Influence of caregiving and personality on the stress level of caregivers of cancer patients: Role of social support as a mediating variable

Influence of caregiving and personality on the stress level of caregivers of cancer patients: Role of social support as a mediating variable

Informal caregivers have always been a source of providing care to the individuals with chronic illness such as cancer. Increasing rate of pediatric cancer has shifted the patients from hospitals to the home settings. This shift involves the caregivers of pediatric cancer to face ongoing social an...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Ul-Ain, Ansa Qurat
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
eng
Published: 2017
Subjects:
HV Social Pathology
Social and Public Welfare
RA410.55 Hospital Care.
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/6927/1/DepositPermission_s900377.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6927/2/s900377_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6927/3/s900377_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.6927
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
eng
advisor Ahmad Marzuki, Najib
Ibrahim, Nabisah
topic HV Social Pathology
Social and Public Welfare
RA410.55 Hospital Care.
spellingShingle HV Social Pathology
Social and Public Welfare
RA410.55 Hospital Care.
Ul-Ain, Ansa Qurat
Influence of caregiving and personality on the stress level of caregivers of cancer patients: Role of social support as a mediating variable
description Informal caregivers have always been a source of providing care to the individuals with chronic illness such as cancer. Increasing rate of pediatric cancer has shifted the patients from hospitals to the home settings. This shift involves the caregivers of pediatric cancer to face ongoing social and emotional challenges that may result in enduring illness and caregiving-related stress. Using Stress Process Theory as the foundation for the theoretical framework, the purpose of this research was to measure the level of variables and to examine the correlation and effects of aspects of caregiving, dimensions of personality and social support on the stress of caregivers of cancer patients in Pakistan. It also aimed to measure mediating effect of social support and the strongest predictor of caregiver’s stress. A total of 286 family caregivers were chosen as respondents from eight cancer treatment hospitals. Stratified and simple random sampling technique was utilized for this process. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed in order to find the relationship between independent variables (caregiving and personality), mediating variable (social support) and dependent variable (caregiver’s stress). Findings showed that there were no significant direct relation between aspects of caregiving as well as extraversion, neuroticism and openness personality traits with stress. Whereas, conscientiousness and agreeableness personality traits were significantly related to stress of caregivers. Results also revealed that social support acts as a potential mediator between aspects of caregiving and stress as well as extraversion, openness, agreeableness personality traits and stress. Findings also found that agreeableness was the strongest predictor of stress of caregivers. This study presented new information to researchers and practitioners to identify strongest predictors of stress in caregivers along the stress continuum process. It illustrates the distinctive impact of personality and social support on caregiver’s stress. Therefore, helps in developing and implementing effective interventions to fulfill caregiver’s needs must be enhanced in order to reduce their stress level and improve their quality of life.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Ul-Ain, Ansa Qurat
author_facet Ul-Ain, Ansa Qurat
author_sort Ul-Ain, Ansa Qurat
title Influence of caregiving and personality on the stress level of caregivers of cancer patients: Role of social support as a mediating variable
title_short Influence of caregiving and personality on the stress level of caregivers of cancer patients: Role of social support as a mediating variable
title_full Influence of caregiving and personality on the stress level of caregivers of cancer patients: Role of social support as a mediating variable
title_fullStr Influence of caregiving and personality on the stress level of caregivers of cancer patients: Role of social support as a mediating variable
title_full_unstemmed Influence of caregiving and personality on the stress level of caregivers of cancer patients: Role of social support as a mediating variable
title_sort influence of caregiving and personality on the stress level of caregivers of cancer patients: role of social support as a mediating variable
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
publishDate 2017
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/6927/1/DepositPermission_s900377.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6927/2/s900377_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/6927/3/s900377_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828130317336576
spelling my-uum-etd.69272021-08-18T08:12:58Z Influence of caregiving and personality on the stress level of caregivers of cancer patients: Role of social support as a mediating variable 2017 Ul-Ain, Ansa Qurat Ahmad Marzuki, Najib Ibrahim, Nabisah Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences HV Social Pathology. Social and Public Welfare RA410.55 Hospital Care. Informal caregivers have always been a source of providing care to the individuals with chronic illness such as cancer. Increasing rate of pediatric cancer has shifted the patients from hospitals to the home settings. This shift involves the caregivers of pediatric cancer to face ongoing social and emotional challenges that may result in enduring illness and caregiving-related stress. Using Stress Process Theory as the foundation for the theoretical framework, the purpose of this research was to measure the level of variables and to examine the correlation and effects of aspects of caregiving, dimensions of personality and social support on the stress of caregivers of cancer patients in Pakistan. It also aimed to measure mediating effect of social support and the strongest predictor of caregiver’s stress. A total of 286 family caregivers were chosen as respondents from eight cancer treatment hospitals. Stratified and simple random sampling technique was utilized for this process. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed in order to find the relationship between independent variables (caregiving and personality), mediating variable (social support) and dependent variable (caregiver’s stress). Findings showed that there were no significant direct relation between aspects of caregiving as well as extraversion, neuroticism and openness personality traits with stress. Whereas, conscientiousness and agreeableness personality traits were significantly related to stress of caregivers. Results also revealed that social support acts as a potential mediator between aspects of caregiving and stress as well as extraversion, openness, agreeableness personality traits and stress. Findings also found that agreeableness was the strongest predictor of stress of caregivers. This study presented new information to researchers and practitioners to identify strongest predictors of stress in caregivers along the stress continuum process. It illustrates the distinctive impact of personality and social support on caregiver’s stress. Therefore, helps in developing and implementing effective interventions to fulfill caregiver’s needs must be enhanced in order to reduce their stress level and improve their quality of life. 2017 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/6927/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/6927/1/DepositPermission_s900377.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6927/2/s900377_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6927/3/s900377_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdelmoneium, A. O. & Alharahsheh, S. T. (2016). Family home caregivers for old persons in the Arab region: Perceived challenges and policy implications. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 4, 151-164. Ahmad, K. (2012). Informal caregivers to chronically ill older family members: Caregiver’s experiences and problems. A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 27, 101-120. Ain, Q. U., Dar, N. Z., Ahmad, A., Munzar, S., & Yousafzai, A. W. (2014). Caregiver stress in stroke survivor: Data from a tertiary care hospital-a cross sectional survey. BioMed Central Psychology, 2(1), 49. Alderfer, M. A., Cnaan, A., Annunziato, R. A., & Kazak, A. E. (2005). Patterns of posttraumatic stress symptoms in parents of childhood cancer survivors. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(3), 430–440. Aldrich, N. (2011). CDC seeks to protect health of family caregivers. Retrieved from: http://www.chronicdisease.org/nacddinitiatives/ healthyaging/meetingrecords/HA_CIB_Healthof FamilyCaregivers.pdf/view. Al-Gamal, E., & Long, T. (2013). Psychological distress and perceived support among Jordanian parents living with a child with cerebral palsy: A crosssectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 27(3), 624631. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2012.01071.x Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Allred, A., Granger, M., & Hogstrom, T. (2013). The relationship between academic major, personality type, and stress in college students. Eukaryon, 9. Alves, D. F. S., Guirardello, E. B., & Kurashima, A. Y. (2013). Stress related to care: The impact of childhood cancer on the lives of parents. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 2, 356-362. American Cancer Society (2011). Breast cancer facts & figures 2011-2012. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Inc. American Cancer Society. (2016). Global Cancer Facts & Figures 3rd Edition. Atlanta: American Cancer Society. American Psychological Association [APA]. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/about/publications/ caregivers/research/methods/definition.aspx Aneshensel, C., Pearlin, L., Mullan, J., Zarit, S., & Whitlatch, C. (1995). Profiles in Caregiving, The Unexpected Career. San Diego: Academic Press. Ansa, T., & Mahmood, K. (2014). The relationship of stress and hopelessness among caregivers of life threatening illnesses. Journal of education and practice, 5(23), 19-23. Ansari, B., & Qureshi, S. S. (2013). Stress and coping in caregivers of cancer patients. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(11), 35-39. Anthony, J., Erin, G., Julie, R., Mark, H., Francis, S., Klea, B., Joshua, F., & Peter, F. (2012). Does applicant personality influence multiple mini-interview performance and medical school acceptance offers? Academic Medicine, 87(9), 1250-1259. Arffman & Reeta. (2013). Social support promoting coping for caregivers caring of people with Alzheimer’s disease. PhD Thesis Arisha, Q., Seema, Z. L., & Ghazala, R. (2013). Perceptions of primary caregivers of children with disabilities in two communities from Sindh and Baluchistan, Pakistan. Disability, CBR and Inclusive Development Journal, 24(1). doi 10.5463/DCID.v24i1.193 Asima, M. K., Rizwan, T., Arfeen, F., & Farhana, K. (2015). Quality of life of caregivers and non-caregivers. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical. Sciences, 11(1), 35-39. Atherton, O. E., Robins, R. W., Rentfrow, P. J., Lamb, M. E. (2014). Personality correlates of risky health outcomes. Journal of Research in Personality, 50, 56-60. Axia, G., Tremolada, M., Pillon, M., Zanesco, L., & Carli, M. (2006). Posttraumatic stress symptoms during treatment in mothers of children with leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24(14), 2216-2217. Aziz, Z., Sana, S., Akram, M., & Saeed, A. (2004). Socioeconomic status and breast cancer survival in Pakistani women. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 54, 448-453. Back, M., Stopfer, J., Vazire, S., Gaddis, S., Schmukle, S., Egloff, B., & Gosling, D. (2010). Facebook profiles reflect actual personality, not selfidealization. Psychological Science, 21(3), 372-374. doi:10.1177/0956797609360756 Badar, F. (2013). Cancer registration in Pakistan. Journal of College of Physicians and Surgeons, 23(8), 611-612. Bagozzi, R. P. (2011). Measurement and meaning in information systems and organizational research: Methodological and philosophical foundations. MIS Quarterly, 35(2), 261–292. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94. Bakker, A. B., Van der Zee, K. I., Lewig, K. A., & Dollard, M. F. (2006). The relationship between the Big Five personality factors and burnout: A study among volunteer counselors. Journal of Social Psychology, 146, 31–50. Barlett, C. P., & Anderson, C. A. (2012). Direct and indirect relations between the Big five personality traits and aggressive and violent behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 870–875. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. Bartolo, M., Luca, D. D., Serrao, M., Sinforiani, E., Zucchella, C., & Sandrini, G. (2010). Caregiver burden and needs in community neurorehabilitation. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 42, 818–822. Beattie, S., & Lebel, S. (2011). The experience of caregivers of hematological cancer patients undergoing a hematopoietic stem cell transplant: A comprehensive literature review. Psycho-Oncology, 20(11), 1137–1150. Bevans, M. F., & Sternberg, E. M. (2012). Caregiving burden, stress, and health effects among family caregivers of adult cancer patients. Journal of the American Medical Association, 307(4), 398–403. Bhurgri, Y., Bhurgri, A., Hassan, S. H., Zaidi, S. H., Rahim. A., & Sankaranarayanan, R. (2000). Cancer incidence in Karachi, Pakistan: First results from Karachi cancer registry. International Journal of Cancer, 85(3), 325–329. Bhurgri, Y., Bhurgri, A., Nishter, S., Ahmed, A., Usman, A., Pervez, S., Kayani, N.,…Bashir, I. (2006). Pakistan - Country profile of cancer and cancer control 1995-2004. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 56(3), 124-130. Bhurgri, Y., Pervez, S., Bhurgri, A., Faridi, N., Usman, A.,…Kazi, L. A. (2005). Increasing incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Karachi, 1995-2002. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 3, 364-369. Bhurgri, Y., Pervez, S., Usman, A., Khan, J. A., Bhurgri, A., & Kasi, Q. (2002). Cancer patterns in Quetta (1998–1999). Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 52(12), 560–565. Biegel, D. E., Sales, E., & Schulz, R. (1991). Family caregiving in chronic illness. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Billings, A., & Moos, R. (1984). Coping, stress and social resources among adults with unipolar depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 877-891. Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2004). Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: A meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychological Bulletin, 130(6), 887-919. Boman, K. K., Kjallander, Y., Eksborg, S., & Becker, J. (2013). Impact of prior traumatic life events on parental early stage reactions following a child’s cancer. Plos One, 8(3), e57556. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057556 Borneman, T., Bluman, O., Klein, L., Thomas, J., Ferrell, B. (2013) Spiritual care for Jewish patients facing a life threatening illness. Journal of Palliative Care, 29(1) 58-62. Borneman, T., Sun, V., Williams, A. C., Fujinami, R., Del Ferraro, C., Burhenn, P., Irish, T…., Buga, S. (2015). Support for patients and family caregivers in lung cancer: educational components of an interdisciplinary palliative care intervention. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 17(4), 309-318. doi: 10.1097/njh.0000000000000165 Brant, J. M., Beck, S. L., Dudley, W. N., Cobb, P., Pepper, G., & Miaskowski, C. (2011). Symptom trajectories during chemotherapy in outpatients with lung cancer colorectal cancer, or lymphoma. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 15(5), 470–477. doi: 10.1016/j.ejon.2010.12.002. Bray, F., Jemal, A., Grey, N., Ferlay, J., & Forman, D. (2012). Global cancer transitions according to the Human Development Index (2008-2030): A population based study. Lancet Oncology, 13, 790-801. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70211-5 Bruce, M. (2006). A Systematic and conceptual review of posttraumatic stress in childhood cancer survivors and their parents. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(3), 233-256. Buss, D. (1995). Evolutionary Psychology: A new paradigm for psychological science. Psychological Inquiry, 6(11), 1-30. Canadian Caregiver Coalition. (2012). A caring voice newsletter: Respite. Ottawa: Author. Carbonneau, H., Caron, C., & Desrosiers, J. (2010), Development of a conceptual framework of positive aspects of caregiving in dementia. Dementia, 9(3) 327–353. doi:10.1177/1471301210375316 Carter, J. H., Lyons, K. S., Stewart, B. J., & Archbold, P. G. (2010). Does age make a difference in caregiver strain? Comparison of young versus older caregivers in early-stage Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 25, 724–730. doi: 10.1002/mds.22888 Casale, M., & Wild, L. (2012). The relationship between social support and the health of HIV-positive caregivers of children: A review of the empirical literature, vulnerable children and youth studies. An International Interdisciplinary Journal for Research, Policy and Care, 7(3), 260-282. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2012.668232 Casale, M., Cluver, L., Crankshaw, T., Kuo, C., Lachman, J. M. & Wild, L. G. (2015). Direct and indirect effects of caregiver social support on adolescent psychological outcomes in two South African AIDS-affected communities. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55, 336–346. doi:10.1007/s10464-015-9705-3 Cattell, R. B. (1950). Personality: A systematic, theoretical and factual study. New York: McGraw Hill. Chambers, S. K., Girgis, A., Occhipinti, S., Hutchison, S., Turner, J., Morris, B., & Dunn, J. (2012). Psychological distress and unmet supportive care needs in cancer patients and carers who contact cancer help lines. European Journal of Cancer Care, 21(2), 213–223. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2011.01288.x Chapman, B. P., Hampson, S., & Clarkin, J. (2014). Personality informed interventions for healthy aging: conclusions from a National Institute on Aging Work Group. Developmental Psychology, 50(5), 1426–1441. doi: 10.1037/a0034135 Chapman, B. P., Roberts, B. W., & Duberstein, P. R. (2011). Personality and longevity: Knowns, unknowns, and implications for public health and personalized medicine. Journal of Aging Research, 1–24. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/759170 Chapman, B. P., Weiss, P., Fiscella, K., Muennig, P., Kawachi, I., & Duberstein, P. (2015). Mortality risk prediction: can comorbidity indices be improved with psychosocial data? Medical Care, 53(11),909–915. Children and adolescents cancer statistics. (2016). American Cancer Society. Chin, W. W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses. In V. E. Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares (pp. 655-690). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189–217. Chou, C. P., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Estimates and tests in structural equation modeling. In Rick, H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications (pp. 37-55). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Clay, O. J., Grant, J. S., Wadley, V. G., Perkins, M. M., Haley, W. E., & Roth, D. L. (2013). Correlates of health-related quality of life in African American and Caucasian stroke caregivers. Rehabilitation Psychology, 58(1), 28–35. doi: 10.1037/a0031726 Cloninger, C., (2004). Feeling Good: The Science of Well Being, Oxford University Press, New York: NY. Cohen J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Science (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Cohen, J. (1969). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (1sted.). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59, 676–684. Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357. Collins, L. G., & Swartz, K. (2011). Caregiver Care. American Family Physician, 83(11). Compas, B. E., Jaser, S., Dunn, M. J., & Rodriguez, E. M. (2012). Coping with chronic illness in childhood and adolescence. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 455–480. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143108 Compas, B., Schetter, C. D., Abdou, C. M., Hobel, C. J., Glynn, L. M., & Sandman, C. A. Familialism, social support and stress: positive implications for pregnant Latinas. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(2), 155-162. doi: 10.1037/1099-9809.14.2.155 Connor-Smith, J. K., & Flaschbart, C. (2007). Relations between personality and coping: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1080–1087. Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2008). Business research method (10th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI):Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1995). Domains and facets: Hierarchical personality assessment using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64, 21-50. Cousino, M. K., & Hazen. (2013). Parenting stress among caregivers of children with chronic illness: A systematic review. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 38(8), 809. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst049 Cramm, J. M., & Nieboer, A. P. (2011). Psychological well-being of caregivers of children with intellectual disabilities: using parental stress as a mediating factor. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 15(2), 101-113. doi:10.1177/1744629511410922 Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). California: Sage Curran-Everett, D., Taylor, S., & Kafadar, K. (1998). Fundamental concepts in statistics: Elucidation and illustration. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85, 775–86. Dale, W., Mohile, S., Eldatah, B., Trimble, E., Schilsky, R., Cohen, H., Muss, H.,…Hurria, A. (2012). Biological, clinical, and psychosocial correlates at the interface of cancer and aging research. The Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 104(8), 581-589. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djs145. Dantas, M. S. A., Pontes, J. F., Assis, W. D., & Collet, N. (2012). Family’s abilities and difficulties in caring for children with cerebral palsy. Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem, 33(3), 73-80. doi:10.1590/S1983-14472012000300010 Das, S., Hazra, A., Ray, B., Ghosal, M., & Banerjee, T. (2010). Stroke. Journal of American Heart Association, 41, 2965–2968. David, J. P., & Suls, J. (1999). Coping efforts in daily life: Role of big five traits and problem appraisals. Journal of Personality, 67, 265–294. Diamantopoulos, A., & Winklhofer, H. (2001). Index construction with formative indicators: An alternative to scale development. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), 269-277. Djundeva. M., Mills, M., Wittek, R., & Steverink, N. (2015). Receiving instrumental support in late parent-child relationships and parental depression. Journals of Gerontology Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70, 981–994. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu136 Docherty, S. L., Thaxton, C., Allison, C., Barfield, R. C, & Tamburro, R. F. (2012). The nursing dimension of providing palliative care to children and adolescents with cancer. Clinical Medicine Insights: Pediatrics, 6, 75-88. doi: 10.4137/CMPed Driscoll, K., Johnson, S., Barker, D., Quittner, A., Deeb, L., Geller, D. E., Gondor, M., & Silverstein, J. H. (2010). Risk factors associated with depressive symptoms in caregivers of children with type 1diabetes or cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35, 814-822. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsp138 Drost, E. (2011). Validity and reliability in social science research. Education Research and Perspectives, 38(1), 105-123. Duggan, K., Friedman, H., McDevitt, E., & Mednick, S. (2014). Personality and healthy sleep: The importance of conscientiousness and neuroticism. PLoS ONE 9(3): e90628. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090628 Dumitru, V. M., Cozman, D. (2012). The relationship between stress and personality factors. Human and Veterinary Medicine, 4, 34-39. Retrieved from: hvm.bioflux.com.ro Dunn, M. J., Rodriguez, E. M., Barnwell, A. S., Grossenbacher, J. C., Vannatta, K., Gerhardt, C. A., & Compas, B. E. (2012). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in parents of children with cancer within six months of diagnosis. Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 31(2), 176–185. doi: 10.1037/a0025545 Duxbury, L., Higgins, C., & Smart, R. (2011). Elder care and the impact of caregiver strain on the health of employed caregivers. Work, 40, 29-40. doi:10.3233/WOR 2011-1204 Ellis, J. (2012). The impact of lung cancer on patients and carers. Chronic Respiratory Disease Journal, 9, 39-47. doi: 10.1177/1479972311433577 Eloise, H., Tew, S. L., Naismith, Pereira, M., & Simon, J. G. (2013). Quality of life in Parkinson's disease caregivers: The contribution of personality traits. BioMed Research International. doi:10.1155/2013/151872 Ensel, W. M., & Lin, N. (1991). The life stress paradigm and psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32, 321-341. Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W. W., Henseler, J., & Wang, H. (2010). Editorial: Perspectives on partial least squares. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications (pp. 1–813). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. Eysenck, H. J. (1991). Dimensions of personality: 16, 5 or 3? Criteria for a taxonomic paradigm. Personality and individual differences, 12, 773-790. Family Caregiver Alliance. (2011). Caregivers count too! A toolkit to help practitioners assess the needs of family caregivers. San Francisco, California: Family Caregiver Alliance. Ferguson, E. (2013). Personality is of central concern to understand health: towards a theoretical model for health psychology. Journal of health psychology review, 1, 532-570. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2010.547985 Fernandes, C., Muller, R., & Rodin, G. (2012). Predictors of parenting stress in patients with hematological cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 30(1), 81-96. doi: 10.1080/07347332.2011.633978 Ferrell, B. R., Hanson, J., & Grant, M. G. (2012). An overview and evaluation of the oncology family caregiver project: Improving quality of life and quality of care for oncology family caregivers. Psycho-Oncology. doi:10.1002/pon.3198 Ferrell, B., & Baird, P. (2012). Deriving meaning and faith in caregiving. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 28(4), 256-261. doi: 10.1016/j.soncn.2012.09.008. Finch, J. F., Baranik, L. E., Liu, Y., & West, S. G. (2012). Physical health, positive and negative affect, and personality: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of research in psychology, 46, 537-545. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2012.05.013 Fink, A. (2002). How to sample in surveys: The survey kit (7th ed.). California: Sage. Fisher, C. (2010). Researching and writing a dissertation: A guidebook for business students (3rd ed.). England: Pearson Education Limited Fisher, L., & Dickinson, W. P. (2014). Psychology and primary care: New collaborations for providing effective care for adults with chronic health conditions. American Psychologist, 69, 355–363. doi: 10.1037/a0036101 Fiske, D. W. (1949). Consistency of the factorial structures of personality rating from different sources. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 44, 329-344. Floyd, A., Dedert, E., Ghate, S., Salmon, P., Weissbecker, I., Studts, J. L., & Sephton, S. E. (2011). Depression may mediate the relationship between sense of coherence and quality of life in lung cancer patients. Journal of Health Psychology, 16(2), 249–257. doi: 10.1177/1359105310371856 Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21(30), 219-239. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 39-50. Friedman, H. S., Kern, M. L., Hampson, S. E., & Duckworth, A. L. (2013). A new life-span approach to conscientiousness and health: Combining the pieces of the causal puzzle. Developmental Psychology, 10, 1037/a0030373. doi: 10.1037/a0030373 Fujinami, R., Sun, V., Zachariah, F., Uman, G., Grant, M., & Ferrell, B. (2014). Family caregivers' distress levels related to quality of life, burden, and preparedness. Psycho-Oncology. doi: 10.1002/pon.3562. Funder, D. C., (2004). The personality puzzle (3rd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton Gandhi, P.K., Ried, L. D., Huang, I. C., Kimberlin, C. L., & Kauf, T. L. (2013). Assessment of response shift using two structural equation modeling techniques. Quality of Life Research, 22(3), 461–471. Doi: 10.1007/s11136-016-1290-x Gariépy, G., Honkaniemi, H., & Quesnel-Vallée, A. (2016). Social support and protection from depression: Systematic review of current findings in Western countries. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 169094. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.16909 Garlo, K., O’Leary, J. R, Van Ness, P-H., & Fried, T. R. (2010). Burden in caregivers of older adults with advanced illness. Journal of the American Geriatric Society. 58(12), 2315-2322. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03177.x Ghufran, M., Andrades, M., & Nanji, K. (2014). Frequency and severity of depression among mothers of children with cancer: Results from a teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. British Journal of Medical Practitioners, 7(1), 701-705. Giesbrecht, G. F., Poole, J. C., Letourneau, N., Campbell, T., & Kaplan, B. J. (2013). The buffering effect of social support on hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis function during pregnancy. Psychosomatic Medicine, 75(9), 856–62. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000004 Given, B., & Grant, M. (2012). Studies of caregivers of older patients needed. Journal of Geriatric Oncology, 3(4), 295-298. doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2012.07.007 Given, B., Given, C., & Sherwood, P. (2012). The challenge of quality cancer care for family caregivers. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 28(4), 205-212. doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2012.09.002 Gjesfjeld, C., Greeno, C., & Kim, K. (2008). A confirmatory analysis of an abbreviated social support instrument: The MOS-SSS. Research on Social Work Practice, 10(10), 1-7. Gjesfjeld, C., Greeno, C., & Kim, K., & Anderson, C. (2010). Economic stress, social support, and maternal depression: Is social support deterioration occurring? Social Work Research, 34(3), 135–143. Godwin, K. M., Swank, P. R., Vaeth, P., & Ostwald, S. K. (2013). The longitudinal and dyadic effects of mutuality on perceived stress for stroke survivors and their spousal caregivers. Aging and Mental Health, 17(4), 423–431. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2012.756457 Goldberg, L. R. (1981). Language and individual differences: The search for universals in personality lexicons. In L. Wheeler (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology, (Vol. 2, pp. 141- 165). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. The American Psychologist, 48(1), 26-34. Gonzalez-Abraldes, I., Millan-Calenti, J. C., Loorenzo-Lopez, & L., Maseda, A. (2013). The influence of neuroticism and extraversion on the perceived burden of dementia caregivers: An exploratory study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatics, 56(1), 91-5. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.07.011 Gottlieb, B. H. (2000). Selecting and planning support interventions. In S. Cohen, L. Underwood, & B. H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and interventions: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 195–220). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Gotz, O., Liehr-Gobbers, K., & Krafft, M. (2010). Evaluation of structural equation models using the partial least squares (PLS) approach. Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 691–711). Springer. Grabel, E., & Adabbo, R. (2011). Perceived burden of informal caregivers of a chronically ill older family member: Burden in the context of the Transactional Stress Model of Lazarus and Folkman. GeroPsych, 24(3), 143-154. Grant, M., & Ferrell, B. R. (2012). Oncology family caregivers: Introduction. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 28(4), 203-204. doi:10.1013/j.soncn.2012.09.001 Grant, M., Sun, V., Fujinami, R., Sidhu, R., Otis-Green, S., Juarez, G., Klein, L., & Ferrell, B. (2013). Family caregiver burden, skills preparedness, and quality of life in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncology Nursing forum, 40(4), 337-346. doi: 10.1188/13.ONF Greener, S. (2008). Business research methods. BookBoon. Retrieved from:http://www.bookboon.com Greening, L., & Stoppelbein, L. (2007). Brief report: Pediatric cancer, parental coping style and risk for depressive, posttraumatic stress and anxiety symptoms. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 1272-1277. Grover, S., & Dutt, A. (2011). Perceived burden and quality of life of caregivers in obsessive- compulsive disorder. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 65, 416–422. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02240.x Gujarati, D. N. (2010). Essentials of econometrics. McGraw-Hill Gurven, M., von Rueden, C., Massenkoff, M., Kaplan, H., & Vie, M. L. (2013). How Universal Is the Big Five? Testing the Five-Factor Model of Personality Variation among Forager–Farmers in the Bolivian Amazon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), 354–370. doi: 10.1037/a0030841 Guyard, A., Fauconnier, J., Mermet, M. A., & Cans, C. (2011). Impact on parents of cerebral palsy in children: A literature review. Archives de Pédiatrie, 18(2), 204-214. doi:10.1016/j. arcped.2010.11.008 Haenlein, M., & Kaplan, A. M. (2004). A beginner’s guide to partial least squares analysis. Understanding Statistics, 3(4), 283–297. Haenlein, M., & Kaplan, A. M. (2011). The influence of observed heterogeneity on path coefficient significance: Technology acceptance within the marketing discipline. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 153–168. Hahn, E., Gottschling, J., & Spinath, F. (2012). Short measurements of personality-validity and reliability of the GSOEP Big Five Inventory (BFIS). Journal of Research in Personality, 46(3), 355-359. Hair Jr., J. F., Black, J. W., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, E. R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. Hair Jr., J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–12. doi:10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128 Hair, J. F., Gabriel, M. L., & Patel, V. K. (2014). AMOS Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM): Guidelines on its Application as a Marketing Research Tool. Revista Brasileira de Marketing, 13(02), 44-55. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). A primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks: Sage. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–151. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Pieper, T. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2012). The use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in strategic management research: A review of past practices and recommendations for future applications. Long Range Planning, 45(5-6), 320–340. Hakala, H. (2013). Entrepreneurial and learning orientation: Effects on growth and profitability in the software sector. Baltic Journal of Management, 8(1), 102–118. Hampson, S. E. (2012). Personality processes: Mechanisms by which personality traits ‘‘get outside the skin.’’ Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 315–339. Hampson, S. E., Edmonds, G. W., Goldberg, L. R., Dubanoski, J. P., & Hillier, T. A. (2015). A life-span behavioral mechanism relating childhood conscientiousness to adult clinical health. Health Psychology, 34, 887–895. doi: 10.1037/hea0000209 Hanif, M., Zaidi, P., Kamal, S., & Hameed, A. (2009). Institution-based cancer incidence in a local population in Pakistan: Nine year data analysis. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 10, 227-230. Hanson, J., Ferrell, B., & Grant, M. (2013). Website and resources for cancer family caregivers. Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology, 4(4), 269-272. Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408–420. Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling [White paper]. Retrieved from http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2010). Quantifying and testing indirect effects in simple mediation models when the constituent paths are nonlinear. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45, 627–660. Henseler, J., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Goodness-of-fit indices for partial least squares path modeling. Computational Statistics, 28(2), 565–580. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling in International Marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20(1), 277-319. Hermanns, M., & Mastel-Smith, B. (2012). Caregiving: A qualitative concept analysis. The Qualitative Report, 17(75), 1-18. Hexem, K. R., Mollen, C. J., Carroll, K., Lanctot, D. A., & Feudtner, C. (2011). How parents of children receiving pediatric palliative care use religion, spirituality, or life philosophy in tough times. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 14(1), 39–44. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2010.0256 Hill, P. L., Weston, S. J., & Jackson, J. J. (2014). Connecting social environment variables to the onset of major specific health outcomes. Psychology & Health, 29(7), 753-767. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2014.884221 Ho, B., Friedland, J., & Rappolt, S., et al. (2003). Caregiving for relatives with Alzheimer’s disease: Feelings of Chinese-Canadian women. Journal of Aging Studies, 17, 301-321. Hoerger, M., Coletta, M., Sörensen, S., Chapman, B., Kaukeinen, K., XinTu., & Duberstein, P. (2016). Personality and Perceived Health in Spousal Caregivers of Patients with Lung Cancer: The Roles of Neuroticism and Extraversion. Journal of Aging Research, 7. doi:10.1155/2016/5659793 Hogan R. (1991). Personality and personality measurement. In M. D. Dunnette, & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., pp. 327– 396). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T., & Layton, J. (2010). Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta- Analytic Review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), e1000316. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241(4865), 540-545. Howlader, N., Noone, A., Krapcho, M., Neyman, N., Aminou, R., Waldron, W.,…Edwards, B. (2013). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2010. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Hoyle, R. H., & Robinson, J. C. (2004). Mediated and moderated effects in social psychological research: Measurement design and analysis issues. In C. Sansone, C. C. Morf, & A. T. Panter (Eds), The Sage handbook of methods in social psychology (pp. 213–233). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Huang, J. P., Xia, W., Sun, C. H., Zhang, H. Y., Wu, L. J. (2009). Psychological distress and its correlates in Chinese adolescents. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 674–680. Hudson., Roberts., & Lodi-Smith. (2012). Social investment in work reliably predicts change in conscientiousness and agreeableness: A direct replication and extension of Hudson, Roberts, and Lodi-Smith. Journal of Research in Personality, 60, 12-23. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2015.09.004 International Agency for Research on Cancer [IARC]. (2016). Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, 1, 114. Iqbal, A., & Siddiqui, K. S. (2002). Depression among parents of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 14, 6-9. Jarvis, C. B., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2003). A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(3), 199-218. John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin, & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (Vol. 2, pp. 102–138). New York: Guilford Press. John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 114-158). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Juarez, G., Branin, J., Rosales, M. (2014). The cancer caregiving experience of caregivers of Mexican Ancestry. Hispanic Health Care International, 12(3), 120-129. doi:10.1891/1540-4153.12.3.120 Jurbergs, N., Long, A., Ticonia, L., & Phipps, S. (2009). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress in parents of children with cancer: Are they elevated relative to parents of healthy children? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34, 4–13. Kelly, D. H., McGinley, J. L., Huxham, F., Menz, H, B., Watts, J., Iansek, R.,…Morris, M. (2012). Health-related quality of life and strain in caregivers of Australians with Parkinson’s disease: An observational study. BMC Neurology, 12(57). doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-12-57 Kerenhappachu, M. S., & Sridevi, G. (2014). Care giver’s burden and perceived social support in mothers of children with mental retardation. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(4), 1-6. doi:10.1007/s00467-013-2532-6 Khamarko, K., & Myers, J. (2013). The influence of social support on the lives of HIV-infected individuals in low -and middle income countries. World Health organization. Kilis-Pstrusinska, K., Wasilewska, A., Medynska, A., Grenda, R., Kluska-Jozwaik., Leszczynska, B.,…Zwolinska, D. (2013). Psychosocial aspects of children and families of children treated with automated peritoneal dialysis. Journal of Pediatric Nephrology, 28(11), 2157-2167. doi:10.1007/s00467-013-2532-6 Kim, J. H., & Knight, B. G. (2008). Effects of caregiver status, coping styles, and social support on the physical health of Korean American caregivers. Gerontologist, 48, 287–299. doi: 10.1093/geront/48.3.287 Kim, M. (2012). Relationship between types of social support, coping strategies and psychological distress in individuals living with congenital heart disease. PhD Thesis. King, H. R., Jackson, J. J., Morrow-Howell, N., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2014). Personality accounts for the connection between volunteering and health. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70, 691–697. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbu012 Knight, B. G., & Sayegh, P. (2010). Cultural values and caregiving: The updated sociocultural stress and coping model. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 65(1), 5–13. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbp096 Kohler, B. A., Sherman, R. L., Howlader, N., Jemal, A., Ryerson, A. B., Henry, K. A.,…Penberthy, L. (2015). Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2011, featuring incidence of breast cancer subtypes by race/ethnicity, poverty, and state. Journal of National Cancer Institute, 107(6). doi: 10.1093/jnci/djv048 Kohlsdorf., Marina., Costa Junior., & Luiz, A. (2012). Psychosocial impact of pediatric cancer on parents: a literature review. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 22(51), 119-129. doi: 10.1590/S0103-863X2012000100014 Kong, F., & You, X. (2013). Loneliness and self-esteem as mediators between social support and life satisfaction in late adolescence. Social Indicators Research, 110(1), 271–279. Kong, F., Zhao, J., & You, X. (2013). Self-esteem as mediator and moderator of the relationship between social support and subjective well-being among Chinese university students. Social Indicators Research, 112(1), 151–161. doi: 10.1111/j.1099-0860.1997.tb00003. xMayall, B. (2000). Krejcie, R. V., and Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610. Krok, D. (2014). Religiousness and social support as predictive factors for mental health outcomes. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 2, 65-76. Kruithof, W. J., Visser-Meily, J. M. A., & Post, M. W. M. (2012). Positive caregiving experiences are associated with life satisfaction in spouses of stroke survivors. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, 21, 801–807. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.04.011 Kudubes, A. A., & Bektas, M., & Ugur, O. (2014). Symptom frequency of children with cancer and parent quality of life in Turkey. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15, 3487-3493. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.8.3487 Kumar, R. (2011). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. Kuo, C., Fitzgerald, J., Operario, D., & Casale, M. (2012). Social support disparities for caregivers of AIDS-orphaned children in South Africa. Journal of Community Psychology, 40(6), 631–644. doi:10.1002/jcop.20521 Lai, D. (2012). Effect of financial costs on caregiving burden of family caregivers of older adults. Sage Open, 2. Lakey, B., & Orehek, E. (2011). Relational regulation theory: A new approach to explain the link between perceived social support and mental health. Psychological review, 118(3), 482-495. doi: 10.1037/a0023477 Larsen, R. J., & Buss, D. M. (2005). Personality psychology: Domains of knowledge about human nature (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Lau, K. M., Phil, M., & Au. A. (2011). Correlates of informal caregiver distress in Parkinson’s disease: A Meta-analysis. Clinical Gerontologist, 34, 117-131. doi:10.1080/07317115.2011.539521 Lautenschlager, N. T., Kirz, A. F., Lois, S., & Cramer, B. (2013). Personality of mental health caregivers. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 26(1), 97-101. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835997b3. Lazaridès, A., Bélanger, C., & Sabourin, S. (2010). Personality as moderator of the relationship between communication and couple stability. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 6(2), 11-31. doi: 10.5964/ejop.v6i2.182 Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisals and coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company Lench, H.C. (2011). Personality and health outcomes: making positive expectations a reality. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(3), 493-507. doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9212-z Lima, M. B. S., Afonso, T., & Silva, S. C. (2015). Primary caregivers of autistic children in the Amazon. Apae Ciência, 2(1), 21-36. Retrieved from http://apaeciencia.org.br/index. php/revista/article/ view/62/30 Lima, M. B. S., Cardoso, V. S., & Silva, S. S. C. (2016). Parental stress and social support of caregivers of cerebral palsy children. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 26(64), 207-214. doi:10.1590/1982-43272664201608 Lindahl-Norberg, A., Lindblad, F., & Boman, K. K. (2006). Support seeking, perceived support, and anxiety in mothers and fathers after children’s cancer treatment. Psycho-Oncology, 15(4), 335–343. Lisa, L. O. (2013). The Modified Caregiver Strain Index (MCSI). Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, 14. Litzelman, K., Catrine, K., Gangnon, R., & Witt, W. P. (2011). Quality of life among parents of children with cancer or brain tumors: The impact of child characteristics and parental psychosocial factors. Quality of Life Research, 20, 1261-1269. Lockenhoff, C. E., & Carstensen, L. (2004). Socio-emotional selectivity theory, aging and health: the increasingly delicate balance between regulating emotions and making tough choices. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1395– 1424. Lockenhoff, C. E., Duberstein, P. R., Friedman, B., & Costa Jr., P. T. (2011). Fivefactor personality traits and subjective health among caregivers: the role of caregiver strain and self-efficacy. Psychology and Aging, 26(3), 592– 604. doi:10.1037/a0022209 Lockwood, C. M., & MacKinnon, D. P. (1998). Bootstrapping the standard error of the mediated effect. In 23rd annual meeting of SAS Users Group International (pp. 997–1002). Cary: NC Long, K. A., & Marsland, A. L. (2011). Family adjustment to childhood cancer: A systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 57–88. doi: 10.1007/s10567-010-0082-z Lopez, M., & Cooper, L. (2011). Social Support Measures Review. Final report. National center for Latino child and Family Research. Lou, V. W. (2006). Factors related to the psychological well-being of parents of children with leukemia in China. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 24(3), 75–88. Lowry, P. B., & Gaskin, J. (2014). Partial Least Squares (PLS) Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for building and testing behavioral causal theory: When to choose it and how to use it. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 57(2), 123–146. Lund, L., Ross, L., Peterson, M. A., & Groenvold, M. (2015). The interaction between informal cancer caregivers and health care professionals: A survey of caregivers’ experiences of problems and unmet needs. Support Care Cancer, 23(6), 1719-1733. doi:10.1007/s00520-014-2529-0 MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593–614. MacKinnon, D. P., Fritz, M. S., Williams, J., & Lockwood, C. M. (2007). Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: program PRODCLIN. Behavior Research Methods, 39(3), 384–389. Majerovitz, S. D. (2001). Formal versus informal support: Stress buffering among dementia caregivers. Journal of Mental Health and Aging, 7, 413-423. Majid, S., & Abidi, M. (2013). Quality of life and coping styles of care-givers of patients suffering from thalassemia major. International Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(10), 41-48. Marcoulides, G. A., & Saunders, C. (2006). PLS: A Silver Bullet? MIS Quarterly, 30(2), 3-5. Marcoulides, G., Chin, W., & Saunders, C. (2009). A critical look at partial least squares modeling. MIS Quarterly, 33(1), 171–175 Marcusen, C. (2010). Information and communication needs of individuals living with advanced cancer. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 26, 151-156. doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2010.05.006 Marnie, B. M. (2008). The role of personality following the September 11th terrorist attacks: big five trait combinations and interactions in explaining distress and coping. PhD Thesis. Marsland, A. L., Long, K. A., Howe, C., Thompson, A. L., Tersak, J., & Ewing, L. J. (2013). A pilot trial of a stress management intervention for primary caregivers of children newly diagnosed with cancer: Preliminary evidence that perceived social support moderates the psychosocial benefit of intervention. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 38(4), 449–461. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jss173 Martin, A. C., & Keats, M. R. (2014). The impact of yoga on quality of life and psychological distress in caregivers for patients with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 41(3), 257-264. doi: 10.1188/14.ONF Masood. J., Beenish, Q., Zubia, M., & Shaukat, A. J. (2010). Disclosure of cancer diagnosis: Pakistani patients’ perspective. Middle East Journal of Cancer, 1(2), 89–94. Maulik, P. K., Eaton, W. W., Bradshaw, C. P (2011). The effect of social networks and social support on mental health services use, following a life event, among the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area cohort. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 38(1), 29–50. doi:10.1007/s11414-009-9205-z McCarthy, B. (2011). Family members of patients with cancer: What they know, how they know and what they want to know. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 15, 428-441. doi: 10.1016/j.ejon.2010.10.009 McCrae, R. R. & John, O. P. (1992). An Introduction to the Five-Factor Model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60, 175-215. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x McCrae, R. R. (2005). Personality structure. In B. A. Winstead, V. J. Derlega, & W. H. Jones (Eds.), Personality: Contemporary theory and research (pp. 192-216). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P.T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81-90. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, PT. (2003). Personality in adulthood. New York, NY: Guilford. Meecharoen, W., Northouse, L. L., Sirapo-ngam, Y., & Monkong, S. (2013). Family caregivers for cancer patients in Thailand: An integrative review. Sage Open, 1-10. doi:10.1177/2158244013500280 Melo, G., Maroco, J., & de Mendonça, A. (2011). Influence of personality on caregiver’s burden, depression and distress related to the BPSD. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26(12), 1275-1282. doi:10.1002/gps.2677 Mitnick, S., Leffler, C., & Hood, V. L. (2010). Family caregivers, patients and physicians: ethical guidance to optimize relationships. Journal of General Internal Medicine. doi 10.1007/s11606-0091206-3. Molassiotis, A., Wilson, B., Blair, S., Howe, T., & Cavet, J. (2011). Living with multiple myeloma: experiences of patients and their informal caregivers. Supportive Care in Cancer, 19, 101–111. doi: 10.1007/s00520-009-0793-1 Monat, A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Stress and coping--some current issues and controversies. In A. Monat, & R. S. Lazarus (Eds.), Stress and Coping (pp. 1-15). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Munsell, P. E., Kilmer, R. P., Cook, J. R., & Reeve, C. L. (2012). The effects of caregiver social connections on caregiver, child and family well-being. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82, 137-145. Murphy, S. L., Xu, J., & Kochanek, K. D. (2013). Deaths: Final Data for 2010. National Vital Statistics Reports. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 61(4). Nakaya, N., Bidstrup, P. E., Saito-Nakaya, K., Frederiksen, K., Koskenvuo, M., Pukkala, E.,...Johansen, C. (2010). Personality traits and cancer risk and survival based on Finnish and Swedish registry data. American Journal of Epidemiology, 172, 377–385. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwq046 Narayan, S. M., Varghese, M., Hepburn, K., Lewis, M., Paul, I., & Bhimani, R. (2015). Caregiving experiences of family members of persons with dementia in South India. American Journal of Alzheimer's disease and other Dementias, 30(5), 508-516. doi: 10.1177/15333175145675 National Cancer Institute, 2015 Navneet Kaur. (2014). Caregiving burden and social support among caregivers of schizophrenic patients. Delhi psychiatry journal, 17(2), 337-342. Nazish, I., Riaz, M., Haider, I. I., Lubna, A., Amna, O., & Ahsan. (2010). Caring for the caregivers: Mental health, family burden and quality of life of caregivers of patients with mental illness. Journal of Pakistan psychiatric society, 7(1). Neuman, G. A., Wagner, S. H., & Christiansen, N. D. (1999). The relationship between work team personality composition and the job performance of teams. Group and Organization Management, 24, 28-45. Norman, W. T. (1967). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574-583. Northouse, L., Katapol, M. C., Schafenacker, A., & Weiss, D. (2012). The impact of caregiving on the psychological well-being of family caregivers and cancer patients. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 20(4), 236-245. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. O'Connor, N. (2015). The correlation among personality characteristics, stress, and coping of caregivers of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Walden University: Scholar Works. Okoye, U. O., & Asa, S. S. (2011). Caregiving and stress: Experience of people taking care of elderly relations in South-eastern Nigeria. Arts and Social Sciences Journal; ASSJ-29, 1-9. Ozer, D. J., & Benet-Martinez, V. B. (2006). Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 401–421 Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis using SPSS (4th ed.). Maidenhead: Open University Press. Palompon, D. R., Ente, R., & Bantugan, J. (2011). Predictors of depression among institutionalized elderly clients. Asian Journal of Health Social Qualitative Section, 1(1), 128-142. Palos, G. R., Mendoza, T. R., Liao, K. P., Anderson, K. O., Garcia-Gonzalez, A., Hahn, K.,…Cleeland, C. S. (2011). Caregiver symptom burden: The risk of caring for an underserved patient with advanced cancer. Cancer, 117(5), 1070-1079. doi:10.1002/cncr.25695 Park, N. S., Jang, Y., Lee, B. S., Ko, J. E., Chiriboga, A. (2014). The impact of social resources on depressive symptoms in racially and ethnically diverse older adults: variations by groups with differing health risks. Research on Aging, 36, 322–342. doi: 10.1177/0164027513486991 Park, S., Bae, J., Nam, B. H., & Yoo, K. Y. (2008). Aetiology of cancer in Asia. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 9, 371-380. Patil, B., Shetty, N., Subramanyam, A., Shah, H, Kamath, R., & Pinto, C. (2014). Study of perceived and received social support in elderly depressed patients. Journal of Geriatric Mental Health, 1, 28-31. Patino-Fernandez, A. M., Pai, A. L., Alderfer, M., Hwang, W. T., Reilly, A., & Kazak, A. E. (2008). Acute stress in parents of children newly diagnosed with cancer. Pediatric Blood and Cancer, 50, 289–292. Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behaviors, 19(2), 2-12. Pearlin, L. I., & Skaff, M. M. (1996). Stress and the life course: A paradigmatic alliance. The Gerontologist, 36, 229–247. Pearlin, L. I., Aneshensel, C. S., & LeBlanc, A. J. (1997). The forms and mechanisms of stress proliferation: the case of AIDS caregivers. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38(3), 223-236. Pearlin, L. I., Mullan, J. T., Semple, S. J., & Skaff, M. M. (1990). Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their measures. Gerontologist, 30, 583-595. Pearlin, L. I., Sample, S., & Turner, H. A. (1988). Stress of AIDS caregiving. A preliminary overview of the issues: Death Studies, 12, 501-517. Penley, J. A., & Tomaka, J. (2002). Associations among the Big five, emotional responses, and coping with acute stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 1215–1228. Perkins, M., Howard, V.J., Wadley, V.G., Crowe, M., Safford, M.M., Haley, W.E.,…Roth, D.L. (2012). Caregiving strain and all-cause mortality: evidence from the Regards study. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs084 Perz, J., Ussher, J. M., Butow, P., & Wain, G. (2011). Gender differences in cancer carer psychological distress: An analysis of moderators and mediators. European Journal of Cancer Care, 20, 610-619. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2354.2011.01257x Pettit, J. W., Roberts, R. E., Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., & Yaroslavsky, I. (2011). Developmental relations between perceived social support and depressive symptoms through emerging adulthood: Blood is thicker than water. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(1). 127-136. doi:10.1037/a0022320 Pfeifer, L. I., Silva, D. B. R., Lopes, P. B., Matsukura, T. S., Santos, J. L. F., & Pinto, M. P. P. (2014). Social support provided to caregivers of children with cerebral palsy. Child: Care, Health and Development, 40(3), 363-369. doi:10.1111/cch.12077 Pi-Ming, Yeh., Mary, E., Wierenga., SU-Chuan, Yuan. (2009). Influences of psychological well-being, quality of caregiver-patient relationship, and family support on the health of family caregivers for cancer patients in Taiwan. Asian Nursing research, 3(4), 154-166. Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2011). Spouses, adult children and children-in-law as caregivers of older adults: A meta-analytic comparison. Psychology and Aging, 26(1), 1-14. doi:1037/a0021863 Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. Polita, N. B., & Tacla, M. T. G. M. (2014). Network and social support to families of children with cerebral palsy. Escola Anna Nery, 18(1), 75-81. doi:10.5935/1414-8145.20140011 Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. Public Health Agency of Canada. (2013, October). Core Competencies for Public Health – Draft 2. Punjab Cancer Registry (2016). Quinn, C., Clare, L., & Woods, R. T. (2015). Balancing needs: The role of motivations, meanings and relationship dynamics in the experience of informal caregivers of people with dementia. Dementia, 14(2), 220-237. doi: 10.1177/1471301213495863 Quinn, C., Clare, L., McGuinness, T., & Woods, R. T. (2012). The impact of relationships, motivations, and meanings on dementia caregiving outcomes. International Psycho-geriatrics, 24, 1816–1826. doi: 10.1017/S1041610212000889 Rafiyah, I., Suttharangsee, W., Sangchan, H. (2011). Social support and coping of Indonesian family caregivers caring for persons with schizophrenia. Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 1(2), 159–169. Raju, R. S., Kaur, P., & Pandian, J. D. (2012). Psychosocial problems, quality of life, and caregiver burden among stroke caregivers in India. International Journal of Stroke, 7(1), 100-101. doi:10.1111/j.1747-4949.2011.00721.x Ramayah, T., Lee, J. W. C., & In, J. B. C. (2011). Network collaboration and performance in the tourism sector. Service Business, 5(4), 411–428 Reich, W., Lounsbury, D., Zaid-Muhammad, S., & Rapkin, B. (2010). Forms of social support and their relationships to mental health in HIV-positive persons. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 15(2), 135–145. Reinartz, W., Haenlein, M., & Henseler, J. (2009). An empirical comparison of the efficacy of covariance-based and variance-based SEM. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(4), 332–344. Reynolds, C. R., & Livingston, R. B. (2012). Mastering modern psychological testing: Theory and methods. Boston, MA: Pearson. Ribeiro, M. F. M., Sousa, A. L. L., Vandenberghe, L., & Porto, C. C. (2014). Parental stress in mothers of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 22(3), 440-447. doi:10.1590/0104-1169.3409.2435 Ringle, C. M., Wande, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2014). Smartpls 3.0. Hamburg: SmartPLS. Retrieved from http://www.smartpls.com Robins, J. (2012). Editorial Partial-Least Squares. Long Range Planning, 45(5-6), 309-311. Roddenberry, A., & Renk, R. (2010). Locus of control and self-efficacy: Potential mediators of stress, illness, and utilization of health services in college students. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 41(4), 353-370. doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0173-6 Rodrigo, C., Fernando, T., Rajapakse, S., De Silva, V., & Hanwella, R. (2013). Caregiver strain and symptoms of depression among principle caregivers of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Mental Health, 7(2). doi:10.1186/1752-4458-7-2 Rodriguez, E. M., Dunn, M. J., Zuckerman, T., Vannatta, K., Gerhardt, C. A., & Compas, B. E. (2012). Cancer-related sources of stress for children with cancer and their parents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37, 185–197. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsr054 Roohafza, H., Sadeghi, M., Shirani, S., Bahonar, A., Mackie, M., & Sarafzadegan, N. (2009). Association of socioeconomic status and life-style factors with coping strategies in Isfahan Healthy Heart Program, Iran. Croatian Medical Journal, 50, 380–386. Rosell-Murphy, M., Bonet-Simo, J., Baena, E., Prieto, G., Bellerino, E., Sole, F.,…Mimoso, S. (2014). Intervention to improve social and family support for caregivers of dependent patients: ICIAS Study Protocol. BioMed Central Family Practice, 15, 53. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-15-53 Rossiter, J. R. (2001). The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 19(4), 305-335. Rubab, Z. K., Ibtisam., Samina, T., Azeemi., & Naveed. (2015). Lung carcinoma types, gender and its changing trend in the Punjab, 2008-2012. Science International, 27(1), 243-246. Rucker, D. D., Preacher, K. J., Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2011). Mediation analysis in social psychology: Current practices and new recommendations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(6), 359–371. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00355.x Ryckman, R. (2004). Theories of personality. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Saeed, Z., Ahmed, A. M., Shakoor, A., Ghafoor, F., & Kanwal, S. (2012). Depression in patients on hemodialysis and their caregivers. Saudi journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 23, 946-952. Salama, R., & El-Soud, F. (2012). Caregiver burden from caring for impaired elderly: A cross sectional study in rural Lower Egypt. Italian Journal of Public Health, 9. doi: 10.2427/8662 Sanders, B. A. (2007). Using personality traits to predict police performance. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies, 31, 129-147. Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2014). PLS-SEM: Looking back and moving forward. Long Range Planning, 1–6. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students (5th ed.). India: Pearson Education Schwarzer, R., & Schulz, U. (2013). Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS). Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Science. Retrieved from www.midss.ie Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach (5th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Selye, H. (1976). The stress of life (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Shah, H., Sultan, S. M., Faisal M., & Irfan. (2013). Psychological distress among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 25, 3-4. Sharma, A., Kaur, S., Kumar, T, M., & Singh, A. (2014). Extent of the burden of caregiving on family members of neurosurgical impatient in a tertiary care hospital in North India. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 46(1), E3-E9. Shepperd, J., Klein, W. M., Waters, E. A., & Weinstein, N. D. (2013). Taking stock of unrealistic optimism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(4), 395–411. doi: 10.1177/1745691613485247 Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1992). Role functioning measures. In A.L. Stewart and J.E. Ware (Eds.), Measuring functioning and well-being: The Medical Outcomes Study approach (pp. 205-219), Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Sherman, R. A., Nave, C. S., & Funder, D. C. (2013). Situational construal is related to personality and gender. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(1), 1–14. Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422. Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., & Jemal, A. (2016). Cancer statistics, 2016. A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 65, 5–29. doi:10.3322/caac.21254 Siegler, I. C., Brummett, B. H., Williams, R. B., Haney, T. L., & Dilworth-Anderson, P. (2010). Caregiving, residence, race, and depressive symptoms. Aging and Mental Health, 14, 771–778. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607861003713257 Skalla, K., & Ferrell, B. (2015). Challenges in assessing spiritual distress in survivors of cancer. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 19(1), 99-104. doi: 10.1188/15.CJON.99-104 Smeltzer, S. G., & Bare, B. G. (1992): Brunner and Suddah’s textbook of medicalsurgical nursing (7th ed.). Philadelphia: JB Lippincott. Smith, G. R., Williamson, G. M., Miller, L. S., & Schulz, R. (2011). Depression and quality of informal care: A longitudinal investigation of caregiving stressors. Psychology and Aging, 26(3), 584–591. doi:10.1037/a0022263 Smith, L., Hill, N., & Kocanovik, R. (2015). Experiences of depression, the role of social support and its impact on health outcomes. Journal of mental health, 24(6), 342-346. doi: 10.3109/09638237.2014.954693 Smojver-Azic, S., & Bezinovic, P. (2011). Sex differences in patterns of relations between family interactions and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Croatian Medical Journal, 52, 469–477. doi: 10.3325/cmj.2011.52 Snyder, & Christine, M. (2015). Dementia caregiver personality traits and coping strategies: association with care recipient outcomes. All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 4235. Sobel, E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290–312. Sonnenberg, C., Deeg, D., van Tilburg, T., Vink, D., Stek, M., Beekman, A. (2013). Gender differences in the relation between depression and social support in later life. International Psychogeriatrics, 25, 61–70. doi:10.1017/S1041610212001202 Sorensen, S., Hirsch, J. K., & Lyness, J. M. (2014). Optimism and planning for future care needs among older adults. Geropsychology, 27(1), 5–22. doi:10.1024/1662-9647/a000099 Soylu, C., Ozaslan, E., Karaca, H., & Ozkan, M. (2015). Psychological distress and loneliness in caregiver of advanced oncological inpatients. Journal of Health Psychology, 1-11. doi:10.1177/1359105314567770 Stam, H., Grootenhuis, M. A., Brons, P. P., Caron, H. N., & Last, B. F. (2006). Health-related quality of life in children and emotional reactions of parents following completion of cancer treatment. Pediatric Blood and Cancer, 47(3), 312–319. Stenberg, U., Ruland, C. M., Miaskowski, C. (2010). Review of the literature on the effects of caring for a patient with cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 19, 1013-1025. Stetz, K. (1986). The experience of spouse caregiving for persons with advanced cancer. PhD Thesis. Strober, L. B. (2016). Personality in multiple sclerosis: impact on health, psychological wellbeing, coping and overall quality of life. Journal of psychology, health and medicine, 1-10. doi:10.1080/13548506.2016.1164321 Strom, J. L., & Egede, L. E. (2012). The impact of social support on outcomes in adult patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Current Diabetes Report, 12(6), 769–781. doi:10.1007/s11892-012-0317-0. Sudman, S., & Bradburn, N. (1982). Asking Questions: a Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design. USA: Jossey-Bass Sun, V., Grant, M., Koczywas, M., Freeman, B., Zachariah, F., Fujinami, R.,…Ferrell, B. (2015). Effectiveness of an interdisciplinary palliative care intervention for family caregivers in lung cancer. Cancer. doi: 10.1002/cncr.29567 Surkan, P. J., Peterson, K. E., Hughes, M. D. & Gottlieb, B. R. (2006). The role of social networks and support in postpartum women’s depression: A multiethnic urban sample. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 10(4), 375-383. Tanaka, J. S. (1993). Multifaceted conceptions of fit in structural equation models. In K. A. Bollen, & J. S. Long (Eds.). Testing Structural Equation Models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(2), 145–161. doi: 10.1177/0022146510395592 Thornton, M., & Travis, S. S. (2003). Analysis of the reliability of the Modified Caregiver Strain Index. The Journal of Gerontology, Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58(2), 129. Toegel, G., & Barsoux, J. L. (2012). How to become a better leader. MIT Sloan Management Review, 53, 50-60. Trochim, W. M., & Donnelly, J. P. (2006). The Research Methods Knowledge base. Atomic Dog (3rd ed.). Turiano, N. A., Spiro, A., & Mroczek, D. K. (2012). Openness to experience and mortality in men: Analysis of trait and facets. Journal of Aging and Health, 24, 654–672. doi: 10.1177/0898264311431303

Similar Items