The relationship of personality traits, gender, occupational stress and job satisfaction among police officers in Punjab, Pakistan

The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness), occupational stress and job satisfaction among police officers in Punjab, Pakistan. Another aim was to examine the differen...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Khizar, Umbreen
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
eng
Published: 2017
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/6902/1/DepositPermission_s95494.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6902/2/s95494_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6902/3/s95494_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.6902
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
eng
advisor Daisy, Jane C. Orcullo
Mustafa, Jamaludin
topic HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
spellingShingle HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
Khizar, Umbreen
The relationship of personality traits, gender, occupational stress and job satisfaction among police officers in Punjab, Pakistan
description The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness), occupational stress and job satisfaction among police officers in Punjab, Pakistan. Another aim was to examine the differences in police officers' personality traits, occupational stress and job satisfaction according to their gender. This study also examined which personality trait has more effect on job satisfaction. The respondents were 300 senior police officers from Punjab, Pakistan. The multistage sampling method consisting the stratified sampling technique and the simple random sampling technique was used. The research instruments consisted of the Neo Five Factor Inventory (NEOFFI), the Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) and the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS). The Statistical Package for Social Sciences was utilized to perform descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The results of this research indicated that a significant correlation exists among the variables in this research. This study found a positive correlation between extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness personality traits and job satisfaction, while neuroticism has a negative correlation, but there is no correlation between openness to experience and job satisfaction. There is a negative correlation between occupational stress and job satisfaction. This study also revealed significant differences in male and female police officers' personality traits. The other findings related to gender are that female police officers have higher occupational stress than male police officers, while job satisfaction level is higher among male police officers compared to females. The results of the study showed that agreeableness has a more significant effect on job satisfaction compared to other personality trait
format Thesis
qualification_name other
qualification_level Doctorate
author Khizar, Umbreen
author_facet Khizar, Umbreen
author_sort Khizar, Umbreen
title The relationship of personality traits, gender, occupational stress and job satisfaction among police officers in Punjab, Pakistan
title_short The relationship of personality traits, gender, occupational stress and job satisfaction among police officers in Punjab, Pakistan
title_full The relationship of personality traits, gender, occupational stress and job satisfaction among police officers in Punjab, Pakistan
title_fullStr The relationship of personality traits, gender, occupational stress and job satisfaction among police officers in Punjab, Pakistan
title_full_unstemmed The relationship of personality traits, gender, occupational stress and job satisfaction among police officers in Punjab, Pakistan
title_sort relationship of personality traits, gender, occupational stress and job satisfaction among police officers in punjab, pakistan
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
publishDate 2017
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/6902/1/DepositPermission_s95494.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6902/2/s95494_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6902/3/s95494_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828125774905344
spelling my-uum-etd.69022021-08-18T03:08:55Z The relationship of personality traits, gender, occupational stress and job satisfaction among police officers in Punjab, Pakistan 2017 Khizar, Umbreen Daisy, Jane C. Orcullo Mustafa, Jamaludin Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management. Employment The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness), occupational stress and job satisfaction among police officers in Punjab, Pakistan. Another aim was to examine the differences in police officers' personality traits, occupational stress and job satisfaction according to their gender. This study also examined which personality trait has more effect on job satisfaction. The respondents were 300 senior police officers from Punjab, Pakistan. The multistage sampling method consisting the stratified sampling technique and the simple random sampling technique was used. The research instruments consisted of the Neo Five Factor Inventory (NEOFFI), the Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) and the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS). The Statistical Package for Social Sciences was utilized to perform descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The results of this research indicated that a significant correlation exists among the variables in this research. This study found a positive correlation between extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness personality traits and job satisfaction, while neuroticism has a negative correlation, but there is no correlation between openness to experience and job satisfaction. There is a negative correlation between occupational stress and job satisfaction. This study also revealed significant differences in male and female police officers' personality traits. The other findings related to gender are that female police officers have higher occupational stress than male police officers, while job satisfaction level is higher among male police officers compared to females. The results of the study showed that agreeableness has a more significant effect on job satisfaction compared to other personality trait 2017 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/6902/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/6902/1/DepositPermission_s95494.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6902/2/s95494_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6902/3/s95494_02.pdf text eng public other doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdel-Khalek, A. M., & Alansari, B. M. (2005). G der differences in anxiety among undergraduates from ten Arab countries. Journal of Social Behavior Personality, 32(8), 649-656. Abdulla, J. & Djebavni, R. (2011). Determinants of job satisfaction in the UAE. A Case Study of Dubai police. 40(1), 126-146. Abraham, R. (1999). The impact of emotional dissonance on organizational commitment and intention to turnover. Journal of Psychology, 133, 441-455 Acuna, S.T., Gomez, M., & Juristo, N. (2009). How do personality, team process and task characteristics relate to job satisfaction and software quality?. Information and Software Technology, 51(3), 627-639. Agolla, J. E. (2009). Occupational stress among police officers. The case of Botswana police service. Research Journal of Business Management, 3, 25-35. Ahmed, I., Nawaz, M., Iqbal, N., Ali, I., Shoukat, Z., & Usman, A. (2010). Effects of motivational factors on employees job satisfaction: A case study of university of the Punjab, Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(3). Aiken, L., Clarke, S., Sloane, D., Sochalski, J., Busse, R., Clarke, H., Giovannetti, P., Hunt, J., Rafferty, A., & Shamian, J. (2002). Nurses' reports on hospital care in five countries. Health Affairs, 20(3), 43-53. Akbari, P., Khaniabad, J., & Rezavandi, R. (2012). Study of relationships between working personality types and employees job satisfaction (case study: Payame Noor Universities, Kermanshah). International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 3(8), 1610-1618. Retrieved May, 2014, from http://www.victorquestpub.com. Ali, A. (2008). A comparative study between white-collar and blue-collar professionals and job stress levels. Bahria Journal of Professional Psychology, 4, 55-68. Ali, R., & Ahmed, M. (2009). The impact of rewards and recognition programs on employees motivation and satisfaction: An empirical study. International Review of Business Research Papers, 5(4), 270-279. Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Al-Mashaan, 0. S. (2003). Comparison between Kuwaiti and Egyptian teachers in type a behavior and job satisfaction: A cross-cultural study. Social behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 31(5), 523. Alves, S. L. (2005). A study of occupational stress, scope of practice, and collaboration in nurse anesthetists practicing in anesthesia care team settings. AANA Journal, 73(6),443-452. Annual administration report, police department, 2014-2015. Retrieved from www.punjabpolice.gov.pk/system/files/Annual-administration-Report-2014-15.pdf Anshel, M. H. (2000). A conceptual model and implications for coping with stressful events in police work. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27(3), 375. Antoniou, A. S. G., Davidson, M. J., & Cooper, C. L. (2003). Occupational stress, job satisfaction and health state in male and female junior hospital doctors in Greece. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(6), 592-621. Aremu, A. 0., & Adeyoju, C. A. (2003). Job commitment, job satisfaction and gender as predictors of mentoring the Nigeria Police. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 26, 377-385. Armstrong, G. S. & Griffin, M. L. (2004). Does The Job Matter? Comparing correlates of stress among treatment and correctional staff in prisons. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32, 577-592. Asad, N. & Khan, S. (2003). Relationship between Job stress and burnout: Organizational support and creativity as predictor variables. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 18(3), 139-149. Ascigil, F. & Semra, (2004). Teamwork: A tool for enhancing positive work attitudes? Western Kentucky University, Gordon Ford College of Business, Working Paper Series. Atta, M., Ather, M., & Bano, M. (2013). Emotional intelligence and personality traits among university teachers: Relationships and gender differences. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 4(17). Ayan, S., & Kocacik, F. (2010). The relation between the level of job satisfaction and types of personality in high school teachers. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 35(1). Azman, I., Amy, Y. & Nek Kamal, Y. Y. (2009). Relationship between occupational stress and job satisfaction: An empirical study. The Romanian Economic Journal, 34(4), 3-29. Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26. Bartol, C. R., Bergen, G. T., Seager-Volkens, J., & Knoras, K. M. (1992). Women in small town policing: Job performance and stress. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 19(3), 240-259. Beehr, T. A., Jex, S. M., Stacy, B. A., & Murray, M. A. (2000). Work stressors and coworker support as predictors of individual strain and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 391-405. Bell, D. J. (1982). Policewomen: Myths and realities. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 10, 112-120. Bender, K. A., Donohue, S. M., & Heywood, J. S. (2005). Job satisfaction and gender segregation. Oxford Economic Papers, 57(3), 479-496. Bender, K.A. & J. S. Heywood (2006). Job Satisfaction1of the Highly Educated: The Role of Gender, Academic Tenure and Earnings. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 53, 253-279. Bennett, R. (1997). Job satisfaction among police constables: A comparative study in three developing nations. Justice Quarterly, 14, 295-323. Berridge, J., Cooper, C. L., & Highley-Marcbington, C. (1997). Employee Assistance Programmes and Workplace Counseling. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. Bhatti, N., Hashimi, M. A., Raza, S. A., Shaikh, F. M. & Shafiq, K. (2011). Empirical Analysis of Job Stress on Job Satisfaction among University Teachers in Pakistan. International Business Research, 4(3), 264-270. Bhatti, N., Shah, A. A., Shaihk, F. M. (2012). Job satisfaction and motivation in banking industry in Pakistan. Journal of Asian Business Strategy, 2(3). 54-62. Bianchi, E. R. F. (2004). Stress and coping among cardiovascular nurses: a survey in Brazil. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 25(7), 737-745. Biggam, F. H., & Power, K. G. (1996). The personality of the Scottish police officer: The issue of positive and negative affectivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(6), 661-667. Bilgic, R. ( 1998). The Relationship between job satisfaction and personal characteristic of Turkish workers. Journal of Psychology, 132, 549-57. Bilimo1ia, 0., Perry, S. R., Liang, X., Stoller, E. P., Higgins, P., & Taylor, C. (2006). How do female and male faculty members construct job satisfaction? The roles of perceived institutional leadership and mentoring and their mediating processes. Journal of Technology Transfer, 31, 355. Blood, G.W., Ridenour, J. S., Thomas, E. A., Qualls, C. D., & Hammer, C. S. (2002). Predicting job satisfaction among speech-language pathologists working in public schools. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 33(4), 282-292. Blum, L. (2000). Force under pressure: How cops live and why they die. New York, NY: Lantern. Bohti, N. L., & Talib, M.A. (2009). A Preliminary Study on Occupational Stress and Job Satisfaction among Male Navy Personnel at a Naval Base in Lumut, Malaysia. The Journal of International Social Research, 2(9). Borritz, M., Rugulies, R., Bjorner, J. B., Villadsen, E., Mikkelsen, 0. A., & Kristensen, T.S (2006). Burnout among Employees in Human Service Work: Design and Baseline Findings of PUMA Study. Scand J Public Health. 34. 49-58. Boudreau, J. W., Boswell, W. R. , & Judge, T. A. (2001). Effects of personality on executive career success in the United States and Europe. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 53-81. http://dx.doi.org/l0.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.031. Bouteyre, E. , Maurel, M. & Bernaud, J. L. (2007). Daily hassles and depressive symptoms among police recruits in France: The role of coping and social support. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 23(2), 93-99. Bowditch, J. L., & Buono, A. L. (2001). A primer on organizational behavior (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc New York. Bowran, J., & Todd, K. (1999). Job stressor and job satisfaction in a major metropolitan public EMS service. Pre hospital and disaster medicine, 14(4), 236-239. Bradway, J. H. (2009). Gender stress: differences in critical life events among law enforcement officers. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 4(1), 1-12. Branham, L. (2005). 7 Hidden Reasons Employees Leave. New York: Amacom Brief, A. P., & Weiss, H. M. (2002). Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 279-307 Brief, A., Butcher, A., & Roberson, L. (1995). Cookies, disposition, and job attitudes: the effects of positive mood inducing events and negative affectivity on job satisfaction in a field experiment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 62, 55-62. Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (2000). Gender, Emotion, and Expression. In M. Lewis & J.M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions: Part IV: Social/personality issues (2nd ed.,). New York: Guilford Press. Brough, P. (2004). Comparing the influence of traumatic and organizational stressors on the psychological health of police, fire, and ambulance officers. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(3), 227-244. Brown, J. A. & Campbell, E. A. (1990). Sources of occupational stress in the police", Work and Stress, 4, 305-18. Buboltz, W. C., Thomas, A., & Win.kelspecht, C. S. (2004). Job Characteristics and Personality as Predictors of Job Satisfaction. Organizational Analysis, 12(2), 205-219. Retrieved June, 2014, from http://sophia.stkate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi. Buck, J., & Watson, J. (2002). Retaining staff employees: the relationship between human resource management strategies and organizational commitment. Innovative Higher Education, 36(3), 175-193. Budaev, S. V. (1999). Sex Differences in the Big Five Personality Factors: Testing an Evolutionary Hypothesis. Personality and Individual Differences. 26. 801-813. Buitendach, J. H., & deWitte, H. (2005). Relationship between Job Insecurity and Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Business and Applied Management, 4(2), 17-34. Buitendach, J. H., & De Witte, H. (2005). Job insecurity, extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment of maintenance workers in a parastatal. South African Journal of Business Management, 36(2), 27-37. Burke, R. J. (1989). Career stages, satisfaction and well-being among police officers. Psychological Reports, 65, 3-12. Burke, R. J. (1993). Work-family stress, conflict, coping and burnout in police officers. Stress Medicine, 9, 171-80. Burke, R. J., & Mikkelsen, A. (2006). Burnout among norwegian police officers: Potential antecedents and consequences. International Journal of Stress Management, 13(1), 64-83. Burke, R., & Mikkelsen, A. (2004). Gender issues in policing do they matter? Women in Management Review, 20, 133-143. Buker, H., & Wiecko, F. (2007). Are causes of police stress global? Testing the common police stressors on the Turkish National Police. An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 30(2), 291-309. Buss, D. M. (1992). Manipulation in Close Relationships: The Five Factor Model of Personality in lnteractional Context. Journal of Personality, 60, 477-499. Buzawa, A., Austin, T., & Bannon, J. (1994). The role of selected socio-demographic and job specific variables in predicting patrol officer job satisfaction: A reexamination ten years later. American Journal of Police, 13(2), 51-75. Buzawa, S. E. (1984). Determining patrol officer job satisfaction: The role of selected demographic and job-specific attitudes. Criminology, 22, 61-81. Callister, R. R. (2006). The impact of gender and department climate on job satisfaction and intentions to quit for faculty in science and engineering fields. Journal of Technology Transfer, 31, 367-375. Cambridge University Press. (2007). Cambridge advanced learner's dictionary. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Cancino, M., Jeffrey & Enriquez, R. (2004). A Qualitative Analysis of Officer Peer Retaliation. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 27(3), 320-340. Cano-Garcia, F. J., Padilla-Mufioz, E. M., & Carrasco-Ortiz, M. A. (2005). Personality and contextual variables in teacher burnout. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(4), 929-940. Carducci, B. J. (2009). The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications. United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell. Carlan, P. E. (1999). Occupational outcomes of criminal justice graduates: Is the master's degree a wise investment? Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 10(1), 39-55. Carlan, P. E. (2007). The search for job satisfaction: A survey of Alabama policing. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 32(1), 74~86. Carlier, I. E. V., Voerman, A. E., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2000). The influence of occupational debriefing on post traumatic stress symptomatology in traumatized police officers. Br. J Med. Psychol. 73, 87-98. Carol, D., & Schroeder, R. G.(2001). The impact of various factors on the personality, job satisfaction and turnover intentions of professional accountants. Managerial Auditing Journal, 16(4), 234-245 Cartwright, S., & Cooper, C. L. (1997). Managing Mergers and Acquisitions: Integrating People and Cultures. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Cattell, R. B. (1973). Personality and mood by questionnaire. New York: Jossey Bass. Certin, M. 0. (2006). The relationship between job satisfaction, occupational and organizational commitment of academics. The Journal of American Academy of Business, 8(1), 78-88. Chang, K., & Lu, L. (2007). Characteristics of Organizational Culture Stressors and Wellbeing. J. Manage. Psychol., 22(6), 549-568. Chapin, M., Brannen, S. J., Singer, M. I., & Walker, M. (2008). Training police leadership to recognize and address operational stress. Police Quarterly, 11(3), 338. Chapman, D. (2009). Emotional labor in the context of policing in Victoria: A preliminary analysis. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 11(4), 476-492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2009.11.4.145 Chaudhry, A. Q. (2012).The relationship between occupational stress and job satisfaction: The case of Pakistani Universities. International Education Studies. 5(3). Chaudhury, S. & Banerjee, A. (2004). Correlates of job satisfaction in medical officers. MJAFI, 60(4), 329-332. Chen, C. Y. (2005). The influence of personality traits, knowledge management cognition and professional ability on the work performance-taking the traffic crash handling of police agency for example (Unpublished master's thesis). Nanhua University, Chiayi, Taiwan. Chemiss, C. (2001). Social and emotional competence in the workplace. In R. Bar-On, & J. D. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 391-410). San Francisco, CA: Jessey- Bass. Chiou, J. C. (2004). A study of job satisfaction/dissatisfaction in Taiwan's police (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas. Chisti, M. A., & Kamal, A. (2002). Neo Personality lnvent01y-Revised Professional Manual (Urdu version). National Institute of Psychology, Islamabad. Chmitt, D. P., Realo, A., Voracek, M., & Allik, J. (2008). Why can't a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 168-182. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.l68 Christen, M., Lyer, G., & Soberman, D. (2006). Job satisfaction, job performance, and Effort: A reexamination using agency theory. Journal of Marketing, 70(]), 137-150. Chruden, H.J., & Sherman, A. W. (1976). Readings in Personnel Management, (4th Ed.). South-Western Publishing Co. Cincinnati, Ohio, P. 102-122. Chua, L. C. (2006). Sample size estimation using Krejic and Morgan and Cohen statistical power analysis: a comparison. Jurnal Penyelidikan IPBL, 7, 78-86. Chung, Y. D., Zhu, J., Han, Y. G., Kernan, M. J. (2001). nompa encodes a PNS-specific, ZP domain protein required to connect mechano sensory dendrites to sensory structures. Neuron, 29(2), 415-428. Clair, M. E. (2006). The relationship between critical incidents, hostility and pstd symptoms in police officers. Proquest UMI Publication No 3221871. Clark, A. E. (1997). Job Satisfaction and Gender: Why are Women So Happy in Work?, Labour Economics. 4, 341-372. Clark, L. A., Watson, D., John, 0. P., Robins, R. W., & Pervin, L. A., (eds). (2008). Handbook of personality: Theory and research. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 265-268. Cleare, L. (2013 ). Personality as a Predictor of Job Satisfaction: Study of the Relationship between Personality and Job Satisfaction amongst Workers in the Bahamas. Journal of Management Research. 5,(3). Cohen, J. (1969). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (1st ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale. Cohrs, C. J., Abele, A. E., Dette, D. E. (2006). Integrating Situational and Dis-positional Determinants of Job Satisfaction: Findings From Three Samples of Professionals. The Journal of Psychology. 140(4). 363-395. Coman, G. & Evans, B. (1991). Stressors facing Australian police in the 1990s. Police Studies, 14, 153-65. Connolly, J. J., Viswesvaran, C. (2000). The role of affectivity in job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences. 29 (2). 265-281. Constant, T. (2005). Not so obvious police stress. Retrieved from http://www.tearsofaceop.com/police/articles/ constant.html Coon, & Dennis. (1989). Introduction to psychology, Exploration and Application. St.Paul: West Publishing Company. Cooper, C. L. (1996). Handbook of Stress, Medicine, and Health. (Ed.). Boca Raton; London: CRC Press. Cooper, C. L. & Marshall, J. (1976).Occupational Sources of Stress: A Review of the Literature Relating To Coronary Heart Disease and Mental Health. Journal of Occupational Psychology. 49. 11-28. Cooper, C. L., Davidson, M. J., & Robinson, P. (1982). Stress in police service. