Mediating role of attitude, behavioral control, and stakeholders' support on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial intentions of it employees in Pakistan

Mediating role of attitude, behavioral control, and stakeholders' support on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial intentions of it employees in Pakistan

Pakistan being a developing country has a high rate of unemployment among young population. This present study examines the effects of entrepreneurial skills on developing entrepreneurial intentions of IT employee of Punjab, Pakistan. The study also examines the mediating role of attitude towards be...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Shabbir, Muhammad Salman
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2017
Subjects:
HB615-715 Entrepreneurship
Risk and uncertainty
Property
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/7156/1/s95370_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7156/2/s95370_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.7156
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Mohd Shariff, Mohd Noor
topic HB615-715 Entrepreneurship
Risk and uncertainty
Property
spellingShingle HB615-715 Entrepreneurship
Risk and uncertainty
Property
Shabbir, Muhammad Salman
Mediating role of attitude, behavioral control, and stakeholders' support on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial intentions of it employees in Pakistan
description Pakistan being a developing country has a high rate of unemployment among young population. This present study examines the effects of entrepreneurial skills on developing entrepreneurial intentions of IT employee of Punjab, Pakistan. The study also examines the mediating role of attitude towards behavior, perceived behavioral control, and stakeholders’ support system in the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial intentions. The probing into the literature of concepts and conceptualizations of the theories permitted a theoretical framework that identified the research issues and the research gap. The data were collected from IT employees working with SECP registered companies in Punjab, Pakistan using a cross-sectional study design. The study used simple random sampling technique to the selected 398 employees working with Information Technology (IT) companies in Punjab, Pakistan. For the initial data screening SPSS 20 was used, and then the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed to test the present study hypotheses. This study found the significant mediating effects of attitude towards behavior, perceived behavioral control, and stakeholders’ support system on the relationship between EPS, LS, MS, PMS, and TS and entrepreneurial intentions of IT employees in Punjab, Pakistan. The findings of this study further reveal that entrepreneurial intentions depend on the degree of EPS, LS, MS, PMS, and TS. The results of this study provide important insights to the policy making institutions, government, and the researchers to further understand the effects of entrepreneurial skills on developing entrepreneurial intentions and mediating role of attitude towards behavior, perceived behavioral control, and stakeholders’ support system. The findings of this research extended to the body of knowledge on entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial intentions in Pakistani context.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Shabbir, Muhammad Salman
author_facet Shabbir, Muhammad Salman
author_sort Shabbir, Muhammad Salman
title Mediating role of attitude, behavioral control, and stakeholders' support on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial intentions of it employees in Pakistan
title_short Mediating role of attitude, behavioral control, and stakeholders' support on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial intentions of it employees in Pakistan
title_full Mediating role of attitude, behavioral control, and stakeholders' support on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial intentions of it employees in Pakistan
title_fullStr Mediating role of attitude, behavioral control, and stakeholders' support on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial intentions of it employees in Pakistan
title_full_unstemmed Mediating role of attitude, behavioral control, and stakeholders' support on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial intentions of it employees in Pakistan
title_sort mediating role of attitude, behavioral control, and stakeholders' support on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial intentions of it employees in pakistan
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Business Management
publishDate 2017
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/7156/1/s95370_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7156/2/s95370_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828164436951040
spelling my-uum-etd.71562021-08-18T06:56:04Z Mediating role of attitude, behavioral control, and stakeholders' support on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial intentions of it employees in Pakistan 2017 Shabbir, Muhammad Salman Mohd Shariff, Mohd Noor School of Business Management School of Business Management HB615-715 Entrepreneurship. Risk and uncertainty. Property Pakistan being a developing country has a high rate of unemployment among young population. This present study examines the effects of entrepreneurial skills on developing entrepreneurial intentions of IT employee of Punjab, Pakistan. The study also examines the mediating role of attitude towards behavior, perceived behavioral control, and stakeholders’ support system in the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial intentions. The probing into the literature of concepts and conceptualizations of the theories permitted a theoretical framework that identified the research issues and the research gap. The data were collected from IT employees working with SECP registered companies in Punjab, Pakistan using a cross-sectional study design. The study used simple random sampling technique to the selected 398 employees working with Information Technology (IT) companies in Punjab, Pakistan. For the initial data screening SPSS 20 was used, and then the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed to test the present study hypotheses. This study found the significant mediating effects of attitude towards behavior, perceived behavioral control, and stakeholders’ support system on the relationship between EPS, LS, MS, PMS, and TS and entrepreneurial intentions of IT employees in Punjab, Pakistan. The findings of this study further reveal that entrepreneurial intentions depend on the degree of EPS, LS, MS, PMS, and TS. The results of this study provide important insights to the policy making institutions, government, and the researchers to further understand the effects of entrepreneurial skills on developing entrepreneurial intentions and mediating role of attitude towards behavior, perceived behavioral control, and stakeholders’ support system. The findings of this research extended to the body of knowledge on entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial intentions in Pakistani context. 2017 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7156/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7156/1/s95370_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7156/2/s95370_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Adamantios Diamantopoulos, Heidi M. Winklhofer. (2001). Index Construction with Formative Indicators: An Alternative to Scale Development. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), 269-277. Agor, W. H. (1984). Intuitive Management: Integrating Right and Left Brain Management Skills. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Agor, W. H. (1986). The logic of intuitive decision making: A research based approach for top management, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Ahmad, S., Zafar, M. A., & Sheikh, S. (2014). Integrating Strategies of Entrepreneurship- Gourmet Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research and Reflection, 2(2), 51– 61. Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., Woodward, C. K., Reno, R. R., & Reynolds, K. D. (1994). Increasing screening mammography in asymptomatic women: Evaluation of a second-generation theory-based program. Health Psychology, 13, 526-538. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020 Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27–58. Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665–683. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Albright, D. (2004). Modernism and music: an anthology of sources. University of Chicago Press. Ali, A., Author, C., Topping, K., & Wakefield, P. (2011). Entrepreneurial Propensity in Pakistan and UK : A comparative study of Pakistani and UK Prospective. Pak. J. Commer. Soc. Sci., 5(2), 243–265. Allinson, C. W., & Hayes, J. (1996). The cognitive style index: A measure of intuition‐analysis for organizational research. Journal of Management studies, 33(1), 119-135. Allinson, C. W., Chell, E., & Hayes, J. (2000). Intuition and entrepreneurial behaviour. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(1), 31-43. Allport, G. W. (1935). Attitudes. Alstete. (2002). On becoming an entrepreneur: An evolving typology. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 222-234 Alvarez, S. A. & Barney, J. B. (2007). Discovery and creation: Alternative theories of entrepreneurial action. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1): 11-27. Amorós, J. E., Bosma, N., & Levie, J. (2013). Ten years of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: accomplishments and prospects. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 5(2), 120-152. Anderson, H., Supervisor, T., & Cusumano, M. A. (2013). Entrepreneurial Success Factor : A systematic approach to entrepreneur evaluation. Anderson, J. A. (1988). Cognitive styles and multicultural populations. Journal of Teacher Education, 39(1), 2-9. Anderson, J. R. (1993). Rules of the Mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Anderson, J. R. (1995). Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications: Fourth Edition. New York: Freeman. Anderson, K. (1991). The purpose at the heart of management. Harvard business review, 70(3), 52-3. Anderson, S. (2000). The internationalization of the firm from an entrepreneurial perspective. International Studies of Management & Organization, 63-92. Anumnu, S. (2014). Knowledge Management and Development of Entrepreneurial Skills among Students in Vocational Technical Institutions in Lagos, Nigeria. The Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management 12 (2),144- 154. Arbuckle, J. L. (1999). AMOS 4 (Computer software). Chicago: Small- Ardichvili, A., Cardozo, R.N. and Gasparishvili, A. (1998). Leadership styles and management practices of Russian entrepreneurs: implications for transferability of Western HRD interventions. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 9,145-55. Armanurah Mohamad, Muhammad Hussin, and N. A. B. (2014). Exploring Dimensions of Entrepreneurial Skills among Student Enterprise at Higher Learning Institution in Malaysia: A Case of Student Enterprise of University Utara Malaysia. International Multilingual Journal of Contemporary Research, 2(2), 37–51. Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: A meta‐ analytic review. British journal of social psychology, 40(4), 471-499. Arthur, W. B. (1994). Increasing returns and path dependence in the economy. University of Michigan Press. Autio, E, Keeley, R H, Klofsten, M. (1997). Entrepreneurial intent among students: testing an intent model in Asia, Scandinavia, and USA', Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, Wellesley, MA. Baird JE., Weinberg, SB. (1988). Elements of group communication. In Cathcart: RS et al (eds) Small Group Communication. Iowa: WM. C Brown Publishers. Bandura, A. (1970). Modeling theory: Some traditions, trends, and disputes. In W. S. Sahakian (Ed.), Psychology of learning: Systems, models, and theories. Chicago: Markham. (Reprinted in, R. D. Parke [Ed.], Recent trends in social learning theory. New York: Academic Press, 1972.) Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press. Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: W.H. Freeman. Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1963). Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Bannock, G. (1981). The Economics of Small Firms. Basil Blackwell. Oxford. Barnett, B. G. (1989). Reflection: The cornerstone of learning from experience. In University Council for Educational Administrators Annual Convention, Scottsdale, AZ. Baron, J. (1988, 1994, 2000, 2008). Thinking and Deciding. Cambridge University Press (errata). Baron, R. A., & Markman, G. D. (2000). Beyond social capital: How social skills can enhance entrepreneurs' success. The Academy of Management Executive, 14(1), 106-116. Baron, R. A., & Markman, G. D. (2000). Beyond social capital: How social skills can enhance entrepreneurs' success. The Academy of Management Executive, 14(1), 106-116. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173. Barrett, F. J., & Peterson, R. (2000). Appreciative learning cultures: Developing competencies for global organizing. Organization Development Journal, 18(2), 10-21. Baum, J.R., Locke, E.A. and Smith, K.G. (2001). A multidimensional model of venture growth. Academy of Management Journal, 44 (2), 292-303. Baumol, W. J. (1993). Formal entrepreneurship theory in economics: Existence and bounds. Journal of business venturing, 8(3), 197-210. Baumol, W.J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: productive, unproductive and destructive. Journal of Political Economy, 98 (5), 893–921. Baumol, W.J. (1993). Entrepreneurship, Management, and the Structure of Payoffs. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Baumol, W.J. (2002). The Free-Market Innovation Machine: Analyzing the Growth Miracle of Capitalism. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Béchard, J P & Toulouse, J. M. (1998). Validation of a didactic model for the analysis of training objectives in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 13, 317-332. Bechard, JP & Gregoire, D. (2005). Understanding teaching models in entrepreneurship for higher education,in Kyro, P, Carrier, C (Eds), The Dynamics of Learning Entrepreneurship in a Cross-cultural University context, Faculty of Education, University of Tam. Bentler, P. M., & Newcomb, M. D. (1978). Longitudinal study of marital success and failure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46(5), 1053. Berelson, B., & Steiner, G. A. (1964). Human behavior: An inventory of scientific findings. Berry, A. (1998). The Potential Role of the SME Sector in Pakistan in a World of Increasing International Trade. The Pakistan Development Review, 37 (4), 25-49. Bhutta, M.S. (2000). Engineering subcontracting and enterprise development in Pakistan. PhD thesis, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 1-276. Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case of intention. The Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442-453. Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of management Review, 13(3), 442-453. Birley, S. (1985). The Role of Networks in the Entrepreneurial Process. Journal of Business Venturing, 1, 107-117. Birley, S., & Westhead, P. (1990). Growth and performance contrasts between ‘types’ of small firms. Strategic management journal, 11(7), 535-557. Blanchflower, D. G., Oswald, A., & Stutzer, A. (2001). Latent entrepreneurship across nations. European Economic Review, 45(4), 680-691. Block, Z., & Stumpf, S. A. (1990). Entrepreneurship education research: experience and challenge. Center for Entrepreneurial Studies. New York University, Leonard N. Stern School of Business. Bollen, K. A., Davis, Watler. R. (2009). Causal Indicator Models: Identification, Estimation, and Testing. Structural Equation Modeling-A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16 (3), 498-522. Bolton, B., & Thompson, J. (2000). Entrepreneurs, Talent, Temperament, Technique. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Bosma, N., & Harding, R. (2006). Global entrepreneurship monitor. GEM 2006 Results. Bosma, N., Wennekers, S., & Amorós, J. E. (2011). Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurial Employees Across the Globe 2011 E XTENDED R EPORT : Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurial Employees. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Bowen, H. P., & De Clercq, D. (2008). Institutional context and the allocation of entrepreneurial effort. Journal of International Business Studies, 5, 747-768. Boyd, N.G., & Vozikis, G.S. (1994). The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, (18)4, 63- 74. Breccia, A., & Salgado-Banda, H. (2005). Competing or Colluding in a Stochastic Environment. Brockhaus, R. H. (1982). The psychology of the entrepreneur. Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship, 39-57. Brush, C. (1984). The woman entrepreneur: Management skills and Business problems. Journal of Small Business Management, 13(4), 94-109. Bruyat, C. and Julien, P. A. (2001). Defining the field of research in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 16 (2), 165-180. Busenitz, L. W. (1999). Entrepreneurial risk and strategic decision making; It’s a matter of perspective. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 35(3), 325-340. Busenitz, L. W., Gómez, C., & Spencer, J. W. (2014). Country Institutional Profiles : Unlocking Entrepreneurial Phenomena. The Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 994–1003. Business, S. M. E., & Master, M. (2012). The impact of entrepreneurial orientation on firm performance : a comparative study of Finnish and. Aalto University. Bygrave, W. D. (1989). The entrepreneurship paradigm (I): a philosophical look at its research methodologies. Entrepreneurship Theory and practice, 14(1), 7-26. Caliendo, M., Fossen, F., & Kritikos, A. (2012). Trust, positive reciprocity, and negative reciprocity: Do these traits impact entrepreneurial dynamics? Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(2), 394-409. Carson, D., Cromie, S., McGowan, P., & Hill, J. (1995). Marketing and entrepreneurship in SMEs: an innovative approach. Pearson Education Chaiken, S., & Stangor, C. (1987). Attitudes and attitude change. Annual review of psychology, 38(1), 575-63 Chandler, G. N. (1996). Business similarity as a moderator of the relationship between pre- ownership experience and venture performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20, 51-65. Chandler, G. N., & Jansen, E. (1992). The founder's self-assessed competence and venture performance. Journal of Business venturing, 7(3), 223-236. Chandler, G.N. and Hanks, S.H. (1994). Founder competence, the environment, and venture performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18, 77-89. Chaudhry, M.S. (2004). Country paper Pakistan on: Strategic Partnership in Promoting Technology Incubation System for SMEs, turn potential into profit. Small and medium enterprises development authority (SMEDA), Government of Pakistan, 1-19. Chell, E. (2000). Towards researching the opportunistic entrepreneur: A social constructionist approach and research agenda. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(1), 63-80. Chell, E. (2008). The entrepreneurial personality: A social construction (2nd ed.). Routledge. Chell, E. (2013). Review of skill and the entrepreneurial process. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 19(1): 6-31. Chell, Elizabeth., Haworth, J. M., & Brearley, Sally. (1991). The entrepreneurial personality: concepts, cases, and categories. London ; New York : Chemin, M. (2008). Entrepreneurship in Pakistan : Government Policy on SMEs, Environment for Entrepreneurship, Internationalization of Entrepreneurs and SMEs Introduction to Pakistan Government policy on SMEs and entrepreneurship in Pakistan (Doctoral Dissertation). Chen, C. C., & Greene, P. G. (1998). Does Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy distinguish Entrepreneurs from Managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(97), 295–316. Chrisman, N.R. 1997: Leading an Exploration. (Instructor’s Manual for Exploring GIS), digital publication of John Wiley and Sons Cogliser, C.C. and Brigham, K. (2004). The intersection of leadership and entrepreneurship: does leadership have to be entrepreneurship’s ugly older stepsister? Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 15 No. 6, pp. 771-99. Cohen, L., & Manion, L. (1989). Research Methods in Education (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. Collins, L. A., Smith, A. J., & Hannon, P. D. (2006). Applying a synergistic learning approach in entrepreneurship education. Management learning, 37(3), 335-354. Collins, O. and Moore, D. (1970). The organization makers: A behavioral study of independent entrepreneurs. New York: Meredith. Commission, E. (2008). European Commission Expert Group: Entrepreneurship in higher education, especially within non-business studies. Cong, W., Wang, G., Kumar, D., Liu, Y., Jiang, M., Wang, L., & Cong, A. (2005). Practical reconstruction method for bioluminescence tomography. Optics Express, 13(18), 6756- 6771. Conner, M., & Armitage, C. J. (1998). Extending the theory of planned behavior: A review and avenues for further research. Journal of applied social psychology, 28(15), 1429-1464.- Cooney, T. M. (2012). Entrepreneurship Skills for Growth-Orientated Businesses: Report for the Workshop on ‘Skills Development for SMEs and Entrepreneurship. Cooper, Arnold. (2003). Entrepreneurship: The Past, the Present, the Future, in Zoltan J. Acs and David Audretsch (eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research. Boston: Kluwer. Cope, J., & Watts, G. (2000). Learning by doing-An exploration of experience, critical incidents and reflection in entrepreneurial learning. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 6(3), 104-124. Crant, J. M. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of small business management, 34(3), 42. D.Vesper, K. (1982). The Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 72-90. Daily, C.M., McDougall, P.P., Covin, J.G. and Dalton, D.R. (2002). Governance and strategic leadership in entrepreneurial firms. Journal of Management, 28, 387-412. Davidson, A. R., & Jaccard, J. J. (1979). Variables that moderate the attitude–behavior relation: Results of a longitudinal survey. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(8), 1364. Davidsson, P. (1991). Continued entrepreneurship: Ability, need, and opportunity as determinants of small firm growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(6), 405. Davidsson, P. (1995). Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions. Working Paper 1995: 1. Jonkoping: Jonkoping International Business School Davidsson, P. (2003). The domain of entrepreneurship research: Some suggestions. In J. Katz & D. Shepherd (Eds.). Cognitive Approaches to Entrepreneurship Research, 6, 315-372. Davidsson, P. (2006). The types and contextual fit of entrepreneurial processes. Modern Perspectives on Entrepreneurship, 1-22. De Clercq, D., Lim, D. S. K., & Oh, C. H. (2013). Individual-Level Resources and New Business Activity: The Contingent Role of Institutional Context. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(2). Deakins, D., & Freel, M. (1998). Entrepreneurial learning and the growth process in SMEs. The Learning Organization, 5(3), 144-155. Delmar, F., & Davidsson, P. (2000). Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship & regional development, 12(1), 1-23. Demick, D. H., & O'Reilly, A. J. (2000). Supporting SME internationalization: A collaborative project for accelerated export development. Irish Marketing Review, 13(1), 34. Deuchar, R. J. (2007). Citizenship, enterprise and learning: Harmonising competing educational agendas. Trentham Books. Development, S. (2008). Entrepreneurship and Microfinance- A tool for empowerment of poor- Case of Akhuwat-Pakistan. (Doctoral Dissertation). DeVries, D. L. and Ajzen, I. (1971). The relationship of attitudes and normative beliefs to cheating in college. Journal of Social Psychology, 83, 199-207. Dollinger, M J (1995). Entrepreneurship: Strategies and resources'. Boston: Irwin. Douglas, E. J., & Shepherd, D. A. (2002). Self-employment as a career choice: Attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions, and utility maximization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 81-90. Douglas, EJ (1999). Entrepreneurship as a career choice: attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions, and utility maximisation', Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College. Wellesley, M.A. Dreisler, P., Blenker, P., & Nielsen, K. (2003). Promoting entrepreneurship-changing attitudes or behaviour? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 10(4), 383-392. Driessen, Geert, Frederik Smit, and Peter Sleegers. (2005). Parental involvement and educational achievement. British educational research journal, 31(4), 509-532. Driessen, M. P., & Zwart, P. S. (1999). The role of the entrepreneur in small business success: the Entrepreneurship Scan. In 44th ICSB Wold Conference Proceedings Innovation and Economic Development: the Role of Entreprenuership and SMEs, Nápoles, 20-23. Dyer Jr., Gibb, W. (1994). Toward a Theory of Entrepreneurial Career. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 94 (4), 19 (2), 7-21. Dyer, W.G. (1994). Toward a theory of entrepreneurial careers. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19 (2), 7‐21 Edward, P. L. (2013). Balanced Skills and Entrepreneurship. The American Economic Review, 94(2). Eggers, J.H. and Smilor, R.W. (1996). Leadership skills of entrepreneurs: resolving paradoxes and enhancing the practices of entrepreneurial growth. In Smilor, R.W. and Sexton, D.L. (Eds), Leadership and Entrepreneurship, Quorum Books, Westport, CT. Ekpoh, U. I., & Edet, A. O. (2011). Entrepreneurship Education and Career Intentions of Tertiary Education Students in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States, Nigeria. International Education Studies, 4 (1), 172. Elasrag, Hussein, Nile Stock Exchange and SME's in Egypt (2010). Available at SSRN:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1719239 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1719239 Estrin, S., Korosteleva, J., & Mickiewicz, T. (2013). Which institutions encourage entrepreneurial growth aspirations. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(4), 564–580. Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. (2013). Entrepreneurship at a Glance 2013. OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/entrepreneur_aag-2013-en Fairlie, R. W., Morelix, A., Reedy, E. J., & Russell, J. (2015). The Kauffman Index 2015: Startup Activity. National Trends. Fayolle, A. (2008). Entrepreneurship education at a crossroads: Towards a more mature teaching field. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 16 (4), 325-337. Fayolle, A., & Degeorge, J. M. (2006). Attitudes, intentions, and behaviour: New approaches to evaluating entrepreneurship education. International entrepreneurship education; Issues and newness, 74-89. Fayolle, A., & Gailly, B. (2005). Using the theory of planned behaviour to assess entrepreneurship teaching programmes. Center for Research in Change, Innovation and Strategy of Louvain School of Management, Working Paper, 5, 2005. Fayolle, A., & Klandt, H. (Eds.). (2006). International entrepreneurship education; Issues and newness. Edward Elgar Publishing. Fayyaz, A., Mian, S.A and Khan, J.H (2009). State of entrepreneurship and globalization in Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 3(3), 271-287. Fehr, D& Hishigsuren, G. (2006). Raising capital for microfinance: sources of funding and opportunities for equity financing. Journal of Development Entrepreneurship, 11(2), 133- 143. Fekri, K., Shafiabady, A., Nooranipour, R., & Ahghar, G. (2012). Determine and compare effectiveness of entrepreneurship education based on multi-axial model and theory of constraints and compromises on learning entrepreneurship skills. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 566-570. Finkle, T. A., & Deeds, D. (2001). Trends in the market for entrepreneurship faculty, 1989– 1998. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(6), 613-630. Fischer, A. R., De Jong, A. E., De Jonge, R., Frewer, L. J., & Nauta, M. J. (2005). Improving food safety in the domestic environment: The need for a transdisciplinary approach. Risk analysis, 25(3), 503-517. Fischer, F. (2003). Reframing public policy: Discursive politics and deliberative practices. Oxford University Press. Fitriati, R., & Hermiati, T. (2010). Entrepreneurial Skills and Characteristics Analysis on the Graduates of the Department of Administrative Sciences , FISIP Universitas Indonesia. Journal of Administrative ScienceS & Organization, 17(3), 262–275. Fleischmann, F. (2006). Entrepreneurship as Emancipation : The History of an Idea. Foss, N. J., & Klein, P. G. (2012). Organizing entrepreneurial judgment: A new approach to the firm. Cambridge University Press. Franke, N & Luthje, C. (2004). Entrepreneurship intentions of business students: A benchmarking study. viewed October 23 2003, www2.wuwien.ac.at./entrepren/ modules? Updownload/store_folder/Publikationen/ Nikolaus/Franke/entrepreneurialspirit.pdf. Friedman, L. M. (2011). Contract law in America: a social and economic case study. Quid Pro Books. Gartner, W. B. (1988). Who is an entrepreneur? Is the wrong question. American journal of small business, 12(4), 11-32. Gartner, W. B. (1989). Some suggestions for research on entrepreneurial traits and characteristics. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(1), 27-38. Gartner, W.B. (1985). A framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation. Academy of Management Review, 10(4), 696-706. Gartner, W.B. (1988). Who is an entrepreneur? Is the wrong question? American Journal of Small Business, 12(4), 11-32. Gartner, WB & Vesper, KH. (1994). Executive Forum: experiments in entrepreneurship education: successes and failures. Journal of Business Venturing, 9, 179-187. Gelard, P., & Saleh, K. E. (2011). Impact of some contextual factors on entrepreneurial intention of university students. African Journal of Business Management, 5(26), 10707–10717. Gelderen, M. V., Brand, M., Praag, M. V., Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E., & Gils, A. V. (2008). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions by means of the theory of planned behaviour. Career Development International, 13(6), 538-559. Geldhof, G. J., Weiner, M., Agans, J. P., Mueller, M. K., & Lerner, R. M. (2014). Understanding entrepreneurialintent in late adolescence: The role of intentional self-regulation and innovation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 81-91. Gibb, A. (2002). In pursuit of a new 'enterprise' and 'entrepreneurship' paradigm for learning: creative destruction, new values, new ways of doing things and new combinations of knowledge. International Journal and Management Reviews, 4 (3), 233-269. Gibb, A. A. (1987). Enterprise Culture - its meanings and implications for education and training. Journal of European Industrial Training, 11(2). Gibb, A. A. (1993). The Enterprise Culture and Education. Understanding Enterprise Culture and its Links with Small Business, Entrepreneurship and Wider Educational Goals. International Small Business Journal, 11 (3). Gibb, A.A. (1996). Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management: Can We Afford to Neglect Them in the Twenty-first Century Business School? British Journal of Management, 7(4), 309-321. Gibb, A.A. (2000). SME Policy, Academic Research and the Growth of Ignorance: Mythical Concepts, Myths, Assumptions, Rituals and Confusions. International Small Business Journal, 18(3), 13-35. Gird, A., & Bagraim, J. J. (2008). The theory of planned behaviour as predictor of entrepreneurial intent amongst final-year university students.South African Journal of Psychology, 38(4), 711-724. Giunipero, L. C., Gopalakrishna Pillai, K., Chapman, S. N., & Clark, R. A. (2005). A longitudinal examination of JIT purchasing practices. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 16(1), 51-70. Global Entrepreneurship & Development Index. (2012). https://thegedi.org/research/gedi-index/ Global Information Technology Report. (2014). Available at http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_ GlobalInformationTechnology_Report_2014.pdf Gnyawali, D., & Fogel, D. (1994). Environments for entrepreneurship development: Key dimensions and research implications. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 18(4), 43- 62. Goldin, C., & Katz, L. F. (2007). The race between education and technology: the evolution of US educational wage differentials, 1890 to 2005(No. w12984). National Bureau of Economic Research. Gorman, G., Hanlon, D., & King, W. (1997). Some research perspectives on entrepreneurship education, enterprise education and education for small business management: a ten-year literature review. International small business journal, 15(3), 56-77. Gottleib, E, Ross, JA. (1997). Made not born: HBS courses and entrepreneurial management. Harvard Business School Bulletin, 73 (2), 41-45. Gray, D. (1992). Entrepreneurship training: An alternative to traditional job training programs. Economic Development Review, 10 (1), 82. Green, R, David, J, Dent, M& Tyshkovsky, A. (1996). The Russian entrepreneur: A study The Russian entrepreneur: A study of psychological characteristics. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 2 (1), 49-58. Greenberger, D.B., & Sexton, D.L. (1988). An interactive model of new venture creation. Journal of Small Business Management, 26 (3), 107. Greene, P G & Brown, TE. (1997). Resource needs and the dynamic capitalism typology. Journal of Business Venturing, 12 (3), 161–173. Greene, P. G., Katz, J. A., & Johannisson, B. (2004). From the guest co-editors. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3(3), 238-241. Gupta, A. K., & Govindarajan, V. (2000). Knowledge flows within multinational corporations. Strategic management journal, 21(4), 473-496 Gürol, Y., & Atsan, N. (2006). Entrepreneurial characteristics amongst university students: Some insights for entrepreneurship education and training in Turkey. Education & Training, 48(1), 25-38. Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications. Hair Jr., J. F., Black, J. W., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, E. R. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Pieper, T. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2012). The use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in strategic management research: A review of past practices and recommendations for future applications. Long Range Planning, 45(5-6), 320–340. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414–433. Hamieleski, K. M., & Corbett, A. C. (2006). Proclivity for Improvisation as a Predictor of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 44 (1), 45- 63. Haque, N. U. (2007). Entrepreneurship in Pakistan. Pakistan Institute of Economic Development. Harris, M., Gibson, S., & Taylor, S. (2008). Examining the impact of small business Institute Participation on Entrepreneurial Attitudes. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 18 (2), 113-129. Hayton, J. (2015). Leadership and Management Skills in SMEs. Warwick Business School: Department of Business, Industry and Skills. Hegarty, C. (2006). It's not an exact science: teaching entrepreneurship in Northern Ireland. Education & Training, 48 (5), 322-335. Heinonen, J., & Poikkijoki, S. A. (2006). An entrepreneurial-directed approach to entrepreneurship education: mission impossible. Journal of management development, 25(1), 80-94. Herbert, B. E. (1989). Managers' Perceptions of the Importance of Topics for the High School Management Curriculum. Delta Pi Epsilon Journal, 31(3), 103. Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. (2000). http://www.hec.gov.pk/english/Pages/Home.aspx Hill, J. (2001a). A multidimensional study of the key determinants of effective SME marketing activity: Part 1. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 7(5), 171-204. Hill, J., & Fallis, A. (1995). An investigation into the scope and nature of marketing management competencies for entrepreneurial decision making in small firms. Research at the Marketing/Entrepreneurship Interface. American Marketing Association, University of Illinois, Chicago, 137-56. Hill, J., and McGowan, P. (1999). Small business and enterprise development: questions about research methodology. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 5 (1), 5-18. Hills, G. E., & LaForge, R. W. (1992). Research at the marketing interface to advance entrepreneurship theory. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 16(3), 33-59. Hinterhuber, H.H. and Krauthammer, E. (1998). The leadership wheel: the tasks entrepreneurs and senior executives cannot delegate. Strategic Change, 7, 149-62. Hisrich D. R., Peters P. M., & Shepherd A. D. (2009). Entrepreneurship (8th ed.). Illinois, U.S.A.: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Hisrich, R. D., & Fan, Z. (1991). Women entrepreneurs in the People's Republic of China: an exploratory study. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 6(3), 3-12. Hisrich, R. D., & Grachev, M. V. (1995). The Russian entrepreneur: characteristics and prescriptions for success. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 10(2), 3-9. Hisrich, R., Langan-Fox, J., & Grant, S. (2007). Entrepreneurship research and practice: a call to action for psychology. American Psychologist, 62(6), 575. Hisrich, R., Peters, M., & Shepherd, A. (2005). The Entrepreneurial Process. Entrepreneurship, 1-3. Hjorth, D., & Johannisson, B. (2007). Learning as an entrepreneurial process. Handbook of Research in Entrepreneurship Education, Volume, 46. Honig, B. (2004). Entrepreneurship education: Toward a model of contingency-based business planning. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3(3), 258-273. Huck, J. F., & McEwen, T. (1991). Competencies needed for small business success: perceptions. Journal of Small Business Management, 29(4), 90. Huefner, J. C., & Hunt, H. K. (1994). Broadening the concept of entrepreneurship: Comparing business and consumer entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 18(3), 61- 76. Imani, m. (2009). Entrepreneurship training in universities: a framework for planning, administration, and evaluation of entrepreneurship programs. Ireland RD, Webb JW. (2007). Strategic entrepreneurship: creating competitive advantage through streams of innovation. Business Horizons, 50, 49–59. Jansen, S., Cusumano, M. A., & Brinkkemper, S. (Eds.). (2013). Software Ecosystems: Analyzing and Managing Business Networks in the Software Industry. Edward Elgar Publishing. Johannisson, B., Landstrom, H., & Rosenberg, J. (1998). University training for entrepreneurship—an action frame of reference. European Journal of Engineering Education, 23(4), 477-496. Jones, B., & Iredale, N. (2010). Enterprise education as pedagogy. Education & Training, 52(1), 7-19. Kanter, R.M. (1984). The Change Masters: Corporate Entrepreneurs At Work. London: Allan & Unwin. Kanungo, R. N., & Misra, S. (1992). Managerial resourcefulness: A reconceptualization of management skills. Human Relations, 45(12), 1311-1332. Kassicieh, S. K., Radosevich, H. R., & Banbury, C. M. (1997). Using attitudinal, situational, and personal characteristics variables to predict future entrepreneurs from national laboratory inventors. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 44(3), 248-257. Katz, J. (2007). The invention of heterosexuality. University of Chicago Press. Katz, J., & Gartner, W. B. (1988). Properties of emerging organizations. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 429-441. Kelley, D. J., Singer, S., & Herrington, M. (2012). The global entrepreneurship monitor. 2011 Global Report, GEM 2011, 7. Kelley, D. J., Singer, S., & Herrington, M. (2016). 2016/15 Global Report. Global Entrepreneurshiop Research Association (GERA). Kelley, D. J., Singer, S., & Herrington, M. (2016). 2016/15 Global Report. Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA). Kemelgor, B. H. (1985). A Longitudinal Analysis of the Transition from 'Organization Man ‘to Entrepreneur. In Academy of Management Proceedings, 1985(1), 67-70. Kickul, J., & Fayolle, A. (2007). Cornerstones of change: revisiting and challenging new perspectives on research in entrepreneurship education. Handbook of research in entrepreneurship education, 1, 1-17. Kilby, P. (1971). Entrepreneurship and economic development. Kim, M. S., & Hunter, J. E. (1993). Relationships Among Attitudes, Behavioral Intentions, and Behavior A Meta-Analysis of Past Research, Part 2.Communication research, 20(3), 331- 364. Kirby, D. A. (2004). Entrepreneurship education: can business schools meet the challenge. Education & training, 46(8/9), 510-519. Kirzner, I. M. (1973). Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kirzner, I. M. (1997). Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach. Journal of Economic Literature, 35, 60–85. Kirzner, I. M. (1997). Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach. Journal of economic Literature, 35(1), 60-85. Klemp Jr, G. O. (1980). The Assessment of Occupational Competence. Final Report: I. Introduction and Overview. Knight, F. H. (1921). Risk, uncertainty and profit. New York: Hart, Schaffner and Marx. Kobia, M., & Sikalieh, D. (2010). Towards a search for the meaning of entrepreneurship. Journal of European industrial training, 34(2), 110-127. Koksal, G & Egitman, A. (1998). Planning and design of industrial engineering education quality. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 35(3), 639-642. Kolb, A. Y., & Kolb, D. A. (2005). Learning styles and learning spaces: Enhancing experiential learning in higher education. Academy of management learning & education, 4(2), 193- 212. Kolb, B. (1984). Functions of the frontal cortex of the rat: a comparative review. Brain Research Reviews, 8(1), 65-98. Kollmann, T., & Kuckertz, A. (2006). Venture archetypes and the entrepreneurial event: cross- cultural empirical evidence. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 14(01), 27-48. Kolvereid, L. (1996). Organizational employment versus self-employment: Reasons for career choice intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20 (3), 23-31. Kolvereid, L. (1996). Prediction of employment status choice intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20 (4), 47–57 Kolvereid, L., & Isaksen, E. (2006). New business start-up and subsequent entry into self- employment. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(6), 866-885. Kolvereid, L., & Isaksen, E. J. (2012). The Psychology of the Entrepreneur. Perspectives in Entrepreneurship: A Critical Approach, 27-39. Kolvereid, L., & Moen, Ø. (1997). Entrepreneurship among business graduates: does a major in entrepreneurship make a difference. Journal of European industrial training, 21(4), 154- 160. Kourilsky, M L& Walstad, W. B. (1998). Entrepreneurship and female youth: Knowledge, attitudes, gender differences, and educational practices. Journal of Business Venturing, 13,77-88. Kourilsky, M. (1977). The kinder-economy: A case study of kindergarten pupils' acquisition of economic concepts. The Elementary School Journal, 182-191. Kozan, M. K., Öksoy, D., & Özsoy, O. (2006). Growth plans of small businesses in Turkey: Individual and environmental influences. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(1), 114-129. Krueger Jr, N. F. (1989). Antecedents of opportunity recognition: the role of perceived self- efficacy (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University). Krueger Jr, N. F. (1989). Antecedents of opportunity recognition: the role of perceived self- efficacy (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University). Krueger, N F Carsrud, A. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behavior. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 5, 316-323. Krueger, N F, Reilly, M D & Carsrud, A L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15 (5), 411-432. Krueger, N. F. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 18(1), 5-21. Krueger, N. F., & Brazeal, D. V. (1994). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 18 (2), 91-91. Krueger, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: applying the theory of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 5(4), 315-330. Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of business venturing, 15(5), 411-432. Kumar, N. (2008). Organizational culture as a root of performance improvement. Contemporary Management Research, 4(1). Kumara, Samantha P. A. P. (2012). Undergraduates intention towards entrepreneurship: empirical evidence from Sri Lanka. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 20(1), 105-118. Kuratko, D. (2016). Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, and practice. Cengage Learning. Kuratko, D. F. & Hodgetts, T. M. (1995), Entrepreneurship: A Contemporary Approach. 3rd edition, Fort Worth, TX: The Dryden Press. Kuratko, D.F. and Hodgetts, R.M. (2001). Entrepreneurship: A Contemporary Approach. Harcourt, Fortworth. Kuratko, DF. (2005). The emergence of entrepreneurship education: development, trends and challenges. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29 (5), 577-597. Lazear, E. P. (2004). Balanced skills and entrepreneurship. American Economic Review, 208- 211. Le Deist, F. D., & Winterton, J. (2005). What is competence? Human resource development international, 8(1), 27-46. Lee, S. M., & Peterson, S. J. (2001). Culture, entrepreneurial orientation, and global competitiveness. Journal of world business, 35(4), 401-416. Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2006). On conceptualizing and assessing social cognitive constructs in career research: A measurement guide. Journal of career assessment, 14(1), 12-35. Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance [Monograph]. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 79–122. Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., Nota, L., & Soresi, S. (2003). Testing social cognitive interest and choice hypotheses across Holland types in Italian high school students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 101–118. Lent, R. W., Lopez, F. G., & Bieschke, K. J. (1993). Predicting mathematics-related choice and success behaviors: Test of an expanded social cognitive model. Journal of vocational behavior, 42(2), 223-236. Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., & Hackett, G. (2000). Contextual supports and barriers to career choice: A social cognitive analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 36-49. Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., Talleyrand, R., McPartland, E.B., Davis, T., Chopra, S.B., Alexander, M.S., Suthakaran, V., & Chai, C-M. (2002). Career choice barriers, supports, and coping strategies: College students’ experiences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 61-72. Lent, R.W., Lopez, A.M., Lopez, F.G., & Sheu, H. (2008). Social cognitive career theory and the prediction of interests and choice goals in the computing disciplines. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73, 52-62. Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science. Lichtenstein, G. A., & Lyons, T. S. (1996). Incubating new enterprises. Lichtenstein, G. A., & Lyons, T. S. (2001). The entrepreneurial development system: Transforming business talent and community economies. Economic Development Quarterly, 15(1), 3-20. Liñán, F. & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and Cross-Cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33 (3), 593-617. Liñán, F. (2004). Intention-based models of entrepreneurship education.Piccolla Impresa/Small Business, 3(1), 11-35 Liñán, F. (2008). Skill and value perceptions: how do they affect entrepreneurial intentions? International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, 4, 257–272. Liñán, F. and Chen, Y. (2009). Development and Cross-Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617. Liñán, F., Rodríguez-Cohard, J. C., & Rueda-Cantuche, J. M. (2010). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention levels: a role for education. Int Entrep Manag J, 7(2), 195–218. Looney, R. (2012). Entrepreneurship and the Process of Development : A Framework for Applied Expeditionary Economics in Pakistan February 2012, 5th in the Series. Lorz, M. (2011). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Intention (Doctoral Dessertation). Lorz, M., Mueller, S., & Volery, T. (2011). Entrepreneurship Education: A Meta Analysis of Impact Studies and Applied Methodologies. In Conference Paper, FGF G-Forum 2011. Low, M. B., & MacMillan, I. C. (1988). Entrepreneurship: Past research and future challenges. Journal of Management, 14(2): 139-161. Lucas, W. A. (2014). Theories of Entrepreneurial Intention and the Role of Necessity William. Cambridge, MA, USA. Luckmann, T. (1982). Individual action and social knowledge, n Von Cranach M, Harré, R (eds). The analysis of action (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Lüthje, C., & Franke, N. (2003). The ‘making’of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT. R&d Management, 33(2), 135- 147. Lyons, T. S. (2002). Building social capital for rural enterprise development: Three case studies in the United States. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 7(2), 193. Madden, M. J., Ellen, P. S., Ajzen, I. (1992). A comparison of the theory of Planned Behavioral and the Theory of reasoned Action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18 (1), 3-9. Malik, I. M. (2003). Pakistan: An Entrepreneurial Vacuum. Man, T.W.Y. (2001). Entrepreneurial competencies and the performance of small and medium enterprises in the Hong Kong services sector. PhD dissertation, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Maples, M. F., & Webster, J. M. (1980). Thorndike’s connectionism.Teoksessa GM Gazda & RJ Corsini (toim.), Theories of Learning. Itasca, Ill.: Peacock. Mathews, C & Moser, S. (1996). A longitudinal investigation of the impact of family background and gender on interest in small firm ownership. Journal of Small Business Management, 34 (2), 29-43. Matlay, H. & Westhead, P. (2007). Innovation and Collaboration in Virtual Teams of Entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 8 (1), 29-36. Matlay, H. (2009). Entrepreneurship education in the U.K. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16 (2), 355-368. Matlay, H. (2008). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial outcomes. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(2), 382-396. Matlay, H., & Carey, C. (2007). Entrepreneurship education in the UK: a longitudinal perspective. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14(2), 252-263. Matlay, H. (2009). Entrepreneurship education in the U.K. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16 (2), 355-368, 2009. McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1976). The achievement motive. McMullan, W. E., & Long, W. A. (1987). Entrepreneurship education in the nineties. Journal of Business Venturing, 2(3), 261-275 McStay, D. (2008). An investigation of undergraduate student self-employment intention and the impact of entrepreneurship education and previous entrepreneurial experience. Theses, 18. Mian, S. A. (2011). University’s involvement in technology business incubation: what theory and practice tell us? International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 13(2), 113-121. Minniti M, Lévesque M. (2008). Recent developments in the economics of entrepreneurship. Journal of Business venturing, 23(6), 603-12. Minniti, M. (2008). The role of government policy on entrepreneurial activity: productive, unproductive, or destructive. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(5), 779-790. Minniti, M., & Lévesque, M. (2008). Recent developments in the economics of entrepreneurship. Journal of Business venturing, 23(6), 603-612. Mischel, W. (1973). Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality. Psychological review, 80(4), 252. Mitchell, R. K., & Chesteen, S. A. (1995). Enhancing entrepreneurial expertise: Experiential pedagogy and the new venture expert script. Simulation & Gaming, 26(3), 288-306. Mitchell, R. K., Busenitz, L. W., Bird, B., Marie Gaglio, C., McMullen, J. S., Morse, E. A., & Smith, J. B. (2007). The central question in entrepreneurial cognition research 2007. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(1), 1-27. Mitchell, R. K., Busenitz, L., Lant, T., McDougall, P. P., Morse, E. A., & Smith, J. B. (2002). Toward a theory of entrepreneurial cognition: Rethinking the people side of entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 27(2), 93-104 Mitchelmore, S. and Rowley, J. (2013). Entrepreneurial competencies of women entrepreneurs pursuing business growth. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(1), 125 – 142. Mitton, D.G. (1989). The complete entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13, 9- 19. Moghimi, S. M., & and Alambeigi, A. (2012). Government Facilitator Roles and Ecopreneurship in Environmental NGOs. Int. J. Environ. Res, 6(3), 635–644. Mohd Shariff, M. N., Peou, C., & Ali, J. (2010). Moderating effect of government policy on entrepreneurship and growth performance of small-medium enterprises in Cambodia. International Journal of Business and Management, 3(1), 57. Monitor, G. E. (2012). GEM 2011 Global Report. Published online. Monitor, G. E. (2012). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Pakistan Report 2012. Monitor, G. E. (2014). GEM 2013 Global Report. Monitor, G. E. (2014). GEM 2013 Global Report. Morales, C., & Marquina, P. S. (2013). Entrepreneurial Skills, Significant Differences between Serbian and German Entrepreneurs. Journal of CENTRUM Cathedra: The Business and Economics Research Journal, 6(1). doi:10.7835/jcc-berj-2013-0085. Morelix, A., Reedy, E. J., & Russell, J. (2015). INDEX 20 15. Morkel, A., & Posner, B. (2002). Investigating the effectiveness of corporate advisory boards. Corporate Governance. The international journal of business in society, 2(3), 4-12. Morris, M., Lewis, P. and Sexton, D. (1994). Reconceptualizing entrepreneurship: An 171 input- output perspective. Advanced Management Journal, 59(1), 21-31. Mueller, S. L., & Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness. Journal of business venturing, 16(1), 51-75. Murphy, G. (2004). The big book of concepts. MIT press. Neithammer, C., Saeed, T., Mohamed, S.S and Charafi, Y. (2007). Women entrepreneur and access to finance in Pakistan. Women’s policy journal, 4 (2), 1-12. Neuman, W. L. (2010). Social Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 7th edition, published by Pearson Education Inc. USA, 2010. Nkem Okpa Obaji, Mercy Uche Olugu (2014). The Role of Government Policy in Entrepreneurship Development. Science Journal of Business and Management. 2, (4), pp. 109-115. Noll, C. L. (1993). Planning curriculum for entrepreneurship education. Business Education Forum, 47(3), 3-6. Noorderhaven, N., Thurik, R., Wennekers, S. and van Stel, A. (2004). The role of dissatisfaction and per capita income in explaining self-employment across 15 European countries. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 28(5), 447-466. O. Yaghmaei, I. Ghasemi. (2015). Effects of Influential Factors on Entrepreneurial Intention of Postgraduate Students in Malaysia. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 51,115-124. Obaji, N. O. (2014). The role of Government policy in entrepreneurship Development. Science Journal of Business and Management, 2(4), 109. OECD (2010). Entrepreneurship skills", in OECD, SMEs, Entrepreneurship and Innovation. OECD Publishing, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/ 9789264080355-49-en OECD (2011). Entrepreneurship at a Glance 2011. OECD Publishing. OECD (2013). “Culture: the role of entrepreneurship education” in Entrepreneurship at a Glance. OECD Publishing, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/ entrepreneur_aag-2013-en. Oosterbeek, H., Van Praag, M., & Ijsselstein, A. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation. European economic review, 54(3), 442-454. O'Sullivan, Í., & Chambers, A. (2006). Learners’ writing skills in French: Corpus consultation and learner evaluation. Journal of second language writing, 15(1), 49-68. Pakistan Software Export Board (PSEB) 2015 http://www.pseb.org.pk/ Pakistan Software Houses Association for IT and ITES (P@SHA) 2007 http://pasha.org.pk/ Pakistan Software Houses Association for IT and ITES (P@SHA) 2014 http://pasha.org.pk/ Papulová, Z. (2007). Importance of management skill and knowledge in management for small entrepreneur. ELeader, Prague. Pardakhtchi, M., & Shafiezade, H. (2006). Introduction to Corporate Entrepreneurship. Tehran, Arasbaran publication Parry, K. W. (1998). Grounded theory and social process: A new direction for leadership research. The Leadership Quarterly, 9(1), 85-105. Peterman, N& Kennedy, J. (2003). Enterprise education: influencing students' perceptions of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, vol. 28,(1), 129-144. Phelan, C. (2014). Understanding the farmer : An analysis of the entrepreneurial competencies required for diversification to farm tourism by. University of Central Lancashire. Phelan, C., & Sharpley, R. (2012). Exploring entrepreneurial skills and competencies in farm tourism. Local Economy, 27(2), 103–118. Pihkala, T., Varamaki, E., & Vesalainen, J. (1999). Virtual organization and the SMEs: a review and model development. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 11(4), 335-349. Pittaway, L., & Cope, J. (2007). Entrepreneurship education a systematic review of the evidence. International Small Business Journal, 25(5), 479-510. Planning and Development Commission of Pakistan, (2013) http://www.pc.gov.pk/ Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effect in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717–31. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Contemporary approaches to assessing mediation in communication research. In Advanced data analysis methods for communication research, 13–54. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40(3), 879-891. Qureshi, M. Shahid ; Mian, S. A. (2010). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Pakistan Report 2010. Qureshi, M. Shahid ; Mian, S. A. (2012). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Pakistan Report 2012. Rae, D., & Carswell, M. (2001). Towards a conceptual understanding of entrepreneurial learning. Journal of small business and enterprise development, 8(2), 150-158. Rajput, A. A. (2011). Developing Entrepreneurial Model for Pakistani SMEs A case study on commercial fast-food SMEs By Developing Entrepreneurial Model for Pakistani SMEs A case study on commercial fast-food SMEs Department of Management and Social Sciences (Doctoral Dissertation). Rante, Y., & Warokka, A. (2013). The Interrelated Nexus of Indigenous Economic Growth and Small Business Development : Do Local Culture, Government Role, and Entrepreneurial Behavior Play the Role ? Journal of Innovation Management in Small & Medium Enterprises, 2013. Rasmussen, E. A., & Sørheim, R. (2006). Action-based entrepreneurship education. Technovation, 26(2), 185-194. Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007). Let's put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta- analysis on the relationship between business owners' personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of work and organizational psychology, 16(4), 353-385. Reavil, LR. (1998). Quality assessment, total quality management and the stakeholders in the UK education system. Managing Service Quality, 8( 1), 55-63. Regulations, P. (2013). SBP issues revised Prudential Regulations for SMEs, (May), 1–2. Rengiah, P. and I. Sentosa. (2014). A Conceptual Development of Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions among Malaysian University Students. Journal of Business and Management, 16(11), 68-74. Reynolds, P., Bosma, N., Autio, E., Hunt, S., De Bono, N., Servais, I.,& Chin, N. (2005). Global entrepreneurship monitor: Data collection design and implementation 1998–2003. Small business economics, 24(3), 205-231. Reynolds, P., D. J. Storey, and P. Westhead. (1994). Cross-national comparisons of the variation in new firm formation rates. Regional Studies, 28, 443–456. Rice, R. E., & Katz, J. E. (2003). Comparing internet and mobile phone usage: digital divides of usage, adoption, and dropouts. Telecommunications Policy, 27(8), 597-623 Roach, K. (1999). Entrepreneurial Education Planning for Success Syllabus', North Georgia Technical Institute, Clarkesville, GA. Robertson, M., Collins, A., Medeira, N., & Slater, J. (2003). Barriers to start‐up and their effect on aspirant entrepreneurs. Education & Training, 45(6), 308–316. Robinson, P. B., Stimpson, D. V., Huefner, J., & Hunt, H. K. (1991). An attitude approach to the prediction of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15(4), 13–31. Rottinghaus, P. J., Lindley, L. D., Green, M. A., & Borgen, F. H. (2002). Educational aspirations: The contribution of personality, self-efficacy, and interests. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 1-19. Sabir, S., Aidrus, T., & Bird, S. (2010). Pakistan : A Story of Technology, Entrepreneurs and Global Networks. Salmon, C. A., & Shackelford, T. K. (Eds.). (2007). Family relationships: An evolutionary perspective. Oxford University Press. Sarfaraz A. Mian, & Qureshi, M. S. (2010). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Pakistan Report 2010. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Sarfaraz, L., & Faghih, N. (2011). Women’s Entrepreneurship in Iran: A GEM Based-Data Evidence. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 1(1), 45-57 Sarfraz, M., & Quresh, S. (2013). The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Pakistan Report. 2011. GEM Pakistan 2011 Report. Schallenkamp, K., & Smith, W. L. (2008). Entrepreneurial skills assessment: the perspective of SBDC directors. International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 5(1), 18-29. Scheinberg, S., & MacMillan, I. C. (1988). An 11 country study of motivations to start a business. Babson College. Scherer, R.F., J.D. Brodzinsky & F.A. Wiebe. (1991). Examining the Relationship between Personality and Entrepreneurial Career Preference. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 3, 195-206. Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2004). Pathways to successful entrepreneurship: Parenting, personality, early entrepreneurial competence, and interests. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(3), 498-518. Schoon, I. (2001). Teenage job aspirations and career attainment in adulthood: A 17-year follow- up study of teenagers who aspired to become scientists, health professionals, or engineers. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25(2), 124-132 Schultz, A. (1962). In M. Natanson (Ed.), Collected Papers, Vol. 1. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands. Schumpeter, J. A., & Swedberg, R. (1991). The economics and sociology of capitalism. Princeton University Press. Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). The theory of economic development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 378. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (5th ed., pp. 1–387). United Kindom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. United Kindom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Shahzad, K., Ali, Q., Bajwa, S. U., & Zia, S. A. (2012). Role of Incubation in Women Entrepreneurship Development in Pakistan. Asian Journal of Business Management, 4(2), 200–208. Shane, S Locke, EA Collins, CJ. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resources Management Review. 13(2), 257-279. Shane, S. A. (2000). A general theory of entrepreneurship: The individual-opportunity nexus. Edward Elgar Publishing. Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S. (2000).The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research, Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226. Shane, S., Kolvereid, L., & Westhead, P. (1991). An exploratory examination of the reasons leading to new firm formation across country and gender. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(6), 431–446 Shane, S., Locke, E. A., & Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human resource management review, 13(2), 257-279. Shapero, A. (1975). The Displaced, Uncomfortable Entrepreneur. Psychology today, 9(6), 83-88. Shapero, A. Sokol, L. (1975). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship, in Kent C., Sexton, Shapero, A. The displaced uncomfortable entrepreneur. Psychology Today, 9, 83– 8, 1975. Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship, 72-90. Shapiro, B. P. (1988). What the hell is market oriented? (pp. 1–3). Harvard Business Review, Reprint Service. Shariff, M. N. M., Peou, C., & Ali, J. (2010). Moderating effect of government policy on entrepreneurship and growth performance of small-medium enterprises in Cambodia. International Journal of Business and Management Science, 3(1), 57. Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., & Chua, J. H. (1997). Strategic management of the family business: Past research and future challenges. Family business review, 10(1), 1-35. Shaver, K. G., & Scott, L. R. (1991). Person, process, choice: The psychology of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 16(2), 23-45. Shay, J& Terjensen, S. (2005). Entrepreneurial aspirations and intentions of business students: A gendered perspective. Paper presented at the Babson Entrepreneurship Conference, Boston, MA. Shook, C. L., Priem, R. L., & McGee, J. E. (2003). Venture creation and the enterprising individual: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 29(3), 379-399. Sieger,P. , Fueglistaller,U. , Zellweger,T.(216). Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey 2011 International Report. Retrieved on March 10, 2016, from http://www.guesssurvey.org/PDF/2011/GUESSS_INT_ 2011_FINAL.pdf Silva, O. (2006). The Jack-of-All-Trades Entrepreneur : Innate Talent or Acquired Skill ? Silva, O. (2007). The Jack-of-All-Trades entrepreneur: Innate talent or acquired skill?. Economics Letters, 97(2), 118-123. Singer, S., Amorós, J. E., & Arreola, D. M. (2015). Global entrepreneurship monitor: 2014 global report. Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, 1-116. Singh, B and Khanduja, D. (2010). SME sector of Punjab (India): from renaissance to recession. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 3(5), 544-559. Skills. In International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology (ICEEPSY 2012) Determine (Vol. 69, pp. 566–570). Skuras, Dimitris, Nicolas Meccheri, Manuel Belo Moreira, Jordi Rosell, and Sophia Stathopoulou. (2005). Entrepreneurial human capital accumulation and the growth of rural businesses: a four-country survey in mountainous and lagging areas of the European union." Journal of Rural Studies 21(1), 67-79. Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority, (2010) http://www.smeda.org/ Smith, B. and Morse, E. (2005). Entrepreneurial Competencies: Literature Review and Best Practices. Small Business Policy Branch, Industry Canada, Ottawa. Smith, N. R., & Miner, J. B. (1983). Type of entrepreneur, type of firm, and managerial innovation: implications for organizational life cycle theory. Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, 55-71. Smith, W. L., & Eichholz, D. E. (2007). Entrepreneurial Skills Assessment: An Exploratory Study.Sim, H. C. M. (2005). Key entrepreneurial skills and their acquisition: exploratory study of successful male Chinese founder entrepreneurs in Singapore (Doctoral dissertation). Smith, W. L., Schallenkamp, K., & Eichholz, D. E. (2006). Entrepreneurial skills assessment: an exploratory study. International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 4(2), 179-201 Smith, W. L., Schallenkamp, K., & Eichholz, D. E. (2007). Entrepreneurial skills assessment: an exploratory study. International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 4(2), 179-201. Solomon, S. (Ed.). (2007). Climate change 2007-the physical science basis: Working group I contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC(Vol. 4). Cambridge University Press. Souitaris V, Zerbinati, S., Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intentions of science and engineering students? The effects of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), p.566-591 Souitaris, V., & Balabanis, G. (2007). Tailoring online retail strategies to increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. Long range planning, 40(2), 244-261. Stel, A. J. V. (2005). Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: Some Empirical Studies (Doctoral dissertation). Stephan, D. W., & Erker, G. (2010). Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Metal‐free Hydrogen Activation and More. Angewandte Chemie International Edition,49(1), 46-76. Stevenson, L& A Lundstro¨ M. (2005). Entrepreneurship policy for the future: Best practice component. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Storey, J. (2005). Human Resource Management. 3rd edition, published by Thompson learning. Storey, W. K. (2008). Guns, race, and power in Colonial South Africa (Vol. 109). New York: Cambridge University Press. Sullivan, R. (2000). Entrepreneurial learning and mentoring. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 6(3), 160-175. Tanveer, M. A., Gillani, U. A., Rizvi, S., Latif, M., Maqbool, H., & Rizwan, M. (2011). Barriers for Business Students in Becoming an Entrepreneur in Pakistan. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 74-82. Tenenhaus, M.(1998). La Regression PLS: Theorie et Pratique. Technip, Paris. Tether, B., A. Mina, D. Consoli and D. Gagliardi (2005). A literature review on skills and innovation: How does successful innovation impact on the demand for skills and how do skills drive innovation? CRIC report for the Department of Trade and Industry, Manchester. Thompson, E. R. (2009). Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 669-694 Thompson, N., Sholette, G., Thompson, J., Noordeman, A., & Mirzoeff, N. (2004). The Interventionists: Users' manual for the creative disruption of everyday life. The MIT Press. Tiessen, J. H. (1997). Individualism, collectivism, and entrepreneurship: A framework for international comparative research. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(5), 367-384. Timmons, J. A., & Spinelli, S. (1999). New venture creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st century.

Similar Items