Malpractices in Nigeria's Fourth Republic elections: Challenges of democratic governance
Scholars tend to analyse increasing transitions to democracy over the past four decades, particularly on the significance of conducting fair elections and the impacts on democratic transition process in Nigeria. Indeed, there is a need to study challenges of electoral malpractices since the emergenc...
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | eng eng |
| Published: |
2016
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://etd.uum.edu.my/6418/1/s95431_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/6418/2/s95431_02.pdf |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| id |
my-uum-etd.6418 |
|---|---|
| record_format |
uketd_dc |
| institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
| collection |
UUM ETD |
| language |
eng eng |
| advisor |
Othman, Zaheruddin |
| topic |
JF Political institutions (General) |
| spellingShingle |
JF Political institutions (General) Isma'ila, Yusuf Malpractices in Nigeria's Fourth Republic elections: Challenges of democratic governance |
| description |
Scholars tend to analyse increasing transitions to democracy over the past four decades, particularly on the significance of conducting fair elections and the impacts on democratic transition process in Nigeria. Indeed, there is a need to study challenges of electoral malpractices since the emergence of Nigeria's Fourth Republic in 1999. Therefore, this study aims to identify electoral malpractices occurred in the last sixteen years in Nigeria that posed threats against the elected democratic governance. In addition, the impacts of these electoral malpractices are also critically analysed. Qualitative research method is adopted in this study, in which both primary and secondary data were used in conducting the research. The target respondents interviewed through purposive sampling technique involve Nigerian politicians, electoral officers, non-governmental organizations and the academia. The findings reveal that the challenges of electoral malpractices have significantly influenced Nigeria's Fourth Republic governance. The study also highlights that insecurity, corruption, weak democratic institutions, lack of internal democracy within political parties, military mentality, weak electoral umpire and electoral irregularities have seriously posed threats on democratic practices. This study concludes that those threats have undermined democratic transition and aspiration for democratic governance. The study recommends strengthening democratic institutions, improving electoral reforms, addressing corruption, poverty, prosecuting electoral offenders and enhancing participation of electorates in promoting fair
election for sustainable democracy. |
| format |
Thesis |
| qualification_name |
Ph.D. |
| qualification_level |
Doctorate |
| author |
Isma'ila, Yusuf |
| author_facet |
Isma'ila, Yusuf |
| author_sort |
Isma'ila, Yusuf |
| title |
Malpractices in Nigeria's Fourth Republic elections: Challenges of democratic governance |
| title_short |
Malpractices in Nigeria's Fourth Republic elections: Challenges of democratic governance |
| title_full |
Malpractices in Nigeria's Fourth Republic elections: Challenges of democratic governance |
| title_fullStr |
Malpractices in Nigeria's Fourth Republic elections: Challenges of democratic governance |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Malpractices in Nigeria's Fourth Republic elections: Challenges of democratic governance |
| title_sort |
malpractices in nigeria's fourth republic elections: challenges of democratic governance |
| granting_institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
| granting_department |
Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| url |
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6418/1/s95431_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/6418/2/s95431_02.pdf |
| _version_ |
1747828073248587776 |
| spelling |