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 24, 30-36. Cooper, C. L., Dewe, P. J. & O'Driscoll M. P. (2001). Organizational Stress: A Review and Critique of Theory, Research and Applications. Sage publications. Cooper, C., Liukkonen, P., & Cartwright, S. (1996). Stress prevention in the workplace assessing the costs and benefits to organisations. Dublin (Ireland): European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Corsianos, M., (2011). Responding to officers' gendered experiences through community policing and improving accountability to citizens. Contemporary Justice Review 14, 7-20. Costa, P. J., Te1ncciano, A., & McCrae R. R. (2001). Gender differences Personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(2), 322-331. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322 Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 668-678. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). The NEO personality inventory manual. Psychological Assessment Resources. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor (NEO-FFI) Inventory professional manual. Odessa, FL: PAR. Cote S., Morgan, L. M. (2002). A longitudinal analysis of the associat10n between emotion regulation, job satisfaction, and intentions to quit. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 947-962 Cox, T., Griffiths, A. & Rial-Gonzalez, E. (2000). Research on Work-Related Stress, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg. Coyne, J. C. (1997). Improving coping research: Raze the slum before any more building! Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 153-155. Crank, J. P. ( 1998). Understanding police culture. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson. Cranny. C. J., Smith, P .C., & Stone, E. F. (1992). Job satisfaction: How people feel about their jobs and how it affects their performance. Lexington Books: New York. Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Critchley, H. D., Rotshtein, P., Nagai, Y., O'Doherty, J., Mathias, C. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2004). Activity in the human brain predicting differential heart rate responses to emotional facial expressions. NeuroImage, 24, 751-762. Cropanzano, R., James, K., & Konovsky, M. A. (1993). Dispositional affectivity as a predictor of work attitudes and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 595-606. Crossman, A. & Harris, P. (2006). Job satisfaction of secondary school teachers. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 34, 29 - 46. D'S01,1za, L., Gururaj , B. U.& Siddeqowda, Y. S.(2005). A comparative study of occupational stress among executives, managers, and Engineers. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 20(1), 15-23. Daft, R. L., & Noe, R. A. (2001). Organizational behavior. Orlando Florida: Harcourt, Inc. Danna. R., & Griffin, S. (2002). Health and well being in the workplace: a review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Management. 101. Dantzker, M. L., & Surrette, M. A. (1994). The perceived levels of job satisfaction among police officers: A descriptive review. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 11(2), 7-12. Davison, G. C., Neal, J.M., & kring, A. M. (2003). Abnormal psychology. (5th ed). New York: john wiley & sons. Davey, J. D., Obst, P. L., & Sheehan, M. C. (2001).Demographic and workplace characteristics which add to the prediction of stress and job satisfaction within the police workplace. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 16(1), 29-39. Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Gagne, M., Leone, D. R., Usunov, J., Komazheva, B. P. (2001). Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in the work organizations of a former eastern bloc country: a cross-cultural study of self-determination. PSPB, 27(8). DeFeuyt, F. & Salgado, J. F. (2003). Applied personality psychology: lessons learned from the IWO field. Delongis, A., Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). The impact of daily stress on health and mood:psychological and social resources as mediators. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 486-495. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. S,. Nachreiner, F. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2000). A Model of Burnout and Life Satisfaction amongst Nurses. Journal of Advance Nursing, 32(2), 443-464. Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L.S. (2005). Introduction to Policing (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 197-229. DeRaad, B. (2000). The Big Five Personality Factors; A Psychological Approach to Personality. Germany: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. Dessler, G. (2005). Human resource management. (10th, ed.). Prentice- Hall India; p.345. De Yaney, A. S. & Sandy, Z. (2003). Job satisfaction of recent Graduates in Financial Services. chen Purdu University, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved June, 2014, from www.bls.gov. Dewe, P. (2001). Work stress, coping and well-being: implementing strategies to better understand the relationship. In P. Perrewe & D. Ganster (Eds.), Research in occupational stress and well-being: Exploring theoretical mechanisms and perspectives, 1 (pp. 63-96). Amsterdam: JAI Press. Dick, P. (2000). The Social Construction of the Meaning of Acute Stressors: A Qualitative Study of the Personal Accounts of Police Officers Using a Stress Counseling Service. Work & Stress, 14(3), 226-244. Dignam, J. T., Barrera, M. & West, S. C. (1986). Occupational stress, social support, and burnout among correctional officers. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 177-93. Dilchert, S., & Ones, D. S. (2008). Personality and extijnsic career success: Predicting managerial salary at different organizational levels. Zeitschrift for Personalpsychologie, 7, 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/l0.1026/1617-6391.7.l.l. Dogan, H. (2009). A comparative study for employee job satisfaction in aydin municipality and nazilli municipality. Ege Academic Review, 9(2), 423-433. Donohue, S. M., & Heywood, J. S. (2004). Job satisfaction and gender: an expanded specification from the NLSY. International Journal of Manpower, 25(2), 211-238. Dowler, K. (2005). Job satisfaction, burnout, and perception of unfair treatment: The relationship between race and police work. Police Quarterly, 8(4), 476-489. Dowler, K., & Arai, B. (2008). Stress, gender and policing: The impact of perceived gender discrimination on symptoms of stress·. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 10(2), 123-135. Edwards, D. (1998). Personality. In D. A. Lowa & D. J. A. Edwards (Eds), Psychology; an introduction.for students in Southern Africa. Rivonia Heinemann. Ellison, K. (2004). Stress and the police officer. New York: Charles C. Thomas, Ltd. Ellickson, M. C. & Logsdon, K. (2001). Determinants of job satisfaction of Municipal Government employees. State and Local government Review, 33 (3), 173-184. EHickson. M.C., & Logsdon, K. (2002). Determinants of job satisfaction of municipal government employees. Public Personnel Management, 31(3), 343-358. Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, H. H., & Van Hulle, C. A. (2006). Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. 132(1 ). 33-72. Erdheim, J., Wang, M., & Zickar, M. J. (2006). Linking the Big Five personality constructs to organizational commitment. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(5), 959-970. Erkutlu, H. V., & Chafra, J. (2006). Relationship between leadership power base and job stress of subordinates: example from boutique hotels. Management Research News, 29(5), 285-297. Evans, B. J., Coman, G. J., Stanley, R. 0. & Burrows, G. D. (1993). Police officers' coping strategies: an Australian police survey. Stress Medicine, 9, 237-46. Fairbrother, K. & Warn, J. (2003). Workplace dimensions, stress and job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(1), 8-21. Fako, T. T. (2010). Occupational Stress among University Employees m Botswana. European Journal of Social Sciences. 15(3), 313-,326. Falkenburg, K., & Schyn, B. (2007). Work satisfaction, organizational commitment and withdrawal behaviors. Management Research News, 30(10), 708-723. Fallon, L. F. & Zgodzinski, E. J. (2008). Essentials of public health management. Sudbwy, MA.USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Farrell, D., & Stamm, C. L. (1988). Meta-analysis of the correlates of employee absence. Human Relations, 41(3), 211-227. Feist, G. J. (1998). A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2, 290-309. Feldman, R. S. (2005). Understanding psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Feldt, T., Metsapelto, R. L., Kinnunen, U., & Pulkkinen, L. (2007). Sense of coherence and five-factor approach to personality: conceptual relationships. European Psychologist. 