The influence of leadership style, social support and workload toward stress among nurses

The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between leadership style, social support and workload with stress among nurses in Gua Musang Hospital, Kelantan. The health professionals are a group at significant risk from the negative effects of stressful including nurses. Through this...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Nor Idayu, Zakaria
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2016
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/6438/1/s818958_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6438/2/s818958_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.6438
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Ab Hamid, Kamal
topic HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
RT Nursing
spellingShingle HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
RT Nursing
Nor Idayu, Zakaria
The influence of leadership style, social support and workload toward stress among nurses
description The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between leadership style, social support and workload with stress among nurses in Gua Musang Hospital, Kelantan. The health professionals are a group at significant risk from the negative effects of stressful including nurses. Through this study, data were collected successfully from 96 nurses of Gua Musang Hospital and data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22.0. Techniques of data analysis used in this study are frequency analysis, descriptive analysis and reliability analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between leadership style, social support and workload with stress and also to answer the objective of this research. Besides that, multiple regression analysis is conducted to analyse the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable. From the research finding, it provides better understanding of the factor influence the stress among nurses. The findings revealed that social support and workload was significantly influence to the stress while leadership style was not significantly influence to the stress.
format Thesis
qualification_name masters
qualification_level Master's degree
author Nor Idayu, Zakaria
author_facet Nor Idayu, Zakaria
author_sort Nor Idayu, Zakaria
title The influence of leadership style, social support and workload toward stress among nurses
title_short The influence of leadership style, social support and workload toward stress among nurses
title_full The influence of leadership style, social support and workload toward stress among nurses
title_fullStr The influence of leadership style, social support and workload toward stress among nurses
title_full_unstemmed The influence of leadership style, social support and workload toward stress among nurses
title_sort influence of leadership style, social support and workload toward stress among nurses
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Business Management
publishDate 2016
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/6438/1/s818958_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6438/2/s818958_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828077480640512
spelling my-uum-etd.64382021-04-19T03:00:35Z The influence of leadership style, social support and workload toward stress among nurses 2016 Nor Idayu, Zakaria Ab Hamid, Kamal School of Business Management School of Business Management HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management. Employment RT Nursing The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between leadership style, social support and workload with stress among nurses in Gua Musang Hospital, Kelantan. The health professionals are a group at significant risk from the negative effects of stressful including nurses. Through this study, data were collected successfully from 96 nurses of Gua Musang Hospital and data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22.0. Techniques of data analysis used in this study are frequency analysis, descriptive analysis and reliability analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between leadership style, social support and workload with stress and also to answer the objective of this research. Besides that, multiple regression analysis is conducted to analyse the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable. From the research finding, it provides better understanding of the factor influence the stress among nurses. The findings revealed that social support and workload was significantly influence to the stress while leadership style was not significantly influence to the stress. 