Pengaruh kefungsian keluarga terhadap pengherotan kognitif pelajar dan ketahanan diri sebagai perantara

In line with the National Education Philosophy (NEP), the Malaysian Education Blueprint (2013-2025) was launched in order to produce students who are capable of thinking constructively and able to face the obstacles, while developing leadership skills and potential in students. However, family funct...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Siti Hajar, Mohamad Yusoff
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2017
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/7139/1/s96092_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7139/2/s96092_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.7139
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Don, Yahya
Kasa, Muhamad Dzahir
topic HQ The Family
Marriage
Woman
spellingShingle HQ The Family
Marriage
Woman
Siti Hajar, Mohamad Yusoff
Pengaruh kefungsian keluarga terhadap pengherotan kognitif pelajar dan ketahanan diri sebagai perantara
description In line with the National Education Philosophy (NEP), the Malaysian Education Blueprint (2013-2025) was launched in order to produce students who are capable of thinking constructively and able to face the obstacles, while developing leadership skills and potential in students. However, family functioning also plays a role in developing students' resilience and positive thinking. Therefore, this study is to identify the influence of family functioning on student cognitive distortion and resilience as a mediator. The quantitative approach was used in this study, while the cross-sectional surveys applied in the data collection process. The instruments used were Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales III, Resilient Scale, and Cognitive Distortion Scale. A total of 376 respondents from daily secondary school students in the Northern Zone were participated in this study. Systematic random sampling and disproportionate stratified random sampling had been used. Quantitative data were analyzed by t-test statistical analysis, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Pearson Correlation, and Multiple Regression using the Statistical Package for Social Science for Windows (SPSS). The findings showed a significant relation between family functioning with resilience and cognitive distortion. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that family functioning was acting as contributor to the resilience and cognitive distortion were experienced by students. The findings also showed the resilience act as a partial mediator on the relationship between family functioning and cognitive distortion, where the five main dimensions of resilience are self assurance, problem solver, organized, socially connected, and proactive have been identified as the main contributors. In conclusion, this study has builds a significant theoretical framework to show a good level of family functioning can affect the resilience and cognitive distortion among students, as well as being able to contribute to various parties such as school management, counselors, parents, and researchers in order to produce future leaders who capable in various aspects.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Siti Hajar, Mohamad Yusoff
author_facet Siti Hajar, Mohamad Yusoff
author_sort Siti Hajar, Mohamad Yusoff
title Pengaruh kefungsian keluarga terhadap pengherotan kognitif pelajar dan ketahanan diri sebagai perantara
title_short Pengaruh kefungsian keluarga terhadap pengherotan kognitif pelajar dan ketahanan diri sebagai perantara
title_full Pengaruh kefungsian keluarga terhadap pengherotan kognitif pelajar dan ketahanan diri sebagai perantara
title_fullStr Pengaruh kefungsian keluarga terhadap pengherotan kognitif pelajar dan ketahanan diri sebagai perantara
title_full_unstemmed Pengaruh kefungsian keluarga terhadap pengherotan kognitif pelajar dan ketahanan diri sebagai perantara
title_sort pengaruh kefungsian keluarga terhadap pengherotan kognitif pelajar dan ketahanan diri sebagai perantara
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
publishDate 2017
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/7139/1/s96092_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7139/2/s96092_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828160297172992
spelling my-uum-etd.71392021-08-18T07:27:06Z Pengaruh kefungsian keluarga terhadap pengherotan kognitif pelajar dan ketahanan diri sebagai perantara 2017 Siti Hajar, Mohamad Yusoff Don, Yahya Kasa, Muhamad Dzahir Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences HQ The Family. Marriage. Woman In line with the National Education Philosophy (NEP), the Malaysian Education Blueprint (2013-2025) was launched in order to produce students who are capable of thinking constructively and able to face the obstacles, while developing leadership skills and potential in students. However, family functioning also plays a role in developing students' resilience and positive thinking. Therefore, this study is to identify the influence of family functioning on student cognitive distortion and resilience as a mediator. The quantitative approach was used in this study, while the cross-sectional surveys applied in the data collection process. The instruments used were Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales III, Resilient Scale, and Cognitive Distortion Scale. A total of 376 respondents from daily secondary school students in the Northern Zone were participated in this study. Systematic random sampling and disproportionate stratified random sampling had been used. Quantitative data were analyzed by t-test statistical analysis, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Pearson Correlation, and Multiple Regression using the Statistical Package for Social Science for Windows (SPSS). The findings showed a significant relation between family functioning with resilience and cognitive distortion. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that family functioning was acting as contributor to the resilience and cognitive distortion were experienced by students. The findings also showed the resilience act as a partial mediator on the relationship between family functioning and cognitive distortion, where the five main dimensions of resilience are self assurance, problem solver, organized, socially connected, and proactive have been identified as the main contributors. In conclusion, this study has builds a significant theoretical framework to show a good level of family functioning can affect the resilience and cognitive distortion among students, as well as being able to contribute to various parties such as school management, counselors, parents, and researchers in order to produce future leaders who capable in various aspects. 2017 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7139/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7139/1/s96092_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7139/2/s96092_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abd. Rahim Abd. Rashid. (2005). Profesionalisme keguruan: Prospek dan cabaran. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Abela, G. G., Becker, J. V., & Conningham-Rather, J. (1984). Complication, consent and cognition in sex between child and adult. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 7(189): 1-3. Abel, G. G., Gore, D. K., Holland, C. L., Camp, N., Becker, J. V., & Rathner, J. (1989). The measurement of the cognitive distortions of child molesters. Annals of Sex Research, 2(1), 135−153. Abramson, L.Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: a theory sub type of depression. Psychological Review, 96(2): 358-372. Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1998). The Cognitive Style Questionnaire: a measure of the diatheses featured in the hopelessness theory of depression (in preparation). Madison: University of Wisconsin. Adger, W. N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: are they related? Progress in Human Geography, 24(3), 347–364. Ahangar, R. G. (2010). A study of resilience in relation to personality, cognitive styles and decision making style of management students. African Journal of Business Management, 4(6), 953-961. Ahmad Susanto. (2011). Perkembangan anak usia dini. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. Alford, B. A., & Beck, A. T. (1997). The integrative power of cognitive therapy. New York: Guilford. Allen, D. W. (2012). More heat than light: a critical assessment of the same-sex parenting literature. Working Paper, 1995–2012. Aluwis, S. (2012). Pengaruh kaunseling individu terhadap resiliensi siswa kelas VIIIa SMP Negeri 1 kecamatan Siak Hulu Kabupaten Kampar. (Disertasi Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Universitas Riau, Indonesia. Amatul Firdausa Nasa. (2012). The correlation between family resilience and optimism among college students from families living in poverty. Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia. American Association of Suicidology. (2010). 2010 official final data on United States suicide rates. Dimuat turun daripada http://www.suicidology.org/ c/document_library/ get_file?folderId=262&name=DLFE-625.pdf. American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (2008). Facts and figures: Special Populations. Dimuat turun daripada http://www.afsp.org/ index.cfm? fuseaction=home.viewpage&page_id= 050CDCA2-C158-FBAC 16ACCE9DC8B7026C. Amirsardari, L., Azari, S., & Esmali Kooraneh, A. (2014). The relationship between religious orientation, and gender with a cognitive distortion. Iran Journal of Psychiatry Behavior Science, 8(3), 84-90. Amoateng, A. Y., & Richter, L. M. (2007). Chapter 1: Social and economic of families and households in South Afric. In A. Y. Amoateng & T. B. Heaton (Eds.), Families and households in post-apartheid South Africa: socio-demographic perspectives (pp. 1-25). Cape Town: HSRC Press. Anastasi, A. (1985). Psychological testing: Basic concepts and common misconceptions. In A. M. Rogers & C. J. Scheirer (Eds.), The G. Stanley Hall lecture series (pp. 17-29). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Anastasi, A., & Urbina, S. (1997). Psychological testing (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Andrews, M. P., Bubolz, M. M., & Paolucci, B. (1980). An ecological approach to the Study of the family. Marriage and Family Review, 3(1/2), 29-49. Annunziata, D., Hogue, A., Faw, L., & Liddle, H. A. (2006). Family functioning and school success in at-risk, inner-city adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(1), 100-108. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9016-3 Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480. Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to research in education. Belmont. CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Asmawati Desa, Fatimah Yusoff, Zainah Ahmad Zamani, Nor Ba'yah Abdul Kadir, & Mohd Norahim Mohamed Sani. (2015). Parenting skills, family functioning and psychological well-being among parents. Malaysian Journal of Psychology, 29(2), 32-42. Aunillah, F., & Adiyanti, M. G. (2015). Program pengembangan keterampilan resiliensi untuk meningkatkan self-esteem pada remaja. Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology, 1(1), 48-63. Azizi Yahya, Yusof Boon, Shahrin Hashim, Mohammad Sharif Mustaffa, & Zurhana Muhamad. (2008). Indeks perlakuan buli di kalangan pelajar-pelajar di sekolah menengah dan rendah di Malaysia. Skudai: UTM. Dimuat turun daripada eprints.utm.my/5853/1/78069.pdf Bahremand, M., Rai, A., Alikhani, M., Mohammadi, S., Shahebrahimi, K., & Janjani, P. (2015). Relationship between family functioning and mental health considering the mediating role of resiliency in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Global Journal of Health Science, 7(3), 254-259. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n3p254 Baldry, A. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2005). Protective factors as moderators of risk factors in adolescence bullying. Social Psychology of Education, 8, 263-284. Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44, 1175-1184. Bandura, A. (1997). The exercise of control. New York: Freeman. Bandura, A. (2000). Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 75-78. Barnes, L. L., & Bennett, D. A. (2015). Cognitive resilience in apolipoprotein (APOE) E*ε4 carriers – is race important? Nat Rev Neurology, 11(4), 190-191. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.38 Barnett, M. (2004). A qualitative analysis of family support and interaction among African American college students at an Ivy League University. Jurnal of Negro Education. Washington 1, 1-16. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. Barriga, A.Q., Hawkins, M., & Camelia, C.R. (2008). Specificity of cognitive distortions to antisocial behaviour. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 18, 104-116. Barriga, A. Q., Landau, J. R., Stinson, B. L., Liau, A. K., & Gibbs, J. C. (2000). Cognitive distortion and problem behaviors in adolescents. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27(1): 36- 43. Bartlett, L. (2013). Pilot test for reliability and validity of a new assessment tool measuring relationships between individual health and environmental sustainability. (Disertasi Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Dalhousie University, Canada. Baruch, Y., & Holtom, B. C. (2008). Survey response rate levels and trends in organizational research. Human Relations, 61(8), 1139-1160. Beck, A. T. (1961). A systematic investigation of depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 2, 163-170. Beck, A. T. (1963). Thinking and depression: idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 9, 324-333. Beck, A. T. (1964). Thinking and depression 2: theory and therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 10, 561–571. Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row. Beck, A. T. (1970). Cognitive therapy: nature and relation to behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 1, 184-200. Beck, A. T. (1972). Cognition, anxiety, and psychophysiological disorders. In C. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research: 2 (pp. 343-354). New York: Academic Press. Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press. Beck, A. T. (1991). Cognitive therapy: a 30-year retrospective. American Psychologist, 46(4), 368-375. Dimuat turun daripada http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.368 Beck, A. T. (1995). Cognitive therapy: basics and beyond. New York: Guilford. Beck, A. T., Clark, D. A., & Brown, G. (1989). Cognitive mediation in general psychiatric outpatients: a test of the content-specificity hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 958-964. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press. Beck, A. T., & Weishaar, M. (1989). Cognitive therapy. In A. Freeman, K. M. Simon, L. E. Bentler, & H. Arkowitz (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of cognitive therapy. New York: Plenum Press. Beck, A. T., & Weishaar, M. E. (1990). Suicide risk assessment and prediction. Crisis, 11(2), 22-30. Bedell, R., & Horne, A. (2005). Bullying prevention in schools: a US experience. In O. Aluede, A. G. McEachern, & M. C. Kenny (Eds.), Peer victimization in schools: An international perspective (pp. 59-69). New- Delhi, India: Kamla-Raj Enterprises. Bell, L. G., & Bell, D. C. (2009). Effects of family connection and family individuation. Attachment and Human Development, 11(5), 471-490. Bennett, J., Aden, C., Broome, K., Mitchell, K., & Rigdon, W. (2010). Team resilience for young restaurant workers: research-to-practice adaptation and assessment. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(3), 223–36. Benzie, K., & Mychasiuk, R. 2009. Fostering family resiliency: a review of the key protective factors. Child and Family Social Work, 3(14): 103–114. Berge, J. M., Wall, M., Larson, N., Loth, K. A., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2013). Family functioning: associations with weight status, eating behaviors, and physical activity in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(3), 351-357. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.07.006. Berliana, D. P. (2014). Peran faktor keluarga dan karakteristik remaja terhadap perilaku seksual pranikah. Jurnal Biometrika dan Kependudukan, 3(1), 8-19. Benard, B. (1991). Fostering resiliency in kids: protective factors in the family, school, and community. Portland, OR: Western Center for Drug-Free Schools and Communities. Bernard, W. M. (2004). Parent involvement in elementary school and educational attainment. Children and Youth Services Review, 26(1), 39-62. Besharat, M. (2007). Resiliency, vulnerable and mental health. Journal of Psychological Science, 6(24), 373-383. Bhushan, R., & Shirali, K. A. (1992). Family types and communication with parents: a comparison of youth at different identity levels. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21, 687-697. Blatt, S. J., & Homann, E. (1992). Parent-child interaction in the etiology of dependent and self-critical depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 12(1), 47-91. Dimuat turun daripada http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/30271 Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Moore, K. A., Craighead, W. E., Herman, S., Khatri, P.,…Krishnan, K. R. (1999). Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159, 2349-2356. doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2009.08.001. Bolognini, M., Plancherel, B., Bettwshart, W., & Halfon, O. (1996). Self-esteem and mental health in early adolescence: development and gender difference. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 233-245. Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? the role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(5), 671-682. Bowes, L., Maughan, B., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2010). Families promote emotional and behavioural resilience to bullying: evidence of an environmental effect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(7), 809-817. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02216.x Braden, J. P. (1984). Referring families to nonschool agencies: A family systems approach. School Psychology Review, 16, 513-518. Brewin, C., Firth-Cozens, J., Furnham, A., & McManus, C. (1992). Self-criticism in adulthood and recalled childhood experience. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 561-566. Brian Abraham Rogi. (2015). Peranan komunikasi keluarga dalam menanggulangi kenakalan remaja di Kelurahan Tataaran 1 Kecamatan Tondano Selatan. E-Journal Acta Diuma, 4(4): 1-8. Bridges, W. (1991). Managing transition: making the most of change. USA: Addison-Wesley. Briere, J. (1996). A self trauma model for treating adult survivors of severe child abuse. In J. Briere, L. Berliner, J. A. Bulkley, C. Jenny, & T. Reid (Eds.), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (pp. 140-157). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Briere, J. (2000). The Cognitive Distortions Scales professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W., & Thorndike, R. M. (1973). Cross-cultural research methods. New York: John Wiley. Brondolo, E. (2015). Racial ethnic disparities in health: examining the contexts that shape resilience and risk. Psychosomatic Medicine, 77(1), 2-5. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000149 Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Brown, E. J., & Kolko, D. J. (1999). Child victims attributions about being physically abused: an examination of factors associated with symptom severity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 27, 311-322. Brown, J. (2012). Growing yourself up: how to bring your best to all of life’s relationships (3rd ed.). Dimuat turun daripada http://www.thefsi.com.au/us/ bowen-theory Browne, C., & Winkelman, C. (2007). The effect of childhood trauma on later psychological adjustment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(6), 684-697. doi: 10.1177/0886260507300207. Bruno, T. (2010). What are they thinking? cognitive distortions and adolescent externalizing and internalizing problems. (Tesis Kedoktoran yang tidak diterbitkan). The University of British, Columbia. Bumby, K. M. (1996). Assessing the cognitive distortions of child molesters and rapists: Development and validation of the MOLEST and RAPE scales. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 8(1), 37-54. Burns, D. D. (1999). The feeling good handbook. New York: Plume. Bushweller, K. (1995). What makes resilience? Education Digest, 61(3), 15-17. Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006). The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(1), 17-31. Cao, X., Jiang, X., Li, X., Hui Lo, M-c. J., & Li., R. (2013). Family functioning and its predictors among disaster bereaved individuals in China: eighteen months after the Wenchuan earthquake. PloS ONE 8(4), e60738. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060738 Campione-Barr, N., Bassett-Greer, K., & Kruse, A. (2012). Differential associations between domains of sibling conflict and adolescent emotional adjustment. Child Development, 84(3), 938-954. doi:10.1111/cdev.12022 Capuano, A. (2011). Examining empathy, cognitive distortions, and social and physical aggression in delinquent and non-delinquent adolescents. (Disertasi Kedoktoran yang tidak diterbitkan). Bowling Green State University, Ohio, United States. Cate, A. T. (2010). Cognitive distortions as predictor of antisocial behaviour in children. (Tesis Kedoktoran yang tidak diterbitkan). Utrecht University, the Netherlands, Belanda. Çelikkaleli, Ö., & Kaya, S. (2016). University students’ interpersonal cognitive distortions, psychological resilience, and emotional self-efficacy according to sex and gender roles. Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi, 6(2), 187-212. Chambers, R., Brawley, A., & Castille, C. (2012). Examining the validity of the Resilience Quotient. (Disertasi Kedoktoran yang tidak diterbitkan). University of Wisconsin-River Falls. Chan, D. W. (2000). Dimensionality of hardiness and its role in the stress-distress relationship among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(2), 147-161. Chan, D. W. (2003). Hardiness and its role in the stres-burnout relationship among prospective Chinese teachers in Hong Kong. Teaching and Teacher Education, 19, 381-395. Chatman, C., Patrikakou, E., Mayer, E., Lopez, M. E., Little, P., Weiss, A., & Wolos, C. (2007). Family involvement in middle and high school students’ education. Harvard Family Research Project, 3(1), 1-12. Che Hasniza Che Noh. (2011). Hubungan empati dan penghargaan kendiri ibu bapa dengan gaya keibubapaan. Jurnal Kemanusiaan. 17, 66-79. Che Hasniza Che Noh, & Fatimah Yusooff. (2011). Corak komunikasi keluarga dalam kalangan keluarga Melayu di Terengganu. Jurnal Hadhari, 3(2), 45-62. Chua, L. C. (2006). Sample size estimation using Krejchie and Morgan and Cohen statistical power analysis: a comparison. Jurnal Pendidikan IPBL, 7, 78-86. Chua, Y. P. (2009). Statistik penyelidikan lanjutan. Malaysia: McGraw-Hill. Chung, Y. S. (1990). Analysis of factors affecting family function. The Journal of Nurses Academic Society, 20(1), 5-15. Ciaramicoli, A. P. (2016). The stress solution: using empathy and cognitive behavioral therapy to reduce anxiety and develop resilience. California: New World Library. Claus-Ehlers, C. S., Yang, Y. T. T., & Chen, W. C. J. (2006). Resilience from childhood stressors: the role of cultural resilience, ethnic identity, and gender identity. Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 5(1), 124-138. Çoban, A. E., & Karaman, N. G. (2013). Interpersonal cognitive distortion, the level of anxiety and hopelessness of university students. Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 2, 78-88. Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2011). Research methods in education. London: Routledge. Coleman, J. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Compas, B. E. (1987). Stress and life events during childhood and adolescence. Clinical Psychology Review, 7, 275-302. Conner, D. R. (1992). Managing at the speed of change. New York: Villard. Coyer, S. M. (2001) Mothers recovering from cocaine addiction: factors affecting parenting skills. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 30(1), 71-79. Creswell, J. W. (2011). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). UK: Sage. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research, enhanced pearson (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J: Merrill. Crowell, J. L., & Mobley, J. A. (2011, October). What comes next? Using the circumplex model to assess and select a group intervention. Paper based on a program presented at the 2011 ACES Conference, TN, at 5999 Stevenson Avenue, Alexandria. Crowley, B. J., Hayslip, B., & Hobdy, J. (2003). Psychological hardiness and adjustment to life events in adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 10(4), 237-248. Dancey, C. P., & Reidy, J. (2007). Statistics without maths for psychology (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall. D'Arcy, C., & Siddique, C. M. (1984). Psychological distress among Canadian adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 14, 615-628. Dass-Brailsford, P. (1997). A practical approach to trauma: empowering interventions. Uk: Sage Publications. Davis, J. A. (1971). Elementary survey analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Davies, B. J., & Davies, B. (2004). Strategic leadership, school leadership and management. Formerly School Organisation, 24(1), 29-38. Dawson, M., & Pooley, J. A. (2013). Resilience: the role of optimism, perceived parental autonomy support and perceived social support in first year university students. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 1(2), 38-49. Dent, R. J., & Cameron, R. J. S. (2003). Developing resilience in children who are in public care: the educational psychology perspective. Educational Psychology in Practice, 19(1), 3-19. doi:10.1080/0266736032000061170 De Vaus, D. (1991). Surveys in social research (3rd ed.). London: Allen and Unwin. Dewi, F. I. R., Djoenaina, V., & Melisa. (2004). Hubungan antara resiliensi dengan depresi pada perempuan pasca pengangkatan payudara (mastektomi). Jurnal Psikologi, 2(2), 101-120. Dhanalakshmi, D. (2015). Perceived stress, cognitive distortion, sense of coherence and health among college students. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, 6(3), 287-291. Dobson, K. S., & Dozois, D. J. (2001). Historical and philosophical bases of cognitive-behavioral therapies. In K. S. Dobson (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies (2nd ed., pp. 3-38). New York: Guildford Press. Dozois, D. J. A., & Beck, A. T. (2008). Cognitive schemas, beliefs and assumptions. In K. S. Dobson & D. J. A. Dozois (Eds.), Risk factors in depression (pp. 121-143). Oxford, England: Elsevier/Academic Press. Dryden, W., & Ellis, A. (2001) Rational emotive behavior therapy. In K. S. Dobson (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies (pp. 295-348). New York, NY: Guilford Press. DuMont, K. A., Widom, C. S., & Czaja, S. J. (2007). Predictors of resilience in abused and neglected children grown-up: The role of individual and neighborhood characteristics. Child abuse & neglect, 31(3), 255-274. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.11.015 Dunham, J. I. (1984). Stress in teaching. Beckenham, England: Croom Helm. Dweck, C. S., & Reppucci, N. D. (1973). Learned helplessness and reinforcement responsibility in children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25(1), 109-113. doi:10.1037/h0034248 Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. New York: Lyle Stuart. Engel, J. F., Blackwell, R. D., & Kollat, D. T. (1978). Consumer behavior (3rd ed.). Hinsdale, IL: The Dryden Press. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: youth and crisis. New York: Norton. Fagen, D. B., Cowen, E. L., Wyman, P. A., & Work, W. C. (1996). Relationships between parent-child relational variables and child-test variables in highly stressed urban children. Child Study Journal, 26, 87-108. Fah, L.Y., & Hoon, K.C. (2009). Pengenalan kepada analisis data komputer dengan SPSS 16.0 for windows (1st ed.). Selangor: Venton Publishing (M) Sdn. Bhd. Faizatul Farhana Farush Khan. (2010, Disember 24). Remaja cenderung bunuh diri. Utusan Online. Dimuat turun daripada http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010 &dt=1224&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Keluarga Fatemeh Sabouripour, & Samsilah Roslan. (2015). Resilience, optimism and social support among international students. Asian Social Science, 11(15), 159-170. Fauziah Ibrahim, Bahaman Abu Samah, Mansor Abu Talib, & Mohamad Shatar Sabran. (2012). Drug addicts and the high risk situations of relapse. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 7(1), 38-49. Feaster, D. J., Robbins, M. S., Henderson, C., Horigian, V., Puccinelli, M. J., Burlew, A. K., & Szapocznic, J. (2010). Equivalence of family functioning and externalizing in adolescent substance users of different race/ethnicity. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 38(1), 113-124. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2010.01.010. Feiring, C., Taksa, L., & Chen, K. (2002). Trying to understand why horrible things happen: attributions, shame, and symptom development following sexual abuse. Child Maltreatment, 7, 26-41. Felitti, V. J, Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., & Edwards, V. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245-258. Felner, R. D., Aber, M. S., Primavera, J., & Cauce, A. M. (1985). Adaptation and vulnerability in high-risk adolescents: an examination of environmental mediators. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13, 365-379. Fernelle, L. W. (2000). The effects of gender and family structure on family functioning and problem-solving skills of African American college students. ETD Collection for Tennessee State University. Paper AAI3007626. Dimuat turun daripada http://digitalscholarship.tnstate.edu/ dissertations/AAI300762 Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publication. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). London: Sage Publication. Fisher, D. (1996) Iterative optimization and simplification of hierarchical clusterings. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 4, 147-178. doi:10.1613/jair.276 Fisher, Z. F. (2003). Protective factors influencing reiliency among African-American and Latino students. (Tesis Kedoktoran yang tidak diterbitkan). University of Southern California. Fleming, M. S. (2015). Associations between family functioning and adolescent health behaviors. Senior Honors Projects. Paper 445. Dimuat turun daripada http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/445 Flury, B., & Riedwyl, H. (1988). Multivariate statistics: a practical approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fotu, I. D. A. (2011). Family leisure involvement and family functioning in Samoa. Procedia Social and Behavioral Science, 5, 1023-1027. Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (1990). Evaluate research in education. US: McGraw-Hill Inc. Fraenkel, J.R., & Wallen, N. E. (2007). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGrawHill: New York. Franco, N., & Levitt, M. J. (1998). The social ecology of middle childhood: family support, friendship quality, and self-esteem. Family Relations, 47, 315-321. Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19(3), 313–332. doi:10.1080/02699930441000238 Freeman, A., & DeWolf, R. (1992). The 10 dumbest mistakes smart people make and how to avoid them. New York: Harper Collins. Freeman, A., & Oster, C. (1999). Cognitive behavior therapy. In M. Hersen & A. S. Bellack (Eds.), Handbook of comparative interventions for adult disorders (pp. 108-138). New York: John Wiley. Freeman, A., Pretzer, J., Fleming, B., & Simon, K. (2004). Clinical applications of cognitive therapy (2nd ed.). New York: Kluwer Academic Publications. Freud, S. (1899). Screen memories. Standard Edition, 3, 301-322. Freud, S. (1962). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. New York: Basic Books. Frost, J., & McKelvie, S. (2004). Self-esteem and body satisfaction in male and female elementary school, high school, and university students. Sex Roles, 51(1/2), 45-54. Frydenberg, E. (1997). Adolescent coping: research and theoritical perspectives. London: Routledge. Garbowsk, M. A. (2010). Transformational leadership and the dispositional effects of hope, optimism, and resilience on governmental leaders. Regent University United States-Virginia, Proquest, AAT 34257370. Garmezy, N. (1983). Stressors of childhood. In N. Garmezy & M. Rutter (Eds.), Stress, coping and development in children (pp. 43-84). Minneapolis: McGraw-Hill. Garmezy, N. (1991). Resiliency and vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes associated with poverty. American Behavioral Scientist, 34, 416-430. Garmezy, N., & Masten, A. S. (1991). The protective role of competence indicators in children at risk. In E. M. Cummings, A. L. Greene, & K. H. Karraker (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Perspectives on stress and coping (pp. 151-174). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers. Gay, D., & Diehl, E. (1990). Research method. New York: Academic Press. Geleej, H. (2012). Analyzing the correlation between family functioning and social growth of children between 4 to 6 years old, and their social skills in the kindergartens of zone 2 in Tehran. (Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Allameh Tabatabaei University, Taheran, Iran. Ghasemi, A., & Zahediasl, S. (2012). Normality tests for statistical analysis: a guide for non-statisticians. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10(2), 486-489. doi:10.5812/ijem.3505 Ghufron, M. N., & Risnawati, R. (2010). Teori-teori psikologi. Jogjakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media Group. Gilbert, P. (1998). The evolved basis and adaptive functions for cognitive distortions. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 12, 447-463. Gilson, M., & Freeman, A. (1999). Overcoming depression: a cognitive therapy approach for taming the depression beast. Albany, NY: Graywind. Givertz, M., & Segrin, C. (2012). The association between overinvolved parenting and young adults’ self-efficacy, psychological entitlement, and family communication. Communication Research, 20, 1-26. Glasser, W. (1980). What are you doing?. New York: Harper & Row. Gordon, E. W., & Song, L. D. (1994). Variations in the experience of resilience. In M.C. Wang & E.W. Gordon (Eds.), Educational resilience in inner-city America: Challenges and prospects (pp. 27-43). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Gottfried, A. E. (1983). Development of intrinsic motivation in young children. Young Children, 39, 64-73. Grotberg, E. (1995). A guide to promoting resilience in children: strengthening the human spirit. The Hague: Bernard van Leer Foundation. Gunarsa, S. D. (2004). Bunga rampai psikologi perkembangan dari anak sampai usia lanjut. Jakarta : BPK. Guzy, G., Polczyk, R., Szpitalak, M., & Vernon, H. (2016). Age moderates the relationships between family functioning and neck pain/disability. PloS ONE 11(4), e0153606. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153606 Haaga, D. A., Ernst, D., & Dyck, M. J. (1991). Empirical status of cognitive theory of depression. Psychological Bulletin, 110(2), 215-236. Haatainen, K. M., Tanskanen, A., Kylma, J., Honkalampi, K., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., & Hintikka, J. (2003). Gender differences in the association of adult hopelessness with adverse childhood experiences. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 12-17. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). London: Sage Publication. Hair, J. F. Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hairuddin Mohd Ali. (2012). The quest for strategic Malaysian Quality National Primary School Leaders. International Journal of Educational Management, 26(1), 83-98. Hall, G. S. (1904). Adolescence: its psychology and its relation to physiology, anthropology, sociology, sex, crime, religion, and education (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Halliday, J., Palma, C. L., Mellor, D. J., Green, J. B., & Renzaho, A. (2014). The relationship between family functioning and child and adolescent overweight and obesity: a systematic review. International Journal of Obesity, 38(4), 480-493. Hamburg, D. A., & Takanishi, R. (1989). Preparing for life: the critical transition of adolescence. American Psychologist, 44, 825–827. Hamilton, S. F., & Hamilton, M. A. (2006). School, work, and emerging adulthood. Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association. Hampel, P., & Petermann, F. (2005). Age and gender effects on coping in children and adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(2), 73-83. Handmer, J. W., & Dovers, S. R. (1996). A typology of resilience: rethinking institutions for sustainable development. Organization and Environment, 9(4): 482-511. Han, L., Berry, J. W., Guy, Y., & Zheng, Y. (2015). Differences in resilience by acculturation strategies: a study with Qiang nationality following Chinese earthquake. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience, 17(2), 573-580. doi:10.4172/1522-4821.1000221 Harris, P. (2004). Culturally competent disability support: putting it into practice. Multicultural Disability Advocacy Association of NSW. doi:10.1080/1177083X.2014.911752 Harris, E. C., & Barraclough, B. (1997). Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders: a meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 205-228. Harrisson, M., Loiselle, C. G., Duquette, A., & Semenic, S. E. (2002). Hardiness, work support and psychological distress among nursing assistants and registered nurses in Quebec. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 38(6), 584-591. Hawley, D. R. (2000). Clinical implications of family resilience. American Journal of Family Therapy, 28, 101–116. Hazzard, A. (1993). Trauma-related beliefs as mediators of sexual abuse impact in adult women survivors: a pilot study. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2, 55-69. Hejrati, M., & Parsamehr, F. (2015). The correlation between family functioning and the students’ competence in exceptional talents junior high schools. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Science, 5(1), 292-296. Dimuat turun daripada www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2015/01/jls.htm Henriksson, M. M., Aro, H. M., Marttunen, M. J., Heikkinen, M. E., Isometsa, E. T.,Koppasalmi, K. I., & Lonnqvist, J. K. (1993). Mental disorders and comorbidity in suicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 935-940. Hernández, O. S., & Carrillo, F. X. M. (2010). Optimism as a protective factor in child and adolescent depression. Psychology in Spain, 14(1): 42-47. Hetherington, E. M., & Stanley-Hagan, M. (1999). The adjustment of children with divorced parents: a risk and resiliency perspective. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 129-140. Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (2002). Perfectionism and stress processes in psychopathology. In G. L. Flett & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 255–284). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., Sherry, S. B., Habke, M., Parkin, M., Lam, R. W., … Stein, M. B. (2003). The interpersonal expression of perfection: perfectionistic self-presentation and psychological distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(6), 1303–1325. Higgins, G. O. (1994). Resilient adults: overcoming a cruel past. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Hill, M., Stafford, A., Seaman, P., Ross, N., & Daniel, B. (2007). Parenting and resilience. New York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Himmel, J. P. (2015). The understanding and promotion of resilience in college students. (Tesis Kedoktoran yang tidak diterbitkan). Antioch University, United States. Hjemdal, O., Vogel, P. A., Solem, S., Hagen, K., & Stiles, T. C. (2011). The relationship between resilience and levels of anxiety, depression, and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in adolescents. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(4), 314-321. doi:10.1002/cpp.719 Hofmann. S. G. (2011). An introduction to modern CBT: psychological solutions to mental health problems. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Hogarty, K., Hines, C. V., Kromrey, J. D., Ferron, J. M., & Mumford, K. (2005). The quality of factor solutions in exploratory factor analysis: the influence of sample size, communality, and overdetermination. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 65(2), 202-226. Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1-23. Houston, J., & Barton, S. M. (2005). Juvenile justice: theory, systems, and organization. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Husdarta, & Kusmaedi Nurlan. (2010). Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan Peserta Didik (olahraga dan kesehatan). Bandung: Alfabeta. Irmohizam Ibrahim, & Muhammad Hussin. (2016). Tahap daya tahan dalam kalangan pelajar IPTA di Malaysia dan di luar Negara. Jurnal Personalia Pelajar, 19, 92-107. Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Kedah. (2015). Direktori Unit pengurusan Sekolah Menengah. Dimuat turun daripada Portal Rasmi Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Perak di http://jpnkedah.moe.gov.my/index.php/ms/2014-11- 04-07-41-35/direktori-jpn-kedah/sektor-pengurusan-sekolah/unit-pengurusan-sekolah-menengah Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Perak. (2015). Direktori Kakitangan Jabatan Pendidikan Perak (Unit Sekolah Menengah). Dimuat turun daripada Portal Rasmi Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Perak di http://jpnperak.moe.gov.my/jpn/index.php/ms/ hubungi-kami/direktori Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Perlis. (2015). Direktori Unit pengurusan Sekolah Menengah. Dimuat turun daripada Portal Rasmi Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Perlis di http://jpnperlis.moe.gov.my/v1/index.php/sps-c/ 138-pengurusan-sekolah-menengah Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Pulau Pinang. (2015). Direktori Unit pengurusan Sekolah Menengah. Dimuat turun daripada Portal Rasmi Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Pulau Pinang di http://www.jpnpenang.edu.my/v1/index.php/ hubungi-kami/direktori-warga-jabatan/sektor-pengurusan-sekolah/unit-sekolah menengah Jackson, D., Firtko, A., & Edenborough, M. (2007). Personal resilience as a strategy for surviving and thriving in the face of workplace adversity: a literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(1), 1-9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04412.x Jamaludin Ramli. (2010). Bab 6: Pengertian konsep kendiri. In A. Yahya (Eds.), Psikologi Pendidikan (pp. 1-9). Johor: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Jamie, M. B. (2011) Psychological factors associated with bullying typologies in a mental health population of adolescents. (Disertasi Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bolton. Jang, L. J., & Wang, J. J. (2009). Disaster resilience in a Hakka community in Taiwan. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 3(2), 55–65. Javadi, R., Rafi’ea, H., Aghabakhshi, H., Askari, A., & Abdi Zarin, S. (2011). The relationship between family functioning and resilience against drug abuse. Journal of Social Welfare, 41, 421-444. Joh, J. Y., Kim, S., Park, J. L., & Kim, Y. P. (2013). Relationship between family adaptability, cohesion and adolescent problem behaviors: curvilinearity of circumplex model. Korean Journal Fam Med., 34(3): 169–177. Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2014). Educational research: quantitatve, qualitative, and mixed approaches (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Joyce, B. R., Weil, M., & Calhoun, E. (2000). Models of teaching. Needham Heights, MA.: Allyn & Bacon. Jung, S., & Lee, S. (2011). Exploratory factor analysis for small samples. Behavioral Resources, 43, 701-709. Kamus Dewan. Edisi Ketiga. (1994). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Karyn, L. H., & Matthew, R. S. (2013). Trial of Resilience Triple P: detailed report of results for families and schools. Australia: The University of Queensland. Kazdin, A. (1993). Adolescent mental health: prevention and treatment programs. American Psychologist, 48, 127-141. Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (2014). Statistik kematian di hospital-hospital kerajaan tahun 2010-2014. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Informatik Kesihatan. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (1993). Panduan pelaksanaan perkhidmatan bimbingan dan kaunseling di sekolah menengah. Kuala Lumpur: Bahagian Sekolah. Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (2001). Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan: matlamat dan misi. Putrajaya, Malaysia: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2008). Education in Malaysia: a journey to excellence. Kuala Lumpur: Bahagian Perancangan dan Penyelidikan Dasar Pendidikan Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (2012). Laporan awal Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2013-2025. Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Kendall, P. C. (1992). Healthy thinking. Behavior Therapy, 23, 1-11. Kendall, P. C., & Braswell, L. (1985). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for impulsive children. New York: Guildford Press. Kendall, P. C., Stark, K. D., & Adam, T. (1990). Cognitive deficit or cognitive distortion in childhood depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18(3), 255-270. Kendra, J. M., & Wachtendorf, T. (2003). Elements of resilience after the World Trade Center disaster: reconstituting New York Citys emergency operations centre. Disaster, 27(1), 37-53. Khalim Zainal. (2008). Memahami tingkah laku remaja bermasalah dari perspektif teori tingkah laku, humanistik, psikoanalitik dan tret personaliti. Jurnal Pengajian Umum, 9(4): 43-56. Kiken, L. G., & Shook, N. J. (2011). Mindfulness and emotional distress: the role of negatively biased cognition. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 329-333. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.031 Kim, D. H., & Yoo, I. Y. (2010). Factors associated with resilience of school age children with cancer. Journal of Pediatric and Child Health, 46(7-8), 431-436. Kim, Y. S., Koh, Y. J., & Leventhal, B. (2005). School bullying and suicidal risk in Korean middle school students. Pediatrics, 115(2), 357-363. Klein, R. J. T., Nicholls, R. J., & Thomalla, F. (2003). Resilience to natural hazards: how useful is this concept?. Environmental Hazards, 5, 35-45. Kordi, A., & Baharudin, R. (2010). Parenting attitude and style and its effect on children’s school achievements. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2(2), 217-222. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research. Educational and Psychological Measurements, 30, 607-610. Layden, M. A., Newman, C. F., Freeman, A., & Byers Morse, S. (1993). Cognitive therapy of borderline personality disorders. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Leahy, R. L. (1996). From practicing cognitive therapy: a guide to interventions. NYC: Cornell University Medical College and The American Institute for Cognitive Therapy. Lee, M. N. (2011). Applying risk and resilience framework in examining youth's sustainability in coping with life's challenges. International Journal of Trade, Economics & Finance, 2(5), 31-44. doi:10.7763/IJTEF.2011.V2.140 Lee, R. C., Tiley, C. E., & White, J. E. (2009). The Place2Be: measuring the effectiveness of a primary school-based therapeutic intervention in England and Scotland.Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 9(3), 151–159. Leng, Y. P. (2005). Perkaitan antara faktor-faktor keluarga dengan aktiviti-aktiviti bimbingan dan kaunseling terhadap pencapaian akademik pelajar: satu kajian kes. (Disertasi Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak. Lestari, K. (2007). Hubungan antara bentuk-bentuk dukungan sosial dengan tingkat resiliensi penyintas gempa di desa canan, kecamatan cedi, kabupaten klaten. (Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang. Levin, K. A., Kirby, J., & Currie, C. (2012) Family structure and breakfast consumption of 11–15 year old boys and girls in Scotland, 1994–2010: a repeated cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 12, 228-235. Lewinsohn, P. M., Joiner, T. E., & Rohde, P. (2001) Evaluation of cognitive diathesis–stress models in predicting major depressive disorder in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 203– 215. Lewis, C. C., Simons, A. D., Nguyen, L. J., Murakami, J. L., Reid, M., Silva, S. G., & March, J. S. (2010). The impact of childhood trauma on treatment response in the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS). Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(2), 132-140. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2009.10.007 Lin, H. C., Tang, T. C., Yen, J. Y., Ko, C. H., Huang, C. F., Liu, S. C., & Yen, C. F. (2008). Depression and its association with self-esteem, family, peer and school factors in a population of 9586 adolescents in southern Taiwan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62: 412–420. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01820.x Little John, S. W. (1996). Theories of human communication (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Lokman Mohd Tahir, Hamdan Said, Rosni Zamuddin Shah Sidek, M. Al-Muzzammil Yassin, & Sanitah Mohd Yusof. (2008). Analisis kepimpinan pengetua sekolah menengah di Johor, Skudai. (Tesis Kedoktoran yang tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor. Luchow, J. P., Crowl, T. K., & Kahn, I. P. (1985). Learned helplessness: perceived effects of effort and academic performance among EH and LD/EH children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 18(8): 470-474. Lumby, J., & Azaola, C. (2014). Women principals in South Africa: gender, mothering and leadership. British Educational Research Journal, 40(1), 30-44. Luthar, S. S. (2003). Resilience and vulnerability: adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. New York: Cambridge University Press. Luthar, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 857-885. Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: acritical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562. Luthar, S. S., Sawyer, J. A., & Brown, P. J. (2006). Conceptual issues in studies of resilience: past, present, and future research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 105-15. doi:10.1196/annals.1376.009 Luthar, S. S., & Zelazo, L. B. (2003). Research on resilience: an integrative review. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 510–549). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. (1976). Learned helplessness: theory and evidence. Journal Experimental Psychology, 105(1): 3-46. Maniam Thambu (2010). Hidup atau mati: masalah bunuh diri di Malaysia dari perspektif psikiatri. Bangi: UKM. Mannarino, A., & Cohen, J. (1996). Abuse-related attributions and perceptions, general attributions, and locus of control in sexually abused girls. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11, 162-180. Mannarino, A., Cohen, J., & Berman, S. R. (1994). The Children’s Attributions and Perceptions Scale: a new measure of sexual abuse-related factors. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23, 204-211. Manne, S. L., Lesanics, D., Meyers, P., Wollner, N., Steinherz, P., & Redd, W. (1995). Predictors of depressive symptomatology among parents of newly diagnosed children with cancer. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 20, 491-510. Maruna, S., & Mann, R.E. (2006). A fundamental attribution error? rethinking cognitive distortions. The British Psychological Society, 11(2): 155-177. Mason, W. A. (2001). Self-esteem and delinquency revisited (again): A test of Kaplan’s self-derogation theory of delinquency using latent growth curvemodeling. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 83–102. doi: org/10.1023/A:1005276905961McAra Massey, O. T., Armstrong, K., & Santoro, G. (2000). School safety survey. Tampa, FL: Florida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida. Masten, A. S., Best, K. J., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 425-444. Matejevic, M., Todorovic, J., & Jovanovic, A. D. (2014). Patterns of family functioning and dimensions of parenting style. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 141, 431–437. Mathieu, J. M., & Taylor, S. R. (2006). Clarifying conditions and decision points for mediational type inferences in organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 1031-1056. Maxwell, T. D., Gatchel, R. J., & Mayer, T. G. (1998). Cognitive predictors of depression in chronic low back pain: toward an inclusive model. Journal Behavioral of Medicine, 21, 131-143. Maynard, M. J., & Harding, S. (2010). Ethnic differences in pyschological well-being in adolescence in the context of time spent in family acitivies. Social Psychiatric Epidomilogy, 45, 115-123. McMillan, J. H. (2004). Educational research: Fundamentals for the consumer (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn, & Bacon. McMillan, J., & Schumacher, S. (2006). Research in education: Evidence-based inquiry (6th ed.). New York: Pearson. Mealer, M., & Jones, J. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the nursing population: a concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 48, 279-288. Meevissen, Y., Peters, M. L., & Alberts, H. J. (2011). Become more optimistic by imagining a best possible self: effects of a two week intervention. Journal of Behavior Therapy And Experimental Psychiatry, 42(3), 371-378. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.02.012 Merriam-Webster. (1985). Sample. Dimuat turun daripada http://www. merriamwebster.com/ dictionary/SAMPLE Merriam-Webster. (2012). Resilience. Dimuat turun daripada http://www.merriamwebster.com/ dictionary/RESILIENCE Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. C., & Guarino, A. J. (2006). Applied multivariate research: design and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication. Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. C., & Guarino, A. J. (2013). Applied multivariate research: design and interpretation (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication. Mezulis, A. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2006). The developmental origins of cognitive vulnerability to depression: temperament, parenting, and negative life events in childhood as contributors to negative cognitive style. Developmental Psychology, 42, 1012-1025. Mhd Subhan, Salleh Amat, Abu Yazid Abu Bakar, Mohd Hakimie Zainal Abdidin, Roslina Ahmad, Faisal Tohirin, & Ame Husna kamin. (2015). Level of resilient among international students in public higher education institutions in Malaysia. Scientific Journal PPI-UKM, 181-188. Mikesell, R. H., Lusterman, D. D., & McDaniel, S. H. (1995). Integrating family therapy: handbook of family psychology and systems theory. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Milligan, K. (2013). Cognitive distortions as a mediator between early maladaptive schema and hopelessness. Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Paper 256. Millon, T., & Davis, R. D. (1996). Disorders of personality, DSM—IV and beyond (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Mitchell, M., & Jolley, J. (2004). Research design explained (5th ed.). New York: Thompson Learning. Mohd Majid Konting (1990). Education research methodology. Kuala Lumpur. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Mohd Majid Konting. (1998). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Mohd Rafi Yaacob. (2013). SPSS for business and social science students. Kota Bharu: Eduserve Resource. Mohd Sattar Rasul, Mohd Rosdi Sukardi, & Rose Amnah Abd Rauf. (2013). Amalan kaunseling sekolah di United Kingdom dalam meningkatkan kesihatan mental kanak-kanak dan remaja. Journal of Human Capital Development 6(1), 51-68. Mokhtar Ismail. (2011). Kaedah penyelidikan kuantitatif dalam pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka. Mooney, A., Oliver, C., & Smith, M. (2009). Impact of family breakdown on children’s well-being: evidence review. London,:Thomas Coram Research Unit. Moos, R. H., & Moos, B. S. (1981). Family environment scale manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Moos, R. H., & Moos, B. S. (1986). Family environment scale manual (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Moriarty, J. (2012). Carers and the role of the family. In A. J. Sinclair, J. E. Morley, & B. Vellas (Eds.), Pathy’s principles and practice of geriatric medicine (pp. 2838–2855). Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Mutimer, A., Reece, J., & Matthews, J. (2007). Child resilience: relationships between stress, adaptation and family functioning. Electronic Journal of Applied Psychology, 31(1), 16-25. Muhammad Adam Hussein. (2012). Ebook kajian bunuh diri. Sukabumi: Adamssein Media Ebook Publisher. Dimuat turun daripada https://www.academia.edu/2913305/Ebook_Kajian_ Bunuh_Diri Muhammed Sharif Mustaffa, & Suria Abd Jamil. (2012). Mengenal pasti punca-punca masalah ponteng di kalangan pelajar sekolah rendah: satu kajian kes. Journal of Educational Psychology and Counseling, 6, 50–73. Muller, R. T., Lemieux, K. E., & Sicoli, L. A. (2001). Attachment and psychopathology among formerly maltreated adults. Journal of Family Violence, 16, 151-169. Muller, R. T., Sicoli, L. A., & Lemieux, K. E. (2000). Relationship between attachment style and posttraumatic stress symptomatology among adults who report the experience of child abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 321-332. Mumford. M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Harding, F. D., Jacobs, T. 0., & Fleishman, E. A. (2000). Leadership skills for a changing world: solving complex social problems. Leadership Quarterly, 11(1), 11-35. Nagarkoti, V. (2012). Family functioning and mental health of adolescents. (Tesis Kedoktoran yang tidak diterbitkan). University of Krishikosh, India. Nasrudin Subhi, Mohd Suhaimi Mohamad, & Lokman Hamid. (2013). Potensi konflik di antara pegangan Islam dan identiti seksual: simptom psikologikal dalam kalangan mak nyah. Journal of Psychology and Human Development, 1, 44-48. National Suicide Registry Malaysia. (2010). The National Suicide Registry Malaysia Annual Report. Malaysia: Ministry of Health Malaysia. Newman, T., & Blackburn, S. (2002). Transitions in the lives of children and young people: resilience factors. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. Nolen, S. E. (2004). Abnormal psychology (3rd ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill. Noraini Idris. (2010). Penyelidikan dalam pendidikan. Malaysia: McGraw-Hill Education. Noran Fauziah Yaakub, Fatimah Haron, & Ahmad Jazimin Jusoh (2009). Manual guru: pencegahan buli di sekolah. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publication and Distributors Sdn Bhd. Nor Aznizah Kasmani. (2013). Kesediaan guru dan pelaksanaan pengajaran tingkatan enam di sekolah menengah daerah Muar. (Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor. Norsayyidatina Che Rozubi, Zuria Mahmud, & Azad Athahiri Anuar. (2011, Jun). Peranan keibubapaan dan hubungannya dengan kesejahteraan psikologi dalam kalangan remaja cemerlang akademik. Pembentangan kertas kerja PESAT (Psikologi, Ekonomi, Sastera, Arsitektur, & Sipil) dalam Prosiding Perkama International Convention di Akademi Kenegaraan, Kuala Lumpur. Nor Shafrin Ahmad. (2006). Kesan penderaan seksual dan daya tindak mangsa penderaan seksual. (Tesis Kedoktoran yang tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor. Nor Shafrin Ahmad, & Rohany Nasir. (2010). Emotional reactions and behaviour of incest victims. Procedia Social and Behavioral Science, 5, 1023-1027. Nunally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Nur Haziyanti Mohamad Khalid. (2008). Profil resilien dalam kalangan pelajar jurusan Sains Sukan. (Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Perak. Nur Haziyanti Mohamad Khalid. (2012). Profil resilien dalam kalangan pelajar jurusan Sains Sukan. Jurnal Sains dan Pendidikan Jasmani, 5, 54-67. Nyarko, K., & Amissah, C. M. (2014). Cognitive distortion and depression among undergraduate students. Research of Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(4), 69-75. O’Connor, K. (2012, November). Narco-Trauma: students, mental health and the drug war at the border. Annual Meeting of American Studies Association, San Juan Puerto Rico. O’Connor, T. G., Dunn, J., Jenkins, J. M., Pickering, K., & Rasbash, J. (2001). Family settings and children’s adjustment: differential adjustment within and across families. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 110-115. Oei, T. P. S., & Baranoff, J. (2007). Young Schema Questionnaire: review of psychometric and measurement issues. Australian Journal of Psychology, 59(2), 78-86. Oktan, V. (2008). Examination of the psychological endurance of adolescents prepared for the university exam according to various variables. (Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Black Sea Technical University, Trabzon. Olson, D. H., Russell, C. S., & Sprenkle, D. H. (1979). Cicumplex Model of marital and family systems: cohesion and adaptability dimensions, family types, and clinical applications. Family Process, 18(1), 3-28. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1979.00003.x Olson, D. H., Russell, C. S., & Sprenkle, D. H. (1983). Circumplex Model VI: theoretical update. Family Process, 22, 69-83. Olson, D. H., Russell, C. S., & Sprenkle, D. H. (1984). Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems VI: theoritical Update. In: D. H. Olson & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Family studies review yearbook (pp. 122-134). New Delhi: Sage Publications. Olson, D. H., Russell, C. S., & Sprenkle, D. H. (1989). Cicumplex Model: systemic assessment and treatment of families. New York: Haworth Press. Olson, D. H., & Tiesel, J. W. (1991). FACES III update: linear scoring and interpretation. Minneapolis, MN: Life Innovations, Inc. Olson, D. H., Portner, J., & Lavee, Y. (2003). FACES III: family version. Minneapolis, MN: Life Innovations, Inc. Olson, D. H. (1991). Three dimensional (3-D) Circumplex Model and revised scoring of FACES. Family Process, 30, 74-79. Olson, D.H. (1993). Circumplex Model of marital and family systems. In F. Wals (Ed.), Normal family processes (pp.87-102). New York: Guilford Press. Olson, D.H. (1996). Clinical assessment and treatment interventions using the Circumplex Model. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Handbook of relational diagnosis and dysfunctional family patterns (pp. 59-80). New York: John Wiley and Sons. Olson, D. H. (2011). FACES IV and the circumplex model: validation study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 37, 64-80. Oshri, A., Lucier-Greer, M., O’neal, C. W., Arnold, A. L., Mancini, J. A., & Ford, J. L. (2015). Adverse childhood experiences, family functioning, and resilience in military families: a pattern-based approach. Interdisclplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 64, 44-63. doi:10.1111/fare.12108 Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: a step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows version 15. UK, USA: Open University Press Milton Keynes. Pallant, J. (2014). SPSS survival manual: a step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS. Maidenhead: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1984). Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: theory and evidence. Psychological Review, 91, 347–374. Piaget, J., & Cook, M. T. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York, NY: International University Press. Piaget, J. (1957). Construction of reality in the child. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Pietrzak, R., Johnson, D., Goldstein, M., Malley, J., Rivers, A., & Morgan, C. (2010). Psychosocial buffers of traumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of operations enduring freedom: the role of resilience, unit support, and postdeployment social support. Journal of Affective Disorders, 120, 188-192. Pimm, S. L. (1984). The balance of nature. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Plaskon, D. L. (2011). Resiliency in victims of bullying and its impact on higher educational goals. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A, 72, 1867. Poletti, S., Colombo, C., & Benedetti, F. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences worsen cognitive distortion during adult bipolar depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55, 1803-1808. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.07.0130010-440X Portney, L. G., & Walkins, M. R. (1993). Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice. East Norwalk, Conn.: Appleton and Lang. Portzky, M., Wagnild, G., De Bacquer, D., & Audenaert, K. (2010). Psychometric evaluation of the Dutch Resilience Scale RS‐nl on 3265 healthy participants: a confirmation of the association between age and resilience found with the Swedish version. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 24(1), 86–92. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2010.00841.x Prinzie, P., Dekovic, M., Akker, A. L. V., Haan, A. D. A., Stoltz, S. E. M. J., Hendriks, A. A. J. (2012). Fathers’ personality and its interaction with children’s personality as predictors of perceived parenting behavior six years later. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 183-189. Punch, K. F. (2005). Introduction to social research–quantitative and qualitative approaches. London: Sage. Ramlee Ismail, Jamal Yunus, & Hariri Kamis. (2011). Analisis data dan pentafsiran dengan menggunakan SPSS. Perak: UPSI. Reivich, K., & Shatte, A. (2002). The resilience factor: 7 essential skill for overcoming life's inevitable obstacle. New York: Broadway Books. Rew, L., Arheart, K. L., Thompson, S., & Johnson, K. (2013). Predictors of adolescents’ health-promoting behaviors guided by socialization theory. Pediatric Nursing, 18, 277-288. Rholes, W., Riskind, J., & Neville, B. (1985). The relationship of cognitions and hopelessness to depression and anxiety. Social Cognition, 3(1): 36-50. Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3): 307–21. Rinaldi. (2010). Resiliensi pada masyarakat Kota Padang ditinjau dari jenis kelamin. Jurnal Psikologi, 3(2), 99-105. Robbins, M. S., Szapocznik, J., Alexander, J. F., & Miller, J. R. (1998). Family systems therapy with children and adolescents. In H. M. Bellack & A. S. Ollendick (Eds.), Comprehensive clinical psychology: Children and adolescents: Clinical formulation and treatment (pp. 149–184). Oxford, England: Pergamon. Roche, D. N., Runtz, M. G., & Hunter, M. A. (1999). Adult attachment: A mediator between child sexual abuse and later psychological adjustment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 184-207. Rodgers, B., & Pryor, J. (1998) Divorce and separation: the outcomes for children. New York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Rohany Nasir, Zainah Ahmad Zamani, Rozainee Khairudin, & Latipun. (2010). Effects of family functioning, self-esteem, and cognitive distortion on depression among Malay and Indonesian juvenile delinquents. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 7(c), 613-620. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010. 10.083 Rohany Nasir, Zainal Ahmad Zamani, Rozainee Khairuddin, Rokiah Ismail, Fatimah Yusoff, & Z.M. Lukman. (2011). Psychological factors of self-esteem and cognitive distortion in prostitution. World Applied Science Journal, 12 (Special Issue of Social and Psychological Sciences for Human Development): 35-39. Roselina Yusuf. (2006). Merintis dedenai pulang: monograf perjalanan kepulangan bekas penagih 1, Selangor: Kolej Universiti islam Malaysia. Rosenfield, B. M. (2004). The relationship between cognitive distortions and psychological disorders across diagnostic axes. (Disertasi Kedoktoran yang tidak diterbitkan). Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States. Rosna Awang Hashim. (2003). Ke arah pembentukan remaja resilien, tanggungjawab bersama. Dalam Ruzlan Md Ali & Rosna Awang Hashim (Eds.), Perkembangan sosioemosi remaja (pp. 213-227). Sintok, Kedah: Universiti Utara Malaysia Press. Rozmi Ismail. (2014, Disember). Buli di sekolah: igauan atau realiti?. Dibentangkan dalam Bicara Persada, Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. Rozumah, B., Hong, C. Y., Lim, S. J., & Nor Sheereen, Z. (2010). Educational goals, parenting practices and adolescents’ academic achievement. Asian Social Science, 6(12), 11-25. Rozumah, B., Siti Nor, Y., Abdullah Al-Hadi, M., Maznah, B., & Aidah, M. T. (1999). Kajian keruntuhan institusi keluarga Islam Malaysia. Selangor: Universiti Putra Malaysia. Rubin, R. B., Palmgreen, P., & Sypher, H. E. (1994). Communication research measures: a sourcebook. New York: Guilford Pr. Rundell, M. (2007). Macmillan english dictionary for advanced learners. Crinan Street, London: Macmillan Campus. Rugg, G., & Petre, M., (2006). A gentle guide to research methods. UK: McGraw-Hill Education. Russell, J., & Russell, L. (1998). Managing change. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt. Russell, J., & Russell, L. (2003). Leading change training. Alexandria, VA: ASTD Press. Russell, J., & Russell, L. (2005). The 2005 Pfeiffer Annual-Consulting: an integrative model for leading change in organizations. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Russell, J., & Russell, L. (2006). The 2006 Pfeiffer Annual Training: measuring employee resilience. USA: Russell Consulting, Inc. Rutter, M. (1977). Protective factors in children’s responses to stress and disadvantage. In M. W. Kent & J. E. Rolf (Eds.), Primary prevention in psychopathology, Vol. III: Social competence in children. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. Rutter, M. (1983). School effects on pupil progress. Child Development, 54, 1–29. Rutter, M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094(1), 1-12. doi:10.1196/annals.1376.002 Sabitha, M. (2006). Persepsi pelajar institiut pengajian tinggi terhadap tingkah laku devian di tempat kerja. Jurnal Pemikir, Julai/September, 43-58. Saedah A.Gani, Zainah Ahmad Zamani, Roseliza Murni Ab. Rahman, Ariffin Hj. Zainal, & Wan Shahrazad Wan Sulaiman. (2008). Family functioning and it’s relation with self-esteem among drug addicts. Jurnal Antidadah Malaysia, 4, 91-106. Sagor, R. (1996). Building resiliency in students. Educational Leadership, 54(1), 38-43. Salami, S. O. (2010). Moderating effects of resilience, self-esteem and social support on adolescents’ reactions to violence. Asian Social Science. 6(12): 101-110.