Analisis hubungan kredit mikro dan pembangunan sahabat dalam projek ekonomi skim Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM)

Most of the past studies on the impact of Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) microcredit scheme have generally concluded that the scheme has been successful in increasing the income and quality of life of the borrowers. However, in these studies income is examined in aggregate, i.e. household income that...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Mohd. Saifoul Zamzuri, Noor
Format:	Thesis
Language:	eng eng
Published:	2016
Subjects:	HD60 Small Business.
Online Access:	https://etd.uum.edu.my/6313/1/s90745_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/6313/2/s90745_02.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-uum-etd.6313
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection	UUM ETD
language	eng eng
advisor	Abdul Hakim, Roslan
topic	HD60 Small Business.
spellingShingle	HD60 Small Business. Mohd. Saifoul Zamzuri, Noor Analisis hubungan kredit mikro dan pembangunan sahabat dalam projek ekonomi skim Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM)
description	Most of the past studies on the impact of Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) microcredit scheme have generally concluded that the scheme has been successful in increasing the income and quality of life of the borrowers. However, in these studies income is examined in aggregate, i.e. household income that covers income from the microcredit project activities and also income from other sources. Thus, while there is an increase in income among the borrowers, it is possible that the increase might not come solely from the microcredit project activities. Disaggregating microcredit project activities income from other sources is therefore important. Past studies also failed to explain the mechanisms through which microcredit affects income, directly or indirectly through mediation variables. Furthermore, previous studies seemed to overlook the impact of microcredit on employment opportunities and productivity, which might be significant. Thus, the objectives of this study are to evaluate the impact of microcredit on income of the borrowers from the microcredit project activities, to analyse the mechanisms through which microcredit affects income, i.e. the mediating effect of human capital, social capital and physical capital, to analyse the impact of microcredit on employment opportunities and productivity, and to analyse the impact of microcredit on poverty and income inequality. For this purpose, a total of 495 borrowers who have been involved in non-farm activities and receive AIM’s microcredit scheme were selected for analysis. Multivariate regression, structural equation modelling and Foster Greer Thorbecke index were employed in the analysis. The findings of the study show that microcredit has a significant impact on the income, even when the income was segregated. The results also interestingly reveal that the impact of microcredit on the income via mediating factors which are human capital, social capital and physical capital is indirect. Furthermore, microcredit also provides a significant impact on the employment, productivity, and reduction in poverty and inequality among the borrowers. Thus, with a complete and systematic financing package, the development of participants in the project activities can be strengthened.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Ph.D.
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Mohd. Saifoul Zamzuri, Noor
author_facet	Mohd. Saifoul Zamzuri, Noor
author_sort	Mohd. Saifoul Zamzuri, Noor
title	Analisis hubungan kredit mikro dan pembangunan sahabat dalam projek ekonomi skim Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM)
title_short	Analisis hubungan kredit mikro dan pembangunan sahabat dalam projek ekonomi skim Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM)
title_full	Analisis hubungan kredit mikro dan pembangunan sahabat dalam projek ekonomi skim Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM)
title_fullStr	Analisis hubungan kredit mikro dan pembangunan sahabat dalam projek ekonomi skim Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM)
title_full_unstemmed	Analisis hubungan kredit mikro dan pembangunan sahabat dalam projek ekonomi skim Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM)
