Effects of strategic leadership, organizational innovativeness, information technology capability on effective strategy implementation

This study investigated the determinants of perceived organizational strategy implementation among public tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Primarily, the study explored the effects of Strategic Leadership (SL), Organizational Innovativeness (OI) and Information Technology Capability (ITC) on Effect...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Palladan, Ahmad Aliyu
Format:	Thesis
Language:	eng eng
Published:	2017
Subjects:	HD58.9 Organizational Effectiveness.
Online Access:	https://etd.uum.edu.my/7423/1/s96041_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/7423/2/s96041_02.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-uum-etd.7423
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection	UUM ETD
language	eng eng
advisor	Abdul Kadir, Kadzrina Chong, Yen Wen
topic	HD58.9 Organizational Effectiveness.
spellingShingle	HD58.9 Organizational Effectiveness. Palladan, Ahmad Aliyu Effects of strategic leadership, organizational innovativeness, information technology capability on effective strategy implementation
description	This study investigated the determinants of perceived organizational strategy implementation among public tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Primarily, the study explored the effects of Strategic Leadership (SL), Organizational Innovativeness (OI) and Information Technology Capability (ITC) on Effective Strategy Implementation (ESI). More precisely the direct effect of SL, OI and ITC on ESI were assessed. The study also examines the moderating effect of ITC on SL and OI on ESI. Thirteen (13) public tertiary institutions were considered by the research. One hundred and four (104) deans who serves as the research respondents were sampled out of the population total of 143 deans from the institutions. Hand delivery of questionnaires was used to solicit information from the respondents. Partial Least Squares Method (PLS 2) algorithm and bootstrap techniques were used to test the study hypotheses. The results provided support for most of the hypothesized relationship for the study. Specifically, SL, OI and ITC are found to be significant and positively affect organizational ESI. Additionally, ITC has been found to significantly moderate the relationship between SI and perceive ESI. While negative moderating effect of ITC was found between OI and perceive ESI. PIIT theory as well as Diffusion of Innovation Theory were partly considered as probable reasons for the negative finding. Therefore, significant positive effects of SL, OI and ITC suggest that the variables are important in facilitating ESI. As such, public tertiary institutions should be encouraged to demonstrate these behaviours for enhanced success of organizational strategy implementation. Enhanced success of effective strategy implementation could improve the overall effective function of the organizations. Contributions, limitations, and implications of the study were also discussed.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Ph.D.
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Palladan, Ahmad Aliyu
author_facet	Palladan, Ahmad Aliyu
author_sort	Palladan, Ahmad Aliyu
title	Effects of strategic leadership, organizational innovativeness, information technology capability on effective strategy implementation
title_short	Effects of strategic leadership, organizational innovativeness, information technology capability on effective strategy implementation
title_full	Effects of strategic leadership, organizational innovativeness, information technology capability on effective strategy implementation
title_fullStr	Effects of strategic leadership, organizational innovativeness, information technology capability on effective strategy implementation
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of strategic leadership, organizational innovativeness, information technology capability on effective strategy implementation
title_sort	effects of strategic leadership, organizational innovativeness, information technology capability on effective strategy implementation
granting_institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department	Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate	2017
url	https://etd.uum.edu.my/7423/1/s96041_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/7423/2/s96041_02.pdf
_version_	1747828215738531840
spelling	my-uum-etd.74232021-08-18T05:39:21Z Effects of strategic leadership, organizational innovativeness, information technology capability on effective strategy implementation 2017 Palladan, Ahmad Aliyu Abdul Kadir, Kadzrina Chong, Yen Wen Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HD58.9 Organizational Effectiveness. This study investigated the determinants of perceived organizational strategy implementation among public tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Primarily, the study explored the effects of Strategic Leadership (SL), Organizational Innovativeness (OI) and Information Technology Capability (ITC) on Effective Strategy Implementation (ESI). More precisely the direct effect of SL, OI and ITC on ESI were assessed. The study also examines the moderating effect of ITC on SL and OI on ESI. Thirteen (13) public tertiary institutions were considered by the research. One hundred and four (104) deans who serves as the research respondents were sampled out of the population total of 143 deans from the institutions. Hand delivery of questionnaires was used to solicit information from the respondents. Partial Least Squares Method (PLS 2) algorithm and bootstrap techniques were used to test the study hypotheses. The results provided support for most of the hypothesized relationship for the study. Specifically, SL, OI and ITC are found to be significant and positively affect organizational ESI. Additionally, ITC has been found to significantly moderate the relationship between SI and perceive ESI. While negative moderating effect of ITC was found between OI and perceive ESI. PIIT theory as well as Diffusion of Innovation Theory were partly considered as probable reasons for the negative finding. Therefore, significant positive effects of SL, OI and ITC suggest that the variables are important in facilitating ESI. As such, public tertiary institutions should be encouraged to demonstrate these behaviours for enhanced success of organizational strategy implementation. Enhanced success of effective strategy implementation could improve the overall effective function of the organizations. Contributions, limitations, and implications of the study were also discussed. 2017 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7423/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7423/1/s96041_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7423/2/s96041_02.pdf text eng public http://sierra.uum.edu.my/record=b1696161~S1 Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Aaltonen, P., & Ikävalko, H. (2002). Implementing strategies successfully. Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 13(6), 415-418. Aarons, G. A., Farahnak, L. R., Ehrhart, M. G., & Sklar, M. (2014). Aligning Leadership Across Systems and Organizations to Develop Strategic Climate to for Evidence-Based Practice Implementation. Annual Review of Public Health, 35, 255. Abaje, I. B., Sawa, B. A., Iguisi, E. O., & Ibrahim, A. A. (2015). Assessment of Rural Communities’ Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Assessment, 5(20)). Abebe, M. A., & Angriawan, A. (2013). Organizational and competitive influences of exploration and exploitation activities in small firms. Journal of Business Research, Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.01.015. Abereijo, I. O., Ilori, M. O., Taiwo, K. A., & Adegbite, S. A. (2007). Assessment of the capabilities for innovation by small and medium industry in Nigeria. African Journal of Business Management, 1(8). Abok, M.A. (2013). Factors Affecting Effective Implementation of Strategy in Non195 Governmental Organizations in Kenya. Unpublished Thesis. Jomo Kenyatta University of Technology Agriculture. ABU (2015). Welcome to ABU. Retrieved from: http://abu.edu.ng/abu-2/. 28, August 2015 Abdulkareem, A. Y., Akinnubi, O. P., & Oyeniran, S. (2012). Strategic plan implementation and internal efficiency in Nigerian Universities. European Scientific Journal, 8(3 Abdulwahid S., Arshad M., & Iftekhar K. (2013). Why do public sector organizations fail in implementation of strategic plan in Pakistan? Public Policy and Administrative Research, 3(1), 33-41 Adam, M. M., & J, M. (1993). Measuring the organizational impact of information technology investment: An exploratory study. Journal of Management Information Systems, 10(1), 97. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 1(2), 158-164. Adamu, A. U. (1994). Educational reforms in Nigeria. Retrieved from: http://www.kanoonline.com/publications/ educational_reform_in_nigeria.htm on 19/11/2016. Adeoye, Y. M., Oluwole, A. F., & Blessing, L. A. (2013). Appraising the Role of Information Communication Technology (ICT) as a Change Agent for Higher Education in Nigeria. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 5(8), 177-183. Adomi, E. E., Ayo, B. T., & Nakpodia, E. D. (2014, September 5). A better response rate for questionnaires: Attitudes of librarians in Nigerian University Libraries. Retrieved from: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/view content.cgi?article=1155&context=libphilpra Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In B. Leonard (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267-299): Academic Press. Agarwal, R., & Prasad, J. (1998). A conceptual and operational definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology. Information Systems Research, 9(2), 204-215. Ahmed, Z., Zbib, I., Arokiasamy, S., Ramayah, T., & Chiun, L.M. (2006). Resistance to change and ERP implementation success: The moderating role of change management initiatives. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 11(2), 1–17. Ahuja, V., Yang, J., & Shankar, R. (2009). Benefits of collaborative ICT adoption for building project management. Construction Innovation, 9(3), 323-340. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park: Sage Publications. Ajayi, O. M., Odusanya, K., & Morton, S. (2017). Stimulating employee ambidexterity and employee engagement in SMEs. Management Decision, 55(4). Akter, S., D’Ambra, J., & Ray, P. (2011). An evaluation of PLS based complex models: The roles of power analysis, predictive relevance and GoF index. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Detroit, Michigan August 4th-7th. Alaka, N. S., Tijani, A. A., & Abass, O. A. (2011). Impact of strategic planning on the performance of insurance companies in Nigeria. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(1), 136-152. Alegre, J., & Chiva, R. (2013). Linking entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The role of organizational learning capability and innovation performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 51(4), 491-507. Alexander, L.D. (1985). Successfully implementing strategic decisions. Long Range Planning, 18 (3), 91-97. Al-Ghamdi, S.M. (1998). Obstacles to successful implementation of strategic decisions: the British experience. Journal of European Business Review, 98(6), 322-327 Ali, A. (2011). Assessment of performance measurement in business strategy implementation among companies in Kaduna town . Unpublished PhD thesis. St Clements University, United States Ali, M. & Hadi, A. (2012). Surveying and identifying the factors affecting successful implementation of business strategies in companies of Fars province. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(1), 265-272. Al-Jazeera (2014). Nigeria becomes largest economy in Africa. Retrieved from: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/04/ nigeria-becomes-africalargest-economy- 20144618190520102.html. 04/9/2014. Al-Khadi, I., Asulay, M., Dixon, R., (2013). Factors influencing the strategy implementation process and its outcome: Evidence from Saudi Arabian banks. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 14, 1-15. Alrech, P.L., & Settle, R.B. (1995). The survey research handbook (2nd ed.). Boston: Irwin. Alshoaibi, A. A. (1998). The impact of information technology on organisations: The case of the Saudi private sector (Doctoral dissertation, University of St Andrews). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2938 05/06/2016 Alsayed, A. K., Motaghi, M. H., & Osman, I. B. (2012). The use of the multifactor leadership questionnaire and communication satisfaction questionnaire in Palestine: A research note. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2(11), 1-9. 627-642. As cited in: Safarzadeh, T., Dahghan, E., Pazireh, M., & Pouraskari, F. (2015). Checking the relationship between strategic leadership, competitive advantage and organizational performance with mediating role of innovation. International Journal of Business and Behavioural Science. 5(1), 11-18 Amado, J.B. & Walczuch, R.M. (2012). Information technology, the organizational Capability of proactive corporate environmental strategy and firm performance: a resource based analysis. European Journal of Information Systems, 21, 664–679. Ambrosini, V., & Bowman, C. (2009). What are dynamic capabilities and are they a useful construct in strategic management? International Journal of Management Reviews, 11(1), 29-49. Amit, R., & Shoemaker, H. J. P. (1993). Strategic assets and organisational rent. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 33-46. Anderson, N., Potočnik, K., & Zhou, J. (2014). Innovation and creativity in organizations a state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1297-1333. Andrew Lihalo K, M. (2014). Barriers to Strategy Implementation by Mid Sized Companies in Kenya. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 13(12). Andrews, R., Boyne, G. A., Law, J., & Walker, R. M. (2011). Strategy implementation and public service performance. Administration & Society, 43(6), 643-671. Ani, O. E. (2010). Internet access and use: A study of undergraduate students in three Nigerian universities. The Electronic Library, 28(4), 555-567. Ansoff, I. H.; Declerck, R. P. & Hayes, R. L. (1976). From Strategic Planning, to Strategic Management, (ed.) John Wiley & Sons, New York NY, USA Antonakis, J., Avolio, B. J., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (2003). Context and leadership: An examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(3), 261-295. Arasa, R., & K'Obonyo, P. (2012). The relationship between strategic planning and firm performance. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(22), 201-213. Armstrong, C., & Sambamurthy, V. (1999). Information technology assimilation in firms: The influence of senior leadership and IT infrastructure. Information System Research, 10(4), 304-327. Armstrong, J.S., & Overton, T.S. (1977). Estimating non- response bias in Mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14, 396-402. Asika, N. (1991). Research methodology in the behavioural sciences. Lagos: Longman Nigeria Plc, Nigeria. Asiyai, R. I. (2014). Assessment of information and communication technology integration in teaching and learning in institutions of higher learning. International Education Studies, 7(2), 25-36. Asiyai, R. I. (2015). Improving quality higher education in Nigeria: The roles of stakeholders. International Journal of Higher Education, 4(1), 61-70. Ashraf, G., Kadir, S. A., Pihie, Z. A. L., & Rashid, A. M. (2014). The mediator role of organizational innovativeness between organizational culture and organizational effectiveness. British Journal of Education, 2(6), 30-54. Aswani, S. (2013). Strategic innovation and performance of public universities in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi). Augustine, A, & Agu, A.O., (2013). Impact of strategy formulation and implementation in ailing organizations. European Journal of Business and Management, 5 (20), 232-241 Aremu, M. A., & Oyinloye, O. O. (2014). Relationship between strategic management and firm’s performance in Nigerian banking industry. Kuwait chapter of the Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 4(3), 28. Atkinson, H. (2006). Strategy implementation: a role for the balanced scorecard? Management Decision, 44(10), 1441-1460. Awino, Z. B. (2007). The Effect of Selected variables on corporate performance: A survey of Supply Chain Management in Large Private Manufacturing Firms in Kenya. University of Nairobi: Unpublished PhD Thesis. Arvanitis, S. (2005). Computerization, workplace organization, skilled labour and firm productivity: Evidence for the Swiss business sector. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 14(4), 225-249. Avlonitis, G.J., Kouremenos, A. and Tzokas, N. (1994). Assessing the innovativeness of organizations and its antecedents Project Innovstrat. European Journal of Marketing, 28 (11), 5-28. Babbie, E. R. (1973). Survey research methods. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Badawi, G. (2009). Public Library Services and the information needs of women in Northern Nigeria. Samaru Journal of Information Studies, 9(2). Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94. Bakar, A. R. A., Hashim, F., Ahmad, H., Isa, F. M., & Dzakaria, H. (2009). distinctive capabilities and Strategic thrusts of Malaysia's institutions of higher learning. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 1(2), 158. Bambale, A.J. (2013). The mediating effect of psychological ownership on the relationship between servant leadership and organizational citizenship behaviours in Kano Nigeria. An unpublished PhD thesis submitted to OYAGSB University Utara Malaysia. Barreto, I. (2010). Dynamic capabilities: A review of past research and an agenda for the future. Journal of Management, 36(1), 256-280. Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. Barney, J. B. (1986). Strategic factor markets: Expectations, luck, and business strategy. Management Science, 32(10), 1231-1241. Barney, J. B., & Hesterly, W. S. (2010). Strategic management and competitive advantage: Cases and concepts. Barney, J., Wright, M., & Ketchen, D.J. (2001). The resource-based view of the firm: Ten years after 1991. Journal of Management, 27, 625-641. Barua, A., Lee, B., & Whinston, A. (1996). The calculus of reengineering. Information Systems Research, 7(4), 409-428. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1992). Organizational description questionnaire: Sampler set. Mind Garden, Incorporated. Bassey, S. U., Okodoko, D., & Akpanumoh, U. D. (2009). Information communication technologies in the management of education for sustainable development in Africa. African Research Review, 3(3). Baum, J. R., Locke, E. A., & Kirkpatrick, S. A. (1998). A longitudinal study of the relation of vision and vision communication to venture growth in entrepreneurial firms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1), 43. Beer, M. & Eisenstat, R.A. (2000). The six silent killers of strategy Implementation. Sloan Management Review. 29. Berman, S. J., Berman, S. J., Davidson, S., Davidson, S., Ikeda, K., Ikeda, K., ... & Marshall, A. (2016). How successful firms guide innovation: insights and strategies of leading CEOs. Strategy & Leadership, 44(5), 21-28. Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. Bell, P., Dean, G. & Gottschalk, P. (2010). Information management in law enforcement: the case of police intelligence strategy implementation”, International Journal of Information Management, 30 (4), 343-349. Benitez-Amado, J., & Walczuch, R. M. (2012). Information technology, the organizational capability of proactive corporate environmental strategy and firm performance: a resource-based analysis. European Journal of Information Systems, 21(6), 664-679. Berg, N. (2002). Non-response bias. www.utdallas.Edu/nberg/Berg…/BergNonresponse Biasjuly2013.pdf Berson, Y., Shamir, B., Avolio, B. J., & Popper, M. (2001). The relationship between vision strength, leadership style, and context. The Leadership Quarterly, 12(1), 53-73. Bey, N., Hauschild, M. Z., & McAloone, T. C. (2013). Drivers and barriers for implementation of environmental strategies in manufacturing companies. CIRP. Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 62(1), 43-46. Bharadwaj, A. S. (2000). A resource-based perspective on information technology capability and firm performance: an empirical investigation. MIS Quarterly, 169-196. Bharadwaj, S. G., Varadarajan, P. R., & Fahy, J. (1993). Sustainable competitive advantage in service industries: a conceptual model and research propositions. The Journal of Marketing, 83-99. Bhatt, G. D., Grover, V., & Grover, V. (2005). Types of information technology capabilities and their role in competitive advantage: An empirical study. Journal of Management Information Systems, 22(2), 253-277. Biemer, P.P., & Lyberg, L. (2003). Introduction to Survey Quality. John Wiley Birasnav, M. (2014). Knowledge management and organizational performance in the service industry: The role of transformational leadership beyond the effects of transactional leadership. Journal of Business Research, 67(8), 1622-1629. Birinci, M., & Eren, E. (2013). The effect of strategic management practices on the performance of universities in Turkey. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 13, 17-33. Black, S. A., & Porter, L. J. (1996). Identification of the critical factors of TQM. Decision Sciences, 27(1), 1-21. Bloomberge (2014). Nigeria’s Economy Overtakes South Africa’s. Retrieved from: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04- 06/nigerian-economyovertakes-south-africa-s-on- rebased-gdp. 12/12/2014. Boal, K.B. & Schultz, P.L. 2007. Storytelling, time, and evolution: the role of strategic leadership in complex adaptive systems. Leadership Quarterly, 18, 411–428. Boal, K. B., & Hooijberg, R. (2001). Strategic leadership research: Moving on. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(4), 515-549. Bogoro, S. E. (2015). Enhancing the relevance of research and industry partnership in Nigeria: a case for new strategies. Retrieved on 19 April, 2017 from: http://www.tetfund.gov.ng/download/Convocation_ Lecture_%202015_FUTO_Owerri.pdf Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equation modeling with latent variables (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. Bogner, W. C., Thomas, H., & McGee, J. (1999). Competence and competitive advantage: towards a dynamic model. British Journal of Management, 10(4), 275-290. Bossidy, L. & Charan, R. (2002). Execution: The discipline of getting things done. London: Random House. Bowman, C. & Ambrosini, V. (1997). Using Single respondent in strategy research. British Journal of Management, 8, 119-131 Brauer, M., & Schmidt, S. L. (2008). Defining the strategic role of boards and measuring boards' effectiveness in strategy implementation. Corporate governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 8(5), 649-660. Brown, S. L., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (1995). Product development: Past research, present findings, and future directions. Academy of Management Review, 20(2), 343-378. Bruss L., Roos H (1993). Operations, readiness and culture: don't reengineer without considering them. Inform 57-64. Byrne, Z. (2005). Fairness Reduces the Negative Effects of Organizational Politics on Turnover Intentions, Citizenship Behaviour and Job Performance. Journal of Business & Psychology, 20, 175-200. Brynjolfsson, E., & Hitt, L. M. (2000). Beyond computation: Information technology, organizational transformation and business performance. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23-48. Brown, S. L., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (1997). The art of continuous change: Linking complexity theory and time-paced evolution in relentlessly shifting organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1-34. Brown, R. L. (1997). Assessing specific mediational effects in complex theoretical models. Structural Equation Modelling, 4, 142-156. Bryan Jean, R. J., Sinkovics, R. R., & Kim, D. (2008). Information technology and organizational performance within international business to business relationships: a review and an integrated conceptual framework. International Marketing Review, 25(5), 563-583. Budros, A. (2000, June). Organizational types and organizational innovation: Downsizing among industrial, financial, and utility firms. In Sociological Forum, 15, (2), 273-306. Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers. Bülbül, Y., Özbay, R.D. (2011).Commercialization of technological information. İstanbul Publications of Istanbul Chamber of Commerce, Publication No, 2011-111. Burns, Tom and G.M. Stalker (1961), The Management of Innovation. London: Tavistock Publishing. Calantone, R. J., Cavusgil, S. T., & Zhao, Y. (2002). Learning orientation, firm innovation capability, and firm performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 31(6), 515-524. Camisón, C., & Villar-López, A. (2014). Organizational innovation as an enabler of technological innovation capabilities and firm performance. Journal of Business Research, 67(1), 2891-2902. Cannella, A. A., Jr. (2001). Upper echelons: Donald Hambrick on executives and strategy. Academy of Management Executive, 15(3), 36-42. Cannella, A.A, Hambrick, D.C & Finkelstein (2010). Strategic Leadership, New York, Oxford University Press Carter, S. M., & Greer, C. R. (2013). Strategic leadership: Values, styles, and organizational performance. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 1548051812471724. Cater, T., & Pucko, D. (2010). Factors of Effective Strategy Implementation: Empirical Evidence from Slovenian business practice. Journal for East European Management Studies JEEMS, 207-237. Cavana, R. Y., Dalahaye, B., & Sekaran, U. (2001). Applied Research: Qualitative and quantitative methods. Australia: John Wiley and Sons. Chae, H. C., Koh, C. E., & Prybutok, V. R. (2014). Information technology capability and firm performance: contradictory findings and their possible causes. Mis Quarterly, 38(1), 305-326. Chakravarty, A., Grewal, R., & Sambamurthy, V. (2013). Information technology competencies, organizational agility, and firm performance: Enabling and facilitating roles. Information Systems Research, 24(4), 976-997. Chan, Y. E., Huff, S. L., Barclay, D. W., & Copeland, D. G. (1997). Business strategic orientation, information systems strategic orientation, and strategic alignment Information Systems Research, 8(2), 125-150. Chan, L. L., Shaffer, M. A., & Snape, E. (2004). In search of sustained competitive advantage: the impact of organizational culture, competitive strategy and human resource management practices on firm performance. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(1), 17-35. Chen, H., Wang, H & Yang, K. (2009). Establishment and application of performance measures for universities. Total Quality Management, 21(3), 220-235. Chikelu, C. (2016). Nigerian varsities and record-breaking graduates. Retrieved from: http://leadership.ng/news/502401/nigerian-varsities-record- breakinggraduates on 19/11/2016 Chin, W. W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses. In Esposito, V., et al. (eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares (pp. 655 – 688). New York: Springer-Verlag. Chin, W.W. (1998). Issues and opinion on structural equation modeling. MIS Quarterly, (22) 1, 7-16. Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A partial least square latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo Simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Information Systems Research, 14, 189-217. Chomeya, R. (2010). Quality of psychology test between Likert scale 5 and 6 points. Journal of Social Sciences, 6(3), 399-403. Chow, W. S., & Chan, L. S. (2008). Social network and shared goals in organizational knowledge sharing. Information Management, 45, 7, 24–30. CIA, A. (2013). The world factbook. Skyhorse Publishing. Clement, J. P., Belin, A., Bean, M. J., Boling, T. A., & Lyons, J. R. (2014). A strategy for improving the mitigation policies and practices of the Department of the Interior. A report to the Secretary of the Interior from the Energy and Climate Change Task Force, Washington, DC. Retrieved from: https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/migrated 19/10/2016 Cocks, G. (2010). Emerging concepts for implementing strategy. The TQM Journal, 22(3), 260-266. Cohen, A., & Vigoda, E. (2000). Do good citizens make good organizational citizens? An empirical examination of the relationship between general citizenship and organizational citizenship behaviour in Israel. Administration & Society, 32 (5) 596- 624. Cohen, L. & Manion, L. (1980). Research methods in education. London: Groom Helm Ltd. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Colbert, A. E., Barrick, M. R., & Bradley, B. H. (2014). Personality and leadership composition in top management teams: Implications for organizational effectiveness. Personnel Psychology, 67(2), 351-387. Collins, J. (2001). Good to Great. London: Random House. Collis, D. J., & Montgomery, C. A. (1995). Competing on Resources. Harvard Business Review, 119. Cone, J. D. (2001). Evaluating outcomes: Empirical tools for effective practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Conner, K.R. (1991). A historical comparison of the resource-based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: do I have a new theory of the firm. Journal of Management, 17(1), 121-54. Conner, K. R., & Prahalad, C. K. (1996). A resource-based theory of the firm: Knowledge versus opportunism. Organization Science, 7(5), 477-501. Conway, J., & Lance, C. (2010). What reviewers should expect from authors regarding common method bias in organizational research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 325-334. Costa, B.P & Cabral, J. E., (2010). An analytical model of the relationship knowledge, Learning, Innovation and Sustainability. In XVI International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, São Carlos, SP, Brazil (pp. 1-15). Coulson-Thomas, C. (2013). Implementing strategies and policies. Strategic Direction, 29(3), 33-35. Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design: qualitative & quantitative approaches. London SAGE Publications. Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research Design (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Crossan, M. M., & Apaydin, M. (2010). A multi‐dimensional framework of organizational innovation: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Management Studies, 47(6), 1154-1191. Curtin. D. C., (1999). Aligning with vision and values. Leadership Excellence, 23(4), 6. Damanpour, F., & Evan, W. M. (1984). Organizational innovation and performance: the problem of" organizational lag". Administrative Science Quarterly, 392-409 Damanpour, F. (1987). The adoption of technological, administrative, and ancillary innovations: Impact of organizational factors. Journal of Management, 13(4), 675-688 Dahiru, T., & Oche, O. M. (2015). Determinants of antenatal care, institutional delivery and postnatal care services utilization in Nigeria. Pan African Medical Journal, 22(1). Damanpour, F., Walker, R. M., & Avellaneda, C. N. (2009). Combinative effects of innovation types and organizational performance: A longitudinal study of service organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 46(4), 650-675. Davenport, T. H. (2013). Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Davenport, T. H., De Long, D. W., & Beers, M. C. (1998). Successful knowledge management projects. MIT Sloan Management Review, 39(2), 43. Day, D.V., Gronn, P. and Salas, E. (2004). Leadership capacity in teams. Leadership Quarterly, 15 (6) 857-880. Dean Jr., J.W., Bowen, D.E., (1994). Management theory and total quality: improving research and practice through theory development. Academy Management Review, 19 (3), 392-418. Deji-Folutile, O. (2014, December7). More students seek higher education abroad. The Punch. Retrieved from www.punchng.com/education/more-student. Del Canto, J. G., & Gonzalez, I. S. (1999). A resource-based analysis of the factors determining a firm's R&D activities. Research Policy, 28(8), 891-905. De Feo, J. A., & Janssen, A. (2001). Implementing a strategy successfully. Measuring Business Excellence, 5(4), 4-6. de Lara, P. Z. M., & Tacoronte, D. V. (2007). Investigating the effects of procedural justice on workplace deviance: Do employees' perceptions of conflicting guidance call the tune? International Journal of Manpower, 28, 715-729. De Oliveira Cabral, J. E., & Da Penha Braga Costa, M. (2010). An Analytical Model of the Relationship Knowledge, Learning, Innovation and Sustainability. In XVI International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, São Carlos, SP, Brazil (pp. 1-15). Deshpande, R., Farley, J. U., & Webster Jr, F. E. (1993). Corporate culture, customer orientation, and innovativeness in Japanese firms: a quadrad analysis. The Journal of Marketing, 23-37. Davenport, T. H. (1994). Saving IT's Soul: Human-cantered information management. Harvard Business Review, 72(2), 119-31. Dewett, T., & Jones, G. R. (2001). The role of information technology in the organization: a review, model, and assessment. Journal of Management, 27(3), 313-346. Dillman, D. A. (2000). Mail and internet surveys: The tailored design method (2 ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. Dillman, D. A. (1991). The design and administration of mail surveys. Annual Review of Sociology, 225-249. Dimitrios, N. K., Sakas, D. P., & Vlachos, D. S. (2013). Analysis of Strategic Leadership Simulation models in non-profit Organizations. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences, 73, 276-284. Direction, S. (2016). Avoiding the strategy execution pitfalls: Confronting dilemmas when turning plans into action. Strategic Direction, 32(5). Dobni, C. B. (2010). Achieving synergy between strategy and innovation: The key to value creation. International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 5(1), 48-58. Donald, J. G. (1984). Quality indices for faculty evaluation. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 9(1), 41-52. Donald, R. (2006). The effect of management styles on the organizational commitment an job satisfaction of customer contact personnel. Journal of Organizational Cultures and Communication and Conflict, 11 (1), 77. Donate, M. J., & de Pablo, J. D. S. (2015). The role of knowledge-oriented leadership in knowledge management practices and innovation. Journal of Business Research, 68(2), 360-370. Drnevich, L.P. & Croson, D.C. (2013).Information Technology and Businesslevel strategy: toward an integrated theoretical perspective. MIS Quarterly, 37(2), 483-510 Drucker, P.F., Dyson, E., Handy, C., Saffo, P. & Senge, P.M. 1997. Looking ahead: implications of the present. Harvard Business Review, 75 (5): 18–32. Duarte, P., & Raposo, M. (2010). A PLS model to study brand preference: An application to the mobile phone market. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares (pp. 449-485): Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Durowoju, E. O., Onuka, A. O., & Ajisegiri, R. O. (2013). Challenges and prospects of ICTs in management communication in Nigeria. World Essays Journal, 1(2),40-45. Ebuara, V. O., Udida, L. A., Ekpiken, W., & Bassey, U. U. (2009, August). Reinventing the Nigerian Universities Dream and the Challenge of Leadership. In 11th International Conference of Educational Management, Association of South Africa (EMASA) 7th- 9th August. Edem, N. (2015). Utilization of Information Technology Facilities for Research by Undergraduate Students in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions. Information and Knowledge Management, 5910), 81-87. Edet, A. O., & Ekpoh, U. I. (2017). Administrative challenges of academic heads of department in tertiary institutions in Cross River state. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 8(2), 129. Eisenhardt, K. M., & Martin, J. A. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: what are they?. Strategic Management Journal, 21(10-11), 1105-1121. Ekundayo, H. T., & Ajayi, I. A. (2009). Towards effective management of university education in Nigeria. International NGO Journal, 4(8), 342-347. Elliott, A. C., & Woodward, W. A. (2007). Statistical analysis: Quick reference guidebook with SPSS examples. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Enahoro, J. A., & Badmus, A. D. (2013). Emergence of Private Universities in Nigeria and Monitoring Standards between 2002 and 2012. American Journal of Business and Management, 2(1), 59-64. Engberg, R., Hörte, S. Å., & Lundbäck, M. (2015). Strategy implementation and organizational levels: resourcing for innovation as a case. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 2(2), 157-175. Enriquez de la O, J. F. (2015). Resource-based view and dynamic capabilities-Achieving competitive advantage through internal resources and competences. Vezetéstudomány/Budapest Management Review, 46(11), 50. Elenkov, D; Judge, W; Wright, P.(2005). Strategic leadership and executive innovation influence: An international multi-cluster Comparative study. Strategic Management Journal, 26, 665-682. Ezekwe, E. A., & Onwe, S. O. (2014). Configuration of Nigerian tertiary institutions employee using mission statements: a discourse. International Journal of Political Science and Administration, 2, (3), 23-32. Fahy, J. (2000). The resource-based view of the firm: Some stumbling block on the road to understanding sustainable competitive advantage. Journal of European Industrial Training, 24(2 3/4), 94-104. Fahy, J., & Smithee, A. (1999). Strategic marketing and the resource based view of the firm. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 1999, 1. Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. Ohio: The University of Akron Press. Farid, D., Nejati, M.M. & Mirta, K.H. (2008). Balance scorecard in an Iranian universities and higher education institutions: implementation guide in an Iranian context. Annals of university of Bucharest, Economic Administrative Series. 2, 31-45. Famade, O.A., Omiyale, G.T. & Adebola, Y. A. (2015). Towards Improved Funding of Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria. Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (AJHSS), 3(2). Fed. Min. of Edu. (2016, October 13). Higher Education. Retrieved from: http://www.education.gov.ng/ Feeny, D. F., & Ives, B. (1990). In search of sustainability: Reaping long-term advantage from investments in information technology. Journal of Management Information Systems, 7(1), 27-46. Fehnel, R. (2000). Strategic planning and the Nigeria University system innovation project. The Quest for Competitive Advantage. Concept & Cases. Discussion paper retrieved from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTAFRREGTOPTEIA/Resources/fehnel_strateg 16 January 2015. Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics using SPSS (ed.). London: Sage Publications. Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D. C., & Cannella, A. A. (2009). Strategic leadership: Theory and research on executives, top management teams, and boards. Oxford University Press, USA. Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D. C., & Cannella, A. (1996). Strategic leadership. St. Paul, Minn.: West. Fletcher, M., & Harris, S. (2002). Seven aspects of strategy formation: exploring the value of planning. International Small Business Journal, 20(3), 297-314. Floyd, S. W., & Wooldridge, B. (1990). Path Analysis of the Relationship between competitive strategy, information technology and financial performance. Journal of Management Information Systems, 7(1), 47-64. Flynn, B.B., Schroeder, R.G. & Sakakibara, S., (1994). A framework for quality management research and an associated instrument. Journal of Operations Management, 11 (4), 33-366. Foreman, J., & Argenti, P. A. (2005). How corporate communication influences strategy implementation, reputation and the corporate brand: an exploratory qualitative study. Corporate Reputation Review, 8(3), 245-264. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error, Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. Fornell, C., & Bookstein, F. L. (1982). Two structural equations models: LISREL and PLS applied to consumer exit-voice theory. Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 4, 440-452. Foss, N. J. (1998). The resource-based perspective: an assessment and diagnosis of problems. Scandinavian Journal of management, 14(3), 133-149. Freedman, M. . (2003). The genius is in the implementation. Journal of Business Strategy, 24(2), 26-31. French, S. J., Kelly, S. J., & Harrison, J. L. (2004). The role strategic planning in the performance of small, professional service firms (A research note). Journal of Management Development, 23 (8), 765 -776. Freshwater, D., Sherwood, G., & Drury, V. (2006). International research collaboration Issues, benefits and challenges of the global network. Journal of Research in Nursing, 11(4), 295-303. Friedman, A. L & Miles, S. (2006). Stakeholders: Theory and practice. Oxford University Press. Frei, F. X., Kalakota, R., Leone, A. J., & Marx, L. M. (1999). Process variation as a determinant of bank performance: evidence from the retail banking study. Management Science, 45(9), 1210-1220. Fuller, S. (2012). Knowledge management foundations. Routledge. Gall, B., House, R. J., & Athur, M.B. (2003). The motivational effect of visionary management: A self-concept-based theory. Organisational Science, 4, 577-594. García-Morales, V. J., Jiménez-Barrionuevo, M. M., & Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, L. (2012). Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation. Journal of Business Research, 65(7), 1040-1050. Gardner, W. L., Lowe, K. B., Moss, T. B., Mahoney, K. T., Cogliser, C. C. (2010).Scholarly leadership of the study of leadership: A review of The Leadership Quarterly’s second decade, 2000- 2009. Leadership Quarterly, 21, 922-958 Garrison, G., Wakefield, R. L., & Kim, S. (2015). The effects of IT capabilities and delivery model on cloud computing success and firm performance for cloud supported processes and operations. International Journal of Information Management, 35(4), 377-393. Gatignon, H., & Xuereb, J. M. (1997). Strategic orientation of the firm and new product performance. Journal of Marketing Research, 77-90. Geisser, S. (1974). A predictive approach to the random effect model. Biometrika, 61, 101-107. Geladi, P., & Kowalski, B. (1986). Partial least-squares regression: A tutorial. Analytica Chimica Acta, 185, 1-17. Gera, S.& Gu, W. (2004). The effect of organizational innovation and information and communication technology on firm performance. International Productivity monitor, Nov. 9, 2004. Retrieved from: http://www.csls.ca/ipm/9/gera_gue.pdf. 17th August, 2015. Getz, G. and Lee, J. (2011). “Why your strategy isn’t working”, Business Strategy Series. Geyery, A. L., & Steyrer, J. M. (1998). Transformational leadership and objective performance in banks. Applied Psychology, 47(3), 397-420. Gibney, J., Copeland, S., & Murie, A. (2009). Toward anew ‘strategic leadership of place for the knowledge-based economy. Leadership, 5(1), 5-23. Giles, W.D. (1991): Making strategy work, in. Long Range Planning, 24, (5) 75-91. Ghobakhloo, M., Hong, T. S., Sabouri, M. S., & Zulkifli, N. (2012). Strategies for successful information technology adoption in small and medium-sized enterprises. Information, 3(1), 36-67. Glantz, J. (2002). Finding your leadership style. A guide for educators. Glazer R. (1991). Marketing in an information-intensive environment: strategic implications of knowledge as an asset. Journal of Marketing, 55, 1–19. Goetsch, D. L., & Davis, S. B. (2014). Quality management for organizational excellence. Pearson. Gökmen, A., & Hamşioğlu, A. B. (2011). Tacit knowledge and its correlation to innovation and performance in obtaining competitive advantage: A study in a business operating in the textile industry. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (7). Retrieved from http://www.kku.edu.tr/akademik/goster.php? sicilno=35-420/9/2016 Gold, A.H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A.H. (2001). Knowledge management: an organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185-214. Granados, A., & Kruse, F. (2011). Implementing changes in the head teacher role: Adaptation of strategic leadership style in inclusive school settings. International Journal of Leadership in Public Services, 7(4), 287-303. Grandy, G. (2013). An exploratory study of strategic leadership in churches. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 34(7), 616-638. Graham, C. R., Woodfield, W., & Harrison, J. B. (2013). A framework for institutional adoption and implementation of blended learning in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 18, 4-14. Grant, R. M. (1996). Toward a knowledge‐based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 109-122. Greenwood, R. & Hinings, C.R. (1996). Understanding radical organisational change: bringing together the old and the new institutionalism. Academy of Management Review, 21: 1022–1054. 18 (1), 185-214. Gronn, P. (2002). Distributed leadership as a unit of analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(4), 423-451. Guimaraes, T., & Bond, W. (1996). Empirically assessing the impact of business process re-engineering on manufacturing firms. International Journal of Operation Production Management, 16(5), 5-28. Gumusluoglu, L., & Ilsev, A. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research, 62(4), 461-473. Guohui, S., & Eppler, M. J. (2016). Making strategy work: A literature review on the factors influencing strategy implementation. Retrieved from: http://www.knowledge- communication.org/pdf/ making-strategy-work.pdf 20/09/2016 Gurbaxani, V., Kraemer, K., & Melville, N. (2004). Information Technology and Organizational Performance: An Integrative Model of IT Business Value. Centre for Research on Information Technology and Organizations. University of California, Irvine. Gurowitz, E. M. (2007). The challenge of strategy implementation. Bespoke Solutions. Gusau, B. U. (2008). Educational reforms in Nigeria: successive years of inconsistencies and confusions. Paper presented at Gusau educational development association (GEDA) interactive session, January 2008. Retrieved on, http://www.gamji.com/article6000/news7831.htm 12/10/2016 Gustafsson, A., & Johnson, M. D. (2004). Determining attribute importance in a service satisfaction model. Journal of Service Research, 7, 2, 124-41. Hackler, D., & Saxton, G. D. (2007). The strategic use of information technology by non-profits organizations: Increasing capacity and untapped potential. Public Administration Review, 67(3), 474-487. Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 414-433. Hair, J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (ed.). Uppersaddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education International. Hair, J.F., Wolfinbarger, M.F., & Ortinall, D.J. (2008). Essential of marketing research. Boston: McGraw. Hill/Irwin. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed, a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 18, 139-152. Hair, J. F., Black, Andersen, R. E., & Tatham, R. L., & Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (ed.). NJ: Pearson Education international, Inc. Hambrick, D. C. (1980). Operationalizing the concept of business-level strategy in research. Academy of Management Review, 5(4), 567-575. Hambrick, D. C. (1983). High profit strategies in mature capital goods industries: A contingency approach. Academy of Management journal, 26(4), 687-707. Hammer, M., & Stanton, S. A. (1995). The reengineering revolution. New York USA: Harper Collins Inc. Handfield, R., Jayaram, J., & Ghosh, S. (1999). An empirical examination of quality tool deployment patterns and their impact on performance. International Journal of Production Research, 37(6), 1403-1426. Harbison, F.H. (1971). The Prime Movers of Innovation in Education and Economic Development C. Anderson et al (Ed) London: Aldine Publication Co Harman, H. H. (1967). Modern factor analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Hartley, J., Sørensen, