The relationships between brand attributes and word of mouth on brand identity and brand image

Companies all around the world have to deal with issues relating to brand image development and maintenance because brand image can affect their brand performance. Based on the attribution theory, this research examined the impact of the components of brand attributes, namely brand relevance, brand...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Al Kasassbh, Hazem Mohamad Abd Al Ghany
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2017
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/7297/1/s95379_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7297/2/s95379_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.7297
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Md. Salleh, Salniza
topic HD28-70 Management
Industrial Management
spellingShingle HD28-70 Management
Industrial Management
Al Kasassbh, Hazem Mohamad Abd Al Ghany
The relationships between brand attributes and word of mouth on brand identity and brand image
description Companies all around the world have to deal with issues relating to brand image development and maintenance because brand image can affect their brand performance. Based on the attribution theory, this research examined the impact of the components of brand attributes, namely brand relevance, brand consistency, brand sustainability, brand credibility, brand uniqueness and word of mouth (WOM) of brand image. This study also evaluated the mediating influence of brand WOM identity on the relationship between the brand attribute components, WOM and brand image. Insufficient empirical attention, particularly in relation to the attribution theory, was the driving force for the current study to be undertaken. Two hundred and fifty-four travellers via two airports located in the northern region of Malaysia participated in this study. A cross-sectional survey approach and the quota sampling technique were adopted to select the participants, and PLS algorithm and bootstrapping techniques were deployed to test the hypothesized relationships. The PLS path modelling reported significant results of the major hypotheses; brand sustainability was the only variable not significantly related to brand image. It was found that brand identity mediated significantly the relationship between brand attributes, WOM and brand image. Overall, the results provide support for the attribution theory in that brand attributes, namely brand relevance, brand consistency, brand sustainability, brand credibility, brand uniqueness and word of mouth can help shape consumers' perceptions which ultimately result in harnessing brand image. Finally, the study's implications for theory and practice, limitations, conclusions as well as directions for future research are provided and discussed.
format Thesis
qualification_name other
qualification_level Doctorate
author Al Kasassbh, Hazem Mohamad Abd Al Ghany
author_facet Al Kasassbh, Hazem Mohamad Abd Al Ghany
author_sort Al Kasassbh, Hazem Mohamad Abd Al Ghany
title The relationships between brand attributes and word of mouth on brand identity and brand image
title_short The relationships between brand attributes and word of mouth on brand identity and brand image
title_full The relationships between brand attributes and word of mouth on brand identity and brand image
title_fullStr The relationships between brand attributes and word of mouth on brand identity and brand image
title_full_unstemmed The relationships between brand attributes and word of mouth on brand identity and brand image
title_sort relationships between brand attributes and word of mouth on brand identity and brand image
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Business Management
publishDate 2017
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/7297/1/s95379_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7297/2/s95379_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828191364382720
spelling my-uum-etd.72972021-05-02T00:44:43Z The relationships between brand attributes and word of mouth on brand identity and brand image 2017 Al Kasassbh, Hazem Mohamad Abd Al Ghany Md. Salleh, Salniza School of Business Management School of Business Management HD28-70 Management. Industrial Management Companies all around the world have to deal with issues relating to brand image development and maintenance because brand image can affect their brand performance. Based on the attribution theory, this research examined the impact of the components of brand attributes, namely brand relevance, brand consistency, brand sustainability, brand credibility, brand uniqueness and word of mouth (WOM) of brand image. This study also evaluated the mediating influence of brand WOM identity on the relationship between the brand attribute components, WOM and brand image. Insufficient empirical attention, particularly in relation to the attribution theory, was the driving force for the current study to be undertaken. Two hundred and fifty-four travellers via two airports located in the northern region of Malaysia participated in this study. A cross-sectional survey approach and the quota sampling technique were adopted to select the participants, and PLS algorithm and bootstrapping techniques were deployed to test the hypothesized relationships. The PLS path modelling reported significant results of the major hypotheses; brand sustainability was the only variable not significantly related to brand image. It was found that brand identity mediated significantly the relationship between brand attributes, WOM and brand image. Overall, the results provide support for the attribution theory in that brand attributes, namely brand relevance, brand consistency, brand sustainability, brand credibility, brand uniqueness and word of mouth can help shape consumers' perceptions which ultimately result in harnessing brand image. Finally, the study's implications for theory and practice, limitations, conclusions as well as directions for future research are provided and discussed. 2017 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7297/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7297/1/s95379_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7297/2/s95379_02.pdf text eng public other doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Aaker, D. A. (1991), Managing Brand Equity, the Free Press, New York, NY, pp. a.7, 39, 61, and 110. Aaker, D. A. (1996). Measuring brand equity across products and markets. California management review, 38(3), 103-120. Aaker, D. A. (2012). Win the brand relevance battle and then build competitor barriers. California Management Review, 54(2), 43-57. Aaker, D. A., & Jacobson, R. (2001). The value relevance of brand attitude in high­ technology markets. Journal of marketing research, 38(4), 485-493. Aaker, J. L. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of marketing research, 347-356. Abeyratne, R. (2014). Flight MH 17: the legal and regulatory fallout. Air and Space Law, 39(6), 329-340. Ackoff, R. L., & Emshoff, J. R. (1975). Advertising research at Anheuser-Busch. Inc. (1963-68). Sloan Management Review, 16(3), 1-15. Aghekyan-Simonian, M., Forsythe, S., Suk Kwon, W., & Chattaraman, V. (2012). The role of product brand image and online store image on perceived risks and online purchase intentions for apparel. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 19(3), 325-331. Agres, S. J., & Dubitsky, T. M. (1996). Changing needs for brands. Journal of Advertising Research, 36(01), 21-30. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Akaah, I. P., & Korgaonkar, P. K. (1988). A conjoint investigation of the relative importance of risk relievers in direct marketing. Journal of Advertising Research, 28(4), 38-44. Albrecht, C. M., Neumann, M. M., Haber, T. E., & Bauer, H. H. (2011). The relevance of irrelevance in brand communication. Psychology & Marketing, 28(1), 1-28. Alexander, P. (2006). Electronic word-of-mouth communication: Factors that influence the forwarding of e-mail messages. (Order No. 3207643, Touro University International). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 206-206 p. Retrieved from http ://eserv.uum.edu.my/docview/30491l835? accountid=42599.(304911835). Allman, H. F., Fenik, A. P., Hewett, K., & Morgan, F. N. (2016). Brand Image Evaluations: The Interactive Roles of Country of Manufacture, Brand Concept, and Ve1tical Line Extension Type. Journal of International Marketing, 24(2), 40-61. doi:10.1509/jim.15.0055. Alwi, S. F. S., & Kitchen, P. J. (2014). Projecting corporate brand image and behavioral response in business schools: Cognitive or affective brand attributes?. Journal of Business Research, 67(11), 2324-2336. Amato, J. A. (2004). On foot: A history of walking. NYU Press. Anderson, J. R. (1983). A spreading activation theory of memory. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 22(3), 261-295. Anderson, N. H. (1981). Foundations of information integration theory. Ansel, L. L., Bany, C. T., Gillen, C. T., & Henington , L. L. (2015). An analysis of four self-report measures of adolescent callous-unemotional traits: Exploring unique prediction of delinquency, aggression, and conduct problems. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(2), 207-216. Atiely, D., & Levav, J. (2000). Sequential choice in group settings: Taking the road less traveled and less enjoyed. Journal of consumer Research, 27(3), 279-290. Armstrong, J. S ., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys. Journal of Marketing Research 14, 396-402. Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of management review, 14(1), 20-39. Bacon, D. R., Sauer, P. L., & Young, M. (1995). Composite reliability in structural equations modeling. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(3), 394-406. Baek, T. H., Kim, J., & Yu, J. H. (2010). The differential roles of brand credibility and brand prestige in consumer brand choice. Psychology & Marketing, 27(7), 662-678. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, l6(1), 74-94. Balmer, J. M. (2012). Corporate brand management imperatives: custodianship, credibility, and calibration. California Management Review, 54(3), 6-33. Bansal, H. S., & Voyer, P. A. (2000). Word-of-mouth processes within a services purchase decision context. Journal of service research, 3(2), 166-177. Bansal, H. S., &Voyer, P. A. (2000). Word-of-mouth processes within a services purchase decision context. Journal of service research, 3(2), 166-177. Barclay, D., Higgins, C., & Thompson, R. (1995). The partial least squares (PLS) approach to causal modeling: Personal computer adoption and use as an illustration. Technology studies, 2(2), 285-309. Barclay, D., Higgins, C., & Thompson, R. (1995). The partial least squares (PLS) approach to causal modeling: Personal computer adoption and use as an illustration. Technology studies, 2(2), 285-309. Bardi, E. J., Coyle, J. J., & Novack R. A. (2006). Management of transportation. Thomson/South Western. Barnett, V., & Lewis, T. (1994). Outliers in statistical data. New York: Wiley. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research : Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1 173- 1182. Bartlett, J. E. Kotrlik, J. W., & Higgins, C. C. (2001). Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research approp1iate sample size in survey research. lnformation Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 19(1), 43-50. Batra, R., & Homer, P. M. (2004). The situational impact of brand image beliefs. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(3), 318-330. Bauer, H. H., Albrecht, C. M., Haber, T. E., & Neumann, M. M. (2007). The effects of irrelevant attributes in brand communication. Marketing Theory and Applications, 134. Becke r, J. M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M. (2012). Hierarchical latent variable models in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using reflective-formative type models. Long Range Planning, 45(5), 359-394. Beckwith, N. E., & Lehmann, D.R. (1975).The importance of halo effects in multi­ att1ibute attitude models. Journal of Marketing Research, 12 (3), 265-275. Belk, R.W. (1988). Possessions and the extended self.Journal of Consumer Research. 15(2), 139-68. Belz, F. M., & Peattie, K. (2009). Sustainability marketing: A global perspective. Chichester: Wiley. Berger, J., & Heath, C. (2007). Where consumers diverge from others: Identity signaling and product domains. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(2), 121-134. Berger, J., & Heath, C. (2008). Who drives divergence? Identity signaling, outgroup dissimilarity, and the abandonment of cultural tastes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(3), 593. Berger, J., & Rand, L. (2008). Shifting signals to help health: Using identity signaling to reduce risky health behaviors. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(3), 509-518. Berger, C. R., & Calabrese, R. J. (1975). "Some Exploration in Initial Interaction and Beyond: Toward a Developmental Theory of Communication". Human Communication Research, 1, 99-112. Bernard, H. R., & Bernard, H. R. (2013). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sage. Beverland, M., Wilner, S., & Micheli, P. (2015). Reconciling the tension between consistency and relevance: design thinking as a mechanism for brand ambidexterity. Journal of the Academy Of Marketing Science, 43(5), 589-609. Doi: 10.1007/sl1747-015-0443-8. Bhat, S. S. (1992). The impact of parent brand attribute beliefs and affect on the evaluation of a brand extension. (Order No. 9301181, University of Georgia). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 180-180 p. Retrieved from; http://eserv.uum.edu.my/docview/303966702? accountid=42599. (303966702). Bhat, S., & Reddy, S. K. (2001). The impact of parent brand attribute associations and affect on brand extension evaluation. Journal of Business Research, 53(3), 111-122. Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2003). Consumer-company identification: A framework for understanding consumers' relationships with companies. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 76-88. Biel, A. L. (1991). The brands cape: converting image into equity. Ad map, October, 41-46. Biel, A. L. (1992). How brand image drives brand equity. Journal of advertising research, 32(6), 6-12. Biggs, D. C. (2009). Guidebook for conducting airport user surveys (Vo l. 26). Transportation Research Board. Biggs, D. C., Bol, M. A., Baker, J., Gosling, G.D., Franz, J. D., & Cripwell, J. P. (2009). ACRP Report 26. Guidebook for conducting airport user surveys. Transport Research Board, Washington DC. Bijttebier, P., Delva, D., Vanoost, S., Bobbaers, H., Lauwers, P., & Vertonunen, H. (2000). Reliability and validity of the Critical Care Family Needs Inventory in a Dutch-speaking Belgian sample. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 29(4), 278-286. Bird, M., Channon, C., & Ehrenberg, A. S. (1970). Brand image and brand usage. Journal of Marketing Research, 307-314. Bivainiene, L. (2007). Brand image conceptualization: The role of marketing communication. Economics & Management, 304-310. Blaikie, N. (2009). Designing social research. Polity. Blomback, A., & Ramirez-Pasillas, M. (2012). Exploring the logics of corporate brand identity formation. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 17 (1), 7-28. Blomkvist, C., Johansson, M., & Lindeberg, A. (2012). Understanding the relationship between Brand identity and Brand image: A case study of Coop. Boisvert, J. (2012). The Impact of Vertical Service Line Extensions and Brand Salience on Reciprocal Transfer of Image and Performance Associations. Journal of Service Research, 15(4), 443-459. Borenstein, M., Rothstein, H., & Cohen, J. (2001). Power and precision: A computer program for statistical power analysis and confidence intervals. Englewood, NJ: Biostat, Inc. Bosch, J ., Venter, E ., Han, Y., & Boshoff, C. (2006). The impact of brand identity on the perceived brand image of a merged higher education institution: Part one. Management Dynamics: Journal of the Southern African Institute for Management Scientists, 15(2), 10-30. Bougoure, U.S., Russell-Bennett, R., Fazal-E-Hasan, S., & Mortimer, G. (2016). The impact of service failure on brand credibility. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 31, 62-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.03.006. Boulding, K. E. (1956). General systems theory-the skeleton of science. Management science, 2(3), 197-208. Bravo, R., Montaner, T., & Pina, J. M. (2012). Corporate brand image of financial institutions: a consw11er approach. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 21(4), 232-245. Broadbent, K., & Cooper, P. (1987). Research is good for you. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 5(1), 3-9. Brody, R. P., & Cunningham, S. M. (1968). Personality variables and the consumer decision process. Journal of Marketing Research, 50-57. Broniarczyk, S. M., & Gershoff, A. D. (2003). The reciprocal effects of brand equity and trivial attributes. Journal of marketing research, 40(2), 161-175 . Brooks, R. C. (1957). "Word-of-Mouth" Advertising in Selling New Products. Journal of Marketing, 22(2), 154-161. Brown, S. P., & Stayman, D. M. (1992). Antecedents and consequences of attitude toward the ad: A meta-analysis. Journal of consumer research, 19(1), 34-51. Browning, J. (2003). Development of logistics and transportation systems m promoting trade & economic growth: Comparing lncheon and Seattle areas. Korea Observer, 34(3), 589-612. Bruin, J. (2006). Newtest: command to compute new test, Retrieved from; http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/stata/ado/analysis/ Bryman, A. (2015). Social research methods. Oxford university press. Bryman, A. (2015). Social research methods. Oxford university press. Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2007). Business Research Methods (2nd Ed.). Oxford: University Press. Buil,. L Catalan, S., & Martinez, E. (2016). The importance of corporate brand identity in business management: An application to the UK banking sector. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 19(1), 3-12. Burns, A. C., & Bush, R. F. (2003). Marketing research: Online research applications. Prentice Hall. Burns, D. J., & Warren, H. B. (1995). Need for uniqueness: shopping mall preference and choice activity. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 23(12), 4-12. Bush, A. J., & Hair Jr, J. F. (1985). An assessment of the mall intercept as a data collection method. Journal of Marketing Research, 158-167. Button, K. (2008). The Impacts of globalisation on International Air Transport Activity, Global Forum on Transport and Envirom11ent in a Globalising World 10-12 November 2008, Guadalajara. Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Psychology Press. Callaghan, W., Wilson, B ., Henseler, J., & Ringle, C. (2007). Exploring causal path directionality for a marketing structural model using Cohen's path method. In T. Naes (Ed.), PLS07-5th International symposium on PLS and related methods: Causalities explored by indirect observation, Matforsk, Aas, Norway. Campbell, M. C., & Goodstein, R. C. (2001). The moderating effect of perceived risk on consumers' evaluations of product incongruity: Preference for the norm. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(3), 439-449. Carpenter, G. S., Glazer, R. & Nakamoto, K. (1994). Meaningful brands from Meaningless differentiation: The dependence on irrelevant attributes. Journal of Marketing Research. 31. 339-350. Cassel, C., Hackl, P., & Westlund, A. H. (1999). Robust11ess of partial least-squares method for estimating latent variable quality structures. Journal of applied statistics, 26(4), 435-446. Castleberry, S. B., & Ehrenberg, A. S. C. (1990). Brand usage: A factor in consumer beliefs. Journal of Marketing Research, 2(2), 14-20. Chan, C., Berger, J., & Van Boven, L. (2012). Identifiable but not identical: Combining social identity and uniqueness motives in choice. Journal of Consumer research, 39(3), 561-573. Charles, J. L. (2015). Measuring mental health provider stigma: The development of a valid and reliable self-assessment instrument. Chatterjee, S., & Yilmaz, M. (1992). A review of regression diagnostics for behavioral research. Applied Psychological Measurement, 16(3), 209-227. Chattopadhyay, A., & Nedungadi, P. (1990). Ad affect, brand attitude, and choice­ the moderating roles of delay and involvement. Advances in Consumer Research, 17, 619- 620. Chen, A. C. H. (2001). Using free association to examine the relationship between the characteristics of brand associations and brand equity. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 10(7), 439-451. Chen, C. M., Chen, S. H., & Lee, H. T. (2011). The destination competitiveness of Kinmen's tourism industry: exploring the interrelationships between tourist perceptions, service performance, customer satisfaction and sustainable tou1ism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(2), 247-264. Chen, C. M., Chen, S. H., & Lee, H. T. (2011). The destination competitiveness of Kinmen's tourism industry: exploring the interrelationships between tourist perceptions, service performance, customer satisfaction and sustainable tou1ism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(2), 247-264. Chen, R., Wei, L., & Syme, P. D. (2003). Comparison of early and delayed respondents to a postal health survey: A questionnaire study of personality traits and neuropsychological symptoms. European journal of epidemiology, 18(3), 195-202. Chernick, M. R. (2008). Bootstrap methods. A guide for prac1itioners and researchers (2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336. Chin, W. W. (1998a). Commentary: Issues and opinion on structural equation modeling. MIS Quarterly, 22(1). Chin, W. W. (1998b). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 295(2), 295-336. Chin, W. W. (1998b). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336. Chin, W. W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses. In Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 655-690). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Information systems research, 14(2), 189-217. Chintagunta, P., Erdem, T., Rossi, P. E., & Wedel, M. (2006). Structural modeling in marketing: Review and assessment. Marketing Science, 25(6), 604-616. Choi, W. J., & Winterich, K. P. (2013). Can brands move in from the outside? How moral identity enhances out-group brand attitudes. Journal of Marketing, 77(2) 96-111. Cho, E., & Fiore, A. M. (2015). Conceptualization of a holistic brand image measure for fashion-related brands. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 32(4), 255-265. Chong, M. (2007). The role of internal communication and training in in fusing corporate values and delivering brand promise: Singapore Airlines' experience. Corporate Reputation Review, 10(3), 201-212. Chossudovsky, M. (2014), Malaysian Airlines MH17 Was Ordered to Fly over the East Ukraine Warzone. Viewed 28 September 2014, Retrieved from; http://www.malaysiaairlines.com/my/en/ site/mh17.html. http://www.globalresearch.ca/malaysian-airlines-mh17-was-ordered-to­-fly-over-the-east-ukraine-warzone/5392540. Christodoulides, G., & Jevons, C. (2011). The voice of the consumer speaks forcefully in brand identity. Journal of Advertising Research, 51(1), 101-108. Chung, S. (2001). The effects of brand name fluency, attitude, and attribute accessibility on constrained and stimulus-based brand choices: The moderating role of the level of motivation and opportunity. (Order No. NQ63704, University of Toronto (Canada)). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 111-111 p. Retrieved from http://eserv.uum.edu.my/docview/304763670? accountid=42599. (304763670). Clemes, M. D., Gan, C., Kao, T. H., & Choong, M. (2008). An empirical analysis of customer satisfaction in international air travel. Innovative Marketing, 4(2), 50-62. Coates, S. L., Butler, L. T., & Berry, D. C. (2004). Implicit memory: A prime example for brand consideration and choice. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18(9), 1195-1211. Codol, J. P. (1987). Comparability and incomparability between oneself and others: Means of differentiation and comparison reference points. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Hillside. NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159. Coleman, D. A., de Chernatony, L., & Christodoulides, G. (2015). B2B service brand identity and brand performance: an empirical investigation in the UK's B2B IT services sector. European Journal of Marketing, 49(7/8), 1139-1162. Conway, J . M., & Lance, C. E. (2010) . What reviewers should expect from authors regarding common method bias in organizational research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 325-334. Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2009). Business research methods (10th Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Costanza, R., & Patten, B. C. (1995). Defining and predicting sustainability. Ecological Economics, 15(3), 193-196. Cotte, J., & Trudel, R. (2009). Socially Conscious Consumerism. A Systematic Review of the Body of Knowledge, Network for Business Sustainability. Knowledge Project Series. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Cretu, A. E., & Brodie, R. J. (2007). The influence of brand image and company reputation where manufacturers market to small firms: A customer value perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 36(2), 230-240. Cretu, A. E., & Brodie, R. J. (2007). The influence of brand image and company reputation where manufacturers market to small firms: A customer value perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 36(2) 230-240. Daniel, J. (2011). Sampling essentials: Practical guidelines for making sampling choices. Sage. Davcik, N. S. (2014). The use and misuse of structural equation modeling in management research: A review and critique. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 11(1), 47-81. Day, G. S. (1971). Attitude change, media and word of mouth. Journal of Advertising Research. 11(6), 31-40. De Chematony, L. (1999). Brand management through nan-owing the gap between brand identity and brand reputation. Journal of Marketing Management, 15(13), 157-179. De Chematony, L. (2010). From brand vision to brand evaluation: the strategic process of growing and strengthening brands. Routledge. De Chernatony, L. McDonald, M. & Wallace, E. (2011). Creating powerfull brands. Routledge. De Chernatony, L., & Cottam, S. (2006). Internal brand factors driving successful financial services brands. European Journal of Marketing, 40(5/6), 611- 633. De Chematony, L., & Dall'Olmo Riley, F. (1998). Defining a" brand": Beyond the literature with experts' interpretations. Journal of Marketing Management, 14(5), 417-443. De Vaus, D. A., & de Vaus, D. (2001). Research design in social research. Sage. Department of Civil Aviation Malaysia (2015), ''Annual Report 2015" (PDF). Retrieved 13 April 201 6, Retrieved from; http://www.dea.gov.my/publications/annual-report/. Deshpande, R. (1983). Paradigms lost: On theory and method in research in marketing. Journal of Marketing, 47, 101-110. Diamantopoulos, A. (1999). Viewpoint-export performance measurement: reflective versus formative indicators. International Markering Review, 16(6), 444-457. Diamantopoulos, A., Siguaw, J. A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2000). Introducing LISREL: A guide for the uninitiated. Sage. Dichter, E. (1985). What's in an image. Journal of consumer marketing, 2(1), 75-81. Dijkstra, T. (1983). Some comments on maximum likelihood and partial least squares methods. Journal of Econometrics, 22(1), 67-90. Dillon, W. R., Madden, T . J., Kirmani, A., & Mukherjee, S. (2001). Understanding what"s in a brand rating: A model for assessing brand and attribute effects and their relationship to brand equity. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(4), 415-429. DiMingo, E. (1988). The fine art of positioning. The Journal of Business Strategy, 9(2), 34-39. Dobni, D., & Zinkhan, G. M. (1990). In search of brand image: a foundation analysis. Advances in consumer research, 17(1), 110-119. Dodaj, A. (2012). Social desirability and se lf- repo rts: Testing a content and response-style model of socially desirable responding. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 8(4), 651-666. Dolich, I. J. (1969). Congruence Relationships between Self Images and Product Brands. Journal of marketing research (JMR), 6(1), 80-84. Dolnicar, S.. Rossiter, J. R.. & Griin, B. (2012). 'Pick any' measures contaminate brand image studies. International Journal of Market Research, 54(6), 821-834. Dowling, G. R. (1986). Perceived risk: the concept and its measurement. Psychology & Marketing, 3(3), 193-210. Doyle, P. (1989). Building successful brands: the strategic options. Journal of Marketing Management, 5(1), 77-95. Duarte, P.A. O., & Raposo, M. L.B. (2010). A PLS model to study brand preference: An application to the mobile phone market. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W.W. Chin, J. Henseler & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares (pp. 449-485): Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Duarte, P. 0., Alves, H. B., & Raposo, M. B. (2010). Understanding university image: a structural equation model approach. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 7(1), 21-36. Dutton, J . E., Dukeiich, J. M., & Harquail, C. V. (1994).Organizational in1ages and member identification. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 239-263. Eagar, T. (2009). Defining the brand hero: Explorations of the impact of brand hero credibility on a brand community. Advances in Consumer Research, 36, 488-493. East, R., Hammond, K., & Lomax, W. (2008). Measuring the impact of positive and negative word of mouth on brand purchase probability. lnternational Journal of Research in Marketing, 25(3), 215-224. Eckman, J. K. (2004). Word-of-mouth marketing in the arts. (Order No. 1421484, California State University, Long Beach). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 43-43 p. Retrieved from http://eserv.uum.edu.my/docview/305037854? accountid=42599. (305037854). Edwards, J. R. (2001). Multidimensional constructs in organizational behavior research: An integrative analytical framework. Organizational Research Methods, 4(2), 144-192. Ehrenberg, A. S., Goodhardt, G. J., & Barwise, T. P. (1990). Double jeopardy revisited. The Journal of Marketing, 82-91. Eisend, M. (2007). Understanding two-sided persuasion: An empirical assessment of theoretical approaches. Psychology & Marketing, 24(7), 615-640. Eisend, M. (2010). Explaining the joint effect of source credibility and negativity of information in two-sided messages. Psychology & Marketing, 27(11), 1032-1049. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. Academy of management review, 14(1), 57-74. Elliott, A. C., & Woodward, W. A. (2007). Statistical analysis: Quick reference guidebook with SPSS examples. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Erdem, T. , & Swait, J. (1998). Brand equity as a signaling phenomenon. Journal of consumer Psychology, 7(2), 131-157. Erdem, T., & Swait, J. (2004). Brand credibility, brand consideration, and choice. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(1), 191-198. Erdem, T., Swai t, J., & Valenzuela, A. (2006). Brands as signals: a cross-country validation study. Journal of Marketing, 70(1), 34-49. Ericksen, M. K. (1997). Using self-congruity and ideal congruity to predict purchase intention: a European perspective. Journal of Euro marketing, 6(1), 41-56. Escalas, J. E., & Bettman, J. R. (2005). Self-construal, reference groups, and brand meaning. Journal of consumer research, 32(3), 378-389. Faircloth, J. B., Capella, L. M., & Alford, B. L. (2001). The effect of brand attitude and brand image on brand equity . Journal of Marketing, 9(3), 61-75. Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer/ or soft modeling. Ohio: The University of Akron Press. Farhana, M. (2014). Implication of Brand Identity Facets on Marketing Communication of Lifestyle Magazine: Case Study of a Swedish Brand. Journal of Applied Economics & Business Research, 4(1), 23-41. Farquhar, P. H., & Herr, P. M. (1993). The dual structure of brand associations. Brand equity and advertising: Advertising's role in building strong brands, 1, 263-277. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buclmer, A., & Lang, A.G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior research methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior research methods, 39(2), 175-191. Feldman, J. M. (1981). Beyond attribution theory: Cognitive processes in performance appraisal. Journal of Applied psychology, 66(2), 127. Festinger, L. (1957). An introduction to the theory of dissonance. A theory of cognitive dissonance, 1-31. Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications. Finlay, J. (2012). Doing the 1ight thing: The effect of image and performance on consumer trust and loyalty. (Order No. MR84982, University of Manitoba (Canada)). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses,, 124. Retrieved from; http;//eserv.uum.edu.my/docview/1327571379 ?accountid=42599. Finne, A., & Gronroos, C. (2009). Rethinking marketing communication: From Integrated marketing communication to relationship communication. Journal of Marketing Communications, 15(2-3), 179-195. Fishbach, A., Ratner, R. K. , & Zhang, Y. (201). Inherently loyal or easily bored?: Nonconscious activation of consistency versus variety-seeking behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 21(1), 38-48.