title_sort	analisis hubungan kredit mikro dan pembangunan sahabat dalam projek ekonomi skim amanah ikhtiar malaysia (aim)
granting_institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department	Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate	2016
url	https://etd.uum.edu.my/6313/1/s90745_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/6313/2/s90745_02.pdf
_version_	1747828057368952832
spelling	my-uum-etd.63132022-07-05T06:36:56Z Analisis hubungan kredit mikro dan pembangunan sahabat dalam projek ekonomi skim Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) 2016 Mohd. Saifoul Zamzuri, Noor Abdul Hakim, Roslan Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HD60 Small Business. Most of the past studies on the impact of Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) microcredit scheme have generally concluded that the scheme has been successful in increasing the income and quality of life of the borrowers. However, in these studies income is examined in aggregate, i.e. household income that covers income from the microcredit project activities and also income from other sources. Thus, while there is an increase in income among the borrowers, it is possible that the increase might not come solely from the microcredit project activities. Disaggregating microcredit project activities income from other sources is therefore important. Past studies also failed to explain the mechanisms through which microcredit affects income, directly or indirectly through mediation variables. Furthermore, previous studies seemed to overlook the impact of microcredit on employment opportunities and productivity, which might be significant. Thus, the objectives of this study are to evaluate the impact of microcredit on income of the borrowers from the microcredit project activities, to analyse the mechanisms through which microcredit affects income, i.e. the mediating effect of human capital, social capital and physical capital, to analyse the impact of microcredit on employment opportunities and productivity, and to analyse the impact of microcredit on poverty and income inequality. For this purpose, a total of 495 borrowers who have been involved in non-farm activities and receive AIM’s microcredit scheme were selected for analysis. Multivariate regression, structural equation modelling and Foster Greer Thorbecke index were employed in the analysis. The findings of the study show that microcredit has a significant impact on the income, even when the income was segregated. The results also interestingly reveal that the impact of microcredit on the income via mediating factors which are human capital, social capital and physical capital is indirect. Furthermore, microcredit also provides a significant impact on the employment, productivity, and reduction in poverty and inequality among the borrowers. Thus, with a complete and systematic financing package, the development of participants in the project activities can be strengthened. 2016 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/6313/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/6313/1/s90745_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6313/2/s90745_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdul Ghafar Ismail & Nor Zakiah Ahmad (1997). Pownshop is an instrument of microenterprise credit in Malaysia. International Journal Social Economics, 24 (11),1343-1352. (http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/View ContentServlet?Filename=Published/Emerald FullTextArticle/Pdf/0060241111.pdf Abur, Cyprian Clement & Torruam, Japheth Terande (2012) Microcredit as a Strategy for Poverty Reduction in Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2 (12), 179-186. ADB (2013). ADB–OECD Study on Enhancing Financial Accessibility for SMEs: Lessons from Recent Crises. Mandaluyong City, Philippines. Adams, R. H. (2004). Remittances and poverty in Guatemala. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3418. Washington DC: World Bank. Adams, Richard H, Jr. (2001). Nonfarm income inequality and poverty in rural Egypt and Jordan. Policy Research working paper WPS2571. Agbaeze E. K & Onwuka I. O (2014). Impact Of Micro-Credit On Poverty Alleviation In Nigeria: The Case of Enugu East Local Council. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 2(1), 27-51. Ahlin, C., & Jiang, N. (2008). Can micro-credit bring development? Journal of Development Economics, 86(1), 1-21. Ahmad Mahzan Ayob ( 2005). Kaedah Penyelidikan Sosial-Ekonomi, Edisi 3. Kuala Lumpur: DBP. Ahmed, Habib & M. Susan, Randolph (1995). Liquidity constraints, productivity, employment and output: evidence from non-agricultural activities in Bangladesh. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 283-304. Alia El Mahdi & Magued Osman (2000). An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Small and Micro-Enterprise Finance in Employment Creation. ERF Working Paper 0313. Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (2010). Kajian Impak 6 (Tidak diterbitkan). Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (2006/07). Kajian Impak 5 (Tidak diterbitkan). Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (2005). Misi Ikhtiar 3: Ke Arah Mewujudkan Institutional Financial Self-Sufficiency (IFS). Jurnal Ikhtiar Edisi Khas. Apata1 T. G., O. M. Apata, O. A. Igbalajobi & S. M. O. Awoniyi (2010). Determinants of rural poverty in Nigeria: Evidence from small holder farmers in South-western, Nigeria. Journal of Science and Technology Education Research, 1(4): 85 – 91. Anderson Dennis & Mark W. Leiserson (1980). Rural Nonfarm Employment Developing Countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 28(2): 227-248. Andrew Sharpe (2004). Exploring the Linkages between Productivity and Social Development in Market Economies. Centre for the Study of Living Standards. CSLS Research Report, 2002-04. Andre Croppenstedt & Christophe Muller (2000). The Impact of Farmers’ Health and Nutritional Status on Their Productivity and Efficiency: Evidence from Ethiopia. Economic Development and Cultural Change. 475-502 (by The University of Chicago) Barnes, Carolyn. (2001). Microfinance program clients and impacts: an assessment of Zambuko Trust. AIMS project report, USAID, Washington, p. 98 Bouman, F.J.A. & Houstman, R, (1988). Pownbroking as an instrument of rural banking in the third word. Economic Development and cultural change, 37, 69-88. Beatriz Armendariz de Aghion & Jonathan Murduch (2005). The Economics of Microfinance. Massachusetts London, England: The MIT Press Cambridge. Beck, Thorsten (2011). Microfinance and poverty. CEPR working papers. (www.ifc.org/.../FM+A2F_Microfinance.docx): retrieve on August, 2015. Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Levine, R. (2004). Finance, inequality and poverty: Cross-country evidence. NBER working paper 10979. Bernd Balkenhol (2005). The Impact of Microfinance on Employment: what do we know?.Social Finance Program, ILO. Bhatt, N. & Tang, S.Y (2002). Determinants of Repayment in Microcredit: Envidence from Programs in the United States. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 26(2), 360-76. Bliss, C & Stern, N (1978a). Productivity, Wages and Nutrition, Part I, The Theory. Journal of Development Economics, 5, 331-362. ————— (1978b). Productivity, Wages and Nutrition, Part I, Some Observation. Journal of Development Economics, 5, 363-398. Bouman, F.J.A. & Houstman, R, (1988), Pownbroking as an instrument of rural banking in the third word. Economic Development and cultural change, 37, 69-88. Chamhuri Siwar (1992) Peranan wanita dalam pembasmian kemiskinan: Kajian impak projek iktiar. Kertas Kerja dibentangkan di Bengkel Wanita Dalam Pembangunan. Fakulti Ekonomi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 4-5 September. Che Zakiah Che Din (2004). Creating a Conducive Environment for Micro and Rural Finance – The Malaysian Experience. Paper presented at High-Level Policy Meeting on Micro Finance and Rural Finance in Asia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia on 26-28 February. Cheung, G. W., & Lau, R. S. (2008). Testing mediation and suppression effects of latent variables: Bootstrapping with structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 296-325. Chowdhury, M. J. A (2009). Microcredit, micro-enterprises, and self-employment of women: experience from the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. Paper presented at the FAO-IFAD-ILO Workshop on Gaps, trends and current research in gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment: differentiated pathways out of poverty Rome, 31 March - 2 April 2009. Churchill, G.A.Jr. (1979). A paradigm for development better measure or marketing constructs, Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64-73. Coleman Brett E (2006). Microfinance in Northeast Thailand: Who Benefits and How Much? World Development, 34(9), 1612-1638. Coleman, Brett E. (1999).The impact of group lending in Northeast Thailand. Journal of Development Economics, 60, 105–141. Coleman, J. (1988).Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95-120. Cooke P. & Wills, D. (1999). Small Firms, Sosial Capital and the Enhancement of Business Performance Through Innovation Programmes. Small Business Economics, 13(3), 219-234. Conroy, John D. (2002). Micro Finance in Malaysia: Time to Rebuild. www.bwtp.org _____________(2003). The Challenges of Microfinancing in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Copestake, J. (2002). Inequality And The Polarizing Impact Of Microcredit: Evidence From Zambia’s Copperbelt. Journal of International Development,743–755. Copestake J, Sonia Bhalotra & Susan Johnson (2001). Assessing the Impact of Microcredit: A Zambian Case Study. The Journal of Development Studies, 37(4), 81-100. Cuong N, V, David Bigman, Marrit Van den Berg & Thieu, V. (2007). Impact of Micro-credit on Poverty and Inequality: The Case of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies. Draft version Paper submitted to: Microfinance: What Do We Know? December 7-8 2007, Groningen, The Netherlands. Daniele Ciravegna (2004). The Role Of Microcredit In Modern Economy: The Case Of Italy. (http://www.flacso.or.cr/fileadmin/documentos/FLACSO/auCiravegna2.DOC) Akses 22 Julai 2010. Dasgupta Parth & Debraj Ray (1986). Inequality as a Determinant of malnutrition and Unemployment: Theory. The Economic Journal, 96(384), 1011-1034. David Hulme (2000). Impact Assessment Methodologies for Microfinance: Theory, Experience and Better Practice. World Development, 28(1), 79-98. David S. Gibbons & Sukor Kasim (1990). Keluarga Termiskin Dipercayai. USM, Pulau Pinang: Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia, Davidson, R & MacKinnon, J.G (1993). Estimation and Inference in Econometrics, Oxford University Press: New York. DFID (2001). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. 94 Victoria Street, London SW1E 5JL. Dunn E, (2005). Impact of Microcredit on Clients in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Impact Assessment/ Research and Development Component Local Initiatives (Microfinance) Project II. (Final report) Ellis, F & Mdoe, N ( 2003). Livelihoods and rural poverty reduction in Tanzania. World Development, 31, 1367-84. European Commission (2003). Microcredit for small businesses and business creation: bridging a market gap. Enterprises Publication. Evans, D. S. & Jovanovic, B (1989). An Estimated Model of Entrepreneurial Choice under Liquidity Constraints. The Journal of Political Economy, 97(4), 808-827. Fallon, P. & Donald Verry (1988).The Economics of Labour Markets. Oxford: Philip Allan Publishers Limited,. Fahima Aziz (1995). Nutration, Health and Labor Productivity analysis of male and female workers: a test of the efficiency wage hypothesis. Economic development Center, department of economics, Minneapolis Department of applied Economics, st. Paul, University of Minnesota. Buletin Number 95-5. Fasorantini, M.M, Akinrinola O.O. & Ajibefun, L.A (2006). Impact of the Micro Credit and Training on Efficiency of Small-Scale Enterpreneurs: Envidence from National Directorate of Employment (NDE) Loan/Training Skimmes in Nigeria. The Sosial Sciences 1(4): 264-269. Fatimah-Salwa, A. Mohamad-Azahari & B. Joni-Tamkin (2013). Success Factors of Successful Microcredit Entrepreneurs: Empirical Evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science 4 (5),153-159. Fauzi Hussin, Jamal Ali & Mohd Saifoul Zamzuri Noor (2014). Kaedah Penyelidikan & Analisis Data SPSS. Sintok: Penerbit UUM. Foster, J., J. Greer & E. Thorbecke (1984). A class of decomposable poverty measures. Econometrica 52(3), 761–766. Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: Sosial Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. NY: Free Press. Generoso, Octavio & Mohd Dan Jantan (1995). Description and Effectivity of the Malaysian Rural Financial System. Monograf Paper No. 1995/3, Sekolah Ekonomi UUM. Ghatak, Amrita (2010). Health, Labour Supply and Wages: A Critical Review of Literature. Working paper 244. The Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore. ISBN 978-81-7791-100-8 Ghatak, M. (1999). Group lending, local information and peer Selection. Journal of Development Economics. 