Pembangunan kepiawaian kompetensi ICT untuk guru-guru: Satu kajian Delphi

Pembangunan kepiawaian kompetensi ICT untuk guru-guru: Satu kajian Delphi

In its effort to improve teacher’s ICT competency, the Ministry of Education has designed various training programmes and courses. Based on previous studies, one of the factors that make the training program and course not achieving the objective and does not have a positive impact is that the cur...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Ruuhina, Mohd Sani
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
eng
Published: 2018
Subjects:
T58.6-58.62 Management information systems
LB1025-1050.75 Teaching (Principles and practice)
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/6893/1/DepositPermission_s900392.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6893/2/s900392_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6893/3/s900392_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.6893
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
eng
advisor Raman, Arumugam
topic T58.6-58.62 Management information systems
LB1025-1050.75 Teaching (Principles and practice)
spellingShingle T58.6-58.62 Management information systems
LB1025-1050.75 Teaching (Principles and practice)
Ruuhina, Mohd Sani
Pembangunan kepiawaian kompetensi ICT untuk guru-guru: Satu kajian Delphi
description In its effort to improve teacher’s ICT competency, the Ministry of Education has designed various training programmes and courses. Based on previous studies, one of the factors that make the training program and course not achieving the objective and does not have a positive impact is that the curriculum designed for the training program and the course is not based on existing competency standards. This study aims to discuss the application of the Delphi technique in the research design in developing a valid ICT competency standard for teachers in Malaysia. Based on previous literature reviews, majority of the researchers agreed that ICT competency involves three dimensions which are knowledge, skills and attitudes, that allow an individual to perform tasks effectively. Thus, in this study, all three dimensions are taken into account in determining the ICT competencies needed by teachers. The Delphi technique is used as a research design to obtain consensus from experts regarding ICT competencies needed by teachers. In this study, two cycles of questionnaires were administered to obtain the consensus criteria. This study involved the participation of 20 experts comprising of officials from the State Education Department, District Education Office, State Technology and Education Department, lecturers from the Institutes of Teachers’ Educational Institute and secondary and primary school teachers. At the end of this study, a valid ICT competency standard was developed. The result of this Delphi research found that 21 items from eight constructs, which are considered as important to be measured and obtained high level of consensus by Delphi panel experts namely; Understanding the Operation of ICT, Policy, Planning and Designing Digital Learning Environments, Teaching and Learning, Assessment, Sources, Improved Professional Practice and Ethics and Responsibility. This study will contribute to the national educational system to ensure that the Ministry of Education has a latest valid and reliable ICT competency standard. This study also provides a guide on the application of the Delphi technique procedures for future researchers so that expert consensus can be obtained for solving research problems.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Ruuhina, Mohd Sani
author_facet Ruuhina, Mohd Sani
author_sort Ruuhina, Mohd Sani
title Pembangunan kepiawaian kompetensi ICT untuk guru-guru: Satu kajian Delphi
title_short Pembangunan kepiawaian kompetensi ICT untuk guru-guru: Satu kajian Delphi
title_full Pembangunan kepiawaian kompetensi ICT untuk guru-guru: Satu kajian Delphi
title_fullStr Pembangunan kepiawaian kompetensi ICT untuk guru-guru: Satu kajian Delphi
title_full_unstemmed Pembangunan kepiawaian kompetensi ICT untuk guru-guru: Satu kajian Delphi
title_sort pembangunan kepiawaian kompetensi ict untuk guru-guru: satu kajian delphi
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
publishDate 2018
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/6893/1/DepositPermission_s900392.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6893/2/s900392_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6893/3/s900392_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828124081455104
spelling my-uum-etd.68932021-08-11T07:03:00Z Pembangunan kepiawaian kompetensi ICT untuk guru-guru: Satu kajian Delphi 2018 Ruuhina, Mohd Sani Raman, Arumugam Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences T58.6-58.62 Management information systems LB1025-1050.75 Teaching (Principles and practice) In its effort to improve teacher’s ICT competency, the Ministry of Education has designed various training programmes and courses. Based on previous studies, one of the factors that make the training program and course not achieving the objective and does not have a positive impact is that the curriculum designed for the training program and the course is not based on existing competency standards. This study aims to discuss the application of the Delphi technique in the research design in developing a valid ICT competency standard for teachers in Malaysia. Based on previous literature reviews, majority of the researchers agreed that ICT competency involves three dimensions which are knowledge, skills and attitudes, that allow an individual to perform tasks effectively. Thus, in this study, all three dimensions are taken into account in determining the ICT competencies needed by teachers. The Delphi technique is used as a research design to obtain consensus from experts regarding ICT competencies needed by teachers. In this study, two cycles of questionnaires were administered to obtain the consensus criteria. This study