The effect of leadership styles, social capital, and entrepreneurial orientation on organizational effectiveness of social welfare organizations in Malaysia

This study provided a rare opportunity to thoroughly discuss the hampered effectiveness of the Social Welfare Organizations in Malaysia. In line with the above, this study aimed to examine the effect of leadership styles, social capital and entrepreneurial orientation on organizational effectiveness...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Ng, Chun Won
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2018
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/7262/1/s96130_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7262/2/s96130_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.7262
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Sharif, Mohmad Yazam
Chong, Yen Wan
topic HD56-57.5 Industrial Productivity
spellingShingle HD56-57.5 Industrial Productivity
Ng, Chun Won
The effect of leadership styles, social capital, and entrepreneurial orientation on organizational effectiveness of social welfare organizations in Malaysia
description This study provided a rare opportunity to thoroughly discuss the hampered effectiveness of the Social Welfare Organizations in Malaysia. In line with the above, this study aimed to examine the effect of leadership styles, social capital and entrepreneurial orientation on organizational effectiveness of the Social Welfare Organizations. In this quantitative research, simple random sampling was adopted as the sampling technique to draw conclusions about the entire population. Usable responses were received from 134 Social Welfare Organizations, which accounted to a 56.07% response rate. A combination of IBM SPSS statistical software version 22.0 (SPSS) and the Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used as the statistical tools to analyse the collected data. Drawing upon the Resource-Based View Theory, the results indicated that the seven main hypotheses (both the direct and mediating hypotheses) were supported, whereas only eight out of fifteen sub-hypotheses were supported. In brief, the findings demonstrated the positive impact of leadership styles, social capital and entrepreneurial orientation on the organizational effectiveness of the Social Welfare Organizations in Malaysia. Also, this research provided evidence that entrepreneurial orientation had a full mediating effect on the relationship between leadership style and organizational effectiveness, while there was partial mediating effect on the relationship between social capital and organizational effectiveness. Correspondingly, Social Welfare Organizations should be encouraged to adopt those practices to enhance the effectiveness of their organizations. Further, the implications, limitations and suggestions of the study were discussed. It was also suggested that the policy-makers should focus on creating awareness regarding the importance of the social aspects and provide supportive national policies which could enhance the organizational effectiveness of Social Welfare Organizations.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Ng, Chun Won
author_facet Ng, Chun Won
author_sort Ng, Chun Won
title The effect of leadership styles, social capital, and entrepreneurial orientation on organizational effectiveness of social welfare organizations in Malaysia
title_short The effect of leadership styles, social capital, and entrepreneurial orientation on organizational effectiveness of social welfare organizations in Malaysia
title_full The effect of leadership styles, social capital, and entrepreneurial orientation on organizational effectiveness of social welfare organizations in Malaysia
title_fullStr The effect of leadership styles, social capital, and entrepreneurial orientation on organizational effectiveness of social welfare organizations in Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed The effect of leadership styles, social capital, and entrepreneurial orientation on organizational effectiveness of social welfare organizations in Malaysia
title_sort effect of leadership styles, social capital, and entrepreneurial orientation on organizational effectiveness of social welfare organizations in malaysia
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate 2018
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/7262/1/s96130_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7262/2/s96130_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828183862870016
spelling my-uum-etd.72622021-08-11T04:09:47Z The effect of leadership styles, social capital, and entrepreneurial orientation on organizational effectiveness of social welfare organizations in Malaysia 2018 Ng, Chun Won Sharif, Mohmad Yazam Chong, Yen Wan Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HD56-57.5 Industrial Productivity This study provided a rare opportunity to thoroughly discuss the hampered effectiveness of the Social Welfare Organizations in Malaysia. In line with the above, this study aimed to examine the effect of leadership styles, social capital and entrepreneurial orientation on organizational effectiveness of the Social Welfare Organizations. In this quantitative research, simple random sampling was adopted as the sampling technique to draw conclusions about the entire population. Usable responses were received from 134 Social Welfare Organizations, which accounted to a 56.07% response rate. A combination of IBM SPSS statistical software version 22.0 (SPSS) and the Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used as the statistical tools to analyse the collected data. Drawing upon the Resource-Based View Theory, the results indicated that the seven main hypotheses (both the direct and mediating hypotheses) were supported, whereas only eight out of fifteen sub-hypotheses were supported. In brief, the findings demonstrated the positive impact of leadership styles, social capital and entrepreneurial orientation on the organizational effectiveness of the Social Welfare Organizations in Malaysia. Also, this research provided evidence that entrepreneurial orientation had a full mediating effect on the relationship between leadership style and organizational effectiveness, while there was partial mediating effect on the relationship between social capital and organizational effectiveness. Correspondingly, Social Welfare Organizations should be encouraged to adopt those practices to enhance the effectiveness of their organizations. Further, the implications, limitations and suggestions of the study were discussed. It was also suggested that the policy-makers should focus on creating awareness regarding the importance of the social aspects and provide supportive national policies which could enhance the organizational effectiveness of Social Welfare Organizations. 2018 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7262/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7262/1/s96130_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7262/2/s96130_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abaho, E., Begumisa, D. B., Aikiriza, F., & Turyasingura, I. (2017). Entrepreneurial orientation among social enterprises in Uganda. Business Management Review, 1–14. Abdi, H. (2007). Part (semi partial) and partial regression coefficients. Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics, 736-740. Achleitner A., & Heister, P. (2009, October). Deal flow, decision-making process and selection criteria of venture philanthropy funds. Paper presented at the meeting of Stern’s 6th Annual Conference of Social Entrepreneurs, New York. Adel, G., & Habib, A. (2016). Mediation role of absorption capacity on the relationship between relational network and the entrepreneurial orientation of Tunisian contractors. Management Strategies, 57. Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17-40. Ahmadi, A. A. (2012). Role of the social capital in effectiveness of knowledge management within Iran Khodro diesel company. International Journal of Learning and Development, 2(1), 209-231. Akhtar, C. S., Ismail, K., & Hussain, J. (2014). Social capital and organizational sustainability : Case of Malaysian SMEs. Recent Advances in Environmental Sciences and Financial Development, 87. Aldrich, H. E., & Martinez, M. A. (2001). Many are called, but few are chosen: An evolutionary perspective for the study of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(4), 41-56. Alvord, S. H., Brown, L. D., & Letts, C. W. (2004). Social entrepreneurship and societal transformation an exploratory study. