Determinants of donor behavioral intention among UUM alumni

Faced with a tight budget, public universities are now looking at alternative ways to raise funds and one possible source is the university alumni. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the attitude of donor behaviour, peer pressure, university brand personality and religi...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Phoon, Lee Yong
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2017
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/6375/1/s818690_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6375/2/s818690_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.6375
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Shaari, Hasnizam
topic HD58.7 Organizational Behavior.
spellingShingle HD58.7 Organizational Behavior.
Phoon, Lee Yong
Determinants of donor behavioral intention among UUM alumni
description Faced with a tight budget, public universities are now looking at alternative ways to raise funds and one possible source is the university alumni. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the attitude of donor behaviour, peer pressure, university brand personality and religiosity with donor behavioural intention of Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) alumni. A set of questionnaire, based on the extended theory of planned behaviour model which included religiosity, was distributed to the alumni. The opinions of relevant experts and professors were used to validate the questionnaire. The data were analysed using Smart PLS-a software with graphical user interface for variance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) using the partial least squares (PLS) method. The finding reveals that attitude of donor behaviour, peer pressure; university brand personality and religiosity have a significant positive relationship with donor behavioural intention. The findings are useful for the university management to design strategies according to the behaviour of the alumni which could help increase the donation percentage. The funds raised will enable the university to maintain its reputation and quality. It is suggested that future studies should include alumni from all public universities in Malaysia.
format Thesis
qualification_name masters
qualification_level Master's degree
author Phoon, Lee Yong
author_facet Phoon, Lee Yong
author_sort Phoon, Lee Yong
title Determinants of donor behavioral intention among UUM alumni
title_short Determinants of donor behavioral intention among UUM alumni
title_full Determinants of donor behavioral intention among UUM alumni
title_fullStr Determinants of donor behavioral intention among UUM alumni
title_full_unstemmed Determinants of donor behavioral intention among UUM alumni
title_sort determinants of donor behavioral intention among uum alumni
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Business Management
publishDate 2017
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/6375/1/s818690_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6375/2/s818690_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828069192695808
spelling my-uum-etd.63752021-08-18T05:41:04Z Determinants of donor behavioral intention among UUM alumni 2017 Phoon, Lee Yong Shaari, Hasnizam School of Business Management School of Business Management HD58.7 Organizational Behavior. Faced with a tight budget, public universities are now looking at alternative ways to raise funds and one possible source is the university alumni. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the attitude of donor behaviour, peer pressure, university brand personality and religiosity with donor behavioural intention of Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) alumni. A set of questionnaire, based on the extended theory of planned behaviour model which included religiosity, was distributed to the alumni. The opinions of relevant experts and professors were used to validate the questionnaire. The data were analysed using Smart PLS-a software with graphical user interface for variance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) using the partial least squares (PLS) method. The finding reveals that attitude of donor behaviour, peer pressure; university brand personality and religiosity have a significant positive relationship with donor behavioural intention. The findings are useful for the university management to design strategies according to the behaviour of the alumni which could help increase the donation percentage. The funds raised will enable the university to maintain its reputation and quality. It is suggested that future studies should include alumni from all public universities in Malaysia. 2017 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/6375/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/6375/1/s818690_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6375/2/s818690_02.pdf text eng public masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Aaker, D. A. (1996). Building strong brands. New York: The Free. Aaker, J. L. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(3), 347–356. Aaker, J. L., Benet-Martinez, V., & Garolera, J. (2001). Consumption symbols as carriers of culture: A study of Japanese and Spanish brand personality constucts. Journal of personality and social psychology, 81(3), 492. Aaker, J. L. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(3), 347–356. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Orgnizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211. http://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T Ajzen, I., (2001). Nature and operation of attitudes. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 52, 27–58. Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M. (1970), “The prediction of behavior from attitudinal and normative variables”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 6, pp. 466-87. Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Allen, D. R., & Rao, T. R. (2000). Analysis of customer satisfaction data: a comprehensive guide to multivariate statistical analysis in customer satisfaction, loyalty, and service quality research. Milwaukee, Wis.: ASQ Quality Press Allport, G.W., 1935. Attitudes. in C.A. Murchinson (ed.), A Handbook of Social Psychology, Worchester, MA: Clark, University Press, pp 789-844. Alpizar, Francisco, Carlsson, Fredrik, Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 2008. Anonymity, reciprocity, and conformity: evidence from voluntary contributions to a national park in Costa Rica. Journal of Public Economics 92 (5–6), 1047–1060 June. Atuahene-Gima, Kwaku, Janet Y. Murray (2004) Antecedents and Outcomes of Marketing Strategy Comprehensiveness. Journal of Marketing: October 2004, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 33-46. Baruch, Y., & Sang, K. J. C. (2012). Predicting MBA graduates’ donation behaviour to their alma mater. Journal of Management Development, 31(8), 808–825. http://doi.org/10.1108/02621711211253268 Bearden William O, Netmeyer Richard G. (1999) Handbook of marketing scales. Thousand Oaks: Sage Becker, G. S. (1974). A theory of social interactions. Journal of Political Economy, 82, 1063–1073. Becker, P. E., & Dhingra, P. H. (2001). Religious involvement and volunteering: Implications for civil society. Sociology of Religion, 62(November 1999), 315–335. http://doi.org/10.2307/3712353 Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2010). A Literature Review of Empirical Studies of Philanthropy: Eight Mechanisms That Drive Charitable Giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly (Vol. 40). http://doi.org/10.1177/0899764010380927 Belfield, C. R., & Beney, a. P. (2000). What Determines Alumni Generosity? Evidence for the UK. Education Economics, 8(1), 65–80. http://doi.org/10.1080/096452900110300 Blue, C.L., Wilbur, J. and Marston-Scott, M. (2001), “Exercise among blue-collar workers: application of the theory of planned behavior”, Research in Nursing & Health, Vol. 24 No. 6, pp. 481-93. Bock, G.W., Zmud, R.W., Kim, Y.G. and Lee, J.N. (2005), “Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate”, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 29 No. 1, pp. 87-112. Bosnjak,M., Bochmann, V., & Hufschmidt, T. (2007). Dimensions of brand personality attributions: A person-centric approach in the German cultural context. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 35(3), 303–316. Burgoyne, C. B., Young, B., & Walker, C. M. (2005). Deciding to give to charity: A focus group study in the context of the household economy. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 15, 383-405. Chang, C. (2014). Guilt regulation: The relative effects of altruistic versus egoistic appeals for charity advertising. Journal of Advertising, 43(3), 211–227. Cheung, C.-K., & Chan, C.-M. (2000). Social-cognitive factors of donating money to charity, with special attention to an international relief organization. Evaluation and Program Planning, 23(2), 241–253. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7189(00)00003-3 Chin, W. W. (2010). “How to Write Up and report PLS Analyses,” Springer-Verlag, pp. 655-690. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159. Cohen, R. T. (2006). Black College Alumni Giving: A Study of the Perceptions, Attitudes, and Giving Behaviors of Alumni Donors at Selected Historically Black Colleges and Universities. International Journal of Educational Advancement, 6(3), 200–220. http://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ijea.2150030 Costa, P. T., &McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PIR) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Contigency. (2010). Transforming Education System. Malaysia. Cunningham, B., & Cochi-Ficano, C. (2002). The determinants of donative revenue flows from alumni of higher education: An empirical inquiry. Journal of Human Resources, 37(3),540–569. Croson, R. and Gneezy, U. (2009), “Gender differences in preferences”, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 47 No. 2, pp. 1-27. De Vries, R.B., Van Den Hooff, B. and De Ridder, J. (2006), “Explaining knowledge sharing: the role of team communication styles, job satisfaction, and performance beliefs”, Communication Research, Vol. 33, pp. 115-35. DIAMANTOPOULOS, A. (2006) The error term in formative measurement models: interpretation and modeling implications. Journal of Modeling in Management, 1, 7. Dvorak, T. and Toubman, S.R. (2013), “Are women more generous than men? Evidence from alumni donations”, Eastern Economic Journal, Vol. 39, pp. 121-131. Eckel, C. C., Herberich, D. H., & Meer, J. (2014). A field experiment on directed giving at a public university. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics , 0, 1–6. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2016.04.007 Ecklund, E. (2007). Religious Diversity and Community Volunteerism Among Asian Americans. Journal For the Scientific Study of Religion, 46, 233–244. Eisend,M.,& Stokburger-Sauer,N. E. (2013). Brand personality: Ameta-analytic review of antecedents and consequences. Marketing Letters, 24(3), 205–216. Fernandez, J., & Ibrahim, A. E. (2002). Introduction In A Giving Society? The State of Philanthropy in Malaysia. p.19. Field, A. P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. London, England : SAGE. Foddy, W.H. (1994) Constructing Questions for Interviews and Questionnaires: Theory and Practice in Social Research. New Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1) DOI: 10.2307/3151312 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G * Power 3 : A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social , behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. http://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146 Geisinger, Kurt F. (1994) Psychological Assessment, Vol 6(4), 304-312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.304 Special Section: Normative Assessment. Ghorbani, N., Watson, P.J., Ghramaleki, A.F., Morris, R.J. and Hood, R.W. Jr (2002). Muslim-Christian religious orientation scales: distinctions, correlations, and cross-cultural analysis in Iran and the United States, The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 12, 69-91. Harrison, D. A., & Shaffer, M. A. (2005). Mapping the criterion space for expatriate success: task and relationship based performance, effort and adaptation. The international journal of human resource management, 18(8), 1454-1474. Hair, J. F. Jr., Black, W., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hair, J.F., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). SAGE Publications. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. (2014). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Hair, J.F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C.M., and Mena, J.A. (2012). “An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 414-433. HEA Graduate Studies and International. (2016). Number of Alumni. Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia. HEP Alumni Centre. (2016). Number of Alumni. Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia. Hemsley-Brown, J. (2012). ‘The best education in the world’: Reality, repetition or cliché? International students' reasons for choosing an English university. Studies in Higher Education, 37(8), 1005–1022. Henseler, J., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-based Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135 DOI: 10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 High, R. (2000). Important factors in designing statistical power analysis studies. Computing News, Summer issue, 14-15. Holdcroft, B. (2006). Review of Research What Is Religiosity ? Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice, 10(1), 89–103. Hoyt, J. (2004). Understanding Alumni Giving: Theory and Predictors of Donor Status. 44th Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research & Management Studies. Retrieved from http://www3.airweb.org/forum04/330.pdf Hunter, C., Jones, E., & Boger, C. (1999). A study of the relationship between alumni giving and selected characteristics of alumni donors of Livingstone college, NC. Journal of Black Studies, 29(4), 523–539. Hyungsuk Choo , Kwangho Ahn , James F. Petrick , (2016) "An integrated model of festival revisit intentions: Theory of planned behavior and festival quality/satisfaction", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 28 Iss: 4, pp.818 – 838 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2014-0448 Iskhakova, L., Hilbert, A., & Hoffmann, S. (2016). An Integrative Model of Alumni Loyalty—an Empirical Validation Among Graduates From German and Russian Universities. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 28(2), 129–163. http://doi.org/10.1080/10495142.2015.1006490 James H. McAlexander, H. F. K. (2012). Building communities of philanthropy in higher education: contextual influences. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 21(May), 3–12. http://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm Johnson, J.W., Grimm, P.E., 2010. Communal and exchange relationship perceptions as separate constructs and their role in motivation to donate. J. Consum. Psychol. 