my-uum-etd.64182021-04-05T02:40:42Z Malpractices in Nigeria's Fourth Republic elections: Challenges of democratic governance 2016 Isma'ila, Yusuf Othman, Zaheruddin Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government JF Political institutions (General) Scholars tend to analyse increasing transitions to democracy over the past four decades, particularly on the significance of conducting fair elections and the impacts on democratic transition process in Nigeria. Indeed, there is a need to study challenges of electoral malpractices since the emergence of Nigeria's Fourth Republic in 1999. Therefore, this study aims to identify electoral malpractices occurred in the last sixteen years in Nigeria that posed threats against the elected democratic governance. In addition, the impacts of these electoral malpractices are also critically analysed. Qualitative research method is adopted in this study, in which both primary and secondary data were used in conducting the research. The target respondents interviewed through purposive sampling technique involve Nigerian politicians, electoral officers, non-governmental organizations and the academia. The findings reveal that the challenges of electoral malpractices have significantly influenced Nigeria's Fourth Republic governance. The study also highlights that insecurity, corruption, weak democratic institutions, lack of internal democracy within political parties, military mentality, weak electoral umpire and electoral irregularities have seriously posed threats on democratic practices. This study concludes that those threats have undermined democratic transition and aspiration for democratic governance. The study recommends strengthening democratic institutions, improving electoral reforms, addressing corruption, poverty, prosecuting electoral offenders and enhancing participation of electorates in promoting fair election for sustainable democracy. 2016 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/6418/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/6418/1/s95431_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6418/2/s95431_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Aarts, K. and Thomassen, J (2005): Electoral Institutions and Satisfaction with Democracy, paper presented at the International Conference on Election and Democratic Governance. Organized by the Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica (IPSAS) www.ibrarian.net/.../paper/July_14_2008_ Complete_ list_with_URL_lin Accessed 07/10/15 Abbass, I.M (2008): Electoral violence in Nigeria and the Problem of Democratic Politics, paper presented at the 27th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Political Science Association on Electoral Reform, Political Succession and Democratization in Africa, held at Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria www.abu.edu.ng/publications/2012-06-11- 111712_5712.pdf Accessed 19/9/15 Abdu, H. (2001): The Impact of ethnicity and Religion on Democracy, Etanibi, E.0, Okoye, A.F (Ed) in Religious Conflicts and Democracy in Nigeria: Challenges, Publication of Human Rights Monitor. PP. 117-142. Abdullahi, A. and Sani, I. (2015): Institutional Independence of INEC and the Credibility of 2015 Elections www.ineenigeria.org/.../2015/.../ ConferencePaper Accessed 19/9/15. Abegunde, 0. (2013): Ethnic Militancy and Democracy in Nigeria: The Question of Resource Control in Niger Delta, Journal of Foreign Languages, Cultures and Civilizations, Vol. 1 No. 1 Pp. 1-11 Abutudu, M. (2009): Mandate Theft and Retrieval: The 2007 Governorship Election in Edo State, Ibrahim J. and Ibeanu 0 . (Ed) in Direct Capture: The 2007 Nigerian Elections and Subversion of Popular Sovereignty, Centre for Democracy and Development (CDD) and Open Society Initiative for West Africa, PP.235-265 Abimbola, J.0 and Adesote, S.A (2012): Party Internal Democracy and the Challenge of Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria, 1999-2011: A Historical Analysis. Journal of Social Science and Policy Review. Pp.46-57 ACAPS, (2012): Better Assessments; Better Aid: Qualitative and Quantitative Research Techniques for Humanitarian Needs Assessment: An Introductory Brief http://www.acaps.org/img/documents/q-qualitative-and-quantitative-research.pdf Accessed 19/9/15 Adebayo, A.0 and Nasir, I.M (2014): Strengthening Nigeria's Weak Institutions through the Instrument of Civic Education, Arabian journal of Business and Management Review Vol. 3 No. 12 Pp. 238-244 Adebisi, M.A (1998): The Military and Democratic Transition in Nigeria, Ajayi, R. and Alana, 0 and Akinwunmi Y. (Ed) in Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Nigerian Studies Nathadex Publishers, PP. 141-149 Adejumobi, S. (1994). Structural Adjustment and the Prospects for Democracy in Africa: Nigerian Perspective, Omoruyi. 