2016 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/6438/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/6438/1/s818958_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6438/2/s818958_02.pdf text eng public masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Abu Zinadah, S. (2004). The situation of Saudi nursing. Health Forum, 52,42-43. Abu AlRub, R. F. (2004). Job stress, job performance, and social support among hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 36,73-78. Adams, A., Lugsden, E., Chase, J., Arber, S., & Bond, S. (2000). Skill-mix changes and work intensification in nursing. Work, Employment and Society, 14(3), 541 -555. Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., & Sochalski, J. (2001). Cause for concern: Nurses' reports of hospital care in five countries. LDI Issue Brief, 6(8), 1-4. Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Sochalski, J. A., Busse, R., Clarke, H., et al. (2001). Nurses' reports on hospital care in five countries. Health Affairs, 20(3), 43-53. Aljunid, D. S. (201 1). Malaysian Jotirnal of Public Health Medicine. Arnstein, M.G. (July, 1956). Florence Nightingale's Influence on Nursing(pp. 540-546), Retrieved Feburary 16, 2013, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articlesPMC 18059291 Angelini, D. (1995). Mentoring in the career development of hospital staff nurses: Models and strategies. Jourizal of Professiorzal Nursing, 11(2), 89-97. Aurelio, J. (1993). An organizational culture that optimizes stress: Acceptable stress in nursing. Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation. (2013). High workloads will see more nurses quit. Retrieved from http://anmf.org.au/news/entry/high-workloads-willsee- more-nurses-quit (accessed on 8th June 201 5). Ayed, A., Eqtait, F., Fashafsheh, I., Basheer, M., Aqel, M., Nassar, D., & Omary, M. (2014). Exploring the Work Related Stress Sources and Its Effect among the Palestinian Nurses at the Governmental Hospitals. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(21), 100-1 10. Avolio, B. (1 996). Multgactor leadership questionnaire report. CA: Mind Garden. Awan, M. R., & Mahmood, K. (2010). Relationship among Leadership Style, Organizational Culture and Employee Commitment in University Libraries. Library Mangement, 253-266. Aylsworth, J. (2010, August 22). Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory: Twofactordistinction is tlseful in spite of poor validity. Retrieved February 26, 2013 from Examiner.com: http://www.examiner.com/article/herzber~-s-motivatorhygiene- theo~-two-factor-distinction-is-useful-spite-of-poor-validity Backs, R.W. & Seljos, K.A. (1994). Metabolic and cardiorespiratory measures of mental effort: The effect of level of difficulty in a working memory task. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 16, 57-68. http://dx.doi.ordl 0.101 6/01 67- 8760(94)90042-6 Baltimore, J. (2006). Nurse collegiality: Fact or Fiction. Nursing Management, 3 7(5), 28- 36. Bansi. (2012, August 19). What is Stress? Retrieved February 26, 2013, from Edensgate hypnotherapy: http://edensgatehypnotherap~,com/articles/what-is-s~ess/ Baron, R.A. and Greenberg, J. (1990). Behavior in organizations: Understanding and managing the human side of work, 3rd ed. Boston: Allyn & Baron. Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press. Bass, B. M. (1997). Full range leadership development: Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire. CA: Mind Garden. Bass, B. M. (1997). Does the transactional-transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries?. Journal of American Psychologist, 130-1 39. Beh, L.-S. (2012). Challenges of Quality of Work Life: Evidences and Implications in Developed and Developing Countries. Public Administration: Issues and Paradigms of Development " Germany, 1 4 1 - 1 55. Beehr, T. A., Jex, S. M., Stacy, B. A., & Murrray, M. A. (2000). Work stressors and coworker support as predictors of individual strain and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 391 -405. Beehr, T. A., King, L. A., & King, D. W. (1990). Social support and occupational stress: Talking to supervisors. Journal of Yocational Behavior, 36,61-81. Better Health Channel (2012). Work-related stress. Retrieved from http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Workrelated- stress?open (accessed on 26th June 201 5). Benvick, D. M. (2003). Disseminating innovations in health care. JAMA, 289(15), 1969- 1975. Bhatia, N., Kishore J., Anand, T. and