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 40(3), 260-282. Amin, S. U., Kamal, Y., & Sohail, A. (2016). The relationship between transformational leadership and project team performance: Assessing the mediating role of a project team management education. Apeejay Journal of Management Sciences and Technology, 3(3), 1-12. Anderson, A. R., & Miller, C. J. (2003). “Class matters”: Human and social capital in the entrepreneurial process. The Journal of Socio-economics, 32(1), 17-36. Anheier, H., & Kendall, J. (2002). Interpersonal trust and voluntary associations: examining three approaches. The British Journal of Sociology, 53(3), 343-362. Antico-Majkowski, A. (2010). A comparative case study on the role of social capital in a community economic development entrepreneurship (Doctoral Dissertation). George Washington University, Washington, DC. Arham, A. F., Abu Hasan, H. F., Ridzuan, A. R., & Sulaiman, N. (2015). The effect of leadership behaviours on entrepreneurial orientation–an online survey on Malaysian SMEs. International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology, 4(5), 47–50. Arham, A. F., Muenjohn, N., & Boucher, C. (2011, September). The role of entrepreneurial orientation in the leadership-organisational performance relationship: A Malaysian SMEs perspective. Paper presented at 24th Annual SEAANZ Conference, Australian Technology Park, Sydney, Australia. Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 396-402. Atuahene-Gima, K., & Ko, A (2001). An empirical investigation of the effect of market orientation and entrepreneurship orientation alignment on product innovation. Organization Science, 12(1), 54-74. Audretch, D., Horst, R. V. D., Kwaak, T., & Thurik, R. (2009). First section of the annual report on EU small and medium-sized enterprises. January 12. Zoetermeer: EIM Business and Policy research. Audretsch, D. B., Bönte, W., & Keilbach, M. (2008). Entrepreneurship capital and its impact on knowledge diffusion and economic performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6), 687-698. Augusto, M., & Coelho, F. (2009). Market orientation and new-to-the-world products: Exploring the moderating effects of innovativeness, competitive strength and environmental forces. Industrial Marketing Management, 38(1), 94−108. Autry, C.W., Griffis, S.E., Goldsby, T.J., & Bobbitt, L.M. (2005). Warehouse management systems: resource commitment, capabilities, and organizational performance. Journal of Business Logistics, 26(2), 165-83. Avlonitis, G. J., & Salavou, H. E. (2007). Entrepreneurial orientation of SMEs, product innovativeness, and performance. Journal of Business Research, 60, 566-575. Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72. 441-462. Awamleh, R., & Fernandes, C. (2011). The impact of core job dimensions on satisfaction and performance: A test in an international environment. International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 6(1). Babbie, E. A. (1999). The basics of social research, Thomson Learning. Inc. USA. Babbie, E. A. (2008). The basics of social research, Thomson Learning. Inc. USA. Bacon, D. R., Sauer, P. L., & Young, M. (1995). Composite reliability in structural equations modeling. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(3), 394-406. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94. Bakar, H. A., Mahmood, R., & Ismail, H. (2014, August). Combined effect of knowledge management and entrepreneurial orientation on performance of small and medium enterprises. Paper presented at the Knowledge Management International Conference (KMICe), Malaysia. Bakar, N. A., Arshad, R., Azman, N. A. N. N., & Omar, N. (2014, August). Effective governance structure and accountability in managing risks for non-profit organizations. Paper presented at World Business and Economic Research Conference. Baker, W. E., & Sinkula, J. M. (2009). The complementary effects of market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation on profitability and small businesses. Journal of Small Business Management, 47(4), 443-464. Balduck, A. L., & Buelens, M. (2008). A two-level competing values approach to measure nonprofit organizational effectiveness. Ghent University: Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School. Balser, D., & McClusky, J. (2005). Managing stakeholder relationships and nonprofit organization effectiveness. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 15(3), 295-315. Barbuto, J. E. (2005). Motivation and transactional, charismatic, and transformational leadership: A test of antecedents. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 11(4), 26-40. Barclay, D., Higgins, C., & Thompson, R. (1995). The partial least squares (PLS) approach to causal modeling: Personal computer adoption and use as an illustration. Technology Studies, 2(2), 285-309. Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management. 17(1), 99-120. Barney, J. B. (1986). Strategic factor markets: Expectation, luck, and business strategy. Management Science, 32(10), 1231-1241. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. a. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 Barrett, H., & Weinstein, A. (1998). The effect of market orientation and organization flexibility on corporate entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practise, 23(1), 51-70. Bartlett, J., Kotrlik, J. & Higgins, C. (2001). Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 19(1), 43–50. Bass, B. M. & Avolio, B. J. (2004). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire: Manual and sampler set, (3rd ed.). New York: MindGarden. Bass, B. M. (1981). Stogdill’s handbook of leadership. Revised and expanded edition. New York: The Free Press. Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press. Bass, B. M. (1997). Does the transactional–transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries? American Psychologist, 52(2), 130. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1992). Organizational description questionnaire: Sampler set. Mind Garden, Incorporated. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage. Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 207. Basu, E., Pradhan, R. K., & Tewari, H. R. (2017). Impact of organizational citizenship behavior on job performance in Indian healthcare industries: The mediating role of social capital. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 66(6). Bhasin, B. B. (2007). Fostering Entrepreneurship: Developing a risk-taking culture in Singapore. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 10(2), 39. Bhatt, P., & Altinay, L. (2013). How social capital is leveraged in social innovations under resource constraints?. Management Decision, 51(9), 1772–1792. doi:10.1108/MD-01-2013-0041 Bhuian, S. N., Menguc, B., & Bell, S. J. (2005). Just entrepreneurial enough: The moderating effect of entrepreneurship on the relationship between market orientation and performance. Journal of Business Research, 58(1), 9-17. Bhuian, S. N., Richard, O. C., & Shamma, H. M. (2010). Entrepreneurial orientation and organizational performance: The role of managerial traits trait. Competition Forum, 8(1), 81-85. Bijttebier, P., Delva, D., Vanoost, S., Bobbaers, H., Lauwers, P., & Vertommen, H. (2000). Reliability and validity of the Critical Care Family Needs Inventory in a Dutch-speaking Belgian sample. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 29(4), 278-286. Blackmon, V. Y. (2008). Strategic planning and organizational performance: An investigation using the balanced scorecard in non-profit organizations (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 3311386) Bordens, K.S., & Abbott, B.B. (1996). Research design and methods: A process approach. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield. Borgatti, S. P., Mehra, A., Brass, D. J., & Labianca, G. (2009). Network analysis in the social sciences. Science, 323(5916), 892-895. Bourdieu, P. (1997). The forms of capital. in handbook of theory of research for the sociology of education. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brown, F. W., & Moshavi, D. (2002). Herding academic cats: Faculty reactions to transformational and contingent reward leadership by department chairs. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 8(3), 79. Brown, W. A. (2005). Exploring the association between board and organizational performance in nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 15(3), 317-339. Brune-Jensen, P. (2009). Succeeding in recession. Retrieved May 1, 2010, from http://www.smallbizmatters.co.uk/smallbizmatters/2009/03/succeeding-in-the-recession.html#more Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper and Row. Burns, R. P., & Burns, R. (2008). Business research methods and statistics using SPSS. Sage. Burt, R. S. (2000). The network structure of social capital. Research in Organizational Behavior, 22, 345-423. Byrdll C.W. (2010). The personal leadership practices of successful entrepreneurs (Doctoral dissertation). Pepperdine University. Caillier, J. G. (2014). Toward a better understanding of the relationship between transformational leadership, public service motivation, mission valence, and employee performance: A preliminary study. Public Personnel Management, 43(2), 218-239. Campbell, K. B. (2005). Theorizing the authentic identity, engagement, and public space. Administration & Society, 36(6), 688-705. Carman, J.G. (2010). The accountability movement: What’s wrong with this theory of change? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 39(2), 256–274. Casson, M., & Giusta, M. D. (2007). Entrepreneurship and social capital: Analysing the impact of social networks on entrepreneurial activity from a rational action perspective. International Small Business Journal, 25(3), 220-244. Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., & Sekaran, U. (2001). Applied business research: Qualitative and quantitative methods. John Wiley & Sons Australia. Chatterjee, S., & Yilmaz, M. (1992). A review of regression diagnostics for behavioral research. Applied Psychological Measurement, 16(3), 209-227. Chell, E., & Baines, S. (2000). Networking, entrepreneurship and microbusiness behaviour. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12(3), 195-215. Chen, S., Sun, Z., Tang, S., & Wu, D. (2011). Government intervention and investment efficiency: Evidence from China. Journal of Corporate Finance, 17(2), 259-271. Chen, Y. Y. (2013). Networking and performance of community based organizations in Taiwan: A social capital perspective (Doctoral dissertation). State University of New York at Albany. Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern Methods for Business Research, 295(2), 295-336. Chin, W. W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses. In Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 655-690). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Chin, W. W., & Newsted, P. R. (1999). Structural equation modeling analysis with small samples using partial least squares. Statistical Strategies for Small Sample Research, 1(1), 307-341. Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189-217. Chisholm, A. M., & Nielsen, K. (2009). Social capital and the resource-based view of the firm. International Studies of Management & Organization, 39(2), 7-32. Chow, I. H. S. (2006). The relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance in China. S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, 71(3), 11-20. Chrisman, J. J., Bauerschmidt, A., & Hofer, C. W. (1998). The determinant of new venture performance: An extended model. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 23(1), 5-29 Clereq, D. D., Dimov, D., & Thongpapanl, N. (2010). The moderating impact of internal social exchange process on the entrepreneurial orientation- performance relationship. Journal of Business Venturing, 25, 87-103. Closs, D. J., & Xu, K. (2000). Logistic information technology practice in manufacturing and merchandising firms: An international benchmarking study versus world-class logistics firms. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 30(10), 869-886. Coakes, S. J., & Steed, L. G. (2007). SPSS: Analysis without anguish: Versions 7.0, 7.5, 8.0 for Windows. Jacaranda Wiley. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Cohen, J. (1992). Statistical power analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 98-101. Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95-S120. Collis, D. J. (1994). Resaerch note: How valuable are organizational capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 15(2), 143-152. Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2014). Business research methods. McGraw-hill education. Cortina, J. M., & Landis, R. S. (2009). When small effect sizes tell a big story, and when large effect sizes don’t. In C. E. Lance & R. J. Vandenberg (Eds.), Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: Doctrine, verity and fable in the organizational and social sciences (pp. 287–308). New York: Routledge. Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environment. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 75-87. Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (2002). The entrepreneurial imperatives of strategic leadership. Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating a New Mindset, 309-327. Covin, J. G., Slevin, D. P., & Schultz, R. L. (1994). Implementing strategic missions: Effective strategic, structural and tactical choices. Journal of Management Studies, 31(4), 481-503. Creswell, J. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Daugherty, P. J., Richey, R. G., Genchev, S. E., & Chen, H. (2005). Reverse logistic: Superior performance through focvus resource commitments to information technology. Transportation Research: Part E, Logistics and Transportation Review, 41(2), 77-92 Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 301-331. Davis, P.J. (2012), The global training deficit: The scarcity of formal and informal professional development opportunities for women entrepreneurs. Industrial and Commercial Training, 44(1), 19-25. de Souza Briggs, X. (1997). Moving up versus moving out: Neighborhood effects in housing mobility programs. Housing Policy Debate, 8(1), 195-234. Dees, J. G. (2007). Taking social entrepreneurship seriously. Society, 44(3), 24-31. Dees, J. G. (2009). Social ventures as learning laboratories in innovations: technology, governance, and globalization. Boston, MA: MIT Press Journal. Dees, J. G., & Anderson, B. B. (2003). Sector-bending: Blurring lines between nonprofit and for-profit. Society, 40(4), 16-27. Dees, J. G., Emerson, J., & Economy, P. (2002). Enterprising nonprofits: A toolkit for social entrepreneurs (Vol. 186). John Wiley & Sons. Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2010). Distribution of Older Malaysians by Sex, Ethnicity and Stratum. Retrieved from https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/ DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed. Vol. 26). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. DeVon, H. A., Block, M. E., Moyle‐Wright, P., Ernst, D. M., Hayden, S. J., Lazzara, D. J., ... & Kostas‐Polston, E. (2007). A psychometric toolbox for testing validity and reliability. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 39(2), 155-164. Dillman, D. A. (2007). Mail and internet surveys: The tailored design method. 2007 update with new Internet, visual, and mixed-mode guide (2nd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Dimitratos, P., , S., & Carter, S. (2004). The relationship between entrepreneurship and international performance: The importance of domestic environment. International Business Review, 13, 19-41. Doh, S., & Zolnik, E. J. (2011). Social capital and entrepreneurship: An exploratory analysis. African Journal of Business Management, 5(12), 4961. Dolfsma, W., & Dannreuther, C. (2003). Subjects and boundaries: Contesting social capital-based policies. Journal of Economic Issues, 37(2), 405-413. Dolgoff, R., & Feldstein, D. (1984). Understanding social welfare (2nd ed.). New York: Longman. Dolnicar, S., & Lazarevski, K. (2009). Marketing in non-profit organizations: An international perspective. International Marketing Review, 26(3), 275-291. Duncan, E. (2007). A grounded theory study on social entrepreneurship (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 3338361) Durand, R., & Coeurderoy, R. (2001). Age, order of entry, strategic orientation and organizational performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 16, 471-494 Dyer, J. H., & Singh, H. (1998). The relational view: Cooperative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(4), 660-679. Ebrahim, A., & Rangan, V.K. (2010). The limits of nonprofit impact: a contingency framework for measuring social performance. (Report). Havard Business School, Harvard: 1–53. Eisenhardt, K. M., & Martin, J. A. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 1105-1121. Eklinder-Frick, J., Eriksson, L. T., & Hallén, L. (2014). Multidimensional social capital as a boost or a bar to innovativeness. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(3), 460-472. Elenkov, D. S. (2002). Effects of leadership on organizational performance in Russian companies. Journal of Business Research, 55(6), 467-480. Elenkov, D. S., Judge, W., & Wright, P. (2005). Strategic leadership and executive innovation influence: An international multi-cluster comparative study. Strategic Management Journal, 26(7), 665-682. Elliott, A. C., & Woodward, W. A. (2007). Statistical analysis quick reference guidebook: With SPSS examples. Sage. Emerson, R. M. (1962). Power-dependence relations. American Sociological Review, 27, 31-40. Ensley, M. D., Pearce, C. L., & Hmieleski, K. M. (2006). The moderating effect of environmental dynamism on the relationship between entrepreneur leadership behavior and new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(2), 243-263. Ensley, M. D., Pearson, A., & Pearce, C. L. (2003). Top management team process, shared leadership, and new venture performance: A theoretical model and research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 329-346. Erikson, J., & Thunberg, N. (2006). Resources and entrepreneurial orientation: Empirical findings from the software industry of Sri Lanka. Unplublished Master, Jonkoping International Business School, Jonkoping University. Fairoz, F. M., Hirobumi, T., & Tanaka, Y. (2010). Entrepreneurial Orientatiuon and business performance of small and medium scale enterprises of Hambantota District Sri Lanka. Asian Social Science, 6(3). Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. University of Akron Press. Farruggia, G. (2007). How is the nonprofit sector changing? Futures Research Quarterly, 23(1), 5-16. Farsi, J. Y., Rezazadeh, A., & Najmabadi, A. D. (2013). Social capital and organizational innovation: The mediating effect of entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Community Positive Practices, 13(2). Fatoki, O. O. (2011). The impact of human, social and financial capital on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in South Africa. Journal of Social Science. 29(3): 193-204. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. Ferreira, J., & Avezedo, S. (2007). Entrepreneurial orientation as a main resource and capability on small firm’s growth. Retrieved 11 December, 2009, from http://mpr.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5682 Fiedler, P. (1969). A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Sage publications. Fleishman, E. A. (1953). Leadership climate, human relations training, and supervisory behavior. Personnel Psychology, 6(2), 205-222. Foley, M. W., & Edwards, B. (1997). Editors' introduction escape from politics? Social theory and the social capital debate. American Behavioral Scientist, 40(5), 550-561. Fornell, C., & Bookstein, F. L. (1982). Two structural equation models: LISREL and PLS applied to consumer exit-voice theory. Journal of Marketing Research, 440-452. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50. Franklin, P. (2011). Relationship between strategic planning and nonprofit organizational performance (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 3440040) Fraser, D. R., Zhang, H., & Derashid, C. (2006). Capital structure and political patronage: The case of Malaysia. Journal of Banking & Finance, 30(4), 1291- 1308. Frishammar, J., & Horte, S. A. (2007). The role of market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation for new product development performance in manufacturing firms. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 19(6), 765-788. Frumkin, P. (2009). On being nonprofit: A conceptual and policy primer. Harvard University Press. Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York: Free Press. Galvin, D. (2006). Tiny bubbles: A guide to the new nonprofit economy. The Nonprofit Quarterly, 13(2), 13-14. Gandy, J. D. (2012). The relationship between social entrepreneurship and organizational effectiveness (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 3547013) Garcia-Morales, V. J., Matias-Reche, F., & Hurtado-Torres, N. (2008). Influence of transformational leadership on organizational innovation and performance depending on the level of organizational learning in the pharmaceutical sector. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 21(2), 188-212. Garson, D. G. (2012). Testing of assumptions: Normality. Statnotes: Topics in Multivariate Analysis. Gay, L. R. & Diehl, P. L. (1996). Research methods for business and management. Singapore: International Edition. Simon & Schruster (Asia) pte. Ltd. Geiger, S.W., & Cashen, L.H. (2002). A multidimensional examination of slack and its impact on innovation. Journal of Managerial Issues, 14(1), 68-84. Geisser, S. (1974). A predictive approach to the random effect model. Biometrika, 61(1), 101-107. Gellis, Z. D. (2001). Social work perceptions of transformational and transactional leadership in health care. Social Work Research, 25(1), 17-25. Ghasabeh, M. S., Soosay, C., & Reaiche, C. (2015). The emerging role of transformational leadership. The Journal of Developing Areas, 49(6), 459-467. Giroux, T., & McLarney, C. (2014). Exploring the leadership continuum: The relevance of transformational leadership on organizational performance. Proceedings of the Northeast Region Decision Sciences Institute, 862-886. Giudici, A. (2013). Sensing together: an exploration of the support of network intermediaries to firms' and entrepreneurs' search for new opportunities (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/ 1826/7956 González-Benito, J., & González-Benito, Ó. (2005). Environmental proactivity and business performance: an empirical analysis. Omega, 33(1), 1-15. Götz, O., Liehr-Gobbers, K., & Krafft, M. (2010). Evaluation of structural equation models using the partial least squares (PLS) approach. In Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 691-711). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Green, K. M., Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (2008). Exploring the relationship between strategic reactiveness and entrepreneurial orientation: The role of structure-style fit. Journal of Business Venturing, 23, 356-383. Gross, R. (2016). The Impact of leadership styles on employee entrepreneurial orientation and innovative behavior: A comparative analysis of American and Indian immigrant entrepreneurs (Doctoral dissertation). Regent University. Grundstein-Amado, R. (1999). Bilateral transformational leadership: An approach for fostering ethical conduct in public service organizations. Administration & Society, 31(2), 247-260. Gumusluoglu, L., & Ilsev, A. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research, 62(4), 461-473. Gupta, S., Slawski, B., Xin, D., Yao, W., & Wierman, M. A. (2011). The Twitter rumor network: Subject and sentiment cascades in a massive online social network. Technical Report, California Institute of Technology. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (Vol. 7). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 18, 139-152. Hamid, T. A., & Tyng, C. S. (2013). Meeting the needs of older Malaysians: Expansion, diversification and multi-sector collaboration. Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, 50(2), 157. Hamilton, M. B. (2009). Online survey response rates and times: Background and guidance for industry. Longmont: Ipathia. Han,J. K., Kim, N., & Srivastava, R. K. (1998). Market orientation and organizational performance: Is innovation a missing link. Journal of Marketing, 62(4), 30-45. Hansen, J. D., Deitz, G. D., Tokman, M., Marino, L. D., & Weaver, K. M. (2010). Cross-national invariance of the entrepreneurial orientation scale. Journal of Business Venturing, (2009), 1-18. Harding, R. (2004). Social enterprise: The new economic engine?. Business Strategy Review, 15(4), 39-43. Harkness, J. (2012). Comparative survey research. The Handbook of Comparative Communication Research, 445-458. Harman, D. (1967). A single factor test of common method variance. Journal of Psychology, 35(1967), 359-378. Harris, D. C. (2010). Quantitative chemical analysis. Macmillan. Harrison, R. L., & Reilly, T. M. (2011). Mixed methods designs in marketing research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 14(1), 7-26. Hasnan, S., Abidin, Z. Z., Mohamad, M., & Kamarudin, N. (2012). Issues, challenges and the way forward for charitable organizations in Malaysia. 