0 (Ed) in Democratization in Africa: Nigerian Perspective,. Abuja, Nigeria : Center for Democratic Studies, pp. 262-281 Adeosun, A.B (2014): Democracy and Democratic consolidation in Nigerian Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges, Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Vol. 19 Issue 10 Version VI Pp. 05-10 Adesoji, A. (2002): Pressure Groups and Democratic Process in Nigeria (1979-1993) Nordic Journal of African Studies. Vol. 11 No. Pp.38-47 Adesote, S.A and Abimbola, J.0 (2012): Corruption and National Development in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: A Historical Discourse, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa Vol. 14 No. 7 Pp. 81-98 Adetula, V, Kew, D and Kwaja, C (2010): Assessing Democracy Assistance: Nigeria, Project Report FRIDE https://www.africaportal..org/expert/victor-adetula Accessed 19/9/15 Adeyemi, L.0 (2012): The Challenges of Democratic Governance in Nigeria, International Journal of Business and Social science. Vol. 3 No.5 Pp. 167-171 Aduko, A.A and Umoru, Y.A (2014): Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria's Fourth republic, Global Journal of Political science and Administration. Vol. 2 No. 3 Pp. 79-108 African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance: Declaration Vs Policy Practice, Policy Brief 53 www.cps.org.za/cps%20pdf/polbrief53.pdf Accessed 07/10/15 Agba, M.S (2011): Political Thuggery and Democratic Dividends in Nigeria: An Empirical Study Higher Education of Social Science. Vol. 1 No. 1 Pp. 58-65 Agbaje, A and Adejurnobi, S (2006): Do Votes Counts? The Travails of Electoral Politics in Nigeria, Council for the Development of Social Science Research. Africa Development CODESERIA Vol. XXXI No. 3 Pp.25-44 Agomo, C. C (2003): Human Rights and Democratization in Nigeria, Paper presented at the fourth annual conference of the Full Bright Alumni Association of Nigeria (FAAN) National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS) Kuru, Jos, Nigeria. Aigheyisi. O.S. (2013): The Relative Impacts of Federal Capital and Recurrent Expenditures on Nigeria's Economy (1980-2011), American Journal of Economics. Vol. 3 No. 5 Pp. 210-221 Ajakaiye, 0 . I (2009): Participation in Nigerian Election. Thesis Submitted to the Political Science Department Jonkoping International Business School. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:277459/ FULTEXT01.pdf Accessed 11/10/2015 Aj ayi, S.O. (1997): Nigerian History in Pre-colonial Times-Northern Nigeria, A.D. Nzemeke, and E.O. Erhagbe (Ed) in "Nigerian Peoples and Culture" Second edition Benin City Dept of History and Mindex Ajayi, K. (2007): Elections Administration in Nigeria and the Challenges of 2007 Elections The Social Sciences, Medwell Journals, 2 (2), pp. 142- 151 Ajayi, F and Nwogwugwu, N (2014): From Militancy to Terrorism: Need for a Fresh Perspective to Nigeria's National Security, Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), Vol. 19 Issue 10 Ver.III Pp. 01-07 Aka, P.C (2014): Judicial Independence Under Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Problems and Prospects, California Western International Law Journal. Vol. No. 1 Pp. 1-79 Ake, C. (1991): Democracy and Development in Africa. Spectrum Books limited Ibadan, Nigeria Ake, C. (1 995):"Democratization of Disempowerment in Africa, Jochen Hippler (Ed) in "The Democratization of Disempowerment: The Problem of Democracy in the Third World Pluto Press with Transnational Institute (TNI), pp.70-89. Akpan, E.0.P et al (2014): Constructability Practice and Project Delivery Processes in the Nigerian Construction Industry, Journal of Building Performance, Vol. 5 No. 1 Pp. 10-21 Akpowoghaha, N.G.0 (2013): Party Politics and the Challenges of Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria, Research on Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 3 No. 15 Pp. 71-83 Akubo, A.A and Umoro, Y.A (2014): Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria's Fourth Republic, Global Journal of Political Science and Administration. Vol. 2 No. 3 Pp. 79-108 Alabi, M.0.A (2008): Law Making in Pre-colonial Yorubaland, Falola T. and Genova, A. (Ed) in The Yoruba in Transition: History, Values and Modernity Pp. 111-124 https://Ira.