12. 165-172. Ferris, G. R., & Judge, T. A. (1991). Personnel/human resources management: A political influence perspective. Journal of Management, 17, 447-488. Finn, P. & Tomz, J.E. (1998). Developing a law enforcement stress program for officers and their.families. New York: Harper. Fisher, A. B. (1992). Welcome to the age of overwork. Fortune, 64-67, 70-71. Fisher, D. (2000). Mood and emotions while working: missing pieces of job satisfaction? Journal of Organizational Behavior 21, 185-202 Fisher, V. E., & Hanna, J. V. (1931). The dissatisfied worker. New York: Macmillan. Folkman, S. (2011). Stress, health, and coping: Synthesis, commentary, and future directions. In S. Folkman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (pp. 453-462). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 219-239. Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 150-170. Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J., & DeLongis, A. (1986). Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 571-579. Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745-774. Funder, D. C. (2004). The Personality puzzle (3rd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. Furnham, A., & Zacherl, M. (1986). Personality and job satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 1, 453-459. Gaillard, A. W. K. (2001). Stress, workload, and fatigue as three biobehavioral states: A general overview. In P.A. Hancock, & P.A. Desmond (Eds.), Stress, Workload, and Fatigue. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum. Galinsky, E., Bond, J. T., & Friedman, D. E. (1993). The Changing Workforce.Highlights of the National Study, II, Families and Work Institute. New York, NY. Galinsky, E., Bond, J. T., & Friedman, D. E. (1996). The role of employers in addressing the needs of employed parents. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 111-36. Ganjeh, S. J., Arjenaki, N. 0., Nori, A. & Oreyzi, H. R. (2009). The relationship of personality characteristics and burnout among nurses. Iranian Journal of Nursing, Midwifery Research, 14(4), 190-194. Ganu, D., & Kogutu, C. D. (2014). Effect of the big five personality traits on job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the healthcare industry: The case of Kenya. American Journal of Health Sciences. 5(2). 145-153. Garbarino, S., Magnavita, N., Elovainio, M., et al. (2011). Police job strain during routine activities and a major event. Occup Med (Land). 61, 395-9. Gatson, C. S. (2002). The relationship between education and police stress: Bachelor's degree versus high school. (Dissertation, Marshall University). Gautam, M., Manda!, K., & Dalal, R.S. (2006). Job satisfaction of faculty members of veterinary sciences: an analysis. Livestock Research for Rural Development 18(7), 29-40. Gelissen, J., & De Graaf, P. M. (2006). Personality, social background, and occupational career success. Social Science Research, 35, 702-726. Retrieved March, 2014 from http://reso1ver.scholarsportal.info/reso lve/004908 9x/v3 5 i 0003/702 psbaocs. Gershon, R. (2000). National Institute of Justice final report: "Project shields." Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Gershon, R., Barocas, B., Canton, A.N., Li, X., & Vlahov, D. (2009). Mental, physical, and behavioral outcomes associated with perceived work stress in police officers. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 275-289. Gershon, R. R. M., Lin, S., & Li, X. (2002). Work stress in aging police officers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 44(2), 160. Getahun., Seble., Sims B., & Hummer, D. (2007). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment among probation and parole officers: a case study. Retrived june, 2014, from http://www.picj.org/docs/issue5.Vol: 13 (1). Ghazi, S. R. & Shahzada, G. (2012). Experience and job satisfaction among bachelor and master degree holder head teachers at elementary level in Pakistan. Journal of Educational and Social Research. 2 (1). Ghazi, S. R. & Shahzada, G. (2012). School location and size as predictors of head teachers' job satisfaction. Mediterranean journal of social sciences. 3 (1). Gilligan, C. (1977). In a different voice: Women's conceptions of self and of morality. Harvard Educational Review, 47( 4), 481-517. Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative "description of personality": The big-five factor structure. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 59, 1216-1229. Golembiewski, R. & Kim, B. (1991). Burnout in police work: stressors, strain, and the phase model. Police Studies, 14, 74-80. Goodwin, R. D., & Gotlib, I. H. (2004). Gender differences in depression: The role of personality factors. Psychiatry Research, 126(2), 135-142. Govender, S. A. (2008). Relationship Between Personality and Coping amongst Member of South African Police Sen1ice. Unpublished M.A. Thesis. University of Johannesburg. Graf, F. A. (1986). The relationship between social support and occupational stress among police officers. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 14, 178-86. Greenberg, J., & Baron, R. A. (1993). Behavior in organization (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Griffin, M. L. (2006). Gender and Stress. A Comparative Assessment of Sources of Stress Among Correctional Officers. Journal of Contemporary Justice. 22(1), 4-25. Griffin, M. L., Armstrong, G. S., & Hepburn, J. R. (2005). Correctional officers, perceptions of equitable treatment in the masculinized prison environment. Criminal Justice Review. 30(2), 189-206. Gruneberg, M. M. (1979). Understanding job satisfaction. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd. Gui, Z., & Delice, M. (2011). Police job stress and stress reduction/coping programs: The effect on the relationship with spouses. Turkish Journal of Police Studies, 13(3), 19-38. Hackman, J. R. & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through design of work. Organizational behaviour and human performance, 16(2), 250-279. Hadebe, T. P. (200l). Relationship between motivation and job satisfaction of employees at Vista Information Services. M. A. dissertation, Rand Afr ikaans University, Johannesburg. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2006). Multivariate data Analysis. (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. (7th ed). Prentice Hall: USA. Hair, J. F., Wolfinbarger, M. F., Ortinau, D. J., & Bush, R. P. (2010). Essentials of Marketing Research (2nd ed). McGraw-Hill Companies Inc: New York. Hanif, M. F. & Kamal, Y. (2009). Pay and Job Satisfaction: A Comparative Analysis of Different Pakistani Commercial Banks, 9th National Research Conference at SZABIST, Islamabad, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, Islamabad. Harrell, A. M. & Stahl, M. J. (1984). McClelland's trichotomy of needs theory and the job satisfaction and work performance of CPA firm professionals, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 9(3), 241-52. Hart, P. M., Wearing, A. J. & Headey, B. (1994). Perceived quality of life, personality & work experiences: Construct validity of the Police Daily Hassles & Uplifts Scale. Criminal Justice & Behaviour, 21(3), 283-311. Hart, P. M., Wearing, A. J., & Headey, B. (1993). Assessing police work experiences: Development of the Police Daily Hassles & Uplifts Scales. Journal of Criminal Justice, 21(6), 553-572. Hassan, Y., Kashif, U. D., Mir, A. Z., Ahmad, K., Mateen, A., Ahmad, W., Nasir, A. H. (2011). Job satisfaction in private banking sector of Pakistan. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 11(12). Hawkins, H. C. (2001). Police officer burnout: a partial replication of Maslach's burnout inventory. Police Quarterly, 4(3), 343-60. Hayes, N., Joseph, S. (2002). Big Five correlate of three measures of subjective wellbeing. Personality and Individual Differences. 