60, 27–50. Griffiths W.E., Hill, R.C. & Lim, G.C. (2008). Using Eviews For Principles of Econometrics, 3rd Edition. United States. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Green, Christopher J., Colin H. Kirkpatrick & Victor Murinde, (2006). Policy arena finance for small enterprise growth and poverty reduction in developing countries. Journal of International Development , 18, 1017–1030. Green, W .H (1997). Econometric Analysis. New Jersey. Prentice- Hall International , Inc __________ (2008). Econometric Analysis. New Jersey. Prentice- Hall International , Inc Greenwood, J., & Jovanovic, B. (1990). Financial development, growth, and the distribution of income. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 1076-1107. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective, 7th Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Educational Inc. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham R.L & Black, W.C.(1998). Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th Hisako Kai & Hamori, S. (2009). Microfinance and Inequality. Research in Applied Economics ISSN 1948-5433, 1(1): E14 Hisako Kai & Hamori, S. (2009). Globalization, financial depth, and inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Economics Bulletin, 29(3): 2025-2037. Hock-Eam Lim (2008). Studies on Graduate Unemployment in Malaysia: Unemployment Duration, Labour Market Outcomes and Psychological Impact of Unemployment. PhD Thesis, Monash University Malaysia (Unpublished). Hossain, M. (1988). Credit for Alleviation of Rural Poverty: The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, Research Report No. 65 (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, in collaboration with the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies. Hossain, Mahabub, Diaz & Catalina (1997). Reaching the poor with effective micro credit: evaluaction of a Gramen bank replication in the Philippines, IRRI conference, Los Banos. Hulme, David (2000). Impact assessment methodologies for microfinance: Theory, experience and better practice, World Development 28, 79-98. Huppi, M. & Ravallion, Martin (1991).The sectoral structure of poverty during an adjustment period: Evidence for Indonesia in the mid-1980s’. World Development, 19 (12), 1653-78. IFAD (2006). Assessing and managing social performance in microfinance. Rome: IFAD. ILO (2002). Microfinance for employment creation and enterprise development. Governing Body, Geneva, Switzerland. ILO (2005). Livelihood and Employment Creation. Microfinance ISBN 92-2-117348-8 Inchauste, G & Toru Kitagawa (2007)."Does access to credit have an impact on the productivity of microenterprises? Evidence for Peru". First Draft. IMF Brown University, USA. Inoue, T & Hamori, S. (2010). How Has Financial Deepening Affected Poverty Reduction in India? Emperical Analysis Using State-Level Panel Data. Institute of Developing Economics. Ide Discussion paper No. 249. Ismail Md Salleh (1990). Promotion of Small-Scale Industries and Strategies for Rural Industrializations : The Malaysian Experience. Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS), Kuala Lumpur Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia (2005). Bancian Pertubuhan dan Enterpris 2005. Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad. Johanna Hietalahti & Mikael Linden (2006).Socio-economic impacts of microfinance and repayment performance: a case study of the Small Enterprise Foundation, South Africa. Progress in Development Studies, 6(3), 201–210. Judith Shaw (2004). Microenterprise Occupation and Poverty Reduction in Microfinance Programs: Evidance from Sri Langka. World Development, 2(7), 1247-1264. Kai, H & Hamori, S. (2009). Microfinance and Inequality. Research in Applied Economics 1(1),1948-5433. Karnani, Aneel (2007). Employment, not Microcredit, is the Solution. Stephen M. Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan Ross School of Business Working Paper Series Working Paper, No. 1065 January 2007 Karlan, Dean S. (2001). Social Capital and Group Banking. MIT Department of Economics. Karlan, Dean S. & Valdivia, Martin (2006). Teaching entrepreneurship: Impact of business training on microfinance clients and institutions, Center discussion paper, // Economic Growth Center, No. 941. Kakwani, N. (1990). Testing for significance of poverty differences: With application to Cote d’Ivoire (living Standards measurement study working paper no. 62). The World Bank, Washington, 40p. Kazi Tanvir Mahmud (2006). Keberkesanaan mikro-kredit dalam pembasmian kemiskinan di bawah projek intensifikasi pertanian di Bangladesh. PhD Tesis Universiti Putera Malaysia, Serdang (Tidak diterbitkan). Khan, M. R (1999). Microfinance, wage employment and housework: A gender analysis. Development in Practice, 9 (4), 424-436. Khandker S. R, Hussain A. Samad & Zahed H. Khan (1998). Income and employment Effects of Micro-credit programmes: Village-level evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Development Studies, 35(2), 96-124. Kuznets (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28. Lanjouw, P. (2001). Nonfarm employment and poverty in rural El Salvador. World Development, 29(3), 529-547. Lanjouw, J.O & P Lanjouw (2001). The rural non-farm sector: Issue and evidence from developing countries. Agricultural Economics, 26, 1-23. Laura J. Spence, Rene Schmidpeter and Andre Habisch (2003). Assessing Sosial Capital: Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Germany and the U.K. Journal of Business Ethics, 47(1): 17-29 Leikem, Kirsten (2012). Microfinance: A Tool for Poverty Reduction? Senior Honors Projects. Paper 300. (http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/300) Lenis Saweda O. Liverpool & Alex Winter-Nelson (2010). Poverty Status and the Impact of Formal Credit on Technology Use and Wellbeing among Ethiopian Smallholders. World Development, 38(4), 541–554. Lind, D.A, Marchal, W.G & Wathen, S.A (2010). Statistical Techniques in Business & Economics with Global Data Sets. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Lipton M, Van der Gaag J. (1993). Including the Poor: Proceedings of a Symposium Organised by the World Bank and the International Food Policy Research Research Institute. World Bank: Washington, DC. Maddala, G.S (1983). Limited-Dependent and Qualitativve variables in Econometrics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mahjabeen R. (2007). Microfinancing in Bangladesh: Impact on households, consumption and welfare. Journal of Policy Modeling 30, 1083-1092. Malaysia (2003). Kajian Separuh Penggal Rancangan Malaysia Ke 8. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia. Malaysia (2006). Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan 2006-2010. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Percetakan Negara. Malaysia (2001). Laporan Ekonomi 2000-2001. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia. Malaysia (2008). Laporan Ekonomi 2008-2009. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia. Malaysia, (2015). Unit Perancang Ekonomi (UPE), Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Kuala Lumpur. (http://www.epu.gov.my/household-income-poverty) Ma. Lucila A. Lapar (1994). The Impact Of Credit On Productivity And Growth Of Rural Nonfarm Enterprises. Discussion Paper Series No. 94-14. Philippine Institute for Development Studies Mahmuda Rahman Khan (1999). Microfinance, wage employment and housework: a gander analysis. Development in Practice, 9(4). Mazumder, M.S.U & Wencong, L (2013). Micro-Credit And Poverty Reduction: A Case Of Bangladesh. Prague Economic Papers, 3. McGuire, Paul B, Conroy, John D & Thapa, Ganesh B (1998). Getting the Framework Right: Policy and Regulation for Microfinance in Asia. The Foundation for Development Cooperation, Brisbane. McKernan Signe-Mary (2002). The Impact of Microcredit program on self-employment profits: Do noncredit program aspects matter? The Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(1), 93-115. McKinnon. R. I (1973). Money and Capital in Economic Development. Washington, D.C. The Brooking Institution. Mehdi Karimimalayer, A.A. & Mohd Khairol Anuar (2012). Structural equation modeling VS multiple regression. The first and second generation of multivariate techniques. IRACST – Engineering Science and Technology: An International Journal (ESTIJ). 2(2), 326-329. Megicks Philip, Atul Mishra & Jonathan Lean (2005). Enhancing microfinance outreach through market-orineted new service development in Indian regional rural banks. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 23(1), 107-125. (www.emeraldinsight.com/researchregister) Microcredit Summit Campaign (Various Issues). State of the Campaign Reports (http://www.microcreditsummit.org). Dilayari pada 17hb. Januari 2008. Mincer, J. (1981). Human Capital And Economic Growth. Nber Working Paper Series, No. 803 National Bureau Of Economic Research 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Ma 02138 Mirrlees, J.A. (1976) A pure theory of under-developed economies. In L. Reynolds, ed., Agriculture in development theory. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. Mohd Saifoul Zamzuri Noor (2013). The Impact Of Microfinance Upon The Performance Of Non-Agriculture MSEs financed by Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia Institution. In Hasan Ali & Chandrakantan, S.,(Ed.). (2013). Handbook of Entrepreneurship and Co-operative Development (pp. 45-69). Sintok: UUM. Mosely, P & Hulme, D (1998). Microenterprise Finance: Is There a Conflict Between Growth and Poverty Alleviation?, World Development, 26(5), 783-790. Narayan, D. and Pritchett, L (1999). Cents and Sociability: Houshold Income and Sosial Capital in Rural Tanzania. Economic Development and Cultural Change. 47(4), 871-897. Narayan, D. & Cassidy, M. F. (2001). A dimensional approach to measuring social capital: Development and validation of a social capital inventory. Current Sociology, 42(2), 59-102. Omar E. Garcia-Bolivar (2006). Informal economy: is it a problem, a solution or both? The perspective of the informal business. Law and Economics Papers in Northwestern University School of Law. O’Neill, M.E & K.L. Mathews. (2002). Levene tests of homogeneity of variance for general block and treatment designs. Biometrics, 58, 216-224. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. Putnam, R. (1995). Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy, 6 (1), 65-78. Putnam, Robert D., Robert, Leonard & Raffaella Nanetti (1993). Making Democracy work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Ragayah Haji Mat Zin, Hwok Aun Lee, & Saaidah Abdul Rahman (2002). Social protection In Malaysia. In Erfried Adam, Michael von Hauff, & Marei John (eds.). Social protection in Southeast Asia and East Asia, 119 – 169. Singapore: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. Rahman, S., Rafiq, R.B. & Momen, M.A. (2009) Impact of micro-credit programs on higher income borrowers: Evidence from Bangladesh. International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 119-123. Reardon, T. & J. E. Taylor. (1996). Agro climatic shack, income inequality and poverty: Evidence from Burkina Faso. World Development 24(5), 901–914. Rencher, A.C. (1995). Methods of Multivariate Analysia. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Rizaudin Sahlan (2010). Ekonometrik: Teori dan Aplikasi. Singapura: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd. Roberta Gatti & Inessa Love (May, 2006). Does access to credit improve productivity? Evidence from Bulgarian firms. Development Research Group The World Bank and CEPR. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3921. Roslan A.H, Mohd Saifoul Zamzuri Noor, Rahimah Majid & Faudziah Zainal Abidin (2005). The Need and Availability of Micro Finance Services for Micro enterprises: Bringing Multi Level Good Practices into Local Context. Paper presented at the APEC Workshop in Micro Finance, Bali, Indonesia. Roslan A.H, Mohd Saifoul Zamzuri Noor, Rahimah Majid & Faudziah Zainal Abidin (2005). The Need and Availability of Micro Finance Services for Micro. APEC Publication. Roslan A.H, Faudziah Zainal Abidin, Mohd Saifoul Zamzuri Noor & Rahimah Majid (2007). Microfinance Services for Micro-Enterprises: Good Practices and Perfomance of Selected Microfinance Institutions in Malaysia. Journal of Yala Rajabhat University, 2 (1): 31-45. Roslan A.H, Mohd Saifoul Zamuri Noor dan Ahmad Edwin (2008). Does Income from Tourism sources have an Equalising Effect on Inequality among the Poor? The Case of Langkawi Island, Malaysia. European Journal of Tourism Research, 1 (2): 63-77. Roslan A.H, Russayani Ismail & Nor Azam Abdul Razak (2012). The Relationship Between Sosial Capital and Quality of Life Amomg Rural Households In Terengganu, Malaysia. Ontario International Development Agency, 1(5): 99-106. (Available at http://www.ssm.com/link/OIDA-Intl-Journl-Sustainable_Dev.html) Rweyemamu D.C., M.P. Kimaro & O.M. Urassa (August 2003). Assessing Micro-Finance services in agricultural sector development: A case study of semi-formal finance institutions in Tanzania. Economic and Social Research Foundation (Unpublished). Samson Michael, Oliver Babson, Claudia Haarmann, Dirk Haarmann, Gilbert Khathi, Kenneth Mac Quene, Ingrid van Niekerk (2001) The Economic Impact of a Basic Income Grant in South Africa. Produced by the Economic Policy Research Institute (EPRI) Sayma Rahman, Rafiqul Bhuyan Rafiq & Mohammad A. Momen (2009). Impact of Microcredit Programs On Higher Income Borrowers: Evidence from Bangladesh. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 8(2), 119-124. Schreiner, Mark (2002). Aspects of Outreach: A Framework for the Discussion of the Social Benefits of Microfinance. Journal of International Development, 14, 591–603. Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods for Business: A skill-building approach. 4th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Siti Hadijah Che Mat (2010). Hubungan pendapatan bukan pertanian dan pertanian. Tesis PhD, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok (Tidak diterbitkan). Shah, A (2010). Does microfinance polarize? Evidence of its effect on income inequality from rural Thailand. Brown University Department of Economics. Social Science & Economic Research Unit (SERU, 1990). Impact Assessment Report. Research and Development Unit, Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia. Srinivas, Hari (2015). "Microfinance - Credit Lending Models". GDRC Research Output E-059. Kobe, Japan: Global Development Research Center. (Retrieved from http://www.gdrc.org/icm/model/model-fulldoc.html) Startz, Richard (2013). EViews Illustrated for Version 8. University of California, Santa Barbara: IHS. Stewart R, van Rooyen C, Dickson K, Majoro M, de Wet T (2010). What is the impact of on poor people?. A systematic review of evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Technical Report. EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London. Stightz, J.E. (1976) The efficiency wage hypothesis, surplus labour and the distribution of income in L.D.C.‘s, Oxford Economic Papers. Stone, W. and Hughes, J. (2002). Social capital Empirical meaning and measurement validity. Australian Institute of Family Studies. Research Paper No. 27. Sulaiman, N. & Mohd Saukani, M.N. (2007). Modal Sosial Dalam Mempertingkat Daya Saing Firma Perusahaan Kecil Dan Sederhana (PKS). IJMS 14 (2), 93-111. Tarp & Finn (2002). Facing the Development challenge in Mozambique: An economic wide Perspective, Research Report, Washington, D.C. International Food Policy Research Institute, 126,189. R, van Tchouassi, G. (2011). Microfinance, inequality and vulnerability: Empirical analysis from Central African countries. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics Vol. 3(4), 150-156. Toshio Kondo (2007). Impact of microfinance on rural households in the Philippines. A case Study from the special Evaluation Study on the Effects of Microfinace Operations on Poor Rural Households and the status of Women. Asian Development Bank. Widiyanto M. C & Abdul Ghafar Ismail (2006). Sustainability of BMT financing for Developing Micro-enterprises. Working Paper in Islamic Economics and Finance No. WIEF0601. Woller, G. M. (2002). The promise and peril of microfinance commercialization. Small Enterprise Development, 13(4),12–21. Wooldridge, J. M (2006). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach 3rd Ed. Michigan State University: Thomson South-Western. Woolcock, M. & Narayan, D. (2000). Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy. The World Bank Research Observer. 15(2), 225-249. Yao, S. (1997). Decomposition of Gini coefficient by income factors: a new approach and applications. Applied Economic Letters, 4(1), 27-31. Yasmine F. Nader (2008). Microcredit and the socio-economic wellbeing of women and their families in Cairo. The Journal of Socio-Economics 37, 644–656 Zikmund, William G. (2003). Business Research Methods. 7th ed. Oklahoma State University: Thomsom South-Western. Zulkifly Osman (1989). Ekonomi Buruh: Teori Permintaan dan Penawaran. Kuala Lumpur: DBP Website: www.ilo.org/colombo World Bank Group (2011). Overview : Sosial Capital (Permanent URL for this page: (http://go.worldbank.org/C0QTRW4QF0)

Analisis hubungan kredit mikro dan pembangunan sahabat dalam projek ekonomi skim Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM)

Similar Items