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/ 28095/1/2013alabimoaphd.pdf Accessed 20/9/15 Alfa, P (2012): Party Politics and Intra-Party Democracy in Nigeria: A historical and Contemporary Perspective, Journal of Social Science and Policy Review. Vol. 4 Pp. 1-15 Alanamu, A.S, Ayinla, S.A and Adeoye, M.N (2008): Corruption and its Implication for National development in Nigeria's Fourth Republic, Saliu. H. A, Jimoh, I.S, Yusuf, N and Ojo, E.O. (Ed) in "Perspectives on Nation-Building and Development in Nigeria: Political and Legal Issues, a Publication of faculty of Business and Social Science, University of Ilorin, Nigeria Pp. 219-232 Aleyomi, M.B (201 3): Corruption and Democratization Process in Nigeria's fourth Republic, international Journal of Politics and Good Governance. Vol. 2 No. 4.2 Quarter II Pp. 01-25 Aliu, M. (201 3): Legislative Corruption and Democratic Consolidation in the Nigerian Fourth Republic, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa. Vol. 15 No.6 Pp. 101-112 Alkali, N. (2014): The Success that Failed: The Tragedy of Democratic Experience Under Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, Elaigwu, J.I (Ed) in Federalism and Democracy in Nigeria: Fifty Years After, Institute of Governance and Social Research (IGSR), Jos, Nigeria. PP. 312-322 Alubo, 0. (2002): The Social Impact of Globalization, a lecture for the 2002 Damina School Research Methodology Workshop on Globalization and Democracy, Center for Research and Documentation, Kano, Nigeria. Aluigba, M.T (2015): Taming a Lion: Monitoring Campaign Finances of Political Parties Prior to the 2015 Elections in Nigeria, Aminu Kano Centre for Democratic Research and Training www.inecnigeria.org/wp.../2015/07/Conference-Paper_Moses-Aluigba.p Accessed 20/9/15 Amin, S. (1995): "Fifty Years is enough: The case against World Bank and IMF" Monthly Review, New York. Amate, C.0.C (1986): Inside the O.A. U: Pan Africanism in Practice, Macmillan Publishers Anagbugu, I. (1980): The History of Indigenous Leather Industry in Sokoto and Kano, Northern Nigeria, 1903-1960, unpublished PhD Thesis submitted to Usman Danfodio University Sokoto, Nigeria. Analyst Magazine, (2003): "Nigeria's Complex Ethnic Geography" Vol. 2 No. 2 February 2003 Apam, J. (2011): "Consolidating Democracy in Africa: Between Credible Election and Governments of National Unity, Journal of Democratic Studies, Aminu Kano Centre for Democratic Research and Training, Mambayya House, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. Vol. 3 PP. 17-38 Arolowo, D.E and Aluko, 0.A (2012): Democracy, Political Participation and Good Governance in Nigeria, International Journal of Development and Sustainability Vol. 1 No.3 Pp. 1-13 Arowosafe, 0.1, Okoroh, M.1 and Dean, A.M (2014): Forecasting Sustainable Infrastructure Delivery in Nigeria Beyond 2015 http://www.wfeo.org/wpcontent/uploads/wecsi2014/B1 /B1-2.MAINPAPER-Arowosafe.pdf Accessed 23/10/2015 Arthur, K.B (2008): Democracy and Stability in West Africa: The Ghanian Experience, Nordic Africa. Institute Uppsala. Claude Ake Memorial Lecture, paper No. 4 www.per.uu.se/digitalAssets/65/65805_1camp2_obi.pdf Accessed 11/7/2016 Atieno, O.P. (2009): An analysis of the strengths and Limitations of qualitative Research paradigm, Problems of Education in The 20th Century" Vol. 13, pp 13-18 Atta, N. E. (2013): The Historical Conjecture of Neo-colonialism and under development in Nigeria, Journal of African Studies and Development. Vol. 5 No. 5 Pp. 70-79 Attoh, D. A and Robertson, A. (2014): The Practice of Democracy in Ghana: Beyond the Formal Framework, Afro Barometer Briefing Paper No. 137 afrobarometer.org/sites/default/.../Briefing%20 paper/afrobriefno137.p... Accessed 