Jiloha, R. C. (2010). Occupational Stress amongst Nurses fiom Two Tertiary Care Hospitals in Delhi. Medical Journal AMJ, 3(1 l), 73 1-738. Blair A, Littlewood M. (1 995). Sources of stress. Journal of Community Nursing, 40, 38- 39. Boles, D.B & Law, M.B. (1998). A simultaneous task comparison of differentiated hemispheric resource theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Human perception and Performance, 24, 204-215. http://dx.doi.ordl0.1037/0096- 1523.24.1.204 PMid:9483826 Bryrnan, A. & Bell, E. (2007). Business research methods, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press Inc., New York. Buresh, B., & Gordon, S. (2006). Froin silence to voice: What nurses must know and communicate to the public. London: Cornell University Press. Burns, N. & Grove, S.K. (2001). The Practice of Nursing Research. Conduct, Callahan, M., & Ruchlin, H. (2003). The role of nursing leadership in establishing a safety culture. Nursing Economics, 21(6), 296. Buunk, B. P., Doosje, B. J., Jans, L. G., & Hopstaken, L. E. (1993). Perceived reciprocity, social support, and stress at work: the role of exchange and communal orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65 (4), 80 1-8 1 1. Carr, D. D. (2009 ). Professional Case Management. Case Managers as Leaders, 163- 164. Comer, L., Jolson, M., Dubinsky, A. and Yammarino, F. (1 995) 'When the sales managers is a woman: An exploration into the relationship between salespeople's gender and their responses to leadership styles', The Journal of Personal. Cohen S., Karnack T. & Mermelstein R. (1983) A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 24, 385-396. Choi, S. (2007). Democratic Leadership: The Lessons of Exemplary Models for Democratic. Clegg A (2001). Occupational stress in nursing: a review of the literature. Journal of Nursing Management. 9 (2), 1 0 1 - 1 06. Cook, A.&Holt, L. (2000).Clinical leadership and supervision. In Dolan B, HoltL, eds. Accident and Emergency Theory into Practice.BaillikreTindal1, London: (pp. 497-503). Corley, M. (2002). Nurse moral distress: A proposed theory and research agenda. Nursing Ethics, 9(6), 636-650. Crabtree, M. K. (2002). Nurse Practitioner Primary Care Competencies in Specialty Areas. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 10-5 1 .Critique & Utilisation. 4th Edition. United States of America: W.B. Saunders. Crabbs, M.A., Black, K.U. and Morton, S.P. (1986). Stress at work: A comparison of men and women. Journal of Employment Counselling. 23 (1). 2-7 Selling & Sales Management, Vol. 1 5, No. 4, 1 7-32. Cronin-Stubbs, D., & Brophy, E. B. (1985). Burnout: Can social support save the psychiatric nurse? Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Healtlz Seivices, 23, 8-13. Dewe,P. 91981). Developing stress management programs: What can we learn from recent research? Journal of Occupational Health Safety-Australian and New Zealand, 5, 493-499. Deshpande, P. (2010, November 22). Good stress, bad stress. Retrieved February 25, 201 3, from mysahana: http://www.mysahana.or~2010/1l/ aood-stress-bad-stress/ Demerouti E, Bakker A.B, Nachreiner & Schaufeli B.W (2000). A model of burnout and life satisfaction amongst nurse. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 32 (2), 454-464. Densten, I. L. (1.999) 'Senior Australian law enforcement leadership under examination', An.Internationa1 Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Vol. 22, No. 1, 45- 57. Diers, D. K., & Potter, J. (1997). Understanding the unmanageable nursing unit with casemix data: A case study. Journal of Nursing Administration, 27(1 I), 27-32. Dowding, B. (201 2, January23). Thenature of leadership. Retrieved Feburary 16, 201 3, from http://www.uk.sagepub.comlupm-data/462609781446207635.pdf edition. Philadelphia. JB Lippincott. Drafke, M.W. and Kossen, S. (2002). The human side of organizations, 8th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (1999). Work and family stress and well-being: an examination of person-environment fit in the work and family domains. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 77, 85-129. Embriaco, N., Papazian, L., Kentish-Barnes, N., Pochard, F. and Azoulay, E., (2007). Burnout syndrome among critical care healthcare workers. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 13(5), pp.482-488. Fairholm GW (1991). Value leadership: Toward a new philosophy of leadership. Praeger: New York Fegan, A. (2012, March). Variation in Stress Levels in the Nursing Profession. Retrieved Feburaryl6,2013,from http://esource.dbs.ie/bitstream/handle/l0788/372/ba fenan a %202012.pdf Farrington, A. (1995). Stress and nursing. British Jotirnal of Nursing, 4(10), 574-578. Faugier, J. (2002). National nursing leadership programme. Mental Health Practice, 6(3), 28-34. Foxall, M. J., Zimmerman, L., Standle, R., & Bene, B. (1990). A comparison of frequency and sources of nursing job stress perceived by intensive care, hospice and medical-surgical nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 15, 577-584. Gill, R. (201 1). Theory an Practive of Leadership. SAGE Publications: London. Gonge H., Jensen L.D. & Bonde J.P. (2002) Are psychosocial factors associated with low back pain among nursing personnel?. Work & Stress 16,79-87. Gordon, J.R. (1999). Organizational behavior: A diagnostic approach, 6 th ed. New Jersey Gray-Toft, P ., & Anderson, J. G. (1981). The nursing stress scale: Development of an instrument. Journal of Behavioral Assessment 3(1). 1 1-23. Gray-Toft, P., & Anderson, J. G. (1981a). The Nursing Stress Scale: Development of an instrument. Journal ofBehavioi-a1 Assessment, 3, 1 1-23. Gray-Toft, P., & Anderson, J. G. (198 1 b). Stress among hospital nursing staff Its causes and effects. Social Science and Medicine, 15A, 639-649. Greenberg, J. (2002). Managing behaviors in organizations. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Grossman,S.C,& Valiga, T.M.(2005). The new leardership challenge: Creating the future ofnursing (2nd edn). Philadelphia: F.A. Davies. Haberfelde, M., Bedecane, D., & Buffum, M. (2005). Nurse-sensitive patient outcomes: An annotated bibliography. Journal of Nursing Administration, 35(6), 293-299. Hajbaghery, M. A., Khamechian, M., and Alavi, N. M. (2012). Nurses' Perception of Occupational Stress and its Influencing Factors: A Qualitative Study. Iran J Nurse Midwfery Res., 17(5): 3 52-359. Hall, E. (2005). Nurse Burnout In A High Stress Health Care Environment: Prognosis Better Than Expected? Working Paper 05/01. Hamaideh, S. H., Mrayyan, M. T., Mudallal, R., Faourirn, I. G. and Khasawneh, N. A. (2008). Jordanian nurses' job stressors and social support, International Nursing Review, 55(1), 40-47. Hasselhorn H.M., Conway P.M., Widerszal-Bazyl M., Simon M., Tackenberg P., Schmidt S., Camerino D., Muller B.H. & NEXT ) Study Group. (2008). Contribution of job strain to nurses' consideration of leaving the profession - results from the longitudinal European nurses' early exit study. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health (Suppl. 6):75-82. Hayers, N. (2000) Leadership: Foundation of psychology. New Jersey: Thomson Press, 509-5 12. House, J. S. (1 98 1). Work stress and social support. Addison-Wesley, London. Huber, D. (1996). Leadership and nursing care management. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. Hyett, E. (2003). What blocks health visitors from taking on a leadership role? Journal of Nursing Management, 11,229-23 3. Jameton, A. (1 984). Nursing practice: The ethical issues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Jones, D. (2009). What is the Difference Between Management and Leadership? Retrieved Feburary 18, 2013, fi-om The Wall Street Journal: http:Nrmides.wsi .comlmanagementldeveloping-a-leadership-style/what-is-thedifference between-management-and-leadership1 Kane, P. P. (2009). Stress Causing Psychosomatic Illness among 1Vurses. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 13(1), 28-32. Kanungo (1998). RN: Leadership in organizations. looking ahead to the 21" Century. Canadian Psycho1 1998,39: 71-82 Kavanaugh, R.R. and Ninemeier J.D. (2001). Supervision in the Hospitality Industry. (3rd ed.). Michigan: The Educational Institute of the American Hotel & Lodging Association. Kefela, G. T. (201 0). Understanding Organizational Culture and Leadership - PM World Today, 12(1), 1-10, Khan N., Anwar H. and Sayed M. (2015). Prevalence of Stress Factors in Nurses in Leady Reading Hospital (LRH), Khyber Teaching Hospital (KTH) and Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC) Hospitals, Peshawar, KPK. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 4(4). Kim, S.-W., Price, J. L., Mueller, C. W., & Watson, T. W. (1996). The determinants of career intent among physicians at a U.S Air Force hospital. Human Relations, 49(7), 947-976. Kirkcaldy B.D & Martin T (2000). Job stress and satisfaction among nurses: Individual differences. Stress Medicine, 16, 77-89. Krejcie, R. V., and Morgan, D. W. (1 970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 30. 