The adoption of green practices by small and medium sized hotels in Southern Thailand

There have been some encouraging trends in recent years towards green and sustainable practices. Green practices from the foundation to certification schemes are increasingly important for companies involved in tourism and hospitality industries.There are a number of factors driving the demand for g...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Sruangporn, Satchapappichit
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2017
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/7304/1/s95993_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7304/2/s95993_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.7304
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Hashim, Noor Azmi
Hussin, Zolkafli
topic GE Environmental Sciences
spellingShingle GE Environmental Sciences
Sruangporn, Satchapappichit
The adoption of green practices by small and medium sized hotels in Southern Thailand
description There have been some encouraging trends in recent years towards green and sustainable practices. Green practices from the foundation to certification schemes are increasingly important for companies involved in tourism and hospitality industries.There are a number of factors driving the demand for green. In hotel industry, however, it is claimed that small and medium-sized enterprises are not actively involved in green practices. The question is whether or not SME owner-managers of hotels are ready to keep abreast of the changes in the dynamic market environment. Using institutional theory as the underpinning theory, this study is to investigate factors that influence the adoption of green practices among small and medium sized hotels in Phuket and Krabi, Southern Thailand. The study adopts a quantitative approach.Data of quantitative analysis was collected through a survey of 145 owner-managers. Results show that internal push factors such as owner-manager attitudes and environmental awareness, and external pull factors such as supply chains positively influence the adoption of green practices. Interestingly, fund availability moderates the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Policy, theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. Finally, this research provides suggestions for future work.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Sruangporn, Satchapappichit
author_facet Sruangporn, Satchapappichit
author_sort Sruangporn, Satchapappichit
title The adoption of green practices by small and medium sized hotels in Southern Thailand
title_short The adoption of green practices by small and medium sized hotels in Southern Thailand
title_full The adoption of green practices by small and medium sized hotels in Southern Thailand
title_fullStr The adoption of green practices by small and medium sized hotels in Southern Thailand
title_full_unstemmed The adoption of green practices by small and medium sized hotels in Southern Thailand
title_sort adoption of green practices by small and medium sized hotels in southern thailand
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate 2017
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/7304/1/s95993_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7304/2/s95993_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828192979189760
spelling my-uum-etd.73042021-08-18T07:42:57Z The adoption of green practices by small and medium sized hotels in Southern Thailand 2017 Sruangporn, Satchapappichit Hashim, Noor Azmi Hussin, Zolkafli Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business GE Environmental Sciences There have been some encouraging trends in recent years towards green and sustainable practices. Green practices from the foundation to certification schemes are increasingly important for companies involved in tourism and hospitality industries.There are a number of factors driving the demand for green. In hotel industry, however, it is claimed that small and medium-sized enterprises are not actively involved in green practices. The question is whether or not SME owner-managers of hotels are ready to keep abreast of the changes in the dynamic market environment. Using institutional theory as the underpinning theory, this study is to investigate factors that influence the adoption of green practices among small and medium sized hotels in Phuket and Krabi, Southern Thailand. The study adopts a quantitative approach.Data of quantitative analysis was collected through a survey of 145 owner-managers. Results show that internal push factors such as owner-manager attitudes and environmental awareness, and external pull factors such as supply chains positively influence the adoption of green practices. Interestingly, fund availability moderates the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Policy, theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. Finally, this research provides suggestions for future work. 2017 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7304/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7304/1/s95993_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7304/2/s95993_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Acutt, B., & Geno, B. (2000, December). Greening Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Queensland: Challenges for Management. Paper presented at the Australia New Zealand Academy of Management annual conference, Sydney. Adlwarth, W. (2011). Corporate social responsibility in tourism: consumer requests and the image of suppliers. In R. Conrady & M. Buck (Eds.), Trends and Issues in Global Tourism 2011 (pp. 293-300). Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer Verlag. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. London and Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Akerlof, G. A., & Kranton, R. E. (2005). Identity and the Economics of Organizations. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(1), 9-32. Allison, P. (1999). Multiple regressions: A primer. CA: Pine Forge Press. Al–Shourah, A. A. (2007). The Relationship Between Environmental Management Practices (EMP) And Hotel Performance : EMP Drivers And The Moderating Role of Perceived Benefits (PhD thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia). Altinay, L., & Paraskevas, A. (2008). Planning research in hospitality and tourism. Amsterdam: BH. Álvarez Gil, M. J., Burgos Jiménez, J., & Céspedes Lorente, J. J. (2001). An analysis of environmental management, organizational context and performance of Spanish hotels. Omega, 29, 457-471. Ammenbery, J., & Hjelm, O. (2003). Tracing business and environmental effects of environmental management systems-a study of networking small and medium-sized enterprises using a joint environmental management system. Business Strategy and the Environment, 12(3), 163-174. Anable, J., Lane, B., & Kelay, T. (2006). An Evidence-based Review of Public Attitudes to Climate Change and Transport Behaviour. London: Department for Transport. Retrieved December 9, 2011, from http://www.fcm.org.uk/sites/default/ files/Evidence_of_public_attitudes_and_ behaviour.pdf Anastasi, A. (1982). Psychological Testing. U.S.A.: Macmillan Publishing Company. Anbumozhi, V., & Kanada, Y. (2005). Greening the production and supply chains in Asia: is there a role for voluntarily initiatives? IGES Kansai Research Center Discussion Paper, KRC-2005, No. 6E. Available online: http://www.iges.or.jp Anton, W. R., Deltas, G., & Khanna, M. (2004). Incentives for Environmental Self-Regulation and Implications for Environmental Performance. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 48(1), 632-654. APAT (2002). Tourists accommodation EU eco-label award scheme – Final Report. Italian National Agency for the Protection of the Environment and for Technical Services, Rome. Arcury, T. A., & Christianson, E. H. (1990). Environmental worldview in response to environmental problems: Kentucky 1984 and 1988 compared. Environment Behavior, 22(3), 387-407. Arias, M. E., & Guillen, M. F. (1998). The transfer of organizational management techniques. In J. L. Alvarez (Ed.), The Diffusion and Consumption of Business Knowledge (pp. 110-137). London: Macmillan. Arimura, T. H., Hibiki, A., & Katayama, H. (2008). Is a voluntary approach an effective environmental policy instrument?: A case for environmental management systems. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 55(3), 281-295. Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14, 396-402. Arora, S., & Cason, T. N. (1999). Do community characteristics influence environmental outcomes? Evidence from the toxics release inventory. Southern Economic Journal 65(4), 691-716. Ateljevic, J., & Doorne, S. (2004). Diseconomies of scale: A study of development constraints in small tourism firms in central New Zealand. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 5(1), 5-24. Ayuso, S. (2006). Adoption of voluntary environmental tools for sustainable tourism: Analysing the experience of Spanish hotels. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 13(4), 207-220. doi:10.1002/csr.103 Ayuso, S. (2007). Comparing voluntary policy instruments for sustainable tourism: The experience of the Spanish hotel sector. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(2), 144-159. Babbie, E. (1990). Survey research methods (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing. Babiak, K., & Trendafilova, S. (2011). CSR and environmental responsibility: motives and pressures to adopt green management practices. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 18(1), 11-24. doi:10.1002/csr.229 Baden, D. A., Harwood, I. A., & Woodward, D. G. (2009). The effect of buyer pressure on suppliers in SMEs to demonstrate CSR practices: An added incentive or counter productive? European Management Journal, 27(6), 429-441. doi: 10.1016/j.emj.2008.10.004 Bader, E. (2005). Sustainable hotel business practices. Journal of Retail & Leisure Property, 5(1), 70-77. Baker, M. A., Davis, E. A., & Weaver, P. A. (2014). Eco-friendly attitudes, barriers to participation, and differences in behavior at green hotels. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 55(1), 89-99. Bamberg, S. (2003). How does environmental concern influence specify environmentally related behaviours? A new answer to an old question. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23, 21-32. Banerjee, B., & McKeage, K. (1994). How green is my value: exploring the relationship between environmentalism and materialism. In C. T. Allen & D. R. John (Eds.), Advances In Consumer Research (pp. 147-52). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research. Banerjee, S. B., Gulas, C., & Iyer, E. (1995). Shades of green: a multidimensional analysis of environmental advertising. Journal of Advertising, 26(2), 21-34. Banerjee, S. R., Iyer, E. S., & Kashyap, R. K. (2003). Corporate Environmentalism: Antecedents and Influence of Industry Type. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 106-122. Bansal, P. (2005). Evolving sustainably: A longitudinal study of corporate sustainable development. Strategic Management Journal, 26(3), 197-218. Bansal, P., & Clelland, I. (2004). Talking trash: Legitimacy, impression management, and unsystematic risk in the context of the natural environment. Academy of Management Journal, 47(1), 93-103. Bansal, P., & Roth, K. (2000). Why companies go green: A model of ecological responsiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 43(4), 717-736. Barker, J. (1996). Can you believe the “Eco” label? Successful Meetings, 45(2), 32-33. Barnes, F. (2007). A sustainable future starts in the present. Caterer & Hotelkeeper, 197(4495), 37. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. Barsky, J. (2008). Understand importance of green to guests. Hotel & Motel Management. Bassili, J. N. (1996). Meta-judgmental versus operative indexes of psychological attributes: The case of measures of attitude strength. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 637-653. Bateman, T. S., & Zeithaml, C. P. (1983). Management: Function and Strategy (2nd ed.). Illinios: RD Irwin. Battisti, M., & Perry, M. (2011). Walking the talk? Environmental responsibility from the perspective of small-business owners. Corporate Social Responsibility & Environmental Management, 18(3), 172-185. doi:10.1002/csr.266 Bennett, S. J. (1991). Ecopreneuring: The Complete Guide to Small Business Opportunities from the Environmental Revolution. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Berman, C. (2007). Climate change has no impact on customers’ travel plans, say agents. Travel weekly. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from http://www.travelweekly.co.uk/Articles/2007/10/ 18/25525/climate-change-has-no-impact-on-customers-travel-plans-say.html Berry, S., & Ladkin, A. (1997). Sustainable tourism: a regional perspective. Tourism Management, 18(7), 433-440. Besser, T. (1999). Community involvement and the perception of success among small business operators in small towns. Journal of Small Business Management, 37(4), 16-29. Best, M. N., & Thapa, B. (2013). Motives, facilitators and constraints of environmental management in the Caribbean accommodations sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 52, 165-175. Bhate, S., & Lawler, K. (1997). Environmentally friendly products: factors influence their adoption. Technovation, 17(8), 457-465. Biondi, V., Frey, M., & Iraldo, F. (2000). Environmental Management Systems and SMEs. Greener Management International, 29, 55-79. BLACKSBURG, Va. (2009). Green practices and hotels: a gap in consumer attitudes and behavior. Retrieved from http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2009/10/ 2009-800.html Blamey, R. K., Bennett, J. W., Louviere, J. J., Morrison, M. D., & Rolfe, J. (2000). A test of policy labels in environmental choice modelling studies. Ecological Economics, 32(2), 269-286. Blanco, E., Rey-Maquiera, J., & Lozano, J. (2009). Economic incentives for firms to undertake voluntary environmental management. Tourism Management, (30), 112-122. Bohdanowicz, P., Zientara, P., & Novotna, E. (2011). International hotel chains and environmental protection: An analysis of Hilton's we care! Programme (Europe, 2006-2008). Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(7), 797-816. Bohdanowicz, P. (2005). European Hoteliers’ Environmental Attitudes. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 46(2), 188-204. Bohdanowicz, P. (2006). Environmental Awareness and Initiatives in the Swedish and Polish Hotel Industries - Survey Results. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 25(4), 662-668. Bohdanowicz, P. (2006). Responsible resource management in hotels – attitudes, indicators, tools and strategies (PhD thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm). Bonilla-Priego, M. J., Najera, J. J., & Font, X. (2010). Environmental management decision- making in certified hotels. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(3), 361-381. Bowe, R. (2005). Going green: red stripe, yellow curry and green hotels. Environ. Mag, 16(1), 52-53. Brammer, S., Jackson, G. & Matten, D. (2012). Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: new perspectives on private governance. Socio-Economic Review, 10, 3-28. doi:10.1093/ser/mwr030 Brebbia, C. A., & Pineda, F. D. (2004). Sustainable Tourism. Boston: WIT Press. Bremmers, H., Omta, O., Kemp, R., & Haverkamp, D. J. (2007). Do stakeholder groups influence environmental management system development in the Dutch agri-food sector? Business strategy and the Environment, 16(3), 214-231. Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 187-216. British Chambers of Commerce. (1996). Small Firms Survey: Energy Efficiency, No. 20. London: British Chambers of Commerce. Brooks, N., & Sethi, R. (1997). The distribution of pollution: Community characteristics and exposure to air toxics. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 32(2), 233-250. Brown, D. (2008). It is good to be green: environmentally friendly credentials are influencing business outsourcing decisions. Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal, 1(1), 87-95. Brown, M. (1994). Environmental auditing and the hotel industry: an accountant’s perspective. In A.V. Seaton (Ed.), Tourism: The State of the Art. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. Brown, M. (1996). Environmental policy in the hotel sector: “green” strategy or stratagem? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 8(3), 18-23. Bruns, R. (1996). Going greener. Lodging, 21(8), 64. Bryman, A. (2004). Social research methods (2nd ed.). UK: Oxford University Press. Buick, I. (2003). Information technology in small Scottish hotels: is it working. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 15(4), 243–247. Butler, J. (2008). The compelling hard case for green hotel development. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 49(3), 234-244. Buysse, K., & Verbeke, A. (2003). Proactive environmental strategies: a stakeholder management perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 24(5), 453-470. Calvache, B., & Evra, M. (2008). Green hotels In Sweden (Unpublished Master’s thesis, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden). Canning, L., & Hanmer‐Lloyd, S. (2001). Managing the environmental adaptation process in supplier‐customer relationships. Business Strategy and the Environment, 10, 225‐237. Carmona-Moreno, E., Céspedes-Lorente, J., & De Burgos-Jiménez, J. (2004). Environmental strategies in Spanish hotels: Contextual factors and performance. Service Industries Journal, 24(3), 101-130. Carraro, C., Katsoulacos, Y., & Xepapadeas, A. (Eds.). (1996). Environmental policy and market structure. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Carrigan, M., Moraes, C., & Leek, S. (2011). Fostering responsible communities: a community social marketing approach to sustainable living. Journal of Business Ethics, 100(3), 515-534. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0694-8 Carter, C. R., & Ellram, L. M. (1998). Reverse logistics: a review of the literature and framework for future investigation. Journal of Business Logistics, 19(1), 85‐102. Cespedes-Lorente, J., De Burgos-Jimenez, J., & Alvarez-Gil, M. (2003). Stakeholders’ Environmental influence: an empirical analysis in the Spanish hotel industry, Scandinavian Journal of Management, 19(3), 333-358. Chan, E. S. W. (2008). Barriers to EMS in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(2), 187-196. Chan, E. S. W. (2011). Implementing environmental management systems in small and medium-sized hotels: Obstacles. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 35(1), 3-23. Chan, E. S. W., & Hawkins, R. (2010). Attitude towards EMSs in an international hotel: an exploratory case study. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 641-651. Chan, E. S. W., & Wong, S. C. K. (2006). Motivations for ISO 14001 in the hotel industry. Tourism Management, 27(3), 481-492. Chan, H. K., Chiou, T. Y., & Lettice, F. (2011). A conceptual model for greening a supply chain through greening of suppliers and green innovation. In: Green Finance and Sustainability: Environmentally-Aware Business Models and Technologies. IGI Global, USA, 422-435. Chan, K. Y., & Li, X. D. (2001). A Study of the Implementation of ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems in Hong Kong. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 44(5), 589-601. Charter, M., & Polonsky, M. J. (1999). Greener Marketing: A Global Perspective on Greening Marketing Practice. London: Greenleaf. Chen, J. S., Legrand, W., & Sloan, P. (2005). Environmental performance analysis of German hotels. Tourism Review International, 9(1), 61-68. Chen, R. Y. K., Wong, Y. H., & Leung, T. K. P. (2008). Applying ethical concepts to the study of green consumer behavior: an analysis of Chinese consumers’ intentions to bring their own shopping bags. Journal of Business Ethics, 79, 469-81. Cheng, H. L., & Yu, C. M. J. (2008). Institutional pressures and initiation of internationalization: evidence from Taiwanese small-and-medium sized enterprises. International Business Review, 17, 331-348. doi: 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2008.01.006 Chin, K. S., & Pun, K. F. (1999). Factors influencing ISO 14000 implementation in printed circuit board manufacturing industry in Hong Kong. Journal of Environmental Planning & Management, 42(1), 123-135. Chiou, T.-Y., Chan, H. K., Lettice, F., & Chung, S. H. (2011). The influence of greening the suppliers and green innovation on environmental performance and competitive advantage in Taiwan. Transportation Research Part E, 47, 822-836. Choi, G., Parsa, H. G., Sigala, M., & Putrevu, S. (2009). Consumers' environmental concerns and behaviors in the lodging industry: A comparison between Greece and the United States. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 10(93), 93-112. Chou, C.-J., Chen, K.-S., & Wang, Y.-Y. (2012). Green practices in the restaurant industry from an innovation adoption perspective: Evidence from Taiwan. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(3), 703-711. Chung, L. H., & Parker, L. D. (2010). Managing social and environmental action and accountability in the hospitality industry: A Singapore perspective. Accounting Forum, 34, 46-53. Ciliberti, F., Baden, D., & Harwood, I. A. (2009). Insights into supply chain pressure on CSR-practice: A multiple-case study of SMEs in the UK. Operations and Supply Chain Management, 2(3), 154-166. Clark, D. (1999). What drives companies to seek ISO 14000 certification? Pollution Engineering, Summer, 14-18. Clark, S. (2009). Greedex survey of 17 countries finds increase in green consumer behavior worldwide. Retrieved February 12, 2012, from http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-05/ ngs-2gs051309.php Claver Cortés, E., Molina Azorín, J. F., Pereira Moliner, J., & López Gamero, M. D. (2007). Environmental strategies and their impact on hotel performance. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(6), 663-679. Clemens, E., & Cook, J. (1999). Politics and Institutionalism: Explaining Durability and Change. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 441-466. Clemens, B., & Douglas, T. (2006). Does coercion drive firms to adopt ‘voluntary’ green initiatives? Relationships among coercion, superior firm resources, and voluntary green initiatives. Journal of Business Research, 59(4), 483-491. doi: dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusres.2005.09.016 Cobanoglu, C. (2010). Get social, or get out. Retrieved January, 2012, from http://hospitalitytechnology.edgl.com/columns/ Get-Social,-or-Get-Left-Out55270 Coglianese, C., & Nash, J. (2001). Environmental Management Systems and the New Policy Agenda. In C. Coglianese & J. Nash (Eds.), Regulating from the Inside: Can Environmental Management Systems Achieve Policy Goals? (pp. 1-25). Washington D.C.: Resources for the Future. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. Condon, L. (2004). Sustainability and Small to Medium Sized Enterprises - How to Engage Them. Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 20(1), 57-67. Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2003). Business research methods (8th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. Corporate Watch. (2007). Nanomaterials: Undersized, Unregulated & Already Here. Retrieved from http://www.corporatewatch.org Cordano, M., & Frieze, I. H. (2000). Pollution Reduction Preferences of US Environmental Managers: Applying Ajzen’s theory of Planned Behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 627-641. Cordano, M., Marshall, R. S., & Silverman, M. (2010). How do small and medium enterprises go green? A study of environmental management programs in the U.S. wine industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 92(3), 463-478. Coyle, K. (2005). Environmental literacy in America: What ten years of NEETF/Roper research and related studies say about environmental literacy in the U.S. The National Environmental Education & Training Foundation. Retrieved May 6, 2006, from http://www.neetf.org/pubs/ ELR2005.pdf Creswell, J. W. (2005). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, USA: Sage Publications. Crocker, R. E. (2012). SME Perceptions of Low Carbon Options: Drivers, Barriers and Business Sector Differences. Earth & Environment, 7, 232-259. Cronbach, L. J. (1987). Statistical tests for moderator variables: Flaws in analyses recently proposed. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 414-417. Curkovic, Sime, Handfield, Rob, Melnyk, Steven, & Sroufe, Robert. (1997). Literary Review of Environmentally Responsible Manufacturing. Paper presented at National Conference, Decision Sciences Institute. Daft, R. L. (2004). Organization Theory and Design (8th ed.). Mason: Thomson, South-Western. Daley, D. (2007). Voluntary approaches to environmental problems: exploring the rise of nontraditional public policy. The Policy Studies Journal, 35, 65-180. Dalton, G. J., Lockington, D. A., & Baldock, T. E. (2008). A survey of tourist attitudes to renewable energy supply in Australian hotel accommodation. Renewable Energy, 33(10), 2174-2185. Darnall, N. (2009). Regulatory Stringency, Green Production Offsets, and Organizations’ Financial Performance. Public Administration Review, May/June, 418-434. Darnall, N., & Edwards, D. J. (2006). Predicting the Cost of Environmental Management System Adoption: The Role of capabilities, Resources, and Ownership Structure. Strategic Management Journal, 27(4), 301-320. Darnall, N., Henriques, I., & Sadorsky, P. (2008). Do Environmental Management Systems Improve Business Performance in an International Setting? Journal of International Management, 14(4), 364-376. Darnell, N. (2006). Why firms mandate ISO 14001 certification? Business and Society, 45, 354-381. Darnovsky, M. A. (1996). The Green Challenge to Consumer Culture: The Movement, the Marketers, and the Environmental Imagination (PhD thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA). D’Aunno, T. A., Sutton, R. I., & Price, R. H. (1991). Isomorphism and External Support in Conflicting Institutional Environments: A Study of Drug Abuse Treatment Units. Academy of Management Journal, 34, 636. Day, R. M., & Arnold, M. B. (1998). The Business Case for Sustainable Development. Greener Management International, 23 (Autumn), 69-92. De Burgos-Jiménez, J., Cano-Guillén, J. C., & Céspedes-Lorente, J. J. (2002). Planning and control of environmental performance in hotels. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(3), 207-221. De Pelsmacker, P., Driesen, L., & Rayp, G. (2005). Do Consumers Care about Ethics? Willingness to Pay for Fair-Trade Coffee. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 39(2), 363-385. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2005.00019.x Dean, T. J., & Brown, R. L. (1995). Pollution regulation as a barrier to new firm entry: Initial evidence and implications for future research. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 288-303. Dechant, K., & Altman, B. (1994). Environmental leadership: From compliance to competitive advantage. Academy of Management Executive, 8(3), 7-20. DeCoster, J. (2004). Data analysis in SPSS. Retrieved January, 1, 2012, from http://www.stat-help.com/notes.html Deephouse, D. (1996). Does Isomorphism Legitimate? The Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 1024-1039. Del Brio, J., & Junquera, B. (2003). A review of the literature on environmental innovation management in SMEs: implications for public policies. Technovation, 23, 939-948. Delmas, M. A. (2002). The diffusion of environmental management standards in Europe and the United States: An institutional perspective. Policy Sciences, 35, 91-119. Delmas, M. A., & Toffel, M. (2012). Institutional Pressures and Organizational Characteristics: Implications for Environmental Strategy. The oxford Handbook of Business and the Natural Environment. Delmas, M. A., & Toffel, M. W. (2003). Institutional pressure and environmental management practices. Paper presented at the11th International Conference of the Greening of Industry Network, San Francisco, CA. Delmas, M. A., & Toffel, M. W. (2004). Stakeholders and environmental management practices: An institutional framework. Business Strategy and the Environment, 13(4), 209-222. Dewhurst, H., & Thomas, R. (2003). Encouraging Sustainable Business Practices in a Non-regulatory Environment: A Case Study of Small Tourism Firms in a UK National Park. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(5), 383-403. Dieleman, H., & De Hoo, S. (1993). Toward a tailor-made process of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production: results and Implications of the PRISMA Project. In J. Schot & K. Fischer (Eds.), Environmental Strategies for Industry: International Perspectives on research Needs and Policy Implications (pp. 277–310). Washington, DC: Island Press. Dilts, J. C., & Prough, G. E. (1989). Strategic Options for Environmental Management: A Comparative Study of Small vs. Large Enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 27(3), 31-39. DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review 48(2), 147-160. DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1991). Introduction. In W. W. Powell & P. J. DiMaggio (Eds.), The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (pp. 1-38). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Dixton-Fowler, H. R., Slater, D. J., Romi, A. M., Johnson, J. L., & Ellstrand, A. E. (2013). ‘Beyond ‘does it pay to be green?: a meta-analysis of moderators of the CEPCFP relationship’. Journal of Business Ethics, 112(2), 353-366. Dodd, T. H., Hoover, L. C., & Revilla, G. (2001). Environmental tactics used by hotel companies in Mexico. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 1 (3/4), 111-127. Dodds, R. (2005). Barriers to the Implementation of Sustainable Tourism Policy in Destinations (Unpublished thesis, University of Surrey School of Management, Surrey, UK). Dodds, R., & Joppe, M. (2005). CSR in the Tourism Industry? The Status and Potential for Certification, Codes of Conduct and Guidelines. IFC/World Bank, Washington. Retrieved July 3, 2011, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTEXPCOMNET/Resources/CSR_in_tourism_2005.pdf Donaldson, T., & Preston, L. E. (1995). The stakeholder theory of the corporation: concepts, evidence and implications. Academy of Management Review, 20(1), 65-91. Doody, H. (2010). What are the barriers to implementing environmental practices in the Irish hospitality industry? Retrieve May 14, 2014, from http://www.shannoncollege.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/THRIC-2010-Full-Paper-H.-Doody.pdf Drake, F., Purvis, M., & Hunt, J. (2004). Meeting the environmental challenge: A case of win- win or lose-win? A study of the UK baking and refrigeration industries. Business Strategy and the Environment, 13, 172-186. Druker, J., White, G., & Stanworth, C. (2005). Coping with Wage Regulation. International Small Business Journal, 23(1), 5-25. El Dief, M., & Font, X. (2010). The determinants of hotels' marketing managers’ green marketing behaviour. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(2), 157-174. El Dief, M., & Font, X. (2012). Determinants of environmental management in the Red Sea hotels: Personal and organizational values and contextual variables. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 36, 115-137. doi: 10.1177/1096348010388657 Elijido-Ten, E. (2007) Applying Stakeholder Theory to Analyse Corporate Environmental Performance: Evidence From Australian Listed Companies. Asian Review of Accounting, 15(2), 164-184. Elkington, J., & Hailes, J. (1992). Holidays that don’t cost the Earth. London: Gollancz. Environmental Leader. (2012). Evaluating the ROI in going “Green”. Retrieved from http://www.environmentalleader.com/2012/06/19/ evaluating-the-roi-in-going-green/ Enz, C., & Siguaw, J. A. (1999). Best hotel environment practices. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 40(5), 72-77. Epstein, M. J., & Roy, M. J. (2000). Strategic evaluation of environmental projects in SMEs. Environmental Quality Management, 9(3), 37-47. Er, H., & Aydin, S. (2012). Environmental reporting in UK hotels: an empirical analysis. Retrieved June 13, 2012, from http://www.wbiconpro.com/13.Hakan.pdf Erdogan, N. (2007). Environmental Management of Small-sized Tourism Accommodations in Turkey. Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(8), 1124-1130. doi: 10.3923/jas.2007.1124.1130 Erdogan, N., & Baris, E. (2007). Environmental protection programs and conservation practices of hotels in Ankara, Turkey. Tourism Management, 28(2), 604-614. Ernst & Young Global Limited (2008). Hospitality going green. Retrieved June 4, 2013, from http://www.hotelnewsresource.com /pdf8/e_y 120408.pdf Essex, S., & Hobson, K. (2001). Sustainable tourism: a view from accommodation businesses. The Service Industries Journal, 21(4), 133-146. Essex, S., Vernon, J., Pinder, D., & Curry, K. (2003). Encouraging innovation in sustainable development among tourism-related businesses in South East Cornwall. In N. Walford & N. Evans (Eds.), Innovation in Rural Areas. Clermont-Ferrand: Presses Universitaries Blaise Padscal. Eze, U. C., Chong, M. P. F., & Lee, C. H. (2011, September). Consumers' willingness to engage in green buying behaviour in Malaysia. Paper presented at the 6th Asia Pacific Retail Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Farquharson, M. (1992). Ecotourism: A dream diluted. Business Mexico, 2(6), 8-11. Faulk, S. E. (2000). A survey of environmental management by hotels and related tourism businesses. Paper presented at Oikos PhD, Summer Academy, University of St Gallen, St Gallen. Field, A. P. (2005). Discovering statistics Using SPSS. London: Sage. Fineman, S., & Clarke, K. (1996). Green stakeholders: industry interpretations and response. Journal of Management Studies, 33(6), 715-730. Finn, M., Elliott-White, M., & Walton, M. (2000). Tourism and Leisure Research Methods: Data Collection Analysis and Interpretation. Harlow: Pearson. Fischer, K., & Schot, J. (1993). Environmental Strategies for Industry: International perspectives on research needs and policy implications. Washington DC: Island Press. Fleischer, D. (2010). Green Teams: Engaging employees in sustainability. GreenBiz Reports. Florida, R., & Davidson, D. (2001). Gaining from green management: environmental management systems inside and outside the factory. California Management Review, 43(3), 64-84. Fogarty, T. J. (1996). The imagery and reality of peer review in the U.S.: Insights from institutional theory. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 21(2/3), 243-267. Follows, S. B., & Jobber, D. (2000). Environmentally responsible purchase behavior: A test of a consumer model. European Journal of Marketing, 34, 723-746. Fonseca, V. S. (2003). A abordagem institucional nos estudos organizacionais: bases conceituais e desenvolvimentos contemporâneos. In: M. M. F. Vieira & C. A. Carvalho (orgs.), Organizações, instituições e poder no Brasil (pp. 47-66). FGV. Rio de Janeiro. Forte, J. (1994). Environmental-friendly Management in Hotels. In Taylor et al. (Eds.), Environmental Management Handbook (pp. 97-113). London: Pitman Publishing. Forte, M., & Lamont, B. T. (1998). The bottom line effects of greening: implications of environmental awareness. Academy of Management, 12(1), 89-90. Foster, C., & Green, K. (2000). Greening the innovation process. Business Strategy and the Environment, 9, 287-303. Foster, S. T., Sampson, S. E., & Dunn, S. C. (2000). The impact of customer contact on environmental initiatives for service firms. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 20(2), 187-203. Frank, R. H. (2003). What Price the Moral High Ground? Ethical Dilemmas in Competitive Environments. Princeton University Press. Fransson. N., & Gärling, T. (1999). Environmental concern: conceptual definitions, measurement methods, and research findings. Journal of Environmental psychology, 19(4), 369-382. Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman. Frey, N., & George, R. (2010). Responsible tourism management: the missing link between business owners' attitudes and behavior in the Cape Town tourism industry. Tourism Management, 3(5), 621-628. Friedman, A., & Miles, S. (2002). SMEs and the Environment: Evaluation dissemination routes and handholding levels. Business Strategy and the Environment, 11, 324-341. Fritze, K. W. (2013). How Small and Medium Enterprises in North Carolina Respond to Supply Chain Pressure for Sustainable Practices (Master’s thesis, Duke University, Durham NC, USA). Fuller, T. (2003). If you wanted to know the future of small business what questions would you ask? Futures, 35(4), 305-322. Gadenne, D. L., Kennedy, J., & McKeiver, C. (2009). An Empirical Study of Environmental Awareness and Practices in SMEs. Journal of Business Ethics, 84, 45-63. doi:10.1007/s10551-008-9672-9 Gamba, R. J., & Oskamp, S. (1994) Factors influencing community residents’ participation in commingled curbside recycling programs. Environment and Behavior, 26(5), 587-612. Garay, L., & Font, X. (2012). Doing good to do well? Corporate social responsibility reasons, practices and impacts in small and medium accommodation enterprises. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), 329-337. Garcés-Ayerbe, C., Rivera-Torres, P., & Murillo-Luna, J. L. (2012). Stakeholder pressure and environmental proactivity: Moderating effect of competitive advantage expectations. Management Decision, 50(2), 189-206. Gerrans, P., & Hutchinson, B. (2000). Sustainable development and small to medium-sized enterprises: a long way to go. In R. Hillary (ed.), Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Environment (pp. 75-81). Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing Limited. Gerstenfeld, A., & Roberts, H. (2000). Size Matters: Barriers and prospects for environmental management in small and medium-sized enterprises. In Hillary, R. (Ed.), Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Environment: Business imperatives (pp. 106-118). Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Publishing. Gil, M. A., Jimenez, J. B., & Lorentec, J. C. (2001). An analysis of environmental management, organizational context and performance of Spanish hotels. The International Journal for Management Science, 29(6), 457-471. Gofton, L., & Ness, M. (1997). Business Market Research. London, UK: Kogan Page Ltd. González-Benito, J., & González-Benito, Ó. (2006). A review of determinant factors of environmental proactivity. Business Strategy and the Environment, 15(2), 87-102. Goodrick, E., & Salancik, G. R. (1996). Organizational Discretion in Responding to Institutional Practices: Hospitals and Cesarean Births. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 1-28. Goodwin, H., & Francis, J. (2003), ‘Ethical and responsible tourism: Consumer trends in the UK’. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 9(3), 271-284. Gore, A. (1992). Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Graci, S., & Kuehnel, J. (2010). How to Increase Your Bottom Line By Going Green. Green Hotels and Responsible Travel Initiative. Retrieved from http://green.hotelscombined.com/Gyh-Environmental-Impact-of-Hotels.php Graci, S. (2009). Do Hotels Accommodate Green? Examining The Factors That Influence Environmental Commitment in the Hotel Industry. Frankfurt: Verlag Publishing. Graci, S., & Dodds, R. (2008). Why go green? The business case for environmental commitment in the Canadian hotel industry. An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19(2), 251-270. Granovetter, M. S. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of social embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 31, 481-510. Green Hotelier. (2003). Your environmental programme: getting started. Green Hotelier, 27 (April), 1-4. Greenan, K., Humphreys, P., & McIvor, R. (1997). The green initiative: improving quality and competitiveness for European SMEs. European Business Review, 97(5), 208-214. Greening, D. W., & Turban, D. B. (2000). Corporate Social Performance as a Competitive Advantage in Attracting a Quality Workforce. Business & Society, September, 39(3), 254-280. Greenwood, R., & Hinings, C. R. (1996). Understanding Radical Organizational Change: Bringing Together the Old and the New Institutionalism. Academy of Management Review, 21, 1022-1054. Grewal, R., & Dharwadkar, R. (2002). The role of the institutional environment in marketing channels. Journal of Marketing, 66, 82-97. Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J., & Van den Bergh, B. (2010). Going green to be seen: status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(3), 392-404. Grogan, R. (2012). Choosing Sustainability: A Case Study of Service Stations. Entrepreneurial Practice Review, 2(3), 46-69. Guler, I., Guillén, M. F., & Macpherson, J. M. (2002). Global Competition, Institutions, and the Diffusion of Organizational Practices: The International Spread of ISO 9000 Quality Certificates. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47, 207-232. Gunningham, N. (2003). Regulating small and medium sized enterprises. Journal of Environmental Law, 14(1), 3-32. Gunningham, N., & Sinclair, D. (1997). Barriers and Motivators to the Adoption of Cleaner Production Practices. Australian Centre for Environmental Law, Australian National University, Canberra. Gunningham, N., Kagan, R. A., & Thornton, D. (2003). Shades of Green: Business, Regulation, and Environment. Stanford University Press, Stanford. Gupta, M., & Sharma, K. (2002). Environmental operations management: An opportunity for improvement. Production and Inventory Management Journal, 37(3), 40-47. Gustin, M. E., & Weaver, P. A. (1996). Are hotels prepared for the environmental consumer? Hospitality Research Journal, 20(2), 1-13. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1995). Multivariate data analysis (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis, (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Halbe, A. (2013). Green energy initiatives in the hotel industry: factors influencing adoption decisions (Master’s thesis, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada). Halila, F. (2007). Networks as a means of supporting the adoption of organizational innovations in SMEs: the case of Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) based on ISO 14001. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 14(3), 167-181. Hallin, P. O. (1995). Environmental concern and environmental behavior in Foley, a small town in Minnesota. Environment & Behavior, 27(4), 558. Hamilton, J. T. (1999). Exercising Property Rights to Pollute: Do Cancer Risks and Politics Affect Plant Emission Reductions? Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 18(2), 105-124. Han, H., & Kim, Y. (2010). An investigation of green hotel customers' decision formation: developing an extended model of the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 659-668. Han, H., Hsu, L. T., & Lee, J. S. (2009). Empirical investigation of the roles of attitudes toward green behaviors, overall image, gender, and age in hotel customers’ eco-friendly decision-making process. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(4), 519-528. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.02.004 Han, H., Hsu, L., Lee, J., & Sheu, C. (2011). Are lodging customers ready to go green? An examination of attitudes, demographics, and eco-friendly intentions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30, 345-355 Harris, L. C., & Crane, A. (2002). The Greening of Organizational Culture: Management Views on the Depth, Degree and Diffusion of Change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 15(3), 214-234. Hassan, S. (2000). Determinants of market competitiveness in an environmentally sustainable tourism industry. Journal of Travel Research, 38, 239-245. Hatten, T. S. (2011). Small Business Management: Entrepreneurship and Beyond (5th ed.). Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning. Hawley, A. (1968). Human Ecology. In D. L. Sills (ed.), International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (pp. 328-337). New York: Macmillan. Henriques, I. Y., & Sadorsky, P. (1996). The determinants of an environmentally responsive firm: An empirical approach. Journal of Environmental Economics & Management, 30(3), 381-395. Henriques, I. Y., & Sadorsky, P. (1999). The relationship between environmental commitment and managerial perceptions of stakeholder importance. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1), 87-99. Herren, A., Hadley, J., & Klein, E. (2010). Barriers to Environmental Sustainability Facing Small Businesses in Durham, NC (Unpublished Master's thesis, Nickolas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham). Heung, V., Fei, C., & Hu, C. (2006). Customer and employee perception of green hotel-The case of five-star hotels in China. China Tourism Research, 2(3), 270-297. Hillary, R. (1995). Small Firms and the Environment: A Groundwork Status Report. Groundwork: Birmingham IISD & WBCSD. (2002). Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development Project. Retrieved March 4, 2002, from http://www.iied.org/mmsd Hillary, R. (1999, October). Evaluation of study reports on the barriers, opportunities and drivers for small and medium sized enterprises – the adoption of environmental management systems. Report for DTI Envirodoctorate, NEMA, London. Hillary, R. (2000). Small and medium sized enterprises and environmental management systems: Experience from Europe: Network for Environmental Management and Auditing. Retrieved January 12, 2010, from www.iwoe.unisg.ch/org/iwo/web.nsf/.../$FILE/SGU_Hi.pdf Hillary, R. (2004). Environmental management systems and the smaller enterprise. Journal of Cleaner Production, 12, 561-569. Hines, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1986). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Education, 18(2), 1-8. Hobson, K., & Essex, S. (2001). Sustainable Tourism: A view from Accommodation Businesses. The Service Industries Journal, 21(4), 133-146. Hoffman, A. J. (2001). Linking organizational and field-level analyses: the diffusion of corporate environmental practice. Organization & Environment, 14(2), 133-156. Hoffman, W. M. (1991). Business and Environmental Ethics. Business Ethics Quarterly. 1(2), 169-184. Holden, A. (2003). In need of new environmental ethics for tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 94-103. Holland, L., & J. Gibbon. (1997). SMEs in the Metal Manufacturing, Construction and Contracting Service Sectors: Environmental Awareness and Actions. Eco-Management and Auditing, 4, 7-14. Horobin, H., & Long, J. (1996). Sustainable tourism: the role of the small firm. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 8(5), 5-19. Hotel Energy Solutions. (2011). Factors and Initiatives Affecting Energy Efficiency Use in the Hotel Industry. Houdre, H. (2008). Sustainable Development in the Hotel Industry. Cornell Industry Perspectives, August(2), 5-20. Hsu, S., & Roth, R. E. (1996). An assessment of environmental knowledge and attitudes held by community leaders in the Hualien area of Taiwan. Journal of Environmental Education, 28(1), 24-31. Hunt, N., & Tyrrell, S. (2001). Stratified Sampling. Webpage at Coventry University. Hutchinson, A., & Chaston, I. (1994) Environmental Management in Devon and Cornwall's Small and Medium Sized Enterprise Sector. Business Strategy and the Environment, 3(1), 15-22. Huybers, T. (2003). Environmental management and the competitiveness of nature-based tourism destinations. Environmental and Resource Economics, 24(3), 213 -233. Inyang, H. I., Schwarz, P. M., & Mbamalu, G. E. (2009). Sustaining sustainability: Approaches and contexts. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 3687-1689. Iraldo, F., Testa, F., & Frey, M. (2010). Environmental Management System and SMEs: EU Experience, Barriers and Perspectives. In S. K. Sarkar (Ed.), Environmental Management (pp. 1-34). Rijeka, Croatia: Sciyo. Iwanowski, K., & Rushmore, C. (1994). Introducing the eco-friendly hotel. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administrant Quarterly, 35(1), 34-38. Iwata, O. (2004). Some psychological correlates of environmentally responsible behavior. Social Behaviour and Personality, 32(8), 703-714. Jafari, J. (2000). Encyclopedia of tourism. London: Routledge. Jackson, L. A. (2010). Toward a framework for the components of green lodging. Journal of retail and Leisure Property, 9(3), 211-30. Jenkins, H. (2004). A critique of conventional CSR theory: An SME perspective. Journal of General Management, 29(4), 37-57. Jenkins, H. (2006). Small business champions for corporate social responsibility. Journal for Business Ethics, 67, 241-256. Jennings, P. D., & Zandbergen, P. A. (1995). Ecologically Sustainable Organizations: An Institutional Approach. The Academy of Management Review, 20(4), 1015-1052. Johnson, K., & Ebrahimpour, M. (2009). A literature review of environmental responsibility in the hotel industry: the difference and similarities of United States and Europe. Northeast Decision Sciences Institute Proceedings (pp. 496-501). Jones, P. S., Lee, J. W., Phillips, L. R., Zhang, X. E., & Jaceldo, K. B. (2001). An adaptation of Brislin's translation model for cross-cultural research. Nursing Research, 50(5), 300-304. Jones, R. E., & Dunlap, R. E. (1992). The social bases of environmental concern: have they changed over time? Rural Sociology, 57(1), 28-47. Jorgensen, A. L., & Knudsen, J. S. (2006). Sustainable competitiveness in global value chains: how do small Danish firms behave? Corporate Governance, 6(4), 449-462. Judge, W. Q., & Douglas, T. J. (1998). Performance implications of incorporation natural environmental issues into the strategic planning process: An empirical assessment. Journal of Management Studies, 35, 241-262. Juholin, E. (2004). For business or the good of all? A Finnish approach to corporate social responsibility. Corporate Governance, 4(3), 20-31. Kalafatis, S. P., Pollard, M., East, R., & Tsogas, M. H. (1999). Green marketing and Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior: a cross-market examination. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(5), 441-460. KamalulAriffin, N. S., Khalid, S. N. A., & Wahid, N. A. (2013). The barriers to the adoption of environmental management practices in the hotel industry: a study of Malaysian hotels. Business Strategy Series, 14(4), 106–117. doi:10.1108/BSS-06-2012-0028 Kane, G. (2010, March 18). The low carbon agenda. Email newsletter. Kang, K. H., Stein, L., Heo, C. Y., & Lee, S. (2012). Consumers’ willingness to pay for green initiatives of the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 564-572. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.08.001 Karagozoglu, N., & Lindell, M. (2000). Environmental Management: Testing the Win-Win Model. Journal of Environment Planning and Management, (43), 817-829. Kasim, A. (2006). The need for business environmental and social responsibility in the tourism industry. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 7(1), 1-22. Kasim, A. (2007). Corporate environmental in the hotel sector: evidence of drivers and Barriers in Penang, Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(6), 680-699. Kasim, A. (2009). Managerial attitudes towards environmental management among small and medium hotels in Kuala Lumpur. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(6), 709-725. Kenan Institute Asia. (2005, October). Corporate Social Responsibility – Implications for Thai Companies. Paper presented at the Conference of the Thai Industrial Standards Institute, Bangkok. Kentucky Environmental Education Council. (2005). The 2004 Survey of Kentuckians’ Environmental Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors. Retrieved from http://educationcabinet. ky.gov/ newsroom/ pressreleases/KEECsurvey.htm Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of Behavioral Research (3rd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Kerlinger, F. N. (2000). Foundations of Behavioral Research (4th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publishers. Khanna, M., & Speir, C. (2007, July). Motivations for Proactive Environmental Management and Innovative Pollution Control. Paper presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Portland. Khanna, N., & Vidovic, M. (2001). Facility Participation in Voluntary Pollution Prevention Programs and the Role of Community Characteristics: Evidence from the 33/50 Program. Binghamton University Economics Department Working Paper. Kilbourne, W., & Pickett, G. (2008). How materialism affects environmental beliefs, concern, and environmentally responsible behavior. Journal of Business Research, 61(9). Kim, J. S., Kaye, J., & Wright, L. K. (2001). Moderating and mediating effects in causal models. Mental Health Nursing, 22, 63-75. Kim, S. H. (2009). An Investigation Into Hotel Employees’ Perception of Green Practices (Master’s thesis, Rosen College of Hospitality Management, University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida). Kim, S. H., & Choi, Y. (2013). Hotel employees’ perception of green practices. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism administration, 14(2), 157-178. Kirk, D. (1995). Environmental management in hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 7(6), 3-8. Kirk, D. (1996). Environmental management for hotels. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Kirk, D. (1998). Attitudes to environmental management held by a group of hotel managers in Edinburgh. Hospitality Management, 17, 33-47. Kirkland, L., & Thompson, D. (1999). Challenges in designing implementing and operating an environment system. Business Strategy and the Environment, 8(2), 128-143. Klassen, R. D. (2000). Exploring the linkage between investment in manufacturing and environmental technologies. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 20(2), 127-147 Klassen, R. D., & McLaughlin, C. P. (1996). The impact of environmental management on firm performance. Management Science, 42, 1199-1214. Klassen, R. D., & Whybark, D. C. (1999). The impact of environmental technologies on manufacturing performance. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 599-615. Klineberg, S. L., McKeever, M., & Rothenbach, B. (1998). Demographic predictors of environmental concern: it does make a difference how it’s measured. Social Science Quarterly, 79(4), 734-753. Knowles, T., Macmillan, S., Palmer, J., Grabowski, P., & Hashimoto, A. (1999). The development of environmental initiatives in tourism: responses from the London hotel sector. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1, 255-65. Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the Gap: why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to prop-environmental behaviour? Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239-260. Kontogeorgopoulos, N. (2005). Community-Based Ecotourism in Phuket and Ao Phangnga, Thailand: Partial Victories and Bittersweet Remedies. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 13(1), 4-23. Kostova, T., Roth, K., & Dacin, T. (2008). Institutional Theory in the Study of Multinational Corporations: a Critique and New Direction. Academy of Management Review, 33(4), 994-1006. Kotler, P., Bowen, J. T., & Makens, J. (2006). Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Kotler, P., John, B., & Makens, C. (2003). Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Kraatz, M. S., & Zajac, E. J. (1996). Exploring the Limits of the New Institutionalism: The Causes and Consequences of Illegitimate Organizational Change. American Sociological Review, 61, 812-836. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement. Lan, B. (2004). Questionnaire Design. London: Kogan Page Ltd. Lansana, F. M. (1992). Distinguishing potential recyclers from non-recyclers: a basis for developing recycling strategies. Journal of Environmental Education. 23(2), 16-23. Laroche, M, Bergeron, J., & Barbaro-Forleo, G. (2001). Targeting consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18(6), 503-520. Lavelle, M. (1993). Environment Vise: Law, Compliance. The National Law Journal, August 30, S1-S9. Lawrence, A. T., & Morell, D. (1995). Leading-Edge Environmental Management: Motivation, Opportunity, Resources and Processes. In D. Collins, & M. Starik (Eds.), Special Research Volume of Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, Sustaining the Natural Environment: Empirical Studies on the Interface Between Nature and Organizations (pp. 99-126). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Lawrence, S. R., Collins, E., Pavlovich K., & Arunachalam, M. (2006). Sustainability Practices of SMEs: the Case of NZ. Business Strategy and the Environment, 15, 242-257. Le, Y., Hollenhorst, S. J., & Triplett, J. (2005). Business Perspectives of Adopting Sustainable Tourism Practices: A Study of Tourism Companies in Vietnam. Téoros, 24(2), 58-68. Le, Y., Hollenhorst, S., Harris, C., McLaughlin, W., & Shook, S. (2006). Environmental management: A Study of Vietnamese Hotels. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(2), 545-567. Lee, J., Hsu, L., Han, H., & Kim, Y. (2010). Understanding how consumers view green hotels: How a hotel's green image can influence behavioural intentions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(7), 901-914. Lee, K. H. (2009). Why and how to adopt green management into business organizations? Management Decision, 47(7), 1101-21. Lee, S. Y. (2008). Drivers for the participation of small and medium-sized suppliers in green supply chain initiatives. Supply Chain Management, 13(3), 185-198. doi:10.1108/13598540810871235 Lee-Ross, D., & Johns, N. (1997). Yield management in hospitality SMEs. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 9(2), 66-69. Leiserowitz, A. (2006). Climate change risk perception and policy preferences: The role of affect, imagery and values. Climate Change, 77, 45-72. Leonidou, L. C., Leonidou, C. N., Fotiadis, T. A., & Zeriti, A. (2013). Resources and capabilities as drivers of hotel environmental marketing strategy: Implications for competitive advantage and performance. Tourism Management, 35, 94-110. Levy, J. I., & Dilwali, K. M. (2000). Environmental incentives for suitable resource consumption at a large university: past performance and future considerations. International journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 3, 252-266. Lindley, P., & Walker, S. N. (1993). Theoretical and methodological differentiation of moderation and mediation. Nursing Research, 42, 276-279. Liu, C., & Wu, C. (2009). Environmental consciousness, reputation and voluntary environmental investment. Australian Economic Papers, 48(2), 124-137. López-Gamero, M. D., Molina-Azorín, J. F., & Claver-Cortés, E. (2010). The potential of environmental regulation to change managerial perception, environmental management, competitiveness and financial performance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(10/11), 963-974. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.02.015 Lounsbury, M., Fairclough, S., & Lee, M. P. (2012). Institutional dynamics. In A. J. Hoffman & T. Bansal (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Business and the Environment (pp. 211-228). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Luetkenhorst, W. (2004). Corporate social responsibility and the development agenda. Intereconomics, 39(3), 157-166. Lynes, J. K., & Dredge, D. (2006). Going green: Motivations for environmental commitment in the airline industry. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(2), 116 -138. Maguire, S., Hardy, C., & Lawrence, T. B. (2004). Institutional entrepreneurship in emerging fields: HIV/AIDS treatment advocacy in Canada. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 657-679. Mahilič, T. (2000). Environmental Management of a tourist destination – A factor of tourism competitiveness. Tourism Management, 21, 65-78. Mair, J., & Jago, L. (2010). The development of a conceptual model of greening in the business events tourism sector? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(1), 77-94. Mair, J., & Laing, J. (2012). The greening of music festivals: motivations, barriers and outcomes. Applying the Mair and Jago model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(5), 683-700. Majumdar, S. K., & Marcus, A. A. (2001). Rules versus discretion: the productivity consequences of flexible regulation. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1), 170-179. Malterud, K. (2001). Qualitative research: Standards, challenges, and guidelines. The Lancet 358(9280), 483-488. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05627-6 Manaktola, K., & Jauhari, V. (2007). Exploring consumer attitude and behavior towards green practices in the lodging industry in India. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality, 19(5), 364-377. Marshall, R. S., Akoorie, M. E. M., Hamann, R., & Sinha, P. (2010). Environmental practices in the wine industry: An empirical application of the theory of reasoned action and stakeholder theory in the United States and New Zealand. Journal of World Business, 45(2010), 405-414. Masurel, E. (2007). Why SMEs invest in Environmental Measures: Sustainability Evidence from Small and Medium-Sized Printing Firms. Business Strategy and the Environment, 16, 190-201. Maxwell, J. W., Lyon, T. P., & Hackett, S. C. (2000). Self-Regulation and Social Welfare: The Political Economy of Corporate Environmentalism. The Journal of Law & Economics 43(2), 583-619. McHenry, R. (1992). The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago, IL: Encyclopaedia Britannica. McIntyre, R. P., Meloche, M. S., & Lewis, S. L. (1993). National culture as a macro tool for environmental sensitivity segmentation. In D. W. Cravens & P. R. Dickson (Eds.), AMA Summer Educators’ Conference Proceedings (pp. 153-9). Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association. McKeiver, C., & Gadenne, D. (2005). Environmental management systems in small and medium businesses. International Small Business Journal, 23(5), 513-537. McKercher, B., Prideaux, B., Cheung, C., & Law, R. (2010). Achieving voluntary reductions in the carbon footprint of tourism and climate change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 297-317. McKinsey. (1991). The corporate response to the environmental challenge: Summary report. Amsterdam: McKinsey. McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2006). Research in education: Evidence-based inquiry (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. McNamera, K. E., & Gibson, C. (2008). Environmental sustainability in practice? A macro-scale profile of tourist accommodation facilities in Australia's coastal zone. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(1), 85-100. Melton, K., & Tinsley, S. (1999). Outlook for greener marketing: Unsettled and cyclonic. Eco-management and Auditing. 6(2), 86-97. Mensah, I. (2004). Environmental management practices in US hotels special report (White paper, electronic version). Retrieved March 12, 2008, from http://www.hotelonline.com/News/ PR2004_2nd/May04_EnvironmentalPractices.html Mensah, I. (2006). Environmental management practices among hotels in the greater Accra region. International Journal Hospitality Management, 25, 414-431. Mensah, I. (2014). Stakeholder pressure and hotel environmental performance in Accra, Ghana. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 25(2), 227-243. Mensah, I., & Mensah, R. D. (2013). International Tourists’ Environmental Attitudes towards Hotels in Accra. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(5), 444-455. Mentzer, J. T., DeWitt, W., Keebler, J. S., Min, S., Nix, N. W., Smith, C. D., & Zacharia, Z. G. (2001). Defining supply chain management. Journal of Business Logistics, 22(2), 1-25. Merritt, J. Q. (1998). EM Into SME Won’t Go? Attitudes, Awareness and Practices in the London Borough of Croydon. Business Strategy and the Environment, 7(2), 90-100. Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. The American Journal of Sociology, 83(2), 340-363. Meyer, J. W., & Scott, W. R. (1983). Organizational Environments: Ritual and Rationality. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. Meyerson, D. E. (1994). Interpretations of Stress in Institutions - the Cultural Production of Ambiguity and Burnout. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 28-653. Mezher, T., & Zreik, C. (2000). Current environmental practices in the Lebanese manufacturing sector. Journal of Eco-Management and Auditing, 7(3), 131-142. Middleton, V. T. C., & Hawkins, R. (1998). Sustainable Tourism: A Marketing Perspective. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann. Miles, R. H. (1987). Managing the corporate social environmental: A grounded theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Millar, M., & Baloglu S. (2008). Hotel guests’ preferences for green hotel attributes. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 52(3), 302-311. Mohindra, K. S. (2008). Greening Public Health Conferences: Educating Ourselves. Health Education, 108(4), 269-71. doi:10.1108/09654280810884151 Montabon, F., Sroufe, R., & Narasimhan, R. (2007). An Examination of Corporate Reporting, Environmental Management Practices and Firm Performance. Journal of Operations Management, 25(5), 998-1014. Montoro, F. J., Luque, T., Fuentes, F., & Cañadas, P. (2006). Improving attitudes toward brandswith environmental associations: an experimental approach. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 23(1), 26-33. Moore, G., Slack, R., & Gibbon, J. (2009). Criteria for responsible business practice in SMEs: an exploratory case of UK Fair Trade organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 89(2), 173-188. Moorthy, M. K., Yacob, P., Chelliah, M. K., & Arokiasamy, L. (2012). Drivers for Malaysian SMEs to Go Green. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(9), 74-86. Moran, P. (2004). Profiling the Small Business Owner-Manager: Identifying Personal Characteristics Linked to “Growth-Orientation”. Small Business Centre. Durham University Business School, UK. Morrison, A., & Teixeira, R. (2004). Small business performance: a tourism sector focus. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11(2), 166-173. Morrison, A., Carlsen, J., & Weber, P. (2010). Small tourism business research: Change and evolution. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(6), 739-749. Morrison, J., Cushing, K. K., Day, Z., & Speir, J. (2000). Managing a better environment: opportunities and obstacles for ISO 14001 in public policy and commerce. Occasional paper, Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute for Studies in Development. Environment and Security, 1-9. Mouton, J. (1988). The methodology and philosophy of the social sciences: A selective bibliography of anthologies. Pretoria: HSRC Press. Mowforth, M., & Munt, I. (1998). Tourism and Sustainability, New Tourism in the Third World. New York, NY: Routledge. Mugenda, O. M, & Mugenda A. G. (2003). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: ACT Press. Mungai, M., & Irungu, R. (2013). An Assessment of Management Commitment to Application of Green Practices in 4–5 Star Hotels in Mombasa, Kenya. Information and Knowledge Management, 3(6), 40-46. Munoz, C., & Rovera, M. (2002). Tourists’ willingness to pay for green certification of hotels in Mexico. Retrieved December 19, 2008, from http://www.ine.gob.mx/dgipea/descargas/ twpgch.pdf Nabsiah, A. W., Ismail, A., Siti Nabiha, A. K., & Azlan, A. (2008). Green Indicators in Hospitality Industry: Identification of Common Attributes Applied by Hotels in American and Latin America Continents. Paper presented at the National Symposium in Tourism Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. Naffziger, D., Ahmed, N., & Montagno, R. (2003). Perceptions of Environmental Consciousness in U.S. Small Businesses: An Empirical Study. Advanced Management Journal, 68(2), 23-34.