11/7/2016 Audu, J. (2011): The Democratization Process in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects, Journal of Democratic Studies, Aminu Kano Centre for Democratic Research and Training, Mambayya House, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria Vol. 3 pp. 1-16 Audu, J. (2014): Pre-colonial Political Administration in the North-Central Nigeria; A Study of the Igala Kingdom, European Scientific Journal. Vol. 10 No. 19 Pp. 393-402 Awopeju, A. (2011): Election Rigging and the Problems of Electoral Act in Nigeria, Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 2 No. 2.4 PP. 1-17 Ayam, J.A (2008): The Development of Nigeria-US Relations, Journal of third World Studies. Vol. XXV No.2 Pp. 117-132 Ayodeji, G.I and Odukoya, S.I (2014): Perception of Judicial Corruption: Assessing its Implication for Democratic Consolidation and Sustainable Development in Nigeria, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa. Vol. 16 No. 2 Pp. 67-80 Ayodele, E.O. (2011): Abandonment of Construction Projects in Nigeria: Causes and Effects, Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, Vol. 2 No. 2 Pp. 142-145 Ayuba, H and Ahrnadu, H.J (2011): Politics of Thuggery and Patronage in the North-Eastern Nigeria, Academic Research International. Vol. 1 Issue 1 pp. 111-120 Azeez, A. (2009): Ethnicity, Party politics and Democracy in Nigeria: The People's Democratic Party as Agent of Consolidation? Stud Tribes Tribals Vol. 7 No. 1 Pp. 1-9 Badejo, B.T and Akpowoghaha, N.G (2015): A Critical Insight into the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC): Implications for 201 5 Elections and Democratic Advancement in Nigeria, Quest Journals- Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 3 Issue 2 Pp. 13-22 Baghawati, J. (2007): "In defense of Globalization ". Oxford University Press. Bailey, M. (2004): The Two Sides of Money in Politics: A Synthesis and Framework, Election Law Journal Vol. 3 No. 4 Pp. 653-669 Bako, S. (200 1): The crisis of Democracy under Obasanjo Presidency, PP. 1 - 13, Jega, A.M (Ed) in Democracy and Democratization in Nigeria 1999-2003. Center for Democratic Research and Training. Mambayya House, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria, Pp. 1-13 Bande, T. (2014): Reflections on the Interference between Fedralism and the Democratization Process in Nigeria: 1999-2009, Elaigwu, J.I (Ed) in Federalism and Democracy in Nigeria: Fifty Years After, Institute of Governance and Social Research (IGSR), Jos, Nigeria. PP. 100-109 Barbie, E. (2001): The Practice of Social Research 9th Edition Chapman University. Bello, S. (2011): The challenges of Democratization in Africa: Perspectives on Nigeria's April 2011 Election, Journal of Democratic studies Aminu Kano Centre for Democratic Research and Training, Mambayya House, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. pp. 39-72 Bello, S. (2014): "Challenges and Opportunities in Nation-Building and Democratic Governance: Perspectives on Politics in Nigeria, Bello, S. and Yusuf, M.M (Ed) in Popular Participation and Democratization in Nigeria under the Fourth Republic Published by Africa Research and Development Agency (ARADA). Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. pp. 11-28 Beetham, D. (1998): "Democracy: Key Principles, Institutions and Problems, Beetham, D, et al (Ed) in Democracy: Its Principles and Achievements. A Publication of Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) Geneva. Pp. 21-30 Accessed 11/10/2015 Birch, S. (2009): Electoral Corruption, Institute for Democracy and Conflict Resolution (IDCR) Briefing Paper www.idcr.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/ 2010/09/05_11.pdf Accessed 07/10/15 Boadi, E. G (2010): Assessing Democracy Assistance: Ghana, FRIDE Project Report: Assessing Democracy Assistance, fride.org/descarga/IP_WMD_Ghana_ENG_ jul10.pdf Accessed 11/7/2016 Boahen, A. (1966): "Topics in West African History", Schools Edition London: Longman Boutros-Ghali, B. (1996): An Agenda for Democratization, United Nations Department of Public Information www.un.org/.../democracyday/.../An_agenda_for_ democr... Accessed 9/9/15 Boyce, C. and Neale, P. (2006): Conducting In-depth Interviews: A Guide for Designing and Conducting In-depth Interviews for Evaluation Input, Pathfinder Tool Series. Monitoring and Evaluation-2 www2.pathfinder.org/.../m_e_tool_series_indept http://www2.pathfinder.org/site/DocServer/m_e_tool_series_indepth_interviews.pdf Accessed 17/6/2014 Bratton, M and Walle, N. V. (1994): Neopatrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa, World Politics, Vol. 46 No. 4 Pp 453-489 Brown, G.M (2013): Nigerian Political System: An Analysis, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol.3 No. 10 Pp. 172-179 Bruno, W.S and Baena, P. 0 (2013): Money in Politics: Sound Political Competition and Trust in Government. A Paper Prepared for the OECD Policy Forum on Restoring Trust in government: Addressing Risk of Influence in Public Decision making hosted by policy sector Integrity Network OECD www.oecd.org/ Accessed 07/10/15 Buhari, M. (2015): Prospects for Democratic Consolidation in Africa: Nigeria's Transition, Speech delivered at CHATAM HOUSE, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Africa Program Transcript https://www.chathamhouse.org/.../chathamhouse/.../ 2015. Accessed 07/10/15 Burch, K. (1998): Stories of Menacing Globalization American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences- (AJISS) Vol. 15 No. 13. Pp. 119-128 CDDRL (2009): Evaluating International Influences on Democratic Development, Working Paper cdclrl.fsi.stanford.edu/.../evaluating_external_ influence_on_democratic Accessed 07/10/15 Carl, A. L (2009): Confronting Tocqueville in Africa: Continuity and Change in civil society during Nigeria's democratization, carllevan..com/wp.../01/Civil-society-Nigeria- Democratization-2009.pdf Accessed 07/10/15 Cheema, G.S (2007): Linking Governments and Citizens Through Democratic Governance in Public Administration and Democratic Governance: Governments Serving Citizens, 7th Global Forum on Reinventing Government Building trust in Government Vienna Austria ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/98 United Nations Choir, S. (2007): Democratic Leadership: The lessons of Examplary Models for Democratic Governance https://www.regent.edu/acad/.../Choi_Vol2Iss3.pdf Accessed 11/10/2015 Clardie, J. (2011): The Impact of Military Spending on the Likelihood of Democratic Transition Failure: Testing Two competing Theories, Armed Forces and Society Vol. 35. SAGE Publications, www.sagepublications.com.afs.sagepub.com/content/ 37/1/163.abstract Acccessed 17/6/2014 Clark, I. (1997): "Globalization and Fragmentation " Oxford University Press. Code of Conduct Bureau, (2004): Vision, Mission, Mandate and Powers and Activities in Nigeria Coleman, J. S. (1986): Nigeria: Background to Nationalism. Brobarg and Winsom. Benin Kat; Nehdm Connell, R. (2007): The Northern Theory of Globalization, Sociological Theory http://stx.sage.pub.com/. PP.368-387 Creswell, J. (2007): Qualitative Research Designs: Selection and Implementation Published by: SAGE http://www,sagepublications.com Dawson, C. (2002): Practical Research Methods: A User friendly guide to mastering research Techniques and Projects Oxford, United Kingdom. dspace.utamu.ac.ug:8080/... /practical_research_ methods_dawson_2002 Denzin, K., & Lincoln, Y. (2005). "The sage handbook ofqualitative research", 3rd Ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, www.worldcat.org/title/sage-handbook-of.../ocle/ 56921579. 'oclclS692 I 579 Accessed 17/6/2014 Diamond, L. (1992): Globalization of Democracy: Trends, Types, Causes and Prospects, Centre for Democratic Studies. Fena Typesetters and Graphics Limited. Diamond, L. (2008): The State of Democracy in Africa, Conference Report on Democratization in Africa: What Progress towards Institutionalization? National Intelligence Council, Pp. 1-14 https://fas.org/irp/nic/africa_democ_2008.pdf Accessed 11/7/2016 Doble, J. (2001): Money and Politics: Who Owns Democracy? A Report for The National Issues Forums kettering.org/wp.../MoneyAndPolitics_Report.pdf Accessed 23/10/2015 Dode, R. (2010): Political Parties and the Prospects of democratic Consolidation in Nigeria: 1999-2006, African Journal of Political Sciences and International Relations. Vol. 4 (5) pp. 188-194 |