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications, 776– 780. doi:10.1109/ISBEIA.2012.6422996 Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press. Heerwegh, D. (2005). Effects of personal salutations in e-mail invitations to participate in a web survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(4), 588-598. Helm, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship: Defining the nonprofit behavior and creating an instrument for measurement (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 3265545) Henseler, J., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Goodness-of-fit indices for partial least squares path modeling. Computational Statistics, 28, 565-580. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In R. R. Sinkovics & P. N. Ghauri. Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277-320. Herman, R. D. & Renz, D. O. (2004). Doing things right: Effectiveness in local non- profit organizations, a panel study. Public Administration Review, 64(6), 694- 704. Herman, R. D., & Renz, D. O. (1998). Nonprofit organizational effectiveness: Contrasts between especially effective and less effective organizations. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 9(1), 23-38. Hibbert, S., Hogg, G., & Quinn, T. (2002). Consumer response to social entrepreneurship: The case of the big issue in Scotland. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 7(3), 288-301. Höhmann, H. H., & Welter, F. (Eds.). (2005). Trust and entrepreneurship: A West- East perspective. Edward Elgar Publishing. Howel, D. (2007). Multivariate data analysis of pollutant profiles: PCB levels across Europe. Chemosphere, 67(7), 1300-1307. Howell, J. M., Neufeld, D. J., & Avolio, B. J. (2005). Examining the relationship of leadership and physical distance with business unit performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(2), 273-285. Hoxha, A. (2015). Empowerment and trust as mediators of the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational effectiveness. European Journal of Economic & Political Studies, 8(1). Huang, K, P., Wang, C. H., Tseng, M. C., & Wang, K. Y. (2010). A study on entrepreneurial orientation and resource acquisition: The effect of social capital. African Journal of Business Management, 4(15), 3226-3231. Huang, K., & Wang, K. Y. (2011). How guanxi relates to social capital? A psychological perspective. Journal of Social Sciences, 7 (2), 120-126. Hughes, M., & Morgan, R. E. (2007). Deconstructing the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance at the embryonic stage of firm growth. Industrial Marketing Management, 36(5), 651-661. Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 195-204. Hult, G. T. M. Hurley, R. F., & Knight, G. A. (2004). Innovativeness: Its antecedents and impact on business performance. Industrial Marketing and Management, 33, 429-438. Iakovleva, T., Solesvik, M., & Trifilova, A. (2013). Financial availability and government support for women entrepreneurs in transitional economies: Cases of Russia and Ukraine. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(2), 314-340. Ibrahim, A. A. (2014, July 13). Caring society: Regiester homeless and charities. New Straits Times Online. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/caring-society-register-homeless-and- charities Ilieva, J., Baron, S., & Healey, N. M. (2002). Online surveys in marketing research: Pros and cons. International Journal of Market Research, 44(3), 361. İşcan, Ö. F., Ersarı, G., & Naktiyok, A. (2014). Effect of leadership style on perceived organizational performance and innovation: The role of transformational leadership beyond the impact of transactional leadership–An application among Turkish SME's. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 881-889. Ishak, S. (2012). Managerial accountability : A review through Orphanages’ financial record practices, Social Sciences and Humanities, 20(3), 589–600. Jacobs, J. (1965). The death and life of great American cities. London: Penguin Books. Jantunen, A., Nummela, N., Puumalainen, K., & Saarenketo, S. (2008). Strategic orientations of born globals – Do they really matter? Journal of World Business, 43(2), 158-170. Jantunen, A., Puumalainen, K., Saarenketo, S., & Kylaheito, K. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation, dynamic capabilities and international performance. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 3, 223-243. Jiao, H. (2011). A conceptual model for social entrepreneurship directed toward social impact on society. Social Enterprise Journal, 7(2), 130-149. Jimenez-Jimenez, D., Sanz Valle, R., & Hernandez-Espallardo, M. (2008). Fostering innovation: the role of market orientation and organizational learning. European Journal of Innovation Management, 11(3), 389-412. Jogulu, U. D. (2010). Culturally-linked leadership styles. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31(8), 705-719. Johansen, M., & LeRoux, K. (2012). Managerial networking in nonprofit organizations: The impact of networking on organizational and advocacy effectiveness. Public Administration Review, 73(2), 355-363. Jung, D. D., Wu, A., & Chow, C. W. (2008). Towards understanding the direct and indirect effects of CEOs' transformational leadership on firm innovation. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(5), 582-594. Kaasa, A. (2009). Effects of different dimensions of social capital on innovative activity: Evidence from Europe at the regional level. Technovation, 29(3), 218- 233. Kadir, A., Bahari, M. A., & Sarif, S. M. (2016). Social entrepreneurship, social entrepreneur and social enterprise: A review of concepts, definitions and development in Malaysia. Journal of Emerging Economies & Islamic Research, 4(2). Kaplan, R. S. (2001). Strategic performance measurement and management innonprofit organizations. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 11(3), 353-370. Karami, S., Gholami, M., Qanbari, M., & Sahafi, M. (2014, November). Investigating relation between organizational culture and knowledge management in educational department general of Golestan (Iran). Paper presented at first National Conference of Training and Psychology, Marvdasht (Iran). Kashif, M., Sarifuddin, S., & Hassan, A. (2015). Charity donation: Intentions and behaviour. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 33(1), 90-102. Kathurima, H. M. (2004). Self-perceptions of leadership styles of ex-military entrepreneurs and civilian entrepreneurs in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Keh, H. T., Nguyen, T. T. M., & Ng, H. P. (2007). The effects of entrepreneurial orientation and marketing information on the performance of SMEs. Journal of Business Venturing, 22, 592-661. Kim, S., & Yoon, G. (2015). An innovation-driven culture in local government: Do senior manager’s transformational leadership and the climate for creativity matter?. Public Personnel Management, 44(2), 147-168. Kirkbride, P. (2006). Developing transformational leaders: The full range leadership model in action. Industrial and Commercial Training, 38(1), 23-32. Kiruki, L. (2016). The Relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance of Social Enterprises in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation). United States International University-Africa). Kock, N. (2013). WarpPLS 4.0 User Manual. Laredo, TX: ScriptWarp Systems. Koech, P. M., & Namusonge, G. S. (2012). The effect of leadership styles on organizational performance at state corporations in Kenya. International Journal of Business and Commerce, 2(1), 1-12. Korry, I. N. S., Troena, E. A., & Hadiwidjojo, D. (2013). The role of entrepreneurial orientation in mediating the effect of organizational culture and government policy toward business performance (Case study: Koperasi unit desa in Bali province). International Journal of Business and Commerce, 2(12), 29-42. Kramer, M. R. (2005). Measuring innovation: Evaluation in the field of social entrepreneurship. Palo Alto, CA: Skoll Foundation. Krauss, S. I., Frese, M., Friedrich, C., & Unger, J. M. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation: A psychological model of success among southern African small business owners. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14(3), 315-344. Kreiser, P., Marino, L., & Weaver, K. M. (2002). Assessing the psychometric properties of the entrepreneurial orientation scale: A multi-country analysis. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 26, 71-94. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610. Kroll, A. (2016). Exploring the link between performance information use and organizational performance: A contingency approach. Public Performance & Management Review, 39(1), 7-32. doi: 10.1080/15309576.2016.1071159 Kuivalainen, O., Sundqvist, S., & Servais, P. (2007). Firms’ degree of born- globalness, international entrepreneurial orientation and export performance. Journal of world Business, 42, 253-267. Kunanusorn, A. (2014). Network development of social welfare promotion organizations: A case of Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. International Journal of Social Sciences, 3, 4. Lamadrid, R., Heene, A., & Gellynck, X. (2008). Rewiring business firms through an entrepreneurial-oeriented strategy-making. Unpublished manuscript. Lambert, D. M., & Harrington, T. C. (1990). Measuring nonresponse bias in customer service mail surveys. Journal of Business Logistics, 11(2), 5. Lawal, A. A., Ajonbadi, H. A., & Otokiti, B. O. (2014). Leadership and Organisational Performance in the Nigeria Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). American Journal of Business, Economics and Management, 2(5), 121. Leadbeater, C. (1997). The rise of the social entrepreneur (No. 25). Demos. Leana, C. R., & Van Buren, H. J. (1999). Organizational social capital and employment practices. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 538-555. Lechner, C., & Dowling, M. (2003). Firm networks: External relationships as sources for the growth and competitiveness of entrepreneurial firms. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 15(1), 1-26. Lee, C., Lee, K., & Pennings, J. M. (2001). Internal capabilities, external networks, and performance: A study on technology‐based ventures. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6‐7), 615-640. Lee, H. C., & Chuang, T. H. (2009). The impact of leadership styles on job stress and turnover intention: Taiwan insurance industry as an example. Effects of leadership style on organizational performance: A survey of selected small scale enterprises in Ikosi-Ketu Council Development Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 1(7), 100- 111. Lee, J. S., & Hsieh, C. J. (2010). A research in relating entrepreneurship, marketing capability, innovative capability and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 8(9), 109-119. Lee, S. M., & Lim, S. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and performance of service business. Journal of Service Business, 3, 1-13. Lee, S. M., & Peterson, S. J. (2000). Culture, entrepreneurial orientation and global competitiveness. Journal of World Business, 35(4), 401-416. Lee, S. Y. (2015). The effects of green supply chain management on the supplier’s performance through social capital accumulation. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 20(1), 42-55. Lee, Y. D., & Chang, H. M. (2006). Leadership style and innovation ability: An empirical study of Taiwanese wire and cable companies. Journal of American Academy of Business. 9(2), 218-222. Li, Y., Liu, Y., & Liu, H. (2010, in press). Co-opetition, distributor’s entrepreneurial orientation and manufacturer’s knowledge acquisition: Evidence from China. Journal of Operations Management. Li, Y., Liu, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2006). The role of market and entrepreneurship orientation and internal control in the new product development activities of Chinese firm. Industrial Marketing Management, 35, 336-347. Li, Y., Zhao, Y., Tan, J., & Liu, Y. (2008). Moderating effects of entrepreneurial orientation on market-orientation-performance linkage: Evidence from Chinese Small Firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(1), 113-133. Li. Y. H., Huang, J. W., & Tsai, M. T. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The role of knowledge creation process. Industrial Marketing Management, 38(4), 440-449. Light, P. (2008). The search for social entrepreneurship. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. Lincoln, A. (2012). Nature of leadership practices of Nigerian female entrepreneurs. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(10), 50-59. Lindner, J. R., & Wingenbach, G. J. (2002). Communicating the handling of nonresponse error in. Journal of Extension, 40(6), 1-5. Ling, H. E. (2012). A study of the relationship between indicators and public donation intention in Penang: A perspective of planned behavior theory with inclusion of some cognitive factors (Master dissertation). Retrieved from http://eprints.usm.my/id/eprint/26450 Lipsky, M., & Smith, S. R. (1990). Nonprofit organization, government, and the welfare state. Political Science Quarterly. 104 (4): 625-648. Lipsky, M., & Smith, S. R. (1990). Nonprofit organization, government, and the welfare state. Political Science Quarterly, 104 (4), 625-648. Liu, Y., Li, Y., & Xue, J. (2010). Ownership, strategic orientation and internationalization in emerging markets. Journal of World Business, 30, 1-13 Lo, M. C., Wang, Y. C., Wah, C. R. J., & Ramayah, T. (2016). The critical success factors for organizational performance of SMEs in malaysia: A partial least squares approach. Revista Brasileira De Gestão De Negócios, 18(61), 370-391. Loeffler, D. N., Christiansen, D. C., Tracy, M. B., Secret, M. C., Sutphen, R., Ersing, R. L., & Fairchild, S. R. (2004). Social capital for social work: Toward a definition and conceptual framework. Social Development Issues, 26(2/3), pp. 22 – 38. Lowe, K. B., Kroeck, K. G., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature. The Leadership Quarterly, 7(3), 385-425 Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172. Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (2005). The role of entrepreneurial orientation in stimulating effective corporate entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Executive, 19(1), 147-156. Lune, H. (2010). Understanding Organization. Massachusetts: MPG Books Group. Lynn, M.R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35, 382–385 Lyon, D., Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. (2000). Enhancing entrepreneurial orientation research: Operationalizing and measuring a key strategic decision making process. Journal of Management, 26(5), 1055-1085. MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2012). Common method bias in marketing: causes, mechanisms, and procedural remedies. Journal of Retailing, 88(4), 542-555. Makadok, R. (2001). Toward a synthesis of the resource‐based and dynamic‐capability views of rent creation. Strategic Management Journal, 22(5), 387- 401. Malhotra, N.K. (2007): Marketing Research, Pearson Prentice Hall Martell, R. F., Lane, D. M., & Emrich, C. (1996). Male-female differences: A computer simulation. American Psychologist, 51,157–158. Mayberry, C. L. (2011). Social entrepreneurs: The role of entrepreneurial orientation and leadership style in non-profit organizations (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ ubctheses/24/items/1.0072025 McCann, J.T. (2008). Leadership in the apparel manufacturing environment: An analysis based on the multi-factor leadership questionnaire. Advanced Management Journal. 73(4), 20-31. McCrae, R. R., Kurtz, J. E., Yamagata, S., & Terracciano, A. (2011). Internal consistency, retest reliability, and their implications for personality scale validity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(1), 28-50. McCrum-Gardner, E. (2010). Sample size and power calculations made simple. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 17(1), 10. McDonald, T. L. (2003). Review of environmental monitoring methods: Survey designs. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 85(3), 277-292. McGuire, M. (2006). Collaborative public management: Assessing what we know and how we know it. Public Administration Review, 66(s1), 33-43. Meade, A. W., Watson, A. M., & Kroustalis, C. M. (2007, April). Assessing common methods bias in organizational research. Paper presented at the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New York. Memili, E., Eddleston, K. A., Kellermanns,F. W., Zellweger, T. M., & Barnett, T. (2010). The critical path to family success through entrepreneurial risk taking and image. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 1, 200-209. Meskendadl, S. (2010). The influence of business strategies on mproject portfolio management and its success – A conceptual framework. International Journal of Project Management, 28(8), 807-817. Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2006). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage. Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770-791. Mintzberg, H. (1973). Strategy-making in three modes. California Management Review, 16, 44-53. Mitchell, G. E. (2013). The construct of organizational effectiveness: Perspectives from leaders of international nonprofits in the United States. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 42(2), 324-345. Morgan, R. E., & Strong, C. A. (2003). Business performance and dimensions of strategic orientation. Journal of Business Research, 56(3), 163-176. Morris, M. H., Coombes, S., Schindehutte, M., & Allen, J. (2007). Antecedents and outcomes of entrepreneurial and market orientations in a non-profit context: theoretical and empirical insights. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13(4), 12-39. Morris, M. H., Webb, J. W., & Franklin, R. J. (2011). Understanding the manifestation of entrepreneurial orientation in the nonprofit context. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 947-971. Morris, M.H. & Paul, G.W. (1987). The relationship between entrepreneurship and marketing in established firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 2(2), 247–259. Mulgan, G., Tucker, S., Ali, R., & Sanders, B. (2007). Social innovation: what it is, why it matters and how it can be accelerated. Retrieved from http://eureka.sbs.ox.ac.uk/761/1/Social_ Innovation.pdf Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242-266. Nanjundeswaras, T. S., & Swamy, D. R. (2014). Leadership styles. Advances In Management, 7(2), 57–63. Narayan, D., & Cassidy, M. F. (2001). A dimensional approach to measuring social capital: development and validation of a social capital inventory. Current Sociology, 49(2), 59-102. Nasir, N. M., Othman, R., Said, J., & Ghani, E. K. (2009). Financial reporting practices of charity organisations: A Malaysian evidence. International Bulletin of Business Administration, 6, 19-27. Nazem, F., & Eftekhary, M. (2014, March). A structural model for employees' entrepreneurship based on leadership styles in environmental protection organization, in Tehran City. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance: ICMLG 2014 (p. 195). Academic Conferences Limited. Neuman, W. L., & Kreuger, L. W. (2003). Social work research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Nicholls, A. (2009). We do good things, don’t we?: Blended value accounting in social entrepreneurship. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 34, 755-769. Niven, P. R. (2003). Balanced scorecard: Step-by-step for government and non- profit agencies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Northouse, P. G. (2001). Leadership theory and practice, (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Norušis, M. J. (2006). SPSS 15.0: Guide to data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hil. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hil. Nur Zehan, K., & Abdul Halim, M. N. (2014). Validation of the wood ’s job satisfaction questionnaire among malaysian nonprofit charity organization workers. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Australian Academy of Business and Social Sciences Conference 2014. Obiwuru, T. C., Okwu, A. T., Akpa, V. O., & Nwankwere, I. A. (2011). Effects of leadership style on organizational performance: A survey of selected small scale enterprises in Ikosi-Ketu council development area of Lagos State, Nigeria. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 1(7), 100. Ojokuku, R. M., Odetayo, T. A., & Sajuyigbe, A. S. (2012). Impact of leadership style on organizational performance: A case study of Nigerian banks. American Journal of Business and Management, 1(4), 202-207. Oksenberg, L., & Kalton, G. (1991). New strategies for pretesting survey questions. Journal of official statistics, 7(3), 349. O'Leary, R., & Bingham, L. B. (Eds.). (2009). The collaborative public manager: New ideas for the twenty-first century. Georgetown University Press. Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic responses to institutional processes. The Academy of Management Review. 16 (1), 145-179. Olszak, L. (2009, July). White house establishes office of social innovation and civic participation. Nonprofit connections, 3, 2-3. Retrieved November 2010 from http://www.olszak.com/nonprofitrestructuring/ files/Issue%203_Olszak's%20N onprofit%20 Connections_July%202009.pdf Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Daniel, L. G. (2002). A framework for reporting and interpreting internal consistency reliability estimates. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 35(2), 89. Orabi, T. G. A. (2016). The impact of transformational leadership style on organizational performance: Evidence from Jordan. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 6(2), 89-102. Otache, I., & Mahmood, R. (2015). Entrepreneurial orientation and performance of Nigerian Banks: The mediating effect of teamwork. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(3), 406 Othman, R., Ali, N., Omar, N., & Abdul Rahman, R. (2012). Practical challenges in managing non-profit organizations (NPO): Tales from two neighbouring countries. International Bulletin of Business Administration, 13(13), 6–23. Ott, J. S. (2001). The nature of the nonprofit sector. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Paliszkiewicz, J. (2012). Managers’ orientation on trust and organizational performance. Jindal Journal of Business Research, 1(2), 153-161. Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS (4th ed.). New York, NY: Open University Press. Pallant, J. (2011). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS. Australia. Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS survival manual. United Kingdom: McGraw-Hill Education. Parry, K., & Proctor-Thompson, S. (2003). Leader career development. Who should take responsibility? Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 41(3), 316–337. Patel, P. C., & D’ Souza, R. R. (2009). Leveraging entrepreneurial orientation to enhance SME export performance. Small Business Research Summary (No. 337): University of Louisville, Kentucky. Pearce, J.A., II, Fritz, P., & Davis, P.S. (2010). Entrepreneurial orientation and the performance of religious congregations as predicted by rational choice theory. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(1), 219–248. Pearl, D. K., & Fairley, D. (1985). Testing for the potential for nonresponse bias in sample surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 49(4), 553-560. Pedhazur, E. J., & Schmelkin, L. P. (1991). Measurement, design ad analysis: An integrated approach. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Peng, D. X., & Lai, F. (2012). Using partial least squares in operations management research: A practical guideline and summary of past research. Journal of Operations Management, 30, 467-480. Penrose, E. (1959). The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. Oxford: Blackwell. Peteraf, M. A. (1993). The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal. 14, 174-191. Peters, T. J., & Waterman, R. H. (1982). In search of excellence. New York: Harper Collins. Peterson, R. A., & Kim, Y. (2013). On the relationship between coefficient alpha and composite reliability. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(1), 194-198. Petrovits, C., Shakespeare, C., & Shih, A. (2011). The causes and consequences of internal control problems in nonprofit organizations. The Accounting Review, 86(1), 325-357. Pfeffer, J. (1982). Organizations and organization theory. Marshfield, MA: Pitman. Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper & Row. Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (2003). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Pieterse, A. N., Van Knippenberg, D., Schippers, M., & Stam, D. (2010). Transformational and transactional leadership and innovative behavior: The moderating role of psychological empowerment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(4), 609-623. Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531-544. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879. Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive Strategy. In New York: Free Press. Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24(1), 1-24. Pradhan, S., & Pradhan, R. K. (2015). An empirical investigation of relationship among transformational leadership, affective organizational commitment and contextual performance. Vision, 19(3), 227-235. Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6(1), 65-78. Putnam, R. D. (2002). Democracies in flux: The evolution of social capital in contemporary society. Oxford University Press. Putnam, R.D. (1993). Making democracy work. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Quinn, R. E. & Rohrbaugh, J. (1983). A spatial model of effectiveness criteria: towards a competing values approach to organizational analysis. Management Science, 29(3), 363-377. Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007). Let’s put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners’ personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(4), 353-385. Reinartz, W., Haenlein, M., & Henseler, J. (2009). An empirical comparison of the efficacy of covariance-based and variance-based SEM. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(4), 332-344. Reis, T. K., & Clohesy, S. J. (1999). Unleashing new resources and entrepreneurship for the common good: A scan, synthesis, and scenario for action. Battle Creek, MI: WK Kellogg Foundations. Richard, O. C., Barnett, T., Dwyer, S., & Chadwick, K. (2004). Cultural diversity in management, firm performance, and the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions. Academy of Management Journal, 47(2), 255-266. Richardson, G. B. (1972). The organisation of industry. The Economic Journal, 82(327), 883-896. Ringle, C., Wende, S., & Will, A. (2005). Smart-PLS Version 2.0 M3. University of Hamburg. Rodrigues, A. D. O., & Ferreira, M. C. (2015). The impact of transactional and transformational leadership style on organizational citizenship behaviors. Psico-USF, 20(3), 493-504. Rojas, R. R. (2000). A review of models for measuring organizational effectiveness among for-profit and nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 11(1), 97-104. Rossouw, D. & Van Vuuren, L. (2013). Business Ethics (5th ed.). Southern Africa: Oxford University Press. Rukmani, K., Ramesh, M., & Jayakrishnan, J. (2010). Effect of leadership styles on organizational effectiveness. European Journal of Social Sciences, 15(3), 365- 370. Runyan, R.,Droge, C., & Swinney, J. (2008). Entrepreneurial orientation versus small business orientation: What are their relationships to firm performance? Journal of Small Business Management, 46(4), 567-588. Salaran, M. M., & Maritz, A. (2009). The role of social capital in fostering entrepreneurship in established organizations. Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, 5(1), 1-24. Salkind, N. J. (1997). Exploring research (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Salkind, N.J. (2003). Exploring research. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New jersey. Salkind, N.J. (2012). Exploring research (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Samad, S. A., & Mansor, N. (2013). Population ageing and social protection in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, 50(2), 139–156. Sargeant, A., Lee, S., & Jay, E. (2002). Major gift philanthropy: Individual giving to the arts. Centre for Voluntary Sector Management: Henley Management College. Saxton, G. D., & Benson, M. A. (2005). Social capital and the growth of the nonprofit sector. Social Science Quarterly, 86(1), 16-35. Saxton, G. D., & Guo, C. (2011). Accountability online: Understanding the web- based accountability practices of nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(2), 270-295. Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons. Schendel, D. (1994). Introduction to ‘Competitive organizational behavior: Toward an organizationally-based theory of competitive advantage’. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 1-4. doi:10.1002/smj.4250150901 Schriesheim, C. A., & Hill, K. D. (1981). Controlling acquiescence response bias by item reversals: The effect on questionnaire validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41, 1101-1114. Schutjens, V., & Völker, B. (2010). Space and social capital: The degree of locality in entrepreneurs' contacts and its consequences for firm success. European Planning Studies, 18(6), 941-963. Sekaran, U. (1992). Research methods for business, Canada Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (5th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Selden, S. C. & Sowa, J. E. (2004). Testing a multi-dimensional model of organizational performance: Prospects and problems. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 14(3), 395-416. Selden, S. C. & Sowa, J. E. (2004). Testing a multi-dimensional model of organizational performance: Prospects and problems. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 14(3), 395-416. Selden, S. C., Sowa, J. E., & Sandfort, J. (2006). The impact of nonprofit collaboration in early child care and education on management and program outcomes. Public Administration Review, 66(3), 412-425. Seltzer, J., & Bass, B. M. (1990). Transformational leadership: Beyond initiation and consideration. Journal of Management, 16(4), 693-703. Selya, A. S., Rose, J. S., Dierker, L. C., Hedeker, D., & Mermelstein, R. J. (2012). A practical guide to calculating Cohen’s f2, a measure of local effect size, from PROC MIXED. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 111. Sheikh, K. (1981). Investigating non-response bias in mail surveys. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 35, 293-296. Sherman, D. A. (2007). Entrepreneurial social sector organizations: factors that facilitate growth and performance. Research Paper of the Executive Doctor of Management Program, Case Western Reserve University. Singer, E. (2006). Introduction: Nonresponse Bias in Household Surveys. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(5), 637-645. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4124219 Slater, S. F., & Narver, J. C. (2000). The positive effect of a market orientation business profitability: A balance replication. Journal of Business Research, 48(1), 69-73. Smith, S. R. (2005). Managing the challenges of government contracts. The Jossey- Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management, 371-390. Smith, S. R. (2010). Nonprofits and public administration reconciling performance management and citizen engagement. The American Review of Public Administration, 40(2), 129-152. Social Welfare Department. (2009). Profil Kumpulan Sasaran Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.jkm.gov.my/ Social Welfare Department. (2014). Number of Social Welfare Organizations of Malaysia which receive grants, from 2009-2013. Retrieved from http://www.jkm.gov.my/ Sofian, M. R., Arffin, S. I., & Yasir, A. M. (2013). Orphanage welfare and care centre as integration with community. Arts and Design Studies, 13, 31–38. Song, J. H. (2016). The effect of social capital on organizational performance in different cultures: A cross-national comparison of the United States and South Korea. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=3742&context=etd Song, L., Rogoff, E. G., Foo, C. T., & Liu, X. (2015). The effect of entrepreneurial context on the performance of new ventures. Chinese Management Studies, 9(2), 197-220. Sowa, J. E. (2009). The collaboration decision in nonprofit organizations: Views from the front line. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 38(6), 1003-1025. Stamevski, V., & Stamevska, E. (2017). Leadership style. Economics and Management, 13(1), 191-200. Steffens, P. R., & Senyard, J. M. (2009). Linking resource acquisition and development processes to resource-based advantage: Bricolage and the resource-based view. In Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, 4-6 June 2009, Boston. Stoesz, E., & Raber, C. (1997). Doing good better! How to be an effective board member of a nonprofit organization. Intercourse, PA: Good Books. Stone, M. (1974). Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 111-147. Summers, J. O. (2001). Guidelines for conducting research and publishing in marketing: From conceptualization through the review process. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 29(4), 405-415. Swanson, L. A. & Zhang, D. D. (2010). The social entrepreneurship zone. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 22(2), 71-88.