607-61 0. Krause, D.E. (2004), "Influence-based leadership as a determinant of the inclination to innovate and of innovation-related behaviors: an empirical investigation", Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 79-102. Litzky, B.E., Eddleston, K.A., & Kidder, D.L. (2006). The good, the bad, and the misguided: How managers inadvertently encourage deviant behaviors.Academy of Management Perspectives, 20, 91-103 Leveck ML, Jones CB. The nursing practice environment, staff retention, and quality of care. Res Nurs Health. 1996; 19:33 1-43 Love, P. E., Irani, Z., Standing, C., & Themistocleous, M. (2007). Influence of job demands, job control and social support on information systems professionals' psychological well-being. International Journal of Manpower, 28 (6), 5 13-528. Lewin, K., Lippit, R., & White, R.K. (1939). Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created social climates. Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 271-301. Lalwani, P. (2011, August 4). Democratic Leadership Style. Retrieved February 26, 2013, from Buzzle: httv:Nwww.buzzle.com/articles/democratic-leadershipstyle.html Lam, L. C. (2013). Job satisfaction and stress of nurses and their association with turnover intention rate in an acute Hong Kong public hospital, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital. Master of Public Health, University of Hong Kong. Laschinger, H., & Leiter, M. (2006). The impact of nursing work environments on patient safety outcomes: The mediating role of burnout lengagement. Journal of Nursing Administration, 36(5), 259-267. Lee, J. K (2012, November). The standard of medical care in malaysia. Retrieved February 16, 2013, from http://eprints.utas.edu.au/15885/2/whole-lee-thesis-2012.pdf Lee, J. K. (2003). Job stress, coping and health perceptions of Hong Kong primary care Leka, S., Griffiths, A., & Cox, T. (2003). Work Organisation and Stress: Systematic problem approaches for employers, managers and trade union representatives. (Protecting Worker Health Series; Vol 3). Geneva: World Health Organisation. Lockley, S.W. Barger, L. K., Ayas, N. T., Rothschild, J. M., Czeisler, C. A. and Landrigan, C. P., (2007). Effects of health care provider work hours and sleep deprivation on safety and performance. Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety / Joint Commission Resources, 33(11 Suppl), pp.7-18. Lou., (1997). The process of work stress: A dialogue between theory and research. Chinese Journal of Mental Health, 10, 19-25. Lowe. K, Kroeck, K. G, Sivasubrahmanian, N. (1996). Effective correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review. Leadersh. Q. 7: 385-425. Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Sydney: Psychology Foundation. Luthans, F. (1998). Organizational behavior, 8th ed. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill. MacDonald, W. (2003). The impact of job demands and workload on stress and fatigue. Australian Psychologist, 38(2), 102-117. Moore, K. A. (2001). Hospital Restructuring: Impact on Nurses Mediated by Social Support and Perception of Challenge. Journal of Health and Human Resources Administration, 23(4): 490-5 17. Maslach C (2003). Burnout: The Cost of Caring. Cambridge: Malor Books Macleod J, Davey Smith G, Heslop P, Metcalfe C, Carroll D & Hart C (2002). Psychological sbess and cardiovascular disease: empirical demonstration of bias in a prospective observational study of Scottish men. BNIJ. 324, 1247-51. Maji, A. (2009, June 30). Management and Leadership in Nursing. Retrieved February 26, 2013, from Yahoo Voices: http://voices.yahoo.com/management-leadershipnursing-3663577.html Makie, V. V. (2006, November). Stress and coping strategies amongst registered nurses. Retrieved Feburary 17, 2013, from Clarkson, M. (2009). Leadership and management in nursing. Retrieved Feburary 17, 2013, http://researcharchive.wintec.ac.nz/532/1/Research Project 2009 HLNU902 FINAL.pdf Mckenna, E. (1 994). Business psychology and organizational behavior: A students' handbook. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. McShane, S.L. & Von Glinow, M.A.( 2000). Organizational Behavior, McGraw- Hill, New York, IW. Miller, J.E., Walker, J. R. and Drummond K.E. (2002). Supervision in the Hospitality Industry. (4th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Milt, D. G. (2009). Nurse practitioners' job satisfaction and intent to leave current positions, the nursing profession, and the nurse practitioner role as a direct care provider. West Warwick. Morris, R., MacNeely, P., Scott, A., Treacy, P., & Hyde, A. (2007). Reconsidering the conceptualization of nursing workload: Literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 57(5), 463-471. Muhonen, T., & Torkelson, E. (2003). The Demand-Control-Support Model and Health among Women and Men in Similar Occupations. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26(6), 601-613. Muenjohn, N. (2005). Transformational Leadership: A New Force In Leadership. Mullins, J. (2005). Management and organizational behavior. Essex: Pearson Education Limited -32). Elsevier Health Sciences. Nagelkerk J (2005). Leadership and nursing care management. London: Saunders Nitasha Sharma, A. K. (2011, January). Factors associated with stress among nursing students. Retrieved Febuarary 16, 2013, from http://medind.nic.in/nad/tll/il/nadtl1ilpl2.pdf Noblet, A. J., & Rodwell, J. J. (2008). Integrating job stress and social exchange theories to predict employee strain in reformed public sector contexts. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 555-578. Northouse, P. G. (2010). Leadership Theory anf Practice . United Stated: SAGE Nordqvist, C. (2009, April 11). What Is Stress? How To Deal With Stress. O'Brien-Pallas, L. L., Thornson, D., McGillis-Hall, L., Pink, G. H., Kerr, M., Wang, S., et al. (2004). Evidence-based standards for measuring nurse staffing and performance: Canadian Health Services Research Foundation. Olayinka, A. O., Osamudiamen, 0. S., and Ojo, A. A. (2013). Occupational Stress Management Among Nurses in Selected Hospitaly in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(1), 473-481. Oliver, J. (2008). Knowledge Management Practices To Support Continuous Improvement. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 9(4), 1-5. Pan American Health Organisation. (2006). Safe Staffing saves lives. Nursing Update. 30(4), 22-25. Pierce, J. L., Kostova, T., & Dirks, K. (2001). Toward a theory of psychological ownership in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 26, 298-310. Power, G., & Sharp, G. R. (1981). A comparison of sources of nursing stress and job satisfaction among mental handicap and hospice staff. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 13, 726-732. Polit , D.F. and Hungler, B.P. (1995). Nursing Research:principles and methods. 5th Primary care for the 21st century. (2012, September 18). Retrieved Feburary 17, 2013, from American academy of family physicians: Prentice Hall -Grossman, S. T. (2009). The New Leadership Challenge. F a Davis Company. Quick, J. C., Quick, J. D., Nelson, D. L., & Hurrell, J. J. (1997). Preventative stress management in or-ganizations. Washington, DC: APA Books. Repenshek, M. (2009). Moral distress: Inability to act or discomfort with moral subjectivity? Nursing Ethics, 16(6), 734-742. Rees, D. and L. Cooper (1 992). Occupational Stress in Health Service Workers. The U.K. Stress Medicine, 8(2), 79-90. Rita, A. A., Atindanbila, S., Portia, M. N. P. and Abepuoring, P. (2013). The Causes Of Stress And Job Satisfaction Among Nurses At Ridge And Pantang Hospitals In Ghana. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(3):762-771. Rice, V.H. (2000). Theories of stress and relationship to health. In Rice, V.H. (ed), Handbook of stress, coping, and health: Implication for nursing. Research, theory, and practice. London: Sage Publications. Robbins, S., & Langton, N. (2000). Organizational behaviour: Concepts. In controveirsies, applications (p. 319). Toronto: Prentice Hall. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Robbins, S.P. and DeDenzo, D.A. (2001). Supervision today, 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2007). Organizational Behavior (12th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Royal, M. A. & Rossi, R.J. (1996). Individual-level Correlates of Sense of Community: Findings from Workplace and School. Journal of Community Psychology, 24(4), 395-416. Rowe. (2007, March 26). Leadership--what is it? Retrieved Feburary 17, 2013, from http://www.corwin.com/upm-datall5104RoweChapter01. pdf Sarason, B. R., Sarason, I. G., & Pierce, G. R. (1990).Social support: An interaction view. New York: Wiley. Saver, C. L. (2006, October). Nursing - today and beyond. Retrieved Feburaryl8, 2013, from American Nurse Today: http://www.americannursetodav.com/ article.aspx?id=5322 Sauter, S. L., Murphy, L. R., & Hurrell, J. J., Jr. (1990). Prevention of work-related psychological disorders: A national strategy proposed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). American Psychologist, 45, 1146-1158. Schein, E. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Schwab, L., (1 996). Individual Hardiness and Staff Satisfaction Nursing Economics., 14(3),171-173. Scott, E. (2012, October 30). What Kind Of Stress Is Good For You. Retrieved February 26, 2013 from About.com: http://stress.about.com/od/stressbasics/ a/Good-Stress-When-Stress-Is-Good-For-You.htm Sekaran, U. (2005). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-building Approach (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach (5th ed.). West Sussex: John Wiley. Sexton, J. B., Hozmueller, C., Pronovost, P. J., Thomas, E. J., McFesran, S., Nunes, J., et al. (2006). Variations in caregiver perceptions of teamwork climate in labor and delivery units. Journal of Perinatology, 26(8), 463-470. Shasma, A. Sharp, D. M., Walker, L. G. and Monson, J. R. T., (2008). Stress and burnout among colorectal surgeons and colorectal nurse specialists working in the National Health Service. Colorectal disease: the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, 10(4), pp.397-406. Slattery, P., & Olsen, M. (1984). Hospitality organizations and their environment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 3, 55-61. Smith, P.B. & Peterson, M.F. (1988) Leadership, organization and culture. London: Sage Press, 26. Spence LHK. (2004). Hospital nurses' perceptions of respect and organizational justice. Journal of Nursing Administration. 34, 354-364. Stanley, D. (2006). Recognizing and defining clinical nurse leaders. British Journal of Nursing, 2006, I5 (2), 108-111. Stevens CU, D'Intino RS, Victor B (1995). The moral quandary of transformational leadership: Change for whom? Res. in Org. Change Dev. 8: 123-143 Sullivan, E.J. and Decker, P.J. (1985). Effective management in nursing. California: Addison Wesley Publication. Sutherland, V.J. and Cooper, C.L. (2000). Strategic stress management: An organizational approach. London: Macmillan Business. Sveinsdottir, H. (2006). Self -Assessed Quality Of Sleep, Occupational Health, Working Environment, Illness Experience and Job Satisfaction of Female Nurses Working Different Combinations of Shifts. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Services, 20(2): 229-237. Torkelson, E., & Muhonen, T. (2001). Coping and health in a Swedish Telecom Company from a gender perspective. Presented at the Third European Conference of the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology. Barcelona, Spain, 24-27 October 2001. Torkelson, E., & Muhonen, T. (2003a). Stress and Health among Women and Men in a Swedish Telecom Company. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12(2), 171-186. Unruh, L. Y., & Fottler, M. D. (2006). Patient turnover and nursing staff adequacy. Health Services Research, 41 (2), 599-612. Uys, H.H.M. & Basson, A.A. (1991). Research Methodology in Nursing. Cape Vincent, R. (2011, March 9). Challenges for the Nursing Profession in Malaysia: Evolving Legal and Ethical Standards. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from Nurses on the move: http://unimasnurses.blogspot.in/2011_03_01_archive. html Walker, J. Wassermann, S. & Wellman, B. (1994) Statistical models for social support. In S. Wassermann & J. Galaskiewiz (Eds.) Advanced social network analysis. London: Sage Press, 53-78. Ward, E. (2001). Social power bases of managers: emergence of a new factor. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141, 144-1 47. Wellman, B. & Gillia, M. (1999) The network basis of social support. In B. Wellman (Ed.) Network in the global village. CA: West view Press, 83-108. Wheeler, H. H. (1994a). Occupational stress in nurse and midwives and the influence of cognitive style on nurse' perception of work stress. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Birmingham, Birmingham. Wheeler, H. H. (1994b). Occupational stress in general nurses and midwives. British Journal of Nursing, 3(10): 527-534. Wheeler, H. H. (1998). Nurse occupational stress research 5: Sources and determinants of stress. British Journal of Nursing, 7, 40-43. Yahaya, A. and Husain, N. D. H. N. (2007). Stress Level and its Influencing Factors among Secondary School Teachers in Johor, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan and Selangor. Yahchouchi, G. (2009). Employees' Perceptions of Lebanese Mangers' Leadership Style and Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 127-140. Yates, J.E. (1979). Managing stress. New York: Amacom. Yukl, G. A. (1998). Leadership in organizations. New York: Prentice-Hall. Zainiyah, S. Y. S. and Afiq, I. M., Chow, C. Y. and Siti Sara, D. (2011). Stress and its Associated Factors amongst Ward Nurses in a Public Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian Journal of public Health Medicine, 11 (1), 78-85. Zimmer, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30-41.