Consumer evaluation of SMEs brand equity : the role of relationship quality as a mediator

The evaluation of brand equity has often been described as the new research direction, particularly in small and medium enterprises. Accordingly, this study which was conducted in Malaysia investigated the sources of brand equity for Malaysian SMEs brand such as packaging, word of mouth and brand pe...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Suhaini, Mat Daud
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2017
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/7175/1/s95260_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7175/2/s95260_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.7175
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Abd. Ghani, Noor Hasmini
Abdullah, Sahadah
topic HF5001-6182 Business
HF5415.33 Consumer Behavior.
spellingShingle HF5001-6182 Business
HF5415.33 Consumer Behavior.
Suhaini, Mat Daud
Consumer evaluation of SMEs brand equity : the role of relationship quality as a mediator
description The evaluation of brand equity has often been described as the new research direction, particularly in small and medium enterprises. Accordingly, this study which was conducted in Malaysia investigated the sources of brand equity for Malaysian SMEs brand such as packaging, word of mouth and brand personality with relationship quality as the mediator. Although past researches had investigated the effect of these sources of brand equity, only a few researchers discovered the effect of relationship quality as a mediator between the sources of brand equity and brand equity in the context of SMEs. In this study, the model was developed based on the theory of brand equity and the social exchange theory. The study employed systematic sampling where 538 questionnaires were distributed to the consumers of SMEs food products in Malaysia. The data gathered was analysed using the Structural Equation Model- Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). The results indicated that packaging, word of mouth and brand personality have significant and positive effects on brand equity. It also showed that relationship quality has a direct relationship with brand equity. Moreover, relationship quality mediates the relationship between the sources of brand equity such as packaging, word of mouth and brand personality, and brand equity. Consequently, the findings of this study have further strengthened the theory on brand equity and the social exchange theory and related literature as well. This study also put forth recommendations for SMEs food industries regarding the best approaches to build brand equity using the strategic sources of brand equity to ensure long-term relationships with customers in the light of the strong competitive advantage. For future research, it would be interesting to incorporate other strategic sources which may contribute to strengthen the theory besides providing the management the know-how for better-informed decisions.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Suhaini, Mat Daud
author_facet Suhaini, Mat Daud
author_sort Suhaini, Mat Daud
title Consumer evaluation of SMEs brand equity : the role of relationship quality as a mediator
title_short Consumer evaluation of SMEs brand equity : the role of relationship quality as a mediator
title_full Consumer evaluation of SMEs brand equity : the role of relationship quality as a mediator
title_fullStr Consumer evaluation of SMEs brand equity : the role of relationship quality as a mediator
title_full_unstemmed Consumer evaluation of SMEs brand equity : the role of relationship quality as a mediator
title_sort consumer evaluation of smes brand equity : the role of relationship quality as a mediator
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Business Management
publishDate 2017
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/7175/1/s95260_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7175/2/s95260_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828168648032256
spelling my-uum-etd.71752021-08-18T07:45:00Z Consumer evaluation of SMEs brand equity : the role of relationship quality as a mediator 2017 Suhaini, Mat Daud Abd. Ghani, Noor Hasmini Abdullah, Sahadah School of Business Management School of Business Management HF5001-6182 Business HF5415.33 Consumer Behavior. The evaluation of brand equity has often been described as the new research direction, particularly in small and medium enterprises. Accordingly, this study which was conducted in Malaysia investigated the sources of brand equity for Malaysian SMEs brand such as packaging, word of mouth and brand personality with relationship quality as the mediator. Although past researches had investigated the effect of these sources of brand equity, only a few researchers discovered the effect of relationship quality as a mediator between the sources of brand equity and brand equity in the context of SMEs. In this study, the model was developed based on the theory of brand equity and the social exchange theory. The study employed systematic sampling where 538 questionnaires were distributed to the consumers of SMEs food products in Malaysia. The data gathered was analysed using the Structural Equation Model- Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). The results indicated that packaging, word of mouth and brand personality have significant and positive effects on brand equity. It also showed that relationship quality has a direct relationship with brand equity. Moreover, relationship quality mediates the relationship between the sources of brand equity such as packaging, word of mouth and brand personality, and brand equity. Consequently, the findings of this study have further strengthened the theory on brand equity and the social exchange theory and related literature as well. This study also put forth recommendations for SMEs food industries regarding the best approaches to build brand equity using the strategic sources of brand equity to ensure long-term relationships with customers in the light of the strong competitive advantage. For future research, it would be interesting to incorporate other strategic sources which may contribute to strengthen the theory besides providing the management the know-how for better-informed decisions. 2017 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7175/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7175/1/s95260_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7175/2/s95260_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Aaker, D. A. (1991). Managing Brand Equity: Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name. New York: The Free Press. Aaker, D. A. (1996). Building Strong Brands. New York: The Free Press. Aaker, J., Fournier, S., & Brasel, S. A. (2004). When Good Brands Do Bad. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(1), 1–16. http://doi.org/10.1086/383419 Aaker, J. L. (1997). Dimensions of Brand Personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(3), 347–356. http://doi.org/10.2307/3151897 Aaker, J. L., Benet-Martínez, V., & Garolera, J. (2001). Consumption Symbols as Carriers of Culture: A Study of Japanese and Spanish Brand Personality Constructs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(3), 492–508. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.3.492 Abdullah, M., Kalam, A., & Akterujjaman, S. M. (2013). Packaging Factors Determining Consumer Buying Decision. International Journal of Humanities and Management Sciences, 1(5), 285–289. Abidin, S. Z., Effendi, R. A. A. R. A., Ibrahim, R., & Idris, M. Z. (2014). A Semantic Approach in Perception for Packaging in the SME‘s Food Industries in Malaysia: A Case Study of Malaysia Food Product Branding in United Kingdom. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 115(Iicies 2013), 115–130. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.420 Abimbola, T. (2001). Branding As A Competitive Strategy for Demand Management in SMEs. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 3(2), 97–106. http://doi.org/10.1108/14715200180001480 Abimbola, T., & Kocak, A. (2007). Brand, Organization Identity and Reputation: SMEs as Expressive Organizations: A Resources-Based Perspective. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 10(4), 416–430. http://doi.org/10.1108/13522750710819748 ACCCIM, M. (2012). SMEs Survey 2012. Agariya, A. K., Johari, A., Sharma, H. K., Chandrul, U. N. S., & Singh, D. (2012). The Role of Packaging in Brand Communication. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 3(2), 1–13. Retrieved from http://www.ijser.org/researchpaper%5CThe-Role-of-Packaging-in-Brand-Communication.pdf Agarwal, M. K., & Rao, V. R. (1996). An Empirical Comparison of Consumer-based Measures of Brand Equity. Marketing Letters, 7(3), 237–247. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00435740 Aggarwal, P. (2004). The Effects of Brand Relationship Norms on Consumer Attitudes and Behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(1), 87–101. http://doi.org/10.1086/383426 Ahmad, A., & Thyagaraj, K. S. (2014). Brand Personality and Brand Equity Research : Past Developments and Future Directions. The IUP Journal of Brand Management, XI(3), 19–56. Akter, S., Ambra, J. D., & Ray, P. (2011). Trustworthiness in mHealth Information Services : An Assessment of A Hierarchical Model with Mediating and Moderating Effects Using Partial Least Squares ( PLS ). Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(1), 100–116. http://doi.org/10.1002/asi Alam, S. S., & Norjaya, M. Y. (2010). The Antecedents of Online Brand Trust: Malaysian Evidence. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 11(2), 210–226. http://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2010.10 Alamgir, M., Nasir, T., Shamsuddhoha, M., & Nedelea, A. (2011). Influence of Brand Name on Consumer Decision Making Process: An Empirical Study on Car Buyers. The USV Annals of Economics and Public Administration, 10(2), 142–153. Altshuler, L., & Tarnovskaya, V. V. (2010). Branding Capability of Technology Born Globals. Journal of Brand Management, 18(3), 212–227. http://doi.org/10.1057/bm.2010.47 Ambroise, L., Ben Sliman, S., Bourgeat, P., Barnier, V. De, Ferrandi, J.-M., Merunka, D., … Valette-Florence, P. (2005). The Impact of Brand Personality on Attitude and Commitment Towards the Brand. In Proceedings of the 32nd International Research Seminar in Marketing, Marketing Communications and Consumer Behavior, La Londe les Maures (pp. 67–81). Amir, H. (2013, June). Sokonglah Barangan Buatan Malaysia. Dewan Ekonomi, 23–24. Ampuero, O., & Vila, N. (2006). Consumer Perceptions of Product Packaging. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 23(2), 100–112. http://doi.org/10.1108/07363760610655032 Anderson, E. W. (1998). Customer Satisfaction and Word of Mouth. Journal of Service Research, 1(1), 5–17. http://doi.org/10.1177/109467059800100102 Anderson, E. W., Fornell, C., & Lehmann, D. R. (1994). Customer Satisfaction, Market Share, and Profitability: Findings from Sweden. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 53– 66. http://doi.org/10.2307/1252310 Anderson, R. E., & Swaminathan, S. (2011). Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in E- Markets: A PLS Path Modeling Approach. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 221–234. http://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190207 Ankomah Opoku, R., Abratt, R., Bendixen, M., & Pitt, L. (2007). Communicating Brand Personality: Are the Web Sites Doing the Talking For Food SMEs? Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 10(4), 362–374. http://doi.org/10.1108/13522750710819702 Anselmsson, J., Johansson, U., & Persson, N. (2007). Understanding Price Premium for Grocery Products: A Conceptual Model of Customer-based Brand Equity. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 16(6), 401–414. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610420710823762 Arens, F. W. (1996). Contemporary Advertising. Irwin, United States of America: Mcgraw-hill Higher Education. Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(3), 396–402. Retrieved from http://cogprints.org/5205/ Arora, R., & Stoner, C. (2009). A Mixed Method Approach to Understanding Brand Personality. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 18(4), 272–283. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610420910972792 Asamoah, E. S. (2014). Customer based Brand Equity (CBBE) and The Competitive Performance of SMEs in Ghana. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 21(1), 117–131. http://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2013-0154 Association of Accredited Advertising Agents, M. (2017). Putra Brand Award. Retrieved April 21, 2017, from http://aaaa.org.my Athanasopoulou, P. (2009). Relationship Quality: A Critical Literature Review and Research Agenda. European Journal of Marketing, 43(5/6), 583–610. Atilgan, E., Aksoy, S., & Akinci, S. (2005). Determinants of the Brand Equity: A Verification Approach in the Beverage Industry in Turkey. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 23(3), 237–248. http://doi.org/10.1108/02634500510597283 Aurier, P., & de Lanauze, G. S. (2012). Impacts of Perceived Brand Relationship Orientation on Attitudinal Loyalty: An Application to Strong Brands in the Packaged Goods Sector. European Journal of Marketing, 46(11/12), 1602–1627. Avis, M. (2012). Brand Personality Factor Based Models : A Critical Review. Australian Marketing Journal, 20(1), 89–96. Azad, N., & Hassanabadi, M. (2013). An Empirical Survey on Factors Influencing on Packaging Dairy Products. Management Science Letters, 3(7), 2113–2118. http://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2013.06.007 Azad, N., & Masoumi, M. (2012). The Impact of Packaging on Product Competition. Management Science Letters 2, 2(2), 2789–2794. http://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2012.10.008 Azad, N., Rafiee, M., & Hamdavipour, L. (2012). The Role of Children‘s Food Packaging Characteristics on Parent‘s Purchasing Decision. Management Science Letters, 2(3), 827–832. http://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2011.11.016 Azizi, S., & Kapak, S. J. (2013). Factors Affecting Overall Brand Equity : The Case of Shahrvand Chain Store. Management & Marketing, XI(1), 92–103. Azmi, A. M., & Salniza, M. S. (2012). The Influence of Market Orientation, Brand Equity on SMEs Performances. In Knowledge Management International Conference (pp. 391–396). Azoulay, A., & Kapferer, J.-N. (2003). Do Brand Personality Scales Really Measure Brand Personality. Brand Management, II(2), 143–155. Babbie, E. R. (2013). The Basics of Social Research (6th Editio). Canada: Cengage Learning. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. Baisya, R. K. (2013). Branding in a Competitive Marketplace (First). New Delhi: SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd. Baladi, J. (2011). The Brutal Truth About Asian Branding: And How to Break the Vicious Cycle. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd. Balakrishnan, B. K., Lee, S., Md. Shuaib, A. S., & Marmaya, N. H. (2009). The Impact of Brand Personality on Brand Preference and Loyalty: Empiracal Evidence From Malaysia. Business Education & Accreditation, 1(1), 109–119. Balakrishnan, B., Saufi, R. A., & Amran, H. H. (2008). The Impact of Brand Personality on Brand Preference: A Study on Malaysian‘s Perception Towards Domestic and Asian Car Brands. In South Dakota International Business Conference (pp. 50–66). Baldauf, A., Cravens, K. S., & Binder, G. (2003). Performance Consequences of Brand Equity Management: Evidence from Organizations in The Value Chain. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 12(4), 220–236. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610420310485032 Baldauf, A., Cravens, K. S., Diamantopoulos, A., & Zeugner-Roth, K. P. (2009). The Impact of Product-Country Image and Marketing Efforts on Retailer-Perceived Brand Equity: An Empirical Analysis☆. Journal of Retailing, 85(4), 437–452. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2009.04.004 Bambauer-Sachse, S., & Mangold, S. (2011). Brand Equity Dilution Through Negative Online Word-of-Mouth Communication. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(1), 38–45. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2010.09.003 Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. a. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. http://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173 Bartlett, J. E., Kotrlik, J. W., & Higgins, C. C. (2001). Organizational Research: Determining Appropriate Sample Size in Survey Research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 19(1), 43–50. http://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2009.2020494 Becker, J. M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M. (2012). Hierarchical Latent Variable Models in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for Using Reflective-Formative Type Models. Long Range Planning, 45(5–6), 359–394. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2012.10.001 Beloucif, A., Donaldson, B., & Kazanci, U. (2004). Insurance Broker–Client Relationships: An Assessment of Quality and Duration. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 8(4), 327–342. http://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fsm.4770130 Bendre, S. M., Barnett, V., & Lewis, T. (1994). Outliers in Statistical Data (2nd Editio). New York: Wiley. Beneke, J., Mathews, O., Munthree, T., & Pillay, K. (2015). The Role of Package Color in Influencing Purchase Intention of Bottled Water: Implications for SME‘s and Enterpreneurs. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreurship, 17(2). http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ 02683940010305270 Berthon, P., Ewing, M. T., & Napoli, J. (2008). Brand Management in Small to Medium-Sized Enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(1), 27–45. Bhayani, A. (2016). Word of mouth in Consumers Purchase Decisions : The Moderating Role of Product Type. In 21st IAMB Conference, International Academy of Management and Business (pp. 1–13). Canada: International Academy of Management and Business. Biedenbach, G., Bengtsson, M., & Marell, A. (2015). Brand Equity, Satisfaction and Switching Costs: An Examination of Effects in the Business-to-business Setting. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 33(2), 164–178. http://doi.org/10.1108/02634501011078138 Blackston, M. (1995). The Qualitative Dimension of Brand Equity. Journal of Advertising Research. Blumberg, C., Cooper, D., & Schindler, S. (2008). Research methods. Boston: Irwin. Bojei, J., & Alwie, A. (2010). The Influence of Relationship Quality on Loyalty in Service Sector. International Journal of Economics and Management, 4(1), 81– 100. Bove, L. L., & Johnson, L. W. (2001). Customer Relationships With Service Personnel: Do We Measure Closeness, Quality or Strength? Journal of Business Research, 54(3), 189–197. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(00)00122-3 Bresciani, S., & Eppler, M. J. (2010). Brand New Ventures? Insights on Start-ups‘ Branding Practices. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 19(5), 356–366. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610421011068595 Brown, T. J., Barry, T. E., Dacin, P. A., & Gunst, R. F. (2005). Spreading the Word: Investigating Antecedents of Consumers‘ Positive Word-of-Mouth Intentions and Behaviors in a Retailing Context. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 33(2), 123–138. http://doi.org/10.1177/0092070304268417 Buil, I., de Chernatony, L., & Martínez, E. (2008). A Cross-National Validation of The Consumer-based Brand Equity Scale. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 17(6), 384–392. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610420810904121 Buil, I., de Chernatony, L., & Martínez, E. (2013). Examining the Role of Advertising and Sales Promotions in Brand Equity Creation. Journal of Business Research, 66(1), 115–122. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.07.030 Buil, I., Martínez, E., & Chernatony, L. De. (2013). The Influence of Brand Equity on Consumer Responses. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 30(1), 62–74. http://doi.org/10.1108/07363761311290849 Buletin Pengguna. (2009). Kempen Beli Barangan Buatan Malaysia. Kementerian Perdagangan Dalam Negeri Dan Hal Ehwal Pengguna, 3–4. Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., & Sekaran, U. (2001). Applied Business Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods. John Wiley & Sons Australia. Chang, S.-J., Van Witteloostuijn, A., & Eden, L. (2010). From the Editors: Common Method Variance in International Business Research. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(2), 178–184. http://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.88 Chattopadhyay, T., Dutta, R. N., & Sivani, S. (2010). Media Mix Elements Affecting Brand Equity: A Study of The Indian Passenger Car Market. IIMB Management Review, 22(4), 173–185. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2010.09.001 Chattopadhyay, T., Shivani, S., & Krishnan, M. (2010). Marketing Mix Elements Influencing Brand Equity and Brand Choice. IIMA The Journal for Decision Makers, 35(3), 67–85. Chaudhuri, A., & Holbrook, M. B. (2001). The Chain of Effects from Brand Trust and Brand Affect to Brand Performance: The Role of Brand Loyalty. Journal of Marketing, 65(2), 81–93. http://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.65.2.81.18255 Che-ha, N., & Hashim, S. (2007). Brand Equity , Customer Satisfaction & Loyalty : Malaysian Banking Sector. International Review of Business Research Papers, 3(5), 123–133. Chen, A. C.-H. (2001). Using Free Association to Examine the Relationship Between the Characteristics of Brand Associations and Brand Equity. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 10(7), 439–451. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610420110410559 Chen, C., & Myagmarsuren, O. (2011). Brand Equity, Relationship Quality, Relationship Value, and Customer Loyalty : Evidence from The Telecommunications Services. Total Quality Management, 22(9), 957–974. Cheung, C. M. K., & Thadani, D. R. (2012). The Impact of Electronic Word-of-Mouth Communication: A Literature Analysis and Integrative Model. Decision Support Systems, 54(1), 461–470. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2012.06.008 Chin, W. W. (1998a). Issues and Opinion on Structural Equation Modeling. MIS Quarterly, 22(March), vii–xvi. http://doi.org/Editorial Chin, W. W. (1998). The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling. In Modern Method for Business Research (pp. 295–336). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Chin, W. W. (1998b). The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling. In Modern Methods for Business Research (pp. 295–336). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Chin, W. W., & Newsted, P. R. (1999). Structural Equation Modeling Analysis with Small Samples Using Partial Least Square. In Statistical Strategies for Small Sample Research (pp. 307–341). SAGE Publications. Christodoulides, G., Cadogan, J. W., & Veloutsou, C. (2015). Consumer-based Brand Equity Measurement: Lessons Learned from an International Study. International Marketing Review, 32(3/4), 307–328. Christodoulides, G., & de Chernatony, L. (2010). Consumer Based Brand Equity Conceptualization & Measurement: A Literature Review. International Journal of Market Research, 52, 44–53. Cobb-Walgren, C. J., Ruble, C. A., & Donthu, N. (1995). Brand Equity , Brand Preference , and Purchase Intent. Journal of Advertising, XXIV(3), 25–40. Cohen, J. W. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for Behavioral Sciences (2nd Editio). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Compeau, D., Higgins, C. A., & Huff, S. (1999). Social Cognitive Theory and Individual Reactions to Computing Technology: A Longitudinal Study. MIS Quarterly, 23(2), 145–158. http://doi.org/10.2307/249749 Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2006). Business Research Methods (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill International Edition. Correia Loureiro, S. M., Lopes, R., & Kaufmann, H. R. (2014). How Brand Personality , Brand Identification and Service Quality Influence Service Brand Equity. Cogent Business & Management, 1, 1–12. http://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2014.981329 Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (3rd Editio). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc. Crosby, L. A., Evans, K. R., & Cowles, D. (1990). Relationship Quality in Services Selling: An Interpersonal Influence Perspective. Journal of Marketing, 54(3), 68–81. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.cityu. edu.hk/10.2307/1251817 Dainton, M., & Zelley, E. D. (2011). Applying Communication Theory for Professional Life: A Practical Introduction (2nd Editio). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc. Das, G. (2014). Does Brand Personality Vary Across Retail Brands and Gender ? An Empirical Check. Journal of Strategic Marketing, (October), 37–41. http://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2014.914065 Davcik, N. S. (2013). An Empirical Investigation of Brand Equity: Drivers and Their Consequences. British Food Journal, 115(9), 1342–1360. http://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-01-2012-0005 Davis, S. M. (2002). Brand Asset Management: Driving Profitable Growth Through Your Brands (2nd Editio). San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. de Matos, C. A., & Rossi, C. A. V. (2008). Word-of-Mouth Communications in Marketing: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Antecedents and Moderators. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36(4), 578–596. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-008-0121-1 De Wulf, K., Odekerken-Schröder, G., & Iacobucci, D. (2001). Investments in Consumer Relationships: A Cross-Country and Cross-Industry Exploration. Journal of Marketing, 65(4), 33–50. http://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.65.4.33.18386 Delgado-Ballester, E., & Munuera-Alemán, J. L. (2005). Does Brand Trust Matter to Brand Equity? Journal of Product & Brand Management, 14(3), 187–196. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610420510601058 Deliya, M. M., & Parmar, B. J. (2012). Role of Packaging on Consumer Buying Behavior–Patan District. Global Journal of Management…, 12(10), 2249–4588. Retrievedfrom http://www.journalofbusiness.org/index.php/ GJMBR/article/view/732 Department of Statistics, M. (2012). Economic Census 2011: Profile of Small and Medium Enterprise. Malaysia. Department of Statistics, M. (2016). Current Population Estimates, Malaysia; 2014- 2016. http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Deutsch, M. (1975). Equity, Equality, and Need: What Determines Which Value Will Be Used as the Basis of Distributive Justice? Journal of Social Issues, 31(3), 137–149. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1975. tb01000.x Ding, C. G., & Tseng, T. H. (2015). On the Relationships among Brand Experience, Hedonic Emotions and Brand Equity. European Journal of Marketing, 49(7/8), 994–105. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MRR-09-2015-0216 Dorsch, M. J., Swanson, S. R., & Kelley, S. W. (1998). The Role of Relationship Quality in the Stratification of Vendors as Perceived by Customers. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 26(2), 128–142. http://doi.org/10.1177/0092070398262004 Doucette, W. R. (1996). The Influence of Relational Norms and Trust on Customer Satisfaction in Interfirm Exchange Relationships. Journal of Customer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behaviour, 9, 95–103. Dwyer, F. R., & Oh, S. (1987). Output Sector Munificence Effects on the Internal Political Economy of Marketing Channels. Journal of Marketing Reseach, XXiV, 347–358. Dwyer, F. R., Schurr, P. H., & Oh, S. (1987). Buyer-Seller Developing Relationships. Journal of Marketing, 51(2), 11–27. Ebeid, A. Y. (2014). Distribution Intensity, Advertising, Monetary Promotion, and Customer-Based Brand Equity : An Applied Study in Egypt. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 6(4), 113–123. http://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v6n4p113 Emari, H., Jafari, A., & Mogaddam, M. (2012). The Mediatory Impact of Brand Loyalty and Brand Image on Brand Equity. African Journal of Business Management, 6(17), 5692–5701. http://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM11.788 Esch, F.-R., Langner, T., Schmitt, B. H., & Geus, P. (2006). Are Brands Forever? How Brand Knowledge and Relationships Affect Current and Future Purchases. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 15(2), 98–105. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610420610658938 Esmaeilpour, F., & Abdolvand, M. A. (2016). The Impact of Country of Origin Image on Brand Loyalty: Evidence from Iran. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing, 28(4), 709–723. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MRR- 09-2015-0216 Euromonitor, I. (2015). Packaged Food in Malaysia. Euromonitor Industry Report, (May). Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A Primer for Soft Modeling. Ohio: The University of Akron Press. Farhana, M. (2012). Brand Elements Lead to Brand Equity : Differentiate or Die. Information Management and Business Review, 4(4), 223–233. Farquhar, P. H. (1989). Managing Brand Equity. Journal of Marketing Research, 1(September), 24–33. Fauziah, S. A., Farzana, Q., Rohaizat, B., & Mohd Naqiuddin, M. M. (2014). Branding Leadership in Malaysian SMEs. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130, 54–58. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.007 Fauziah, S. A., Rosmini, O., Siti Zaleha, A. R., & Muslim, A. (2012). Leadership Branding for Sustainable Customer Engagement. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 62, 153–160. Feldwick, P. (1996). What is Brand Equity Anyway, and How Do You Measure It? Journal of the Market Research Society, 38, 85–104. Retrieved from http://www.mendeley.com/research/brand-equity-anyway-measure-it/ Fernqvist, F., Olsson, A., & Spendrup, S. (2015). What‘s in it for Me? Food Packaging and Consumer Responses, A Focus Group Study. British Food Journal, 117(3), 1122–1136. File, K. M., & Prince, R. a. (1992). Positive Word of Mouth: Customer Satisfaction and Buyer Behaviour. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 10(1), 25–29. Fornell, C. (1992). Customer Satisfaction Barometer : Swedish The Experience thanks. Journal of Marketing, 56(1), 6–21. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Fournier, S. (1998). Consumers and Their Brands: Developing Relationship Theory in Consumer Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 24, 343–373. Freling, T. H., Crosno, J. L., & Henard, D. H. (2011). Brand Personality Appeal: Conceptualization and Empirical Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(3), 392–406. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-010-0208-3 Freling, T. H., & Forbes, L. P. (2005). An Empirical Analysis of The Brand Personality Effect. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 14(7), 404–413. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610420510633350 Gammoh, B. S., Voss, K. E., & Skiver, R. (2011). Consumer evaluation of continuous and discontinuous innovation. American Journal of Business, 26(1), 65–79. http://doi.org/10.1108/19355181111124115 Garbarino, E., & Johnson, M. S. (1999). The Different Roles of Satisfaction, Trust, and Commitment in Customer Relationships. American Marketing Association, 63(2), 70–87. http://doi.org/10.2307/1251946 Gawek, D., Pauw, N. van der, & Wijgerse, A.-F. (2007). Packaging-Its Role Within Brand Management. Lund University. Geuens, M., Weijters, B., & Wulf, K. De. (2009). A New Measure of Brand Personality. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(2), 97–107. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2008.12.002 Gil, R. B., Andrés, E. F., & Salinas, E. M. (2007). Family as a source of consumer-based brand equity. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 16(3), 188–199. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610420710751564 Gill, M. S., & Dawra, J. (2010). Evaluating Aaker ‘ s Sources of Brand Equity and The Mediating Role of Brand Image. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 18(August), 189–198. http://doi.org/10.1057/jt.2010.11 Gómez, M., Martín-Consuegra, D., & Molina, A. (2015). The Importance of Packaging in Purchase and Usage Behaviour. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 39(3), 203–211. Gordon, G. L., Calantone, R. J., & Benedetto, C. A. di. (1993). Brand Equity in the Business-to-Business Sector: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 2(3), 4–16. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610429310046689 Gordon, R., Zainuddin, N., & Magee, C. (2016). Unlocking the Potential of Branding in Social Marketing Services: Utilising Brand Personality and Brand Personality Appeal. Journal of Services Marketing, 30(1), 48–62. http://doi.org/10.1108/JSM- 02-2015-0105 Gujarati, D. N. (2004). Basic Econometrics. New York (4th Editio). The McGraw Hill Companies. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1186874 Gundala, R. R., Jack, A. L., & Khawaja, H. (2014). Brand Management in Small and Medium Enterprise: Evidence From Dubai, UAE. Global Journal of Business Research, 8(1), 27–39. Ha, H.-Y. (2004). Factors Influencing Consumer Perceptions of Brand Trust Online. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 13(5), 329–342. Ha, H.-Y., Janda, S., & Muthaly, S. (2010). Development of Brand Equity: Evaluation of Four Alternative Models. The Service Industries Journal, 30(920315196), 911– 928. http://doi.org/10.1080/02642060802320253 Haim, H., Noor Hasmini, A. G., & Hanaysha, J. (2014). Relationship Quality As A Strategic Tool in Today ‘ s Turbulent Business World. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(December 2013), 478–487. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th editio). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). European Business Review (Vol. 26). United States of America: Sage Publications Inc. http://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10- 2013-0128 Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. http://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202 Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling: Rigorous Applications, Better Results and Higher Acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1–2), 1–12. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.001 Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM): An Emerging Tool in Business Research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ 09564230910978511 Hair, J. F., Wolfinbarger, M. F., Ortinau, D. J., & Bush, R. P. (2008). Essentials of Marketing Research. Boston: McGraw-Hill/ Irwin. Hameed, F. (2013). The Effect of Advertising Spending on Brand Loyalty Mediated by Store Image , Perceived Quality and Customer Satisfaction : A Case of Hypermarkets. Asian Journal of Business Management, 5(1), 181–192. Hanaysha, J. (2016a). Building Brand Equity through Customer Service : A Study on Restaurant Industry in Malaysia. Journal of Research in Business, Economics and Management, 5(5), 678–685. Hanaysha, J. (2016b). Physical Environment as a Key Success Factor for Building Strong Brand Equity : A Study on Restaurant Industry. Journal of Research in Business, Economics and Management (JRBEM), 5(5), 686–693. Hanaysha, J. (2016c). The Importance of Social Media Advertisements in Enhancing Brand Equity : A Study on Fast Food Restaurant Industry in Malaysia. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 7(2), 46–51. http://doi.org/10.18178/ijimt.2016.7.2.643 Hanaysha, J., & Haim, H. (2015a). Advertising And Country of Origin as Key Success Factors for Creating Sustainable Brand Equity. Asian Economic and Social Society, 5(7), 141–152. Hanaysha, J., & Haim, H. (2015b). Product Innovation as A Key Success Factor to Build Sustainable Brand Equity. Management Science Letters, 5, 1–10. http://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2013.08.022 Hanaysha, J., & Haim, H. (2015c). Strategic Effects of Product Innovation, Service Quality, and Relationship Quality on Brand Equity. Asian Social Science, 11(10), 56–72. http://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n10p56 Hanaysha, J., & Haim, H. (2015d). The Impact of Product Innovation on Relationship Quality in Automotive Industry: Strategic Focus on Brand Satisfaction, Brand Trust, and Brand Commitment. Asian Social Science, 11(10), 94–104. http://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n10p94 Hanaysha, J. R. M. (2015). The Effect of Strategic Factors and The Role of Relationship Quality as Mediator on Brand Equity of Automotive Industry. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation): Universiti Utara Malaysia. Retrieved from http://etd.uum.edu.my/5442/ Hashed, A. M., Salniza, M. S., & Hasnizam, S. (2016). The Mediating Effect of Brand Satisfaction on the Relationship between Brand Personality and Brand Loyalty: Evidence from Malaysia. Management Science Letters, 6(Nov), 87–98. http://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2015.11.004 Hausman, A. (2000). A Multi-Method Investigation of Consumer Motivations in Impulse Buying Behavior. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 17(5), 403–426. http://doi.org/10.1108/07363760010341045 He, J. (2012). Sincerity, Excitement and Sophistication: The Different Effects of Perceived Brand Personality on Brand Extension Evaluation. Nankai Business Review International, 3(4), 398–412. Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K. P., & Gremler, D. D. (2002). Understanding Relationship Marketing Outcomes: An Integration of Relational Benefits and Relationship Quality. Journal of Service Research, 4(3), 230–247. http://doi.org/10.1177/1094670502004003006 Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K. P., Walsh, G., & Gremler, D. D. (2004). Electronic Word-of-Mouth via Consumer-Opinion Platforms : What Motives Consumers to Articulate Themselves on the Internet. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(1), 38– 52. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The Use of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling in International Marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277–319. http://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(92)90003-4 Henseler, J., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Goodness-of-fit Indices for Partial Least Squares Path Modeling. Computational Statistics, 28(2), 565–580. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00180-012-0317-1 Herr, P. M., Kardes, F. R., & Kim, J. (1991). Effects of Word-of-Mouth and Product- Attribute Information of Persuasion: An Accessibility-Diagnosticity Perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 17(4), 454–462. http://doi.org/10.1086/208570 Hess, J., & Story, J. (2005). Trust-based Commitment: Multidimensional Consumer- brand Relationships. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(6), 313–322. http://doi.org/10.1108/07363760510623902 Hill, C. J., Bloom, H. S., Black, A. R., & Lipsey, M. W. (2008). Empirical Benchmarks for Interpreting Effect Sizes in Research. Journal Compilation, 2(3), 172–177. Hilman, H., & Hanaysha, J. (2015). The Impact of Advertising on Relationship Quality : Empirical Evidence from Malaysia. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 10(3), 253–261. Hirvonen, S., & Laukkanen, T. (2010). How Brand Orientation Contributes to Business Growth in SMEs? Horan, G., O‘Dwyer, M., & Tiernan, S. (2011). Exploring management perspectives of branding in service SMEs. Journal of Services Marketing, 25(2), 114–121. http://doi.org/10.1108/08876041111119831 Huang, C.-C., Fang, S.-C., Huang, S.-M., Chang, S.-C., & Fang, S.-R. (2014). The Impact of Relational Bonds on Brand Loyalty: the Mediating Effect of Brand Relationship Quality. Managing Service Quality, 24(2), 184–204. http://doi.org/10.1108/MSQ-04-2013-0072 Huang, R., & Sarigöllü, E. (2012). How Brand Awareness Relates to Market Outcome, Brand Equity, and the Marketing Mix. Journal of Business Research, 65(1), 92–99. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.02.003 Huber, F., Vollhardt, K., Matthes, I., & Vogel, J. (2010). Brand Misconduct: Consequences on Consumer-Brand Relationships. Journal of Business Research, 63(11), 1113–1120. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.10.006 Hulland, J. (1999). Use of Partial Least Squares (PLS) in Strategic Management Research: A Review of Four Recent Studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195–204. Hung, K. H., & Li, S. Y. (2007). The Influence of e-WOM on Virtual Consumer Communities: Social Capital, Consumer Learning, and Behavioral Outcomes. Journal of Advertising Research, 47(4), 485–495. Hunt, S. D., & Morgan, R. M. (1995). the Comparative Advantage Theory of Competition. Journal of Marketing, 59(2), 1–15. http://doi.org/10.2307/1252069 Huntley, J. K. (2006). Conceptualization and Measurement of Relationship Quality: Linking Relationship Quality to Actual Sales and Recommendation Intention. Industrial Marketing Management, 35(6), 703–714. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2005.05.011 Inskip, I. (2004). Corporate Branding for Small to Medium-sized Businesses—A Missed Opportunity or An Indulgence? Journal of Brand Management, 11(5), 358–365. http://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540181 Islam, M. A., Khan Khadem, M. M., & Alauddin, M. (2011). An Empirical Assessment of the Relationship Between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in Fashion House . In International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (pp. 201–206). Ismail, A. R., & Spinelli, G. (2012). Effects of Brand Love, Brand Personality and Image on Word-of-Mouth: The Case of Fashion Brands among Young Consumers. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 16(4), 386–398. Ivens, B., & Valta, K. S. (2012). Customer Brand Personality Perception : A Taxonomic Analysis. Journal of Marketing Management, 28(August), 1062–1093. Jalilvand, M. R., & Samiei, N. (2012). The Effect of Electronic Word of Mouth on Brand Image and Purchase Intention: An Empirical Study in the Automobile Industry in Iran. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 30(4), 460–476. James, D. (2005). Guilty Through Association: Brand Association Transfer to Brand Alliances. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(2), 14–24. http://doi.org/10.1108/07363760510576518 Janiszewski, C., & Van Osselaer, S. M. J. (2000). A Connectionist Model of Brand- Quality Associations. Journal of Marketing Research, 37(3), 331–350. Japutra, A., Keni, K., & Nguyen, B. (2015). The Impact of Brand Logo Identification and Brand Logo Benefit on Indonesian Consumers‘ Relationship Quality. Asia Pasific Journal of Business Administration, 7(3), 237–252. Jasra, J. M., Khan, D. M. A., Hunjra, A. I., Rehman, R. A. U., & Azam, D. R.-I.-. (2011). Determinants of Business Success of Small and Medium Enterprises. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(20), 274–280. Johnson, J. L. (1999). Strategic Integration in Industrial Distribution Channels: Managing the Interfirm Relationship as a Strategic Asset. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27(1), 4–18. http://doi.org/10.1177/0092070399271001 Jumiati, S., & Norazah, M. S. (2015). Young Consumers‘ Insighths on Brand Equity: Effects of Brand Association, Brand Loyalty, Brand Awareness, and Brand Image. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 43(3), 276–292. Kang, A., & Sharma, H. (2012). Using Brand Personality to Enhance Brand Trust and Perceived Value: An Empirical Study of the Brand Lux. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 8(3), 323–335. http://doi.org/10.1177/2319510X1200800312 Karadeniz, M. (2010). The Importance of Customer Based Strategic Brand Equity Managementfor Enterprises. Journal of Naval Science and Engineering, 6(2), 117–132. Karjaluoto, H., Munnukka, J., & Salmi, M. (2016). How Do Brand Personality, Identification, and Relationship Length Drive Loyalty in Sports? Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 26(1). http://doi.org/10.1108/02656710210415703 Karjaluoto, H., Munnukka, J., & Salmi, M. (2016). How do Brand Personality, Identification and Relationship Length Drive Loyalty in Sports? Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 25(1), 50–71. http://doi.org/10.1108/02656710210415703 Kaynak, E., & Zhou, L. (2010). Special Issue on Brand Equity , Branding , and Marketing Communications in Emerging Markets. Journal of Global Marketing, 23(3), 171–176. http://doi.org/10.1080/08911762.2010.487417 Keating, B. W., Alpert, F., Kriz, A., & Quanzi, A. (2011). Relationship Quality in Online Services. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 52(2), 34–41. Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing , Measuring , and Managing Customer-based Brand Equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1–22. Keller, K. L. (1998). Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring and Managing Brand Equity. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs. Keller, K. L. (2001). Building Customer-based Brand Equity. Marketing Management, 10(2), 14–19. Keller, K. L. (2003a). Brand Synthesis : The Multidimensionality of Brand Knowledge. Journal of Consumer Research, 29(4), 595–600. Keller, K. L. (2003b). Stategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring, And Managing Brand Equity (Second Edi). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Keller, K. L. (2009). Building Strong Brands in a Modern Marketing Communications Environment. Journal of Marketing Communications, 15(2–3), 139–155. http://doi.org/10.1080/13527260902757530 Keller, K. L. (2013). Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring and Managing Brand Equity (4th Editio). England: Pearson Education Limited. Keller, K. L., & Lehmann, D. R. (2006). Brands and Branding: Research Findings and Future Priorities. Marketing Science, 25(6), 740–759. http://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1050.0153 Khalique, M., Abdul, J., Shaari, N., & Ageel, A. (2011). Challenges Faced By The Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia: An Intellectual Capital Perspective. International Journal of Current Research, 3(2010), 398–401. Kim, C. K., Han, D., & Park, S.-B. (2001). The Effect of Brand Personality and Brand Identification on Brand Loyalty: Applying the Theory of Social Identification. Japanese Psychological Research, 43(4), 195–206. http://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5884.00177 Kim, H. K., Lee, M., & Lee, Y. W. (2005). Developing a Scale For Measuring Brand Relationship Quality. Asia Pacific Advances in Consumer Research, 6(1), 118–126. Kim, J. W., Lee, F., & Suh, Y. G. (2015). Satisfaction and Loyalty From Shopping Mall Experience and Brand Personality. Services Marketing Quarterly, 36(1), 62–76. http://doi.org/10.1080/15332969.2015.976523 Kim, K. H., Kim, K. S., Kim, D. Y., Kim, J. H., & Kang, S. H. (2008). Brand Equity in Hospital Marketing. Journal of Business Research, 61(1), 75–82. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.05.010 Kock, N. (2016). Non-Normality Propagation among Latent Variables and Indicators in PLS-SEM Simulations Non - Normality Propagation among Latent Simulations. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 15(1), 299–315. Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2006). Marketing Management. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Krake, F. B. G. J. M. (2005). Successful Brand Management in SMEs: A New Theory and Practical Hints. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 14(4), 228–238. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610420510609230 Krejcie, R. V, & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38, 607–610. Kunle, L. P., & Ganiyu, R. A. (2013). Packaging and the Incidence of Information Overload in a Low-Risk Market: A Study of Grocery Products. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 1(10), 61–72. Retrieved from http://www.ejbss.com/Data/Sites/1/january2013 vol10/ejbss-12-1194-packagingandtheincidenceof information.pdf Kura, K. M. (2014). Organisational Formal Controls, Group Norms and Workplace Deviance : The Moderating Role of Self-regulatory Efficacy. Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation): Universiti Utara Malaysia. Lai, I. K. W. (2014). The Role of Service Quality, Perceived Value, and Relationship Quality in Enhancing Customer Loyalty in the Travel Agency Sector. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31, 417–442. http://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.883346 Lee, G. C., & Yew Leh, F. C. (2011). Dimensions of Customer-Based Brand Equity: A Study on Malaysian Brands. Journal of Marketing Research and Case Study, 2011, 1–10. http://doi.org/10.5171/2011.821981 Lee, H. J., & Kang, M. S. (2013). The Effect of Brand Personality on Brand Relationship, Attitude and Purchase Intention With A Focus on Brand Community. Academy of Marketing Studies Journal, 17(2), 85–98. Lee, M.-Y., & Oh, K.-Y. (2006). An Exploratory Study on Brand Personality : The Case of A Traditional Casual Brand in Korea. Journal of Fashion Business, 10(6), 79– 90. Lee, Y.-K., Back, K.-J., & Kim, J.-Y. (2009). Family Restaurant Brand Personality and Its Impact On Customer‘s Emotion, Satisfaction, and Brand Loyalty. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 33(3), 305–328. http://doi.org/10.1177/1096348009338511 Lei, M., & Lomax, R. G. (2005). The Effect of Varying Degrees of Nonnormality in Structural Equation Modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 12(1), 1–27. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1201 Leone, R. P., Rao, V. R., Keller, K. L., Luo, a. M., McAlister, L., & Srivastava, R. (2006). Linking Brand Equity to Customer Equity. Journal of Service Research, 9(2), 125–138. http://doi.org/10.1177/1094670506293563 Lew, S., & Sulaiman, Z. (2014). Consumer Purchase Intention Toward Products Made in Malaysia vs. Made in China: A Conceptual Paper. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130, 37–45. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.005 Li, W. (2011). How Virtual Brand Community Influences on Consumer-based Brand Equity. In International Conference on E-Business and E-Government (ICEE). http://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e31817e7b40 Lin, L. (2010). The Relationship of Consumer Personality Trait , Brand Personality and Brand Loyalty : An Empirical Study of Toys and Video Games Buyers. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 19(1), 4–17. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610421011018347 Lin, N.-H., & Chung, I.-C. (2013). Relationship Marketing ‘ s Impact on Relationship Quality and E-Loyalty. Journal of E-Business, 15(1), 1–34. Lin, Y.-C., & Huang, P.-W. (2012). Effects of the Big Five Brand Personality Dimensions on Repurchase Intentions: Using Branded Coffee Chains as Examples. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 15(1), 1–18. http://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2012.650509 Lineback, J. F., & Thompson, K. J. (2010). Conducting Nonresponse Bias Analysis for Business Surveys. Journal of Services Marketing, (April), 317–331. Löfgren, M., Witell, L., & Gustafsson, A. (2008). Customer Satisfaction in the First and Second Moments of Truth. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 17(7), 463–474. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610420810916362 Louis, D., & Lombart, C. (2010). Impact of Brand Personality on Three Major Relational Consequences (Trust, Attachment, and Commitment to the Brand). Journal of Product & Brand Management, 19(2), 114–130. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610421011033467 Loureiro, S. M. C., & Miranda, F. J. (2011). Brand Equity and Brand Loyalty in the Internet Banking Context: FIMIX-PLS Market Segmentation. Journal of Service Science and Management, 4(4), 476–485. http://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2011.44054 Maehle, N., Otnes, C., & Supphellen, M. (2011). Consumers‘ Perception of the Dimensions of Brand Personality. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 10(5), 290–303. http://doi.org/10.1002/cb Malhotra, N. K. (2010). Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation (6th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Malhotra, N. K., Hall, J., Shaw, M., & Oppenheim, P. (2006). Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation (3rd ed.). Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Education Australia. Mardhiyah, M. S. (2016). An Exploratory Study on GST Compliance Time Cost of SMEs in the Northern Region of Malaysia. (Unpublished dissertation): University Utara Malaysia. Retrieved from http://etd.uum.edu.my/6137/1/s818139_01.pdf Marjudi, S., Sulaiman, R., Mohamad Amran, M. F., Kahar, S., & Abdullah, K. A. (2011). The Development of CAD System for SME Food Packaging in Malaysia: A Proposal. In Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics, ICEEI 2011. http://doi.org/10.1109/ICEEI.2011.6021509 Maznah, W. O., Mohd Ikhmal, F., Mohd Noor, M. A., & Mohd Rizaimy, S. (2011). The Effectiveness of Bumiputra SME Food Product Packaging in the Malaysian Customers‘ Perception. Canadian Social Science, 7(2), 102–109. Maznah, W. O., & Mohd Noor, M. A. (2010). Managing Brand Equity among Langkawi‘s (SMEs) Independent Hoteliers. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 2(1), 147–155. Mazzarol, T., Sweeney, J. C., & Soutar, G. N. (2007). Conceptualizing Word-of-mouth Activity, Triggers and Conditions: An Exploratory Study. European Journal of Marketing, 41(11/12), 1475–1494. http://doi.org/10.1108/03090560710821260 Mendez, J. L., Oubina, J., & Rubio, N. (2011). The Relative Importance of Brand- packaging, Price and Taste in Affecting Brand Preferences. British Food Journal, 113(10), 1229–1251. Mi, T. J., & Rohaizat, B. (2013). Introduction to SMEs in Malaysia : Growth Potential and Branding Strategy Establishment of Small Medium Sized Enterprises in Malaysia. In Proceedings of 3rd Asia-Pacific Business Research Conference (pp. 1–15). Kuala Lumpur. Mirzaei, A., Gray, D., & Baumann, C. (2011). Developing A New Model for Tracking Brand Equity as a Measure of Marketing Effectiveness. Marketing Review, 11(4), 323–336. Mitchell, R., Hutchinson, K., & Quinn, B. (2013). Brand Management in Small and Medium-sized (SME) Retailers: A Future Research Agenda. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(11–12), 1367–1393. http://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2013.798672 MITI, M. (2014). Annual Report. Retrieved from http://www.miti.gov.my/ Mohan, B. C., & Sequeira, A. H. (2012). Customer-Based Brand Equity in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods Industry in India. The International Journal of Management, 1(4), 1–19. Mohd Irwan, D., Kamarul Mizal, M., Juliana, L., & Noor Fzlinda, F. (2014). Factors Influencing SMEs Adoption of Social Media Marketing. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 148, 119–126. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.025 Mohd Sani, M. S. (2005). "Saya Akan Mengetuai Usaha Penjenamaan Malaysia," Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. Dewan Ekonomi, 11–12. Moorman, C., Deshpande, R., & Zaltman, G. (1993). Factors Affecting Trust in Market Research Relationships. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 81–101. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1252059 Moorman, C., Zaltman, G., & Deshpande, R. (1992). Relationships Between Providers and Users of Market Research: The Dynamics of Trust Within and Between Organizations. Journal of Marketing Research (JMR), 29(3), 314–328. http://doi.org/10.2307/3172742 Moradi, H., & Zarei, A. (2012). Creating Consumer-based Brand Equity for Young Iranian Consumers via Country of Origin Sub-Components effects. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 24(3), 394–413. http://doi.org/10.1108/13555851211237885 Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The Commitment-Trust Theory of Relationship Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(July), 20–38. http://doi.org/10.2307/1252308 Motameni, R., & Shahrokhi, M. (1998). Brand Equity Valuation : A Global Perspective. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 7(4), 275–290. Murtiasih, S., & Siringoringo, H. (2013). How Word of Mouth Influence Brand Equity for Automotive Products in Indonesia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 81, 40–44. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.384 Murtiasih, S., Sucherly, S., & Siringoringo, H. (2014). Impact of Country of Origin and Word of Mouth on Brand Equity. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 32(5), 2014. National SME Development Council, M. (2012). Small and Medium Enterprise Masterplan 2012-2020. Retrieved from http://www.smecorp.gov.my/index.php/en/resources/2015-12-21-11-07-06/sme-masterplan Nedeljković-Pravdić, M. (2010). How to Create Powerful Brands-An Investigation. Serbian Journal of Management, 5(1), 77–95. Noharuddin, N. (2009). Plain Talk on Branding for SMEs. Institute of Marketing Malaysia, 18–20. Noor, I. B. M., & Lingam, D. V. (2014). Malaysians perceptions toward PROTON car. Advances in Environmental Biology, 8, 513–523. Noor Hasmini, A. G. (2011). Dealers’ Market Orientation and Brand Equity: The Mediating Effect of Relationship Marketing. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation): University Sains Malaysia. Noor Hasmini, A. G. (2012). Relationship Marketing In Branding: The Automobile Authorized Independent Dealers in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(5), 144–154. Noor Hasmini, A. G., & Osman, M. (2014). Dealer-Based Brand Equity : The Role of Market Orientation and Relationship Marketing on Brand Equity. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 8((3) March), 406–415. Norjaya, M. Y. (2004). Marketing and Non-Marketing Mix Factor and Brand Equity: The case of Malaysian Household Electrical Appliances. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation): Universiti Sains Malaysia. Norjaya, M. Y., & Abdul Rahman, Z. (2011). Does Family and Viral Marketing Have Any Effect on Brand Equity? Contemporary Marketing Review, 1(9), 19–31. Norjaya, M. Y., Mohd Nasser, N., & Osman, M. (2007). Does Image of Country-of- Origin Matter to Brand Equity? Journal of Product & Brand Management, 16(1), 38–48. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610420710731142 Norjaya, M. Y., & Norzalita, A. A. (2010). Determinants of Brand Equity of Services: A Verification Approach in the Banking Industry in Malaysia. Asean Marketing Journal, III(2), 27–34. Normah, M. A. (2006). SMEs : Building Blocks for Economic Growth. In National Statistics Conference (pp. 1–13). Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill. Nyadzayo, M. W., Matanda, M. J., & Ewing, M. T. (2011). Brand Relationships and Brand Equity in Franchising. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(7), 1103–1115. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2011.09.004 Odoom, R. (2016). Brand-building Efforts in High and Low Performing Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(4), 1229–1246. http://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-05-2016-0067 Odoom, R., Narteh, B., & Boateng, R. (2017). Branding in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 20(1), 68–89. http://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-12-2015-0091 Ogba, I.-E., & Johnson, R. (2010). How Packaging Affects the Product Preferences of Children and the Buyer Behaviour of Their Parents in the Food Industry. Young Consumers: Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers, 11(1), 77–89. http://doi.org/10.1108/17473611011026037 Ojasalo, J., Nätti, S., & Olkkonen, R. (2008). Brand Building in Software SMEs: An Empirical Study. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 17(2), 92–107. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610420810864702 Ok, C., Choi, Y. G., & Hyun, S. S. (2011). Roles of Brand Value Perception in the Development of Brand Credibility and Brand Prestige. In 2011 ICHRIE Conference (pp. 1–8). Oliver, C. (1997). Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Combining Institutional and Resource-Based Views. Strategic Management Journal, 18(9), 697–713. http://doi.org/10.2307/3088134 Oliver, R. L. (1997). Satisfaction: A Behavioral Perspective on the Consumer. New York: McGraw- Hill. Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence Consumer Loyalty? The Journal of Marketing, 63(Journal Article), 33–44. http://doi.org/10.2307/1252099 Olsson, A., Petterson, M., & Jönson, G. (2004). Packaging Demands in the Food Service Industry. Food Service Technology, 4, 97–105. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471- 5740.2004.00095.x Ong, C. H., Salniza, M. S., & Rushami Zien, Y. (2015a). Brand Experience, Trust Components and Customer Loyalty: Sustainable Malaysian SME Brands Study. Asian Social Science, 11(26), 252–266. http://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n26p252 Ong, C. H., Salniza, M. S., & Rushami Zien, Y. (2015b). Influence of Brand Experience and Personality on Loyalty Dimensions: Evidence from Successful Malaysian SME Brands. International Journal of Business and Commerce, 4(7), 51–75. Retrieved from www.ijbcnet.com Ong, C. H., Salniza, S., & Rushami Zien, Y. (2015c). Bridging the Gap between Brand Experience and Customer Loyalty : The Mediating Role of Emotional-based Trust. International Academic Research Journal of Business and Technology, 1(2), 58–70. Retrieved from www.iarjournal.com Othman, C., & Rahman, M. S. (2014). Investigation of the Relationship of Brand Personality , Subjective Norm and Perceived Control on Consumers ‘ Purchase Intention of Organic Fast Food. Modern Applied Science, 8(3), 92–106. http://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v8n3p92 Pace, V. L. (2010). Method Variance From the Perspectives of Reviewers: Poorly Understood Problem or Overemphasized Complaint? Organizational Research Methods, 13(3), 421–434. http://doi.org/10.1177/1094428109351751 Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS Survival Manual. U.K: McGraw-Hill Education. Palmatier, R. W., Dant, R. P., Grewal, D., & Evans, K. R. (2006). Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Relationship Marketing: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Marketing, 70(4), 136–153. http://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.70.4.136 Palmer, A. (2002). Relationship Marketing in the New Economy. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 1(1), 79–94. http://doi.org/10.1300/J366v01n01 Papista, E., & Dimitriadis, S. (2012). Exploring Consumer-brand Relationship Quality and Identification: Qualitative Evidence from Cosmetics Brands. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 15(1), 33–56. http://doi.org/10.1108/13522751211191982 Pappu, R., & Quester, P. (2006). Does Customer Satisfaction Lead to Improved Brand Equity ? An Empirical Examination of Two Categories of Retail Brands. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 15(1), 4–14. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610420610650837 Pappu, R., Quester, P. G., & Cooksey, R. W. (2005). Consumer-based Brand Equity: Improving the Measurement – Empirical Evidence. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 14(3), 143–154. http://doi.org/10.1108/10610420510601012 Pappu, R., Quester, P. G., & Cooksey, R. W. (2006). Consumer-Based Brand Equity and Country-of-Origin Relationships: Some Empirical Evidence. European Journal of Marketing, 40(5/6), 696–717. http://doi.org/10.1108/03090560610657903 Parijat, U., Saeed, J., & Pranab, K. D. (2011). Factors Influencing ERP Implementation in Indian Manufacturing Organisations: A Study of Micro, Small and Medium- scale Enterprises. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 24(2), 130–145. http://doi.org/10.1108/17410391111106275 Parkvithee, N., & Miranda, M. J. (2012). The Interaction Effect of Country of Origin, Brand Equity and Purchase Involvement on Consumer Purchase Intentions of Clothing Labels. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 24(1), 7–22. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MRR- 09-2015-0216 Pentina, I., Gammoh, B. S., Zhang, L., & Mallin, M. (2013). Drivers and Outcomes of Brand Relationship Quality in the Context of Online Social Networks. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 17(3), 63–86. http://doi.org/10.2753/JEC1086- 4415170303 Peppers, D., & Rogers, M. (1995). A New Marketing Paradigm: Share of Customer, not Market Share. Planning Review, 23(2), 14–18. http://doi.org/10.1108/eb054500 Perkins, A., & Algren, M. (2011). The Use of Integrated Marketing Communications by U . S . Non-profit Organizations. That Matters to the Practice, 518. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q= The+Use+of+Integrated+Marketing+Communications+ by+U.S.+Non- profit+Organizations+&btnG=&as_sdt= 1,5&as_sdtp= Petruzzellis, L., Romanazzi, S., Tassiello, V., & de Chernatony, L. (2010). Branding Relationships in Financial Services: Paradigm Shift in Mediterranean Countries. Journal of Brand Management, 18(4/5), 312–328. http://doi.org/10.1057/bm.2010.35 Pi, W.-P., & Huang, H.-H. (2011). Effects of Promotion on Relationship Quality and Customer Loyalty in the Airline Industry : The Relationship Marketing Approach. African Journal of Business Management, 5(11), 4403–4414. http://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM10.1426 Plummer, J. T. (1985). How Personality Makes A Difference. Journal of Advertising Research, 24(6), 27–31. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Management, 12, 531–544. Polyorat, K. (2011). The Influence of Brand Personality Dimensions on Brand Identification and Word-of-Mouth : The Case Study of a University Brand in Thailand. Asian Journal of Business Research, 1(1), 54–69. Ponnam, A., S., S., & Balaji, M. S. (2015). Investigating the Effects of Product Innovation and Ingredient Branding Strategies on Brand Equity of Food Products. British Food Journal, 117(2), 523–537. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MRR- 09-2015-0216 Prasad, K., & Dev, C. S. (2000). Managing Hotel Brand Equity. Cornell University- Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 41(3), 22–31. http://doi.org/10.1177/001088040004100314 Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS Procedures for Estimating Indirect Effects in Simple Mediation Models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717–731. http://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553 Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and Resampling Strategies for Assessing and Comparing Indirect Effects in Multiple Mediator Models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. http://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879 Ramayah, T., Lee, J. W. C., & In, J. B. C. (2011). Network Collaboration and Performance in the Tourism Sector. Service Business, 5(4), 411–428. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-011-0120-z Reijonen, H. (2010). Do All SMEs Practice Same Kind of Marketing? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 17(2), 279–293. Reijonen, H., Pardanyi, S., Tuominen, S., Laukkanen, T., & Komppula, R. (2014). Are Growth-oriented SMEs More Likely to Adopt Market and Brand Orientations? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 21(2), 250–264. Reinartz, W., Haenlein, M., & Henseler, J. (2009). An Empirical Comparison of the Efficacy of Covariance-based and Variance-based SEM. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(4), 332–344. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2009.08.001 Richins, M. L. (1983). Negative Word- of-Mouth by Dissatisfied Consumers : A Pilot Study. Journal of Marketing, 47(1), 68–78. http://doi.org/10.2307/3203428 Rigaux-Bricmont, B. (1982). Influences of Brand Name and Packaging on Perceived Quality. Advances in Consumer Research, 9(1), 472–477. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=6430768&lang= de&site=ehost-live Riivits-arkonsuo, I., & Leppiman, A. (2014). Online Word-of-Mouth on Brands and Experience Marketing. Journal of Management and Change, 32(33), 43–56. Rio, A. B. del, Vazquez, R., & Iglesias, V. (2001). The Role of The Brand Name in Obtaining Differential Advantages. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 10(7), 452–465. Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., Percy, L., & Pervan, S. (2015). Strategic Brand Management (3rd Editio). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Rowley, J. (2014). Designing and Using Research Questionnaires. Management Research Review, 37(3), 308–330. http://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-02-2013-0027 Rozita, N. M., & Halimahton, B. (2014). Exploring Customer Attachment Behaviour to Sustain the Retail Industry in Malaysia. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 10(1), 69–76. Rundh, B. (2009). Packaging Design: Creating Competitive Advantage with Product Packaging. British Food Journal,111(9), 988–1002. http://doi.org/10.1108/00070700910992880 Rundh, B. (2013). Linking Packaging to Marketing: How Packaging is Influencing the Marketing Strategy. British Food Journal, 115(11), 1547–1563. http://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-12-2011-0297 Rundh, B. (2016). The Role of Packaging within Marketing and Value Creation. British Food Journal, 118(10). Rundh, & Bo. (2005). The Multi-faceted Dimension of Packaging: Marketing Logistic or Marketing Tool? British Food Journal, 107(9), 670–684. http://doi.org/10.1108/00070700510615053 Salkind, N. J. (1997). Exploring Research (3rd Editio). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Samat Buang. (2014). Kepentingan Kempen Beli Barangan Malaysia. Dewan Ekonomi, 15–18. Seimiene, E., & Kamarauskaite, E. (2014). Effect of Brand Elements on Brand Personality Perception. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156(April), 429–434. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.216 Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods For Business: A Skill Building Approach (Fourth). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2013). Research Methodology for Business: A Skill Building Approach (Sixth). United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Selnes, F. (1993). An Examination of the Effect of Product Performance on Brand Reputation, Satisfaction and Loyalty. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 2(4), 45–60. http://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000002981 Sen, S., & Lerman, D. (2007). Why Are You Telling Me This? An Examination Into Negative Consumer Reviews on the Web. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 21(4), 2–20. http://doi.org/10.1002/dir Severi, E., Ling, K. C., & Nasermoadeli, A. (2014). The Impacts of Electronic Word of Mouth on Brand Equity in the Context of Social Media. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(8), 84–96. http://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v9n8p84 Shahrizal, H., & Norjaya, M. Y. (2013). Exploring the Mediating Effect of Brand Relationship Quality in the Service Brand Equity and Brand Resonance Linkage. Jurnal Pengurusan, 36(2012), 123–134. Sheth, J. N., & Parvatiyar, A. (1995a). Relationship Marketing in Consumer Markets: Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 23(4), 255–271. http://doi.org/10.1177/009207039502300405 Sheth, J. N., & Parvatiyar, A. (1995b). The Evolution of Relationship Marketing. International BusinessReview, 4(4), 397–418. http://doi.org/10.1016/0969-5931(95)00018-6 Silayoi, P., & Speece, M. (2004). Packaging and Purchase Decisions: An Exploratory Study on the Impact of Involvement Level and Time Pressure. British Food Journal, 106(8), 607–628. http://doi.org/10.1108/00070700410553602 Silayoi, P., & Speece, M. (2007). The Importance of Packaging Attributes: A Conjoint Analysis Approach. European Journal of Marketing, 41(11/12), 1495–1517. http://doi.org/10.1108/03090560710821279 Silva, S., Rajab, S., Ahsanul, N., Farzana, H., & Ali, Y. (2012). Critical Factors for Developing Brand Equity : An Empirical Investigation In Malaysia. Journal of Business and Management, 1(4), 13–20. Simms, C., & Trott, P. (2010). Packaging Development: A Conceptual Framework for Identifying New Product Opportunities. Marketing Theory, 10(4), 397–415. http://doi.org/10.1177/1470593110382826 Simon, C. J., & Sullivan, M. W. (1993). The Measurement And Determinants of Brand Equity: A Financial Approach. Marketing Science, 12(1), 28–52. SME Corp. (2015). Annual Report 2014. SME Annual Report 2014/2015. Retrieved from http://www.smecorp.gov.my/vn2/node/1856 SME Corp., M. (2011). Economic Census 2011. SME Corp., M. Guideline For New SME Definition (2013). SME Corp., M. (2017). National Mark of Malaysian Brand. Retrieved May 5, 2017, from http://nationalmark.gov.my/eng/story.php SME Corp. Malaysia. (2014). SMEs Annual Report 2013/2014. SMEs Corp. (2016). SME Annual Report 2015/16. Retrieved from http://www.smecorp.gov.my/index. php/en/resources/2015-12-21-11-07-06/sme- annual-report