Model (RBM) Towards Hypermarkets in Malaysia. Journal of Applied Sciences, 14(6), 552-564. Nezakati, H., Kok, K. O., & Asgari, O. (2011). Do Consumer based-factors influence consumer buying behavior in automotive industry?(Malaysia Evidence). International Proceedings of Economics Development & Research, 10. Nguyen, T. D., Barrett, N. J., & Miller, K. E. (2011). Brand loyalty in emerging markets. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 29(3), 222-232. Niemuth, B. (2008). Strategy vs. Tactics: Branding with both sides of the brain. http://www.targetmarketingmag.com/article/branding-both-sides-your-brain-85079/1 Noton, A. (2009). Brand Loyalty is One of a Company's Most Important Assets. http://ezinearticles.com/?Brand-Loyalty-is-One-of-a-Companys-Most-Important-Assets&id=3283192 Nyadzayo, M. W., Matanda, M. J., & Ewing, M. T. (2015). The impact of franchisor support, brand commitment, brand citizenship behavior, and franchisee experience on franchisee-perceived brand image. Journal of Business Research. Nysveen, H., Pedersen, P. E., & Skard, S. (2013). Brand experiences in service organizations: Exploring the individual effects of brand experience dimensions. Journal of Brand Management, 20(5). O'Shaughnessy, J. (1992). Explaining buyer behavior: Central concepts and philosophy of science issues: Oxford University Press, USA. OICA. (2014). 2013 Production Statistics. http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2013-statistics/ Oliver, R. L. (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of Marketing research, 460-469. Oliver, R. L. (1993). Cognitive, affective, and attribute bases of the satisfaction response. Journal of consumer research, 418-430. Oliver, R. L. (1997). Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty? the Journal of Marketing, 33-44. Oliver, R. L., Rust, R., & Varki, S. (1997). Customer delight: foundations, findings, and managerial insight. Journal of Retailing, 73(3), 311-336. Olsen, S. O. (2007). Repurchase loyalty: the role of involvement and satisfaction. Psychology and Marketing, 24(4), 315-341. Ong, C. H., Salleh, S. M., & Yusoff, R. Z. (2015). Influence of brand experience and personality on loyalty dimensions: Evidence from successful malaysian sme brands. International Journal of Business and Commerce, 4(7), 25. Ouwersloot, H., & Tudorica, A. (2001). Brand personality creation through advertising: Maastricht Accounting and Auditing Research and Education Center (MARC). Özsomer, A., & Altaras, S. (2008). Global brand purchase likelihood: a critical synthesis and an integrated conceptual framework. Journal of International Marketing, 16(4), 1-28. Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS: Open University Press. Palmer, A. (2002). The Evolution of an Idea. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 1(1), 79-94. Papista, E., & Dimitriadis, S. (2012). Exploring consumer-brand relationship quality and identification: Qualitative evidence from cosmetics brands. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 15(1), 33-56. Pappu, R., Quester, P. G., & Cooksey, R. W. (2005). Consumer-based brand equity: improving the measurement–empirical evidence. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 14(3), 143-154. Pappu, R., Quester, P. G., & Cooksey, R. W. (2006). Consumer-based brand equity and country-of-origin relationships: some empirical evidence. European Journal of Marketing, 40(5/6), 696-717. Park, Jaworski, B., & Maclnnis, D. (1986). Strategic brand concept-image management. the Journal of Marketing, 135-145. Passikoff, R. (2012). The 2012 Brand Keys Loyalty Leaders List IDs New Categories, New Brands, New Engagement Levels – Consumers Opt For Social, Emotional, and Electronic Connections (212-532-6028, x12 ). http://brandkeys.com/syndicated-studies/loyalty-leaders-list/ Peng, D. X., & Lai, F. (2012). Using partial least squares in operations management research: A practical guideline and summary of past research. Journal of Operations Management, 30(6), 467-480. Pérez, A., & Rodríguez del Bosque, I. (2014). An Integrative Framework to Understand How CSR Affects Customer Loyalty through Identification, Emotions and Satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-14. doi: 10.1007/s10551-014-2177-9 Peterson, R. A., & Kim, Y. (2013). On the relationship between coefficient alpha and composite reliability. Journal of applied psychology, 98(1), 194. Picón, A., Castro, I., & Roldán, J. L. (2014). The relationship between satisfaction and loyalty: A mediator analysis. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 746-751. Pina, J. M., Martinez, E., De Chernatony, L., & Drury, S. (2006). The effect of service brand extensions on corporate image: An empirical model. European Journal of Marketing, 40(1/2), 174-197. Pinson, C. (2012). What Makes Apple Consumers Brand Loyal? The Effects Brand Personality, Reputation, and Brand Identity on Brand Loyalty. University of South Carolina UMI 1516752 ProQuest LLC. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88(5), 879. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual review of psychology, 63, 539-569. Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of management, 12(4), 531-544. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717-731. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40(3), 879-891. Pritchard, M. P., Havitz, M. E., & Howard, D. R. (1999). Analyzing the commitment-loyalty link in service contexts. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 27(3), 333-348. Punniyamoorthy, M., & Raj, M. P. M. (2007). An empirical model for brand loyalty measurement. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 15(4), 222-233. Rachael. (2013). It’s a Fight For Brand Loyalty! http://www.rachaelmcbrearty.com/?p=561 raj, M. P. m., choudhary, A., & Kalai. (2008). Measurement of Brand Preferences & Brand Loyalty in Business Magazines- An Empirical Study .New Age Marketing: Emerging Realities: Excel Books India. Ramayah, T., Lee, J. W. C., & In, J. B. C. (2011). Network collaboration and performance in the tourism sector. Service Business, 5(4), 411-428. Ramesh Kumar, S., & Advani, J. Y. (2005). Factors affecting brand loyalty: A study in an emerging market on fast moving consumer goods. Journal of Customer Behaviour, 4(2), 251-275. Rampl, L. V., & Kenning, P. (2014). Employer brand trust and affect: linking brand personality to employer brand attractiveness. European Journal of Marketing, 48(1/2), 218-236. Ranjbar, S. (2010). Application of Brand Personality Scale in automobile industry: the Study of SAMAND’S Brand Personality Dimensions. (Master Thesis). Reichheld, F. F., Markey, R. G., & Hopton, C. (2000). The loyalty effect–the relationship between loyalty and profits. European Business Journal, 12(3), 134-139. Reichheld, F. F., & Schefter, P. (2000). E-loyalty: your secret weapon on the web. Harvard Business Review, 78(4), 105-113. Reichheld, F. F., & Teal, T. (2001). The loyalty effect: The hidden force behind growth, profits, and lasting value: Harvard business press. Reinartz, W., Haenlein, M., & Henseler, J. (2009). An empirical comparison of the efficacy of covariance-based and variance-based SEM. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(4), 332-344. Reinchheld, F. (1996a). The loyalty effect: The hidden force behind growth, profits, and lasting value. Long Range Planning, 29(6), 909. Reinchheld, F. (1996b). The loyalty effect: The hidden force behind growth, profits, and lasting value Vol. 29. Long Range Planning (pp. 909). Rezaei, S., Amin, M., & Khairuzzaman, W. I. W. (2014). Online repatronage intention: an empirical study among Malaysian experienced online shoppers. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 42(5), 390-421. Ringham, L., Johnson, L., & Morton, C. (1994). Customer satisfaction and loyalty for a continuous consumer service. Australasian Journal of Market Research, 2(2), 43-48. Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Straub, D. W. (2012). Editor's comments: a critical look at the use of PLS-SEM in MIS quarterly. MIS quarterly, 36(1), iii-xiv. Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2014). SmartPLS 3.0: SmartPLS. Rojas-Mendez, J. I., Erenchun-Podlech, I., & Silva-Olave, E. (2004). The Ford brand personality in Chile. Corporate Reputation Review, 7(3), 232-251. Rooney, J. A. (1995). Branding: a trend for today and tomorrow. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 4(4), 48-55. Rosenberger III, P. (2007). Brand Trust: An Australian Replication of a Two-Factor Structure. Rosli, M., Ariffin, M., Sapuan, S., & Sulaiman, S. (2014). Survey of Malaysian Car owner needs of a Car Interior. International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering, 14(1). Roth, M. S. (1995). The effects of culture and socioeconomics on the performance of global brand image strategies. Journal of Marketing research, 163-175. Roy, D., & Banerjee, S. (2008). CARE-ing strategy for integration of brand identity with brand image. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 17(1/2), 140-148. Roy, S. K., & Chakraborti, R. (2015). Incorporating Customer Advocacy in the Customer Satisfaction Model The Sustainable Gl