20, 282–294. Kashif, M., Sarifuddin, S., & Hassan, A. (2015). Charity donation: intentions and behaviour. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 33(1), 90–102. http://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-07-2013-0110 Kasri, R. A. (2013). Giving behaviors in Indonesia: motives and marketing implications for Islamic charities. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 4, 306–324. http://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-05-2011-0044 Khodayarifard, M. Ghobari-Bonab, B. Shokoohi-Yekta, M. Faghihi, A. Beh-Pajooh, 108 A. Afrooz, G. Abedini, Y. and Paknejad, M. (2013). Developing a Religiosity Scale for Iranian College Student, Procedia Social and Behavioural Sciences, 82, 432-435. Keating, B., Pitts, R., & Appel, D. (1981). United Way contributions:coercion, charity or economic self-interest? Southern Economic Journal., 47(January), 816–823. Kim, H., Kim, W., & An, A. (2003). The effect of consumer-based brand equity on firms. Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 335-51. Kim, Y.J., Chun, J.U. and Song, J. (2009), “Investigating the role of attitude in technology acceptance from an attitude strength perspective”, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 29 No. 1, pp. 67-77. Kiriakidis, S. (2015). Theory of Planned Behaviour: the Intention-Behaviour Relationship and the Perceived Behavioural Control (PBC) Relationship with Intention and Behaviour. International Journal of Strategic Innovative Marketing, 3, 40–51. http://doi.org/10.15556/IJSIM.02.03.004 Knabe, A. (2012). Applying Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior to a Study of Online Course Adoption. Public Relations Education, 186. Knowles, S. R., Hyde, M. K., & White, K. M. (2012). Predictors of Young People’s Charitable Intentions to Donate Money: An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(9), 2096– 2110. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00932.x Kottasz, R., 2004b. Differences in the donor behaviour characteristics of young affluent males and females: Empirical evidence from Britain. Voluntas, International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organisations 15 (2), 181 – 203. Krejcie, R. V, & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities Robert. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38(1), 607– 610. http://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308 Lee, L., Piliavin, J., A., Call, V., R., 1999. Giving time, money, and blood: Similarities and Differences. Social Psychology Quarterly 62 (3), 276-291. Lin, H.F. and Lee, G.G. (2004), “Perceptions of senior managers toward knowledgesharing behaviour”, Management Decision, Vol. 42 No. 1, pp. 108-25. Loch, A., Hilmi, I. N., Mazam, Z., Pillay, Y., & Choon, D. S. K. (2010). Differences in attitude towards cadaveric organ donation: Observations in a multiracial Malaysian society. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine, 17(3), 236– 243. Loveday, C. H. (2012). An Analysis of the Variables Associated with Alumni Giving and Employee Giving to a Mid- Sized Southeastern University. 109 Mathew, S., M., King M., R., Glynn S., A., Dietz S., Caswell S., and Schreiber G.,(2007). Opinions about donating blood among those who never gave and those who stopped: a focus group assessment. Transfusion. 47 (April), 729- 735. Malaysian Education Blueprint (September 2012). Malaysian Education Blueprint 2013-2025. Maniam, P., & Zolkepli, I. A. (2015). GENERATION Y AS ORGAN DONOR : INFORMATIONAL AND SUPPORTIVE INFLUENCE OF SOCIALIZATION AGENTS ON ATTITUDE TOWARDS ORGAN (pp. 1– 19). 2nd International Conference on Media, Communication and Culture (ICMCC2015). Masud, M. M., Al-Amin, A. Q., Junsheng, H., Ahmed, F., Yahaya, S. R., Akhtar, R., & Banna, H. (2016). Climate change issue and theory of planned behaviour: Relationship by empirical evidence. Journal of Cleaner Production, 113, 613–623. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.080 McCracken, G. (1989). Who is the celebrity endorser? Cultural foundations of the endorsement process. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(3), 310–321. Meer, J. (2011). Brother, can you spare a dime? Peer pressure in charitable solicitation. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7–8), 926–941. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.026 Metawie, M., & Mostafa, R. H. A. (2015). Predictors of Egyptian University Students’ Charitable Intentions : Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior Business Administration Department Ain Shams University Business Administration Department Ain Shams University. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 6(8), 204–215. Min Teah and Michael Lwin, I. C. (2014). Moderating role of religious beliefs on attitudes towards charities and motivation to donate. Journal of Global Mobility, 2(3), 343–374. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09564230910978511 Mokhlis, S. (2009). Relevancy and Measurement of Religiosity in Consumer Behavior Research. International Business Research, 2(3), 75–84. http://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v2n3p75 Morgan, R. A., & Donahoo, S. (2014). Factors that lead Millennial alumni to donate to their alma mater. Nigg, C. R., Lippke, S., & Maddock, J. E. (2009). Factorial invariance of the theory of planned behavior applied to physical activity across gender, age, and ethnic groups. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(2), 219–225. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.09.005 110 Nunnaly, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill. Nur Zainie, A. H., Rohaida, B., & Narehan, H. (2013). Factors influencing intention to donate blood: The application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 3(4), 344–348. http://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2013.V3.259 O’Cass, M. Lee, W. & Siahtiri, V. (2013). Can Islam and status consumption live together in the house of fashion clothing?, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 17(4), 440-459. Okunade, A., & Berl, R. (1997). Determinants of charitable giving of business school alumni. Research in Higher Education, 38(2), 201–214. Ozer, A., Ekerbicer, H. C., Celik, M., & Nacar, M. (2010). Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of officials of religion about organ donation in Kahramanmaras, an Eastern Mediterranean City of Turkey. Transplantation Proceedings, 42(9), 3363–3367. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.08.035 Pentecost, R., Andrews, L., 2010. Differences between students and non student’s Williamness to donate to a charitable organization. Int. J. Nonprofit Voluntary Sect. Marketing 15 (2), 122–136. Plummer, J. T. (1985). Brand personality: A strategic concept for multinational advertising. Marketing educators' conference (pp. 1–31). New York: Young & Rubicam. Popp, N., & Barrett, H. (2016). Examining the Relationship between Age of Fan Identification and Donor Behavior at an NCAA Division I Athletics Department. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 9, 107–123. QS Top Universities. (16 September, 2016). Retrieved from Universiti Utara Malaysia: http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/universiti-utaramalaysia-uum Rauschnabel, P. A., Krey, N., Babin, B. J., & Ivens, B. S. (2016). Brand management in higher education: The University Brand Personality Scale. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 3077–3086. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.01.023 Riecken, G. and Yavas, U. (2005), “The attitudes of donors and non-donors to the March of Dimes charity in the United States: a case study in non-profit marketing”, International Journal of Management, Vol. 22 No. 4, pp. 572-581. Roberts, J.A. and Roberts, C.R. (2012), “Money matters: does the symbolic presence of money affect charitable giving and attitudes among adolescents?”, Young Consumers: Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers, Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 334-336. Robinson, J. P.; Shaver, P. R.; Wrightsman, L. S. (1991). Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes. (Measures of social psychological attitudes, Vol. 1). New York, NY: Academic Rohayati, M. I., Najdi, Y., & Williamson, J. C. (2016). Philanthropic fundraising of higher education institutions: A review of the Malaysian and Australian . Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(6). http://doi.org/10.3390/su8060541 Ryu, S., Ho, S.H. and Han, I. (2003), “Knowledge sharing behavior of physicians in hospitals”, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 113-22. Sargent, A. (1999), “Charitable giving: towards a model of donor behaviour”, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 15 No. 40, pp. 215-238. Sargeant, A., & Lee, S. (2004). Trust and relationship commitment in the United Kingdom voluntary sector: Determinants of donor behavior. Psychology and Marketing, 21(8), 613–635. http://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20021 Sarstedt, M. and Mooi, E.A. (2014), A Concise Guide to Market Research: The Process, Data, and Methods Using IBM SPSS Statistics, Springer, Berlin. Schlegelmilch, B.B., Love, A. and Diamantopoluos, A. (1997), “Response to different charity appeals: the impact of donor characteristics on the amount of donations”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 31 No. 8, pp. 548-560. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2013). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. Jhon Wiley & Sons Ltd. Sen, A. K. (1978). Rational fools: a critique of the behavioural foundations of economic theory. In H. Harris (Ed.), Scientific models and men (pp. 317–344). London: Oxford University Press. Shaker, G. G., Borden, V. M. H., & Kienker, B. L. (2016). Workplace Giving in Universities: A U.S. Case Study at Indiana University. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 45(1), 87–111. http://doi.org/10.1177/0899764014565468 Shang, Jen, Croson, Rachel, Reed, Americus, 2004. “I” Give, But “We” Give More: The Impact of Identity and the Mere Social Information Effect on Donation Behavior. University of Pennsylvania. Manuscript. Sheth, J. N., Mittal, B., and Newman, B. I., 1999. Consumer Behaviour; Consumer Behaviour, and Beyond. The Dryden Press, Orlando Fl. Showers, V. E., Showers, L. S., Beggs, J. M., & Cox, J. E. (2011). Charitable Giving Expenditures and the Faith Factor. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 70(1), 152–186. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.2010.00767.x Slater, F. Stanley, Atuahene-Gima, Kwaku (2004), CONDUCTING SURVEY RESEARCH IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT, in (ed.) Research Methodology in Strategy and Management (Research Methodology in Strategy and Management, Volume 1) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.227 – 249 Simmons, W. and Emanuele, R. (2007), “Male-female giving differentials: are women more altruistic?”, Journal of Economic Studies, Vol. 34 No. 6, pp. 534-550. Smith, J. R. (2007). Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 17, 363-386., (August 2006), 363–386. Smith, H., & Smith, S. (2012). Peer Pressure. Research in Public Policy, Summer(14), 1. Smith, J. R., & McSweeney, A. (2007). Charitable Giving: The Effectiveness of a Revised Theory of Planned Behaviour Model in Predicting Donating Intentions and Behaviour. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 17(July 2007), 363–386. http://doi.org/10.1002/casp Stebbins, E., & Hartman, R. L. (2013). Charity brand personality : can smaller charitable organizations leverage their brand ’ s personality to influence giving, 215(August), 203–215. http://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm Steinman, R. B. (2012). Brand Personality, Brand Transgression and Consumer Behavior. Journal of Business and Commerce, 2(1), 76–83. Stephenson, M. T., Morgan, S. E., Roberts-Perez, S. D., Harrison, T., Afifi, W., & Long, S. D. (2008). The Role of Religiosity, Religious Norms, Subjective Norms, and Bodily Integrity in Signing an Organ Donor Card. Health Communication, 23(October), 436–447. http://doi.org/10.1080/10410230802342119 Stangor, C. (2010). Research methods in social psychology (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Stone, N. K. (9 Oct, 2016). The Role of Brand in the Nonprofit Sector. Retrieved from Stanford Social Innovation Review: https://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_role_of_brand_ in_the_nonprofit_sector Sura, S., Ahn, J., & Lee, O. (2016). Factors influencing intention to donate via social network site (SNS): From Asian’s perspective. Telematics and Informatics, 34(1), 164–176. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.04.007 Sun, P.Y.T. and Scott, J.L. (2005), “An investigation of barriers to knowledge transfer”, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 75-90. Sung,M., &Yang, S. (2008). Toward themodel of university image: The influence of brand personality, external prestige, and reputation. Journal of Public Relations Research, 20(4), 357–376 The Star Online. (4 Nov, 2014). Retrieved from PTPTN reduces loan amount by 5% and 15%: http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/11/04/ ptptn-reducesloan- amount-by-5-and-15/ Tohidinia, Z., & Mosakhani, M. (2010). Knowledge sharing behaviour and its predictors. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 110(4), 611–631. http://doi.org/10.1108/02635571011039052 UUM Official Website. (27 7, 2016). Retrieved from UUM Official Website: http://www.uum.edu.my/index.php/en/about-uum University of Oxford. (08 October, 2016). Retrieved from Finance and funding: https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/finance-and-funding?wssl=1 Van der Linden, S. (2011). Charitable Intent: A Moral or Social Construct? A Revised Theory of Planned Behavior Model. Current Psychology, 30(4), 355–374. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-011-9122-1 Verhaert, G. A., & Van den Poel, D. (2011). Empathy as added value in predicting donation behavior. Journal of Business Research, 64(12), 1288–1295. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2010.12.024 Voorhees, C., Brady, M., Calantone, R., & Ramirez, E. (2016). Discriminant Validity Testing in Marketing: An Analysis, Causes for Concern, and Proposed Remedies. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44 (1), 119-134 DOI: 10.1007/s11747-015-0455-4 Wilkes, R. E., Burnett, J. J. & Howell, R. D. (1986). On the meaning and measurement of religiosity, Consumer Research Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 14, 47-56. Worthington, E. L., Wade, N. G., Hight, T. L., McCullough, M. E., Berry, J. T., Ripley, J. S. et al. (2003). The religious commitment inventory-10: development, refinement, and validation of a brief scale for research and counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 84-96. Yoo, J. H., & Harrison, W. B. (1989). Altruism in the ‘market’ for giving and receiving: a case of higher education. Economics of Education Review, 8, 367–376