34, 723-727. DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)000570 He, N., Zhao, J., & Archbold, C. A. (2002), "Gender and police stress: the convergent and divergent impact of work environment, work-family conflict, and stress coping mechanisms of female and mak police officers", Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 25(4), 687-708. He, N. P., Zhao, J. & Lovrich, N. (2002). Predicting five dimensions of police officer stress: looking more deeply into organizational settings for sources of police stress. Police Quarterly, 5, 43-62. He, N., Zhao, J., & Ren, L. (2005). Do race and gender matter in police stress? a preliminary assessment of the interactive effects. Journal of Criminal Justice, 33, 535-547. Heller, D., Judge, T. & Watson, D. (2002). The confounding role of personality and trait effectivity in the relationship between job and life satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(7), 815-35. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (1959, 1987). The motivation to work. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., Peterson, R.O., & Capwell, D.F. (1957). Job attitudes: Review of research and opinion. Pittsburgh: Psychological Service of Pittsburgh. Ho, B. J. (2006). The correlation of personality traits, job stress, job commitment, & organizational citizenship behavior: A study of police personnel (Unpublished master's thesis). National Central University, Tauyuan, Taiwan. Hoath, D. R., Schneider, F. W., & Starr, M. W. (1998). Police job satisfaction as a function of career orientation and position tenure: Implications for selection community policing. Journal of Criminal Justice, 26, 337-347. Hogan, J., & Ones, D. S. (1997). Conscientiousness and integrity at work. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 849-870). San Diego, Academic Press. Holden, R. N. (1980). A study of motivation and job satisfaction in the Houston Police. Department. Doctoral dissertation, Sam Houston State University. Holland, J. L. (1985). Making vocational choices: A the01y of vocational personalities and work environments. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Holland, J. L. (1996). Exploring careers with typology: what we have learned and some new directions. Am Psycho/. 51, 397-406. Holland, J. L., Gottfredson, G. D. & Baker, H. G. (1990). Validity of vocational aspirations and interest inventories: Extended, replicated, and reinterpreted. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 337-342. Holman, D., & Femie, S. (2000). Can I help you? Call centers and job satisfaction. Centerpiece. 5(1). London School of Economics. Holmlund-Rytkonen, M., & Strandvik, T. (2005). Stress in business relationships. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 20(1), 12-22. Holroyd, K., & Lazarus, R. (1982). Stress, coping and somatic adaptation. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects (pp. 21-35). New York: Free Press. Hoppock, R. (1935). Job satisfaction. New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishing. Houston, D. M. (2005). Personality. In Hewstone, M., Fincham, F. D., & Foster, J. (Eds.), Psychology (pp.292-313). United Kingdom: Wiley Blackwell. Houtman, I. L. D. (2007). Work-related Stress. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Ireland. Howard, W. G., Donofrio, H. H., Boles, J. S. (2004). Inter-domain work-family, familywork conflict and police work satisfaction. An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 27, 380-395. Hughes, D., Galinsky, E. & Morris, A. (1992). The effects of job characteristics on marital quality: specifying linking mechanisms. Journal of Marriage and Family, 54, 31-42. Hulin, C. L. , & Judge, T. A. (2003). Job attitudes. Jn W. C. Borman, D.R. ligen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 255-276). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Hulin, C. & Smith, P. (1964). Sex Differences in Job Satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology 48, 88-92. Hunjra, A. I., Chani, M. I., Aslam, S., Azam, M. & Rehman, K. U. (2010). Factors effecting job satisfaction of employees in Pakistani banking sector. African Journal of Business Management, 4(10), 2157-2163. Ilies, R., & Judge, T.A. (2002). Relationship of personality to performance motivation: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology. 87(4), 797-807. Isbister, K. & Nass, C. (2000). Consistency of personality in interactive characters: verbal cues, non-verbal cues, and user characteristics. International Journal of Humancomputer Studies, 53(2), 251-267. Ivancevich, J ., Olekalns, M. & Matteson, M. (1997). Organizational behavior and management. Sydney: McGraw-Hill. Jackson, M. (2006). Personality traits and occupational attainment. European Sociological Review, 22(2), 187-199. Jahanzeb, H. (2010). The Impact of job stress on job satisfaction among academic faculty of a mega distance learning institution in Pakistan. A case study of Allama iqbal open university. Mustang Journal of Business & Ethics, 1, 31-48. Jamal, M. (2008). Burnout among employees of a multinational cooperation in Malaysia and Pakistan. An Empirical Examination International Management Review, 4(1). Jaramillo, F., Nixon, R., & Sams, D. (2005). The effect of law enforcement stress on organizational commitment. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 28(2), 321-336. Jepson, D. A., & Hung-Bin, S. (2003). General job satisfaction from a developmental perspective: Exploring choice. Job matches at two career stages. The Career Development Quarterly, 52(2), 162-179. Jex, S. M. (1998). Stress and Job Pe1formance: The01y, Research and Implications for Managerial Practice. Thousand Oaks, California, USA: Sage John, 0. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In E. Pervin & 0. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality (pp. 102 138). New York: Guilford Press. Johnson, S., Cooper, C. L., Cartwright, S., Donald, I., Taylor, P., & Millet, C. (2005). The experience of work-related stress across occupations. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 20(2). 178-187. Jones, F., & Bright, J. (2001). Stress: Myth, Theo,y and Research. London: Prentice Hall. Judge, T. A. & Hies, R. (2002). Understanding the dynamic relationships among personality, mood, and job satisfaction: A field experience sampling study. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89, 1119-1139. Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., & Locke, E. A. (2000). Personality and job satisfaction: The mediating role of job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 237-249. Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 530-541. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.530. PMID 12090610. Judge, T., Higgins, C., Thoresen, C., & Barrick, M. (1999). The big five personality traits, general mental ability, and career success across the life span. Personnel Psychology,52, 621-652. Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., & Durham, C. C. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, 151-188. Julseth, J., Ruiz, J., & Hummer, D. (2011). Municipal police officer job satisfaction in Pennsylvania: A study of organizational development in small police departments. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 13(3), 243-254. Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31-36. Kaiser, L. C. (2007). Gender Job Satisfaction Differences across Europe: An Indicator for Labor Market Modernization, International Journal of Manpower. 28, 75-94. Kanner, A. D., Coyne, J.C., Schaefer, C., & Lazarus, R. S. (1981). Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 4, 1-39. Kanner, A. D. , Feldman, S. S., Weinerger, D. A., & Ford, M. E. (1991). Upflits, hassles, and adaptional outcomes in early adolescents. In A. Monat, &R.S. Lazarus (Eds.), Stress and coping: an anthology (pp. 158-181 ). New York: Columbia. Karadal, H., Ay, U., & Cuhadar, M.T. (2008). The effect of role conflict and role ambiguity on job satisfaction and organizational commitment: a study in the public and private sector. The Journal of American Academy of Business, 13(2), 176-181. Kaul, K. (2002). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment among law enforcement officers from four middle Tennessee police departments. Middle Tennessee State University, Special Collections. Khan, A. & Ahmad, S. (2013). Job satisfaction among librarians in the universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: A Survey. Library Philosophy and Practice. Retrieved April, 2015, from http://digitalcomrnons.unl.edu/libphilprac/ 906/. Khan, A., & ljaz, M. (2015). The relationship of big five personality traits with job satisfaction among banking employees (A case study of askari bank in district Peshawar). Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Science. 5(5), 129-139. Khuwaja, A. K., Qureshi, R., Andrades, M., Fatmi, Z., & Khuwaja, N. K. (2004).Comparison of job satisfaction and stress among male and female doctors in teaching hospitals of Karachi. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 16, 23-7. Kim, S. (2005). Gender differences in the job satisfaction of public employees: a study of Seoul Metropolitan Government, Korea. Sex roles, 52(9), 667-681. Kirkcaldy, B. D., Cooper, C. L., & Fumham A. F. (1999). The relationship between type A, intemality-extemality, emotional distress and perceived health. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 223-235. Retrieved June, 2014, from Science Direct.com. Kirkcaldy, B.D., Shepard, R.J., & Fumham, A.F. (2002). The influence of type A behavior and locus of control upon job satisfaction and occupational health. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1361-1371. Retrieved June, 2014, from Science Direct.com. Kohan, A., & Mazmanian, D. (2003). Police work, burnout, and pro-organizational behavior: A consideration of daily work experiences. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30(5), 559. Kohan, A., & O'connor, B. P. (2002). Police officer job satisfaction in relation to mood, well-being, and alcohol consumption. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 136(3), 307-318. Konrad, A., Corrigall, E., Lieb, P., & Ritchie, J. (2000). Sex differences in job attribute preferences among managers and business students. Group and Organization Management, 25, 108-131. Kop, N., & Euwema, M.C. (2001). Occupational stress and the use of force by Dutch police officers. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 28(5), 631-652. Kop, N., Euwema, M. & Schaufeli, W. (1999). Burnout, job stress and violent behaviour among Dutch police officers. Work and Stress, 13(4), 326-40. Kopel, H., & Friedman, M. (1999). Effects of exposure to violence in south african police. In J. Violanti., & D. Paton (Eds.) Police Trauma: Psychological Aftermath of Civilian Combat. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas. Kreitner, R. (2006). Management. United States: Houghtpn Mifflin Harcourt (HMH). Krejcie, R. V.,& Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 30. 607-610. Kroes, W. H. (1976). Society's victim. The policeman: An analysis of job stress in policing. in Charles C. Thomas publisher eds sprongfield III. Kucukuysal, B. (2008). Determinants of Turkish police officers' perception of integrity: Impact of organizational culture. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Central Florida). Kumar, K., & Bakhshi, A. (2010). The Five-factor model of personality and organizational commitment: Is there any relationship? Humanity and Social Sciences Journal, 5(1), 25-34. Kyriacou, C. (2001). Teacher stress: directions for future research. Educational Review, 53(1), 27-35. Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., & Barton, S. M. (2002). The impact of work-family conflict on correctional staff job satisfaction: An exploratory study. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 27(1), 35-52. Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., Elechi, 0. 0., Jiang, S., Laux, J.M., Dupuy, P. & Morris, A. (2009). A further examination of antecedents of correctional staff life satisfaction. The Social Science Journal, 46, 689-706. Larsen, R. J ., & Buss, D. M. (2005). Personality psychology: Domains of knowledge about human nature (2nd Ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Latack, J. C., & Havlovic, S. J. (1992). Coping with job stress: a conceptual evaluation framework for coping measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 479-508. Lawler, E. E. (1973). Motivation in work organizations. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. 66-67. Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lazarus, R. S. (1974). Psychological stress and coping in adaptation and illness. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 5, 321-333 Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Theory based stress measurement. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 3-12. Lazarus, R. S. (1991 ). Psychological stress in the workplace. In P.L. Perrewe (Ed.). Handbook on job stress. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 1-13. Lazarus, R. S. (1999). Stress and emotion: a new synthesis. London: Free Association. Lazarus, R. S. (2000). Toward better research on stress and coping. American Psychologist, 55, 665-673. Lazarus, R. S. (2001). Relational meaning and discrete emotions. In K. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.). Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 37-67). New York: Oxford University Press. Lazarus, R. S., & Cohen-Charash, Y. (2001). Discrete emotions in organizational life. In R. Payne & C. Cooper (Eds.), Emotions at work: theory, research and applications for management (pp. 45-81). Chichester: John Wiley. Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, a'nd coping. New York: Springer. Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1986). Cognitive theories of stress and the issue of circularity. In M H Appley and R Trumbull (Eds), (1986). Dynamics of Stress. Physiological, Psychologcal, and Social Perspectives (pp. 63-80). New York,: Plenum. Leary, M. R. (2004). Introduction to behavioral research methods. (4th ed.). Pearson Education: USA. Leather, P., Beale, D., & Sullivan, L. (2003). Noise, Psychosocial Stress and Their Interaction in the Workplace. Journal of Environment Psychology, 23, 213-222. Lee, S. C. (1999). The research of job satisfaction in auditor of national tax administration. Master's thesis. National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan. Lee, I., & Wang, H. (2002). Perceived occupational stress and related factors in public health nurses. Journal of Nursing Research, 10(4), 253-259. Lehmann, R., Denissen, J.A., Allemand, M., & Penke, L. (2013). Age and gender differences in motivational manifestations of the big five from age 16 to 6. Journal of Developmental Psycholog,. 49 (2), 364-383. Leka, S., Griffiths, A., & Cox, T. (2004). Work organization and stress. Nottingham: UK. World Health Organization. Levy, J. J. & Lounsbur, J. W. (2010). Big Five personality traits and perfonnance anxiety in relation to marching arts satisfaction. Work, 40, 297-302. Lim, S. (2008). Job satisfaction of information technology workers in academic libraries, Library and Information Science Research, 30(2), 115-121. Lim, V. K., & Teo, T. S. (1996). Gender differences in occupational stress and coping strategies among information technology personnel. Women in Management Review, 11. 20-28. Lindholm, M. (2006). Working conditions, psychosocial resources and work stress in nurses and physicians in chief managersa€™ positions. Journal of Nursing Management, 14(4), 300-309. Lippa, R.A. (2005). Gender, nature and nurture. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Lipsky, M. (1980). Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public services. New York, NY: SAGE. Liu, C., Paul E. Spector, P. E., & Shi L. (2007). Cross-national job stress: a quantitative and qualitative study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 209-239. Loehlin, J. C., McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Jr., & John, 0. P. (1998). Heritabilities of common and measure-specific components of the Big Five personality factors. Journal of Research in Personality, 32, 431-453. Long, A. (2005), 'Happily ever after? A study of job satisfaction in Australia', The Economic Record, 81, 303-321. Lounsbury, J. W., Loveland, J. M., Sundstrom, E., Gibson, L. W., Drost, A. W., & Hamrick, F. (2003). An investigation of personality traits in relation to career satisfaction. Journal of Career Assessment, 11(3), 287-307. Loveland, J. M., Gibson, L. W., Lounsbury, J. W., Huffsteller, B. C. (2005). Broad and Narrow Personality Traits in Relation to the Job Performance of Camp Counselor. Child and Youth, Care Forum, 34(3), 241-255. Lu, H., While, A. E., & Barri ball, K. L. (2007). A model of job satisfaction of nurses: a reflection of nurses' working lives in Mainland China. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 58(5), 468-479. Lumpkin J. R. & Tudor, K. (1990). Effect of Pay Differential on Job Satisfaction: A Study of the Gender Gap. Journal of Supply Chain Management: Human Resources Issues 26(3), 25-29. Luthans, F. (2005). Organizational behavior. (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill. Madura, J. (2006). Introduction to business. United States: South-Western College Pub. Magnus, K., Diener, E., Fujita, F., & Pavot, W. (1993). Extraversion and neuroticism as predictors of objective life events: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1046-1053. Mahamuda, P., & Nurul, M. M. (2011). Factors affecting employee job satisfaction of pharmaceutical sector. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 9, 113-123 Mahendran, M., & Devanesan, P. (2013). Job stress and job satisfaction among employees of insurance companies. Golden Research Thoughts, 3(3), 1-5. Malhotra, N. K. (2004) Marketing research: an applied orientation, (4th ed.). PrenticeHall International, London. Mansoor, M., Fida, S., Nasir, S., & Ahmad, Z. (2011). The impact of job stress on employee job satisfaction. A study on telecommunication sector of Pakistan. Journal of business studies quarterly. 2(3), 50-56. Marshall, J., & Cooper, C. L. (1978). Work, stress, and the executive. London: Macmillan. Martelli, T. A., Waters, L. K. & Martelli, J. (1989). The police stress survey: reliability and relation to job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Psychological Reports, 64, 267-73. Martin, S. E. (1990). On the move: The status of women in policing. The Police Foundation, Washington, DC. Martin, S. E. (1991). The effectiveness of affirmative action; The case of women in policing. Justice Quarterly, 8, 489-504. Martin, W., Easton, C., Wilson, S., Takemoto, M. & Sullivan, S. (2004). Salience of emotional intelligence as a core characteristic of being a counselor. Counselor Education and Supervision. 44. 17-30. Martinussen, M., Richardsen, A. M. & Burke, R. J. (2007). Job demands, job resources, and burnout among police officers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 239-49. Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981b). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior. 2. 99-113. Maslach, C., Shaufeli, W., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422. Maslow, A.H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper. Mathur, P. (1993). Stress in police personnel: A preliminary survey. NPA magazine. 45(2). Matthews, G., Deary, I. J., & Whiteman, M. C. (2003). Personality traits. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Matthews, G., Saklofske, D. H., Costa, P. T., Deary, I. J. & Zeidner, M. (1998). Dimensional Models of Personality: A Framework for Systematic Clinical Assessment. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 14, 35-48. Matud, M. P. (2004). Gender differences in stress and coping style. Personality and individual Differences, 3, 1401- 1416. Mayer, J. D. (2007). Personality: A systems approach. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Myers, J., & Well, A. (2003). Research Design and Statistical analysis. New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Association. McCann, D.R. (2002). A study of job satisfaction among directors of classified personnel in merit (civil service) systems in California public school districts, county offices of education, and community college districts. United State: Universal-Publishers. McCarty, W. P., Zhao, J., & Garland, B. E. (2007). Occupational stress and burnout between male and female police officers: Are there any gender differences? Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 30, 672-691. McCaslin, S. E., Rogers, C. E., Metzler, T. J., Best, S. R., Weiss, D. S., Fagan, J. A., Marmar, C. R. (2006). The impact of personal threat on police officers' responses to critical incident stressors. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194(8), 591. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1991). Adding liebe und arbeit: The full five-factor model and well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 227-232. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1996). Toward a new generation of personality theories: Theoretical contexts for the five-factor model. In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The five-factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives (pp.51-87). New York: Guilford. McCrae, R.R., & Costa, P.T. (1997) Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516. McCrae, R. R., & John, 0. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 2, 175-215. McCrae, R. R., & Sutin, A. R. (2009). Openness to experience. In M. R. Leary and R.H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior (pp. 257-273 ). New York: Guilford. McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A. & 78 Members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project (2005). Universal features of personality traits from the observer's perspective: Data from 50 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 547-561. McCreary, D. R., & Thompson, M. M. (2006). Development of two reliable and valid measures of stressors in policing: The operational and organizational police stress questionnaires. International Journal of Stress Management, 13(4), 494-518. McDonough, P., & Walters, V. (2001). Gender and health: Reassessing patterns and explanations. Social Science and Medicine, 52, 547-559. McGrath, A., Reid, N., & Boore, J. (2003). Occupational stress in nursing. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 40(5), 555. McMillan, J. (2004). Defining interactivity. In: P. Rose, Editor, the Proceedings of the 2004 Conference of the American Academy of Advertising. American Academy of Advertising. 1. Megginson, L.C., Mosley, D. C. & Pietri, P. H. (1982). Management concepts and applications (4th ed.) New York: Harper Collins. Michael, G., Anastasios, S., Helen, K., Catherine, K. , & Christine, K. (2009). Gender differences in experiencing occupational stress: the role of age, education and marital status. Stress and Health, 25, 397-404. Miczo, N., Averbeck, J. M., & Mariani, T. (2009). Affiliative and aggressive humor, attachment dimensions, and interaction goals. Communication Studies, 60(5), 443-459. Mikkelsen A., Ogaard T., & Lovrich, N. (2000). Modeling the effects of organizational setting and individual coping style on employees subjective health, job satisfaction and commitment. Public Administration Quarterly, 24(3), 371-397. Miller, H.A., Mire, S. & Kim, B. (2009), "Predictors of job satisfaction among police officers: Does personality matter?", Journal of Criminal Justice, 3 7(5), 419-428. Miller, L. (2005). Practical police psychology: Stress management and crisis intervention/or law enforcement. New York: Charles C. Thomas, Ltd. Mills, L., & Huebner, E. (1998). A prospective study of personality characteristics, occupational stressors, and burnout among school psychology practitioners. Journal of School Psychology, 36, 103-120. Mire, S. M. (2005). Correlates of job satisfaction among police officers. (Doctoral Dissertation, SamHouston State University, 2005). Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?di Moffat, K. J., McConnachie, A., Ross, S., & Morrison, J. M. (2004). First year medical student stress and coping in a problem-based learning medical curriculum. Medical Education, 38(5), 482-491. http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365- 2929.2004.01814.x. Mohamed, h., El-Din, K,. & Truong, Q. (2010). The relationship between employee perceptions of equity and job satisfaction in the Egyptian private universities. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, (5), 135-150. Mohren, D. C. L., Swaen, G. M. H., Kant, I. J., van Amelsvoort, L. G. P. M., Borm, P. J. A., & Galama, J. (2003). Common infections and the role of burnout in a Dutch working population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55(3), 201-208. Mojoyinola, J. K. & Ajala, E. M. (2007). Burnout syndrome among workers in selected hospitals and industries in Oyo State, Nigeria: Its impacts on their health, wellbeing and job perfo1mance. Pakistan Journal of Social Science, 4(3), 431-436.