involved the participation of 20 experts comprising of officials from the State Education Department, District Education Office, State Technology and Education Department, lecturers from the Institutes of Teachers’ Educational Institute and secondary and primary school teachers. At the end of this study, a valid ICT competency standard was developed. The result of this Delphi research found that 21 items from eight constructs, which are considered as important to be measured and obtained high level of consensus by Delphi panel experts namely; Understanding the Operation of ICT, Policy, Planning and Designing Digital Learning Environments, Teaching and Learning, Assessment, Sources, Improved Professional Practice and Ethics and Responsibility. This study will contribute to the national educational system to ensure that the Ministry of Education has a latest valid and reliable ICT competency standard. This study also provides a guide on the application of the Delphi technique procedures for future researchers so that expert consensus can be obtained for solving research problems. 2018 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/6893/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/6893/1/DepositPermission_s900392.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6893/2/s900392_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6893/3/s900392_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abu-Obaideh Alazzam, Ab Rahim Bakar, Ramlah Hamzah & Asimiran, S. (2012). Effects of demographic characteristics, educational background, and supporting factors on ict readiness of technical and vocational teachers in Malaysia. International Education Studies; 5(6), 229-243. Adler, M., & Ziglio, E. (Eds.). (1996). Gazing into the oracle: The Delphi method and its application to social policy and public health. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Aduke, A. F. (2008). Usage and Challenges of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in teaching and learning in Nigerian Universities. Asian Journal of Information Technology, 7(7), 290-295. Agyei, D. D., & Voogt, J. M. (2011). Exploring the potential of the will, skill, tool model in Ghana: Predicting prospective and practicing teachers’ use of technology. Computer & Education, 56(1), 91-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.08.017 Ahmad Sobri. (2009). Reka bentuk kurikulum m-pembelajaran sekolah menengah. (Tesis PhD). Diakses dari http://hdl.handle.net/1812/419 Alayyar, G. M. (2011). Developing pre-service teacher competencies for ICT integration through design teams. University of Twente. Al-zaidiyeen, N. J., Mei, L. L., & Fook, F. S. (2010). Teachers’ attitudes and level of technology use in classroom: The case study of Jordan schools. International Education Studies, 3(2), 211-218. Algozzine, B., Bateman, L. R., Flowers, C. P., Gretes, J. A., Hughes, C. D., & Lambert, R. (1999). Developing technology competencies in a college of education. Current Issues in Education, 2. Ananiadou, K., & Claro, M. (2009). 21st century skills and competences for new millennium learners in OECD countries. Anderson, J. R. (1992). Automaticity and the ACT theory. The American journal of psychology, 165-180. Anderson, R. E., & Dexter, S. (2003). Newsome Park Elementary: Making learning meaningful through project-based learning using wireless laptops in a K-5 Math. Science, and Technology magnet school. Laporan kes dari the USA Exemplary Technology-Supported Schooling Case Studies Project. Diakses pada 27 Mei, 2006. Arash Habibi, Azam Sarafrazi, & Sedigheh Izadyar. (2014). Delphi technique theoretical framework in qualitative research. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 3(4), 8-13. Armstrong, J.S. (2001). Principles of Forecasting: A Handbook for Researchers and Practitioners, (125-144).Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston et al.. Armstrong, V., Barnes, S., Sutherland, R., Curran, S., Mills, S., & Thompson, I. (2005). Collaborative research methodology for investigating teaching and learning: the use of interactive whiteboard technology.Educational Review, 57(4), 457-469. Aslan, A., & Zhu, C. (2016). Investigating variables predicting Turkish pre‐service teachers’ integration of ICT into teaching practices. British Journal of Educational Technology, 48(2), 552-570. Aydin, M. K., Gürol, M., & Vanderlinde, R. (2016). Evaluating ICT integration in Turkish K-12 schools through teachers’ views. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 12(4), 747-766. Azemikhah. (2006). The 21th Century, the Competency Era and Competency Theory. Bacon, C. J., & Fitzgerald, B. (2001). A systemic framework for the field of information systems. ACM Sigmis Database, 32(2), 46-67. Bahagian Pendidikan Guru. (2009). Standard Guru Malaysia. Putrajaya: Bahagian Pendidikan Guru, Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia. Bakal guru. (2017). Kamus Dewan dan Bahasa.com. Diakses daripada http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/cari1?keyword=guru Bakar, R., & Mohamed, S. (1998). Preparing Malaysian vocational and technology teachers to integrate computer technology in teaching vocational and technology subjects, Computers and Education, 31(4),365-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1315(98)00023-2 Balanskat, A., Blamire, R., & Kefala, S. (2006). The ICT impact report. European Schoolnet. Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 4(3), 359-373. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Macmillan. Barr, D., & Sykora, C. (2015). Learning, teaching and leading: A comparative look at the ISTE standards for teachers and UNESCO ICT competency framework for teachers. ISTE White Paper. Diakses dari https://www.iste.org/resources/product?id=3612&name=Learning%2c+teaching+and+leading Basu, S., & Schroeder R. G. (1977). Inccorporating judgements in sales forecasts: Application of the Delphi method at American Hoist and Derrick, Interfaces, 7 (1977), 18-27. Baturay, M. H., Gökçearslan, Ş., & Ke, F. (2017). The relationship among preservice teachers' computer competence, attitude towards computer-assisted education, and intention of technology acceptance. International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 9(1), 1-13. Becta, B. (2004). Educational Communications and Technology Agency. A review of the research literature on barriers to the uptake of ICT by teachers. Berliner, D. C. (1995). Teacher expertise. In L. V. Anderson (Ed.), International encyclopedia of teaching and teacher education (46–52). Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd. Beaudin, L., & Hadden, C. (2004). Developing Technopedagogical Skills in Preservice Teachers. In E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education (pp. 492-498). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Bingimlas, K. A. (2009). Barriers to the successful integration of ICT in teaching and learning environments: A review of the literature. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 5(3), 235-245. Black, N., Murphy, M., Lamping, D., McKee, M., Sanderson, C., Askham, J., & Marteau, T. (1999). Consensus development methods: a review of best practice in creating clinical guidelines. Journal of health services research & policy, 4(4), 236-248. Brun, M., & Hinostroza, J. E. (2014). Learning to become a teacher in the 21st century: ICT integration in Initial Teacher Education in Chile. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 17(3), 222. Bullock, D. (2004). Moving from theory to practice: An examination of the factors that preservice teachers encounter as the attempt to gain experience teaching with technology during field placement experiences. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 12(2), 211-237 Bundy, A. (2004). Australian and New Zealand information literacy framework. Principles, standards and practice, 2. Carroll, T. (2000). Preparing tomorrow’s teachers to use technology program. U.S. Department of Education. Washington, D.C. Casquero, O., Portillo, J., Ovelar, R., Benito, M., & Romo, J. (2010). iPLE Network: an integrated eLearning 2.0 architecture from a university's perspective. Interactive Learning Environments, 18(3), 293-308. Casquero, O., Portillo, J., Ovelar, R., Romo, J., & Benito, M. (2013). PLEs in higher education: Exploring the transference of web 2.0 social affordances. International Journal of Virtual and Personal Learning Environments (IJVPLE), 4(4), 31-43. Casquero, O., Benito, M., Romo, J., & Ovelar, R. (2016). Participation and Interaction in Learning Environments: A Whole-Network Analysis. In Utilizing Virtual and Personal Learning Environments for Optimal Learning (pp. 111-131). IGI Global. Cholin, V. S. (2005). Study of the application of information technology for effective access to resources in Indian university libraries. The International Information & Library Review, 37(3), 189-197. Christensen, R. (1998). Effect of technology integration education on the attitudes of teachers and their students (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of North Texas, Denton Coates, J. F. (1975). In defense of Delphi:: A review of Delphi assessment, expert opinion, forecasting, and group process by H. Sackman. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 7(2), 193-194. Collins, B. L., Mellon, C. A., & Young, S. B. (1987). The needs and feelings of beginning researchers. Bibliographic instruction: The second generation, 73-84. Colton, S., & Hatcher, T. (2004). The Web-Based Delphi Research Technique as a Method for Content Validation in HRD and Adult Education Research.Online Submission. Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training, Australia (2001). Raising the standards: A proposal for the Development of an ICT competency frameworks for teachers, Australia. Commision on Information and Communication Technology (t.th.). National Competency Standard for Teachers. Diakses dari http://www.ncc.gov.ph/nics/files/NICS-Teachers. pdf. Condie, R., & Munro, B. (2007). British Educational Communications and Technology Agency (BECTA), corp creator. The impact of ICT in schools: Landscape review. Cox, M. J., Preston, C., & Cox, K. (2000). What factors support or prevent teachers from using ICT in their classrooms?. Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Sage, London. Dalkey, N. C. (1975). IV. B. Toward a Theory of Group Estimation. The Delphi method: Techniques and applications, 236. Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. (1951). The use of expert for the estimation of bombing requirements: A project Delphi experiment. Santa Monica, CA: Rand. Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. (1963). An experimental application of the Delphi Method to the use of experts. Management Science, 9, 458-467. Dalkey, N. C., & Rourke, D. L. (1971). Experimental Assessment of Delphi Procedures with Group Value Judgments. Danner, R., & Pessu, C. (2013). A survey of ICT competencies among students in teacher preparation programmes at the University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 12(1), 33-49. Davis, F.D. (1989) ‘Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology’, MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. Davis, F.D., Bagozzi, R.P. and Warshaw, P.R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: acomparison of two theoretical models, Management Science, 35(8), 982–1003. Dawes, L. (2001). What stops teachers using new technology. Issues in teaching using ICT, 61. Day, C. (1999). Developing teachers: The challenges of lifelong learning. Psychology Press. De Vet, E., Brug, J., De Nooijer, J., Dijkstra, A., & De Vries, N. K. (2005). Determinants of forward stage transitions: a Delphi study. Health Education Researcher, 20(2), 195-205. Delbecq A.L., Van de Ven A.H., & Gustafson D.H. (1975). Group Techniques for Program Planning: A Guide to Nominal and Delphi Processes. Scott, Foresman and Co., Glenview, IL. Delcourt, M. A. B., & Kinzie, M. B. (1993). Computer technologies in teacher education: The measurement of attitudes and self-efficacy. Journal of Research & Development in Education, 27, 31-37. Diefenbach, M. A., Weinstein, N. D., & O'Reilly, J. (1993). Scales for assessing perceptions of health hazard susceptibility. Health Education Research, 8(2), 181-192. Dineke E. H. T., Dolmans D. H. J. M., Wolfhagen I. H. A. P., & van der Vleuten C. P. M. (2004). The development and validation of a framework for teaching competencies in higher education. Higher Education, 48(2), 253-268. Drent, M., & Meelissen, M. (2008). Which factors obstruct or stimulate teacher educators to use ICT innovatively?. Computers & Education, 51(1), 187-199. Duboff, R. S. (2007). The wisdom of (expert) crowds. Harvard Business Review, 85(9), 28. Duran, D. (2003). Measurement of attitude toward educational use of the internet in an English composition course with a comparison of traditional aged and non-traditional aged students (Disertasi PhD). West Virginia University, USA. Diakses daripada http://wvuscholar.wvu.edu:8881//exlibris/dtl/ d3_1/apache_media/L2V4bGlicmlz L2R0bC9kM18xL2 FwYWNoZV9tZWRpYS82NTI1.pdf Elwyn, G., O'Connor, A., Stacey, D., Volk, R., Edwards, A., Coulter, A., Thomson, R., Barrat, A., Barry, M., Bernstein, S., Buttow, P., Clarke, A., Entwistle, V., Feldman-Stewart, D., Holmes-Rovner, M., Llewellyn-Thomas, H., Moumjid, N., Mulley, A., Ruland, C., Sepucha, K., Sykes, A., & Whelan, T. (2006).International Patient Decision Aids Standards (IPDAS) collaboration. Developing a quality criteria framework for patient decision aid: online international Delphi consensus process. British Medical Journal, 333(7565), 417-419. Ertmer, P. A. (2005). Teacher pedagogical beliefs: The final frontier in our quest for technology integration?. Educational Technology Research And Development, 53(4), 25-39. Ertmer, P. A., Addison, P., Lane, M., Ross, E., & Woods, D. (1999). Examining teachers’ beliefs about the role of technology in the elementary classroom.. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 32(1), 54-72. Ertmer, P. A., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. T., Sadik, O., Sendurur, E., & Sendurur, P. (2012). Teacher beliefs and technology integration practices: A critical relationship. Computers & Education, 59(2), 423-435. European Commission. (2008). The European qualification framework. Diakses dari http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-policy/doc44 en.htm Competences, K. (2007). Key Competences for Lifelong Learning–A European Framework. Faherty, V. (1979). Continuing social work education: Results of a Delphi survey. Journal of Education for Social Work, 15(1), 12-19. Farrell, G., Isaacs, S., & Trucano, M. (2007). The NEPAD e-Schools Demonstration Project: A Work in Progress: A Public Report. Ferran‐Ferrer, N., Minguillón, J., & Pérez‐Montoro, M. (2013). Key factors in the transfer of information‐related competencies between academic, workplace, and daily life contexts. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 64(6), 1112-1121. Fink, A. (2012). How to conduct surveys: A step-by-step guide. Sage Publications. Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. (1975) Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Fishbein, M., & Yzer, M. C. (2003). Using theory to design effective health behavior interventions. Communication Theory, 13(2), 164-183. Fong, S. F., Ch’ng, P. E., & Ping, P. F. (2013). Development of ICT competency standard using the Delphi technique. Procedia –Social and Behavioral Sciences Journal. 2013(103), 299-314. Fowles, J., (1978). Handbook of futures research. Greenwood Press: Connecticut. Garba, S. A., Byabazaire, Y., & Busthami, A. H. (2015). Toward the Use of 21 st Century Teaching-Learning Approaches: The Trend of Development in Malaysian Schools within the Context of Asia Pacific. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 10(4). Garba, S. A., Byabazaire, Y., & Busthami, A. H. (2015). Toward the Use of 21 st Century Teaching-Learning Approaches: The Trend of Development in Malaysian Schools within the Context of Asia Pacific. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 10(4). Gatewood, R.D., & Gatewood, E.J., (1983). The use of expert data in human resource planning: guidelines from strategic forecasting. Human Resource Planning, 5(1), 83-94. Glover, D., & Miller, D. (2002). The Introduction of Interactive Whiteboards into Schools in the United Kingdom: Leaders, Led, and the Management of Pedagogic and Technological Change, 6 (24). IEJLL: International Electronic Journal for Leadership in Learning, 6. Goktas, Y., & Demirel, T. (2012). Blog-enhanced ICT courses: Examining their effects on prospective teachers’ ICT competencies and perceptions. Computers & Education, 58(3), 908-917. Goktas, Y., Gedik, N., & Baydas, O. (2013). Enablers and barriers to the use of ICT in primary schools in Turkey: A comparative study of 2005–2011. Computers & Education, 68, 211-222. Goodman, C. M. (1987). The Delphi technique: a critique. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 12(6), 729-734. Gross, M., & Latham, D. (2007). Attaining information literacy: An investigation of the relationship between skill level, self-estimates of skill, and library anxiety. Library & Information Science Research, 29(3), 332-353. Hager, P. (1995). Competency standards–a help or a hindrance? An Australian perspective. The Vocational Aspect of Education, 47(2), 141-151. Halcomb, E., Stephens, M., Bryce, J., Foley, E., & Ashley, C. (2017). The development of professional practice standards for Australian general practice nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Hasson, F., Keeney, S., & McKenna, H. (2000). Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. Journal of advanced nursing, 32(4), 1008-1015. Hasson, F., & Keeney, S. (2011). Enhancing rigour in the Delphi technique research. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78(9), 1695-1704. Helmer, O. (1967). Analysis of the future: The Delphi method (No. RAND-P-3558). RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA. Heiko, A. (2012). Consensus measurement in Delphi studies: review and implications for future quality assurance. Technological forecasting and social change, 79(8), 1525-1536. Herring, S. C. (Ed.). (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Linguistic, social, and cross-cultural perspectives (Vol. 39). John Benjamins Publishing. Holden, M. C., & Wedman, J. F. (1993). Future issues of computer-mediated communication: The results of a Delphi study. Educational Technology Research And Development, 41(4), 5-24. Holsapple, C. W., & Joshi, K. D. (2002). Knowledge manipulation activities: results of a Delphi study. Information & Management, 39(6), 477-490. Hrastinski, S., & Dennen, V. (2012). Social media in higher education: Introduction to the special issue. The Internet and Higher Education, 15(1), 1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.11.004 Hsu, C. C., & Sandford, B. A. (2007). The Delphi technique: making sense of consensus. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 12(10), 1-8. Hsu, C-L. and Lin, J.C-C. (2008). Acceptance of blog usage: the roles of technology acceptance, social influence and knowledge sharing motivation. Information and Management, 45(1), 65–74. Huang, H. M., & Liaw, S. S. (2005). Exploring users’ attitudes and intentions toward the web as a survey tool. Computers in Human Behavior, 21(5), 729-743. Hughes, J. (2005). The role of teacher knowledge and learning experiences in forming technology-integrated pedagogy. Journal Of Technology And Teacher Education, 13(2), 277. IFAP (2009), UNESCO's IFAP to Measure Information Literacy, Information for All Programme, Paris. Diakses dari: http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php‐URL_ID= 26597&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (diakses pada March 2015). Ilomäki, L., Kantosalo, A., & Lakkala, M. (2011). What is digital competence?. Linked portal. ISTE. (2004). ISTE National Educational Technology Standards (NETS), (2014, Oktober 09) diakses dari: http://www.iste.org ISTE. (2008), ISTE National Educational Technology Standards (NETS) and Performance Indicators for Teachers, ISTE, Eugene, OR.(2014, Oktober 10) diakses dari: http://cnets.iste.org/tssa/ Janssen, J., Stoyanov, S., Ferrari, A., Punie, Y., Pannekeet, K., & Sloep, P. (2013). “Experts’ views on digital competence: Commonalities and differences.” Computers and Education.68(2013), 473-481. Kaufman, K. (2014). Information communication technology: challenges & some prospects from pre-service education to the classroom. Mid-Atlantic Education Review, 2(1), 1-11. Keil, M., Lee, H. K., & Deng, T. (2013). Understanding the most critical skills for managing IT projects: A Delphi study of IT project managers. Information & Management, 50(7), 398-414. Kellenberger, D., & Hendricks, S. (2003). Predicting teachers’ computer use for their own needs, teaching, and student learning. Paper presented at the Hawaii International Conference on Education, Honolulu, HI. Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (2012). Bab 6: Transformasi Kerajaan. Laporan Awal Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2013-2025. Putrajaya: Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia. Kennisnet Foundation. (2011). Four in Balance Monitor 2011. ICT in Dutch primary, secondary and vocational education. The Hague: Kennisnet Foundation. Kersaint, G., Horton, B., Stohl, H., & Garofalo, J. (2003). Technology beliefs and practices of mathematics education faculty. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 11(4), 549-577. Klein, J. D., Spector, J. M., Grabowski, B., & de la Teja, I. (2004). Instructor Competencies: Standards For Face-To-Face, Online And Blended Seting. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing. Knezek, G., & Christensen, R. (2008). The importance of information technology attitudes and competencies in primary and secondary education. In J. Voogt, & G. Knezek (Eds.), International handbook of information technology in primary and secondary education (321-332). New York: Springer. Koedel, C., Parsons, E., Podgursky, M., & Ehlert, M. (2015). Teacher preparation programs and teacher quality: Are there real differences across programs?. Education Finance and Policy. Kozma, R. B. (2003). Technology and classroom practices: An international study. Journal of research on technology in education, 36(1), 1-14. Kreijns, K., van Acker, F., Vermeulen, M., & van Buuren, H. (2013). What stimulates teachers to integrate ICT in their pedagogical practices?The use of digital learning materials in education. Computers in Human Behaviour, 29, 217-225. Kronour, J. P. (2004). Preservice teaching standards: What skills should first-year teachers possess as they enter the field (pp. 1-154). Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated selfassessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1121. Kuhlthau, C. C. (1993). A principle of uncertainty for information seeking. Journal of documentation, 49(4), 339-355. Lau, B., & Sim, C. (2008). Exploring the Extent of ICT Adoption among Secondary School Teachers in Malaysia. International Journal of Computing and ICT Research, 2(2), 19-36. Law, N., & Plomp, T. (2009). Curriculum and staff development for ICT in education. Cross-National Information and Communication Technology Policies and Practices in Education, 19-39. Lee, Y., & Lee, J. (2014). Enhancing pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs for technology integration through lesson planning practice. Computers & Education, 73, 121-128. Legendre, P. (2005). Species associations: the Kendall coefficient of concordance revisited. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, 10(2), 226-245. Levin, T., & Wadmany, R. (2008). Teachers’ views on factors affecting effective integration of information technology in the classroom: Developmental scenery. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 16(2), 233-263. Levy, M., & Stockwell, G. (2006). Computer-mediated communication. CALL dimensions: Options and Issues in Computer Assisted Language Learning, 84-109. Lewis, J. R. (1993). Multipoint scales: Mean and median differences and observed significance levels. International Journal of Human‐Computer Interaction, 5(4), 383-392. li Leijen, Ä., Slof, B., Malva, L., Hunt, P., van Tartwijk, J., & van der Schaaf, M. (2017). Performance-Based Competency Requirements for Student Teachers and How to Assess Them. Limberg, L., Sundin, O., & Talja, S., (2012). Three theoretical perspective on information literacy, Human IT, 11(2), 93-130. Lim, C. P., & Chai, C. S. (2004). An activity-theoretical approach to research of ICT integration in Singapore schools: Orienting activities and learner autonomy. Computers & Education, 43(3), 215-236. Linstone, H., & Turoff, M. (1975). The Delphi method: Techniques and applications. London, UK: Addison-Wesley. Ludwig, B. (1997). Predicting the future: Have you considered using the Delphi methodology? Journal of Extension [On-line], 35(5). Article 5TOT2. Diakses dari http://www.joe.org/joe/1997october/tt2.php Mahmud, R., & Ismail, M.A. (2010). Impact of Training and Experience in Using ICT on In-Service Teachers’ Basic ICT Literacy. Malaysian Journal of Educational Technology, 10(2), 5-10. Mandl, H., & Krause, U. M. (2003). Learning competence for the knowledge society. Toward the virtual university: International Online Perspectives, 65-86. Martino, J. (1983). Technological forecasting for decision making. New York: Elsevier. Md Nor Bakar & Rashita A. Hadi.(2008). Pengintegrasian Ict Dalam Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran Matematik Di Kalangan Guru Matematik di Daerah Kota Tinggi (Disertasi PhD, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia). Meyrick, J. (2003). The Delphi method and health research. Health education, 103(1), 7-16. Milbrath, Y. C. L., & Kinzie, M. B. (2000). Computer technology training for prospective teachers: Computer attitudes and perceived self-efficacy. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 8(4), 373-396. Mitzman, J., King, A. M., Fastle, R. K., Hopson, L. R., Hoyle, J. D., Levasseur, K. A., Mitchell, M. R., O’Neill, J. C., Pazderka, P. A. Perry, M. A., Reynolds, M., Shah, P. G., Skarbek-Borowska, S., Way, D. P., & Stanley, R. M. (2017). A modified Delphi study for development of a pediatric curriculum for emergency medicine residents. AEM Education and Training. Moganashwari, K. and M.S. Parilah, (2013). Knowledge, attitude and use of ICT among ESL teachers. Prosiding the Global Summit on Education. 11-12 Mac 2013, Kuala Lumpur. World Conferences.net. Mullen, P. M. (2003). Delphi: myths and reality. Journal of health organization and management, 17(1), 37-52. Muniandy, B., Phing, T. P., & Rasalingam, R. R. (2007). Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Training Curriculum for Pre Service Teachers in Malaysian Public Universities: Challenges in Preparing Next Generation of Teachers. Prosiding Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 3107-3114). Muñiz-Rodríguez, L., Alonso, P., Rodríguez-Muñiz, L. J., & Valcke, M. (2017). Developing and validating a competence framework for secondary mathematics student teachers through a Delphi method. Journal of Education for Teaching, 1-17. Murphy, M. K., Black, N. A., Lamping, D. L., McKee, C. M., Sanderson, C. F., Askham, J., & Marteau, T. (1998). Consensus development methods, and their use in clinical guideline development. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 2(3), i. Murry, J. W., & Hammons, J. O. (1995). Delphi: A versatile methodology for conducting qualitative research. The Review of Higher Education, 18(4), 423. Mustapha, R. B. (2000). IT and Multimedia in Technical and Vocational Education in Malaysia. (International Vocational Education And Training Association) Paper presented at the IVETA, Hong Kong, August 6-9, 2000. Diakses dari ERIC database (ED 447 311). Mwalongo, A. (2011). Teachers' perceptions about ICT for teaching, professional development, administration and personal use. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology, 7(3), 36. Nambisan, S., Agarwal, R., & Tanniru, M. (1999). Organizational mechanisms for enhancing user innovation in information technology. MIS quarterly, 365-395. Nelson, A. (2002). Using a modified Delphi methodology to develop a competency model for VET practitioners. Kertas kerja Persidangan Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements of RM502E-Advanced Study in Research Methods. 24 Disember. Ngah, N. A., & Masood, M. (2006). “Development of ICT instructional Materials Based on Needs Identifed by Malaysia Secondary School Teachers” (proceedings of the 2006 Informing Science and IT Education Joint Conference, Greater Manchester, England, June 25-28, 2006). Diakses dari http://informingscience.org/proceedings/ InSITE2006/ProcNgah164.pdf Norizan, A. R. (2003). Computer Competency of In-Service ESL Teachers in Malaysia Secondary Schools. Tesis PhD tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Norizan Abdul Razak, & Mohamed Amin Embi. (2004). A framework of IT competency for English language teachers. Internet Journal of e-Language Learning & Teaching, 1(1), 1-14. Okoli, C., & Pawlowski, S. D. (2004). The Delphi method as a research tool: an example, design considerations and applications. Information & Management, 42(1), 15-29. Ololube, N. P. (2005). Benchmarking the motivational competencies of academically qualified teachers and professionally qualified teachers in Nigerian secondary schools. Dibentangkan di The African Symposium (Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 17-37). Ormrod, J. (2001). Educational psychology: Developing learners (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merill/Prentice Hall. O'Neill, S., Scott, M., & Conboy, K. (2009). What's technology got to do With IT? A Dephi study on collaborative learning in distance education. Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. T., Glazewski, K. D., Newby, T. J., & Ertmer, P. A. (2010). Teacher value beliefs associated with using technology: Addressing professional and student needs. Computers & Education, 55(3), 1321-1335. Paryono, P., & Quito, B. G. (2010). Meta-Analysis of ICT integration in vocational and technical education in Southeast Asia. Seavern Journals, 2(1). Pelgrum, W. J., & Voogt, J., (2009). School and teacher factors associated with frequency of ICT use by Mathematics teachers: country comparisons. Education and Information Technologies 14: 293–308. doi:10.1007/s10639-009-9093-0. Powell C. (2003). The Delphi technique. Myths and realities. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 41, 4, 376-382. Prayun Sriprasart (1970). Delphi Technique. Journal of National Education, 3, 50-59. Pynoo, B., Devolder, P., Tondeur, J., Braak, J. V., Duyck, D., & Duyck, W. (2011). Predicting secondary school teachers’ acceptance and use of a digital learning environment: A cross-sectional study. Computer in Human Behavior, 27(1), 568-575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.10.005 Raman, K., & Yamat, H. (2014). Barriers Teachers Face in Integrating ICT during English Lessons: A Case Study. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 2(3), 11-19. Reeves, T. C. (2000). Alternative assessment approaches for online learning environments in higher education. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 23(1), 101-111. Robiah Sidin & Nor Sakinah Mohamad (2007). ICT dalam pendidikan: Prospek dan cabaran dalam pembaharuan pedagogi. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 32, 139-152. Røkenes, F. M. & Krumsvik, R. J. (2016). Prepared to teach ESL with ICT? A study of digital competence in Norwegian teacher education. Computers & Education. 1-20, doi: 10.1016/j.compedu. Rogard, F., & Cochard, G. M. (2008). Need for the qualification of IT competencesthe computer and internet Certificates (C2i). eLearning Papers, (11), 5. Rohrbaugh, J. (1979). Improving the quality of group judgment: social judgment analysis and the Delphi technique. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 24, 73–92. Rosnaini, M. & Mohd Arif H. I., (2010). Impact of training and experience in using ICT on in-service teachers’ basic ICT literacy. Malaysian Journal of Education Technology, 10(2): 1-8. Rowe, G., & Wright, G. (1999). The Delphi technique as a forecasting tool: Issues and analysis. International Journal of Forecasting, 15(4), 353-375. Rowe, G., Wright, G., & Bolger, F. (1991). Delphi: a reevaluation of research and theory. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 39(3), 235-251. Russell, M., Bebell, D., O'Dwyer, L., & O'Connor, K. (2003). Examining teacher technology use implications for preservice and inservice teacher preparation. Journal of Teacher Education, 54(4), 297-310. Saedah Siraj, & Mohammed Sani Ibrahim, (2012). Standard Kompetensi Guru Malaysia. Prosiding Seminar Majlis Dekan Pendidikan IPTA. Salihuddin Md Suhadi, Norasykin Mohd Zaid, Hasnah Mohamed, Zaleha Abdullah, Baharuddin Aris. (2014, December). “Online learning” potential in Socratic learning methods to empower Higher Level Thinking. In Engineering Education (ICEED), 2014 IEEE 6th Conference (pp. 145-150). IEEE. Sang-Keun Shin. (2015). Teaching critical, ethical and safe use of ICT in pre-service teacher education. Language Learning & Technology, 19(1), 181-197. Selwyn, N. (1999). Differences in educational computer use: The influence of subject cultures. Curriculum Journal, 10(1), 29-48. Scheele, D. S. (1975). Reality construction as a product of Delphi interaction. The Delphi method: Techniques and applications, 37-71. Schmidt, R. C. (1997). Managing Delphi surveys using nonparametric statistical techniques. Decision Sciences, 28(3), 763-774. Schmidt, R. C., Lyytinen, K., & Mark Keil, P. C. (2001). Identifying software project risks: an international Delphi study. Journal of Management Information Systems, 17(4), 5-36 Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business. Hoboken. Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2(1), 3-10. Singh, T. K. R., & Chan, S. (2014). Teacher Readiness on ICT Integration in Teaching-Learning: A Malaysian Case Study. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 4(7), 874-885. Skulmoski, G., Hartman, F., & Krahn, J. (2007). The Delphi method for graduate research. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 6(1), 1-21. Skutsch, M., & Hall, D. (1973). Delphi: Potential Uses in Educational Planning. Project Simu-School: Chicago Component. Snoeyink, R., & Ertmer, P. A. (2001). Thrust into technology: How veteran teachers respond. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 30(1), 85-111. Spady, W. G. (1977). Competency based education: A bandwagon in search of a definition. Educational Researcher, 9-14. Stahl, B. C., Eden, G., Jirotka, M., & Coeckelbergh, M. (2014). From computer ethics to responsible research and innovation in ICT: The transition of reference discourses informing ethics-related research in information systems. Information & Management, 51(6), 810-818. Supovitz, J. A., & Turner, H. M. (2000). The effects of professional development on science teaching practices and classroom culture. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 37(9), 963-80. Taylor, R. E., Judd, L. L., Witt, S. F., & Moutinho, L. (1989). Delphi method applied to tourism. Tourism Marketing and Management Handbook, 95-98. Teo, T. (2011). Factors influencing teachers’ intention to use technology: model development and test. Computers & Education, 57, 2432-2440. Termit Kaur Ranjit, Samli Chan. (2014). Teacher Readiness on ICT Integration in Teaching-Learning: A Malaysian Case Study. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 4(7), 874-885. Terrades, N. (2010). France. European Schoolnet Report, 2009-2010., diakses pada 13 Februari 2016 dari http://cms.eun.org/shared/data/pdf/ cr_france_2009_final_proofread_2_columns.pdf Thomson, B. R. (1985). Appropriate and inappropriate uses of humor in psychotherapy as perceived by certified reality therapists: A Delphi study (Delphi Method). Digital Abstracts International, 47 (01), 90. Tinmaz, H. (2004). An Assessment Of Preservice Teachers’technology Perception In Relation To Their Subject Area (Disertasi PhD, Middle East Technical University). Toker, S. (2004). An Assessment Of Pre-Service Teacher Education Program In Relation To Technology Training For Future Practice: A Case Of Primary School Teacher Education Program, Burdur (Disertasi PhD, Middle East Technical University). Toh, S. C., Wan Mohd Fauzy Wan Ahmad, Wan Jaafar Wan Yahaya, Fong, S. F., Hairul Nizam Ismail, & Aminah Ayob. (2006). Impact evaluation of the Intel Teach to the Future Program in Malaysia 2006 report. Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia. Tondeur, J., Braak J., Sang G., Voogt J., Fisser P., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A., (2011). Preparing pre-service teachers to integrate technology in education: A synthesis of qualitative evidence, Computers & Education doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.10.009. Trinder, J. C. (2008). Competency standards a measure of the quality of a workforce. Интерэкспо Гео-Сибирь, 2(2 доп.). Tuparova, D., Kaseva, M. & Tuparov, G. (2014). Development of key competency through ICT in primary school. Procedia-Social Science and Behavioral Sciences. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.686. Turner, L. (2005). 20 Technology Skills Every Educator Should Have. The Journal. Uhlman, K. L. (2006). Corporate transformations and collaborative partnerships in mission critical facilities: A Delphi study. Dissertation Abstracts International, 67(05). UNESCO (2002). Global Monitoring Report: Education for all. Is the world on track. EFA Global Monitoring Report. Paris. UNESCO (2008). ICT Competency Standards for Teachers.Competency Standards Modules, Diakses pada 12 September 2015 dari http://unesdoc.unesco.org Väljataga, T., Pata, K., & Tammets, K. (2011). Considering students' perspective on personal and distributed learning environments. In M. J. W. Lee, & C. McLoughlin (eds.), Web 2.0-based e-Learning: Applying Social Informatics for Tertiary Teaching (pp. 85–107). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Valck, M., Rots, I., Verbeke, M., & van Braak, J. (2007). ICT teacher training: Evaluation of the cur- riculum and training approach in Flanders. Teaching & Teacher Education, 23(6), 795–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2007.02.004 van Braak, J., Tondeur, J., & Valcke, M. (2004). Explaining different types of computer use among primary school teachers. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 19(4), 407. Venkatesh, V., Speier, C. & Morris, M.G. (2002). User acceptance enablers in individual decision making about technology: Towards an integrated model. Decision Sciences, 33(2), pp.297–315. Vitanova, V., Atanasova-Pachemska, T., Iliev, D., & Pachemska, S. (2015). Factors affecting the development of ICT competencies of teachers in primary schools. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 1087-1094. von der Gracht, H. A. (2012). Consensus measurement in Delphi studies: review and implications for future quality assurance. Technological forecasting and social change, 79(8), 1525-1536. Voogt, J., Erstad, O., Dede, C., & Mishra, P. (2013). Challenges to learning and schooling in the digital networked world of the 21st century. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 29(5), 403-413. Wahab, B. M., & Kaur, K. (2006). Towards a better understanding of the need for a digital school resource center in Malaysian smart schools. Prosiding Konvensyen Persatuan Teknologi Pendidikan Malaysia ke 19, 16-19 September 2006. Diakses dari http://eprints.um.edu.my/295/ Wan Zah Wan Ali, Hajar Mohd Nor, Azimi Hamzah & Nor Hayati Alwi. (2009). The conditions and level of ICT integration in Malaysian Smart Schools. International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 5(2). Diakses pada 3/5/ 2015, dari http://ijedict.dec.uwi.edu/viewarticle.php?id= 618&layout=html Warner, M. (1990). Recreational foodservice management: A delphi study of needed competencies. Watson, D. (1998). Blame the technocentric artifact! What research tells us about problems inhibiting teacher use of IT. In G. Marshall, & M. Ruohonen (Eds.), Capacity building for IT in education in developing countries (185-192). London: Chapman & Hall. Weaver, W. T. (1971). The Delphi forecasting method. Phi Delta Kappan, 52(5), 267-271. Weller, S. C. (2007). Cultural consensus theory: Applications and frequently asked questions. Field methods, 19(4), 339-368. Wen, J. R., & Shih, W. L. (2008). Exploring the information literacy competence standards for elementary and high school teachers. Computers & education, 50(3), 787-806. Williams, D., Coles, L., Richardson, A., Wilson, K., & Tuson, J. (2000). Integrating Information and Communications Technology in Professional Practice: an analysis of teachers' needs based on a survey of primary and secondary teachers in Scottish schools. Journal of Information Techology for Teacher Education, 9(2), 167-182. Yadav, P., & Mehta, P. (2014). Importance of ICT in Education. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences And Humanities, 5(2). Yuen, A. H., Law, N., & Wong, K. C. (2003). ICT implementation and school leadership: Case studies of ICT integration in teaching and learning. Journal of Educational Administration, 41(2), 158-170. Yzer, M.C., Cappella, J.N., Fishbein, M., Hornik, R., Sayeed, S., & Ahern, K.K. (2004). The role of distal variables in behavior change: Effects of adolescents’ risk for marijuana use on intention to use marijuana. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 1229–1250. Zaidatun, T., Khawla, A. M. E. A., Noor Dayana, H. A., & Jamaluddin, H. (2012). Relationship between Teachers' ICT Competency, Confidence Level, and Satisfaction toward ICT Training Programmes: A Case Study among Postgraduate Students. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 11(1), 138-144. Zhao, Y., Tan, H. S., & Mishra, P. (2001). Teaching and learning: Whose computer is it? Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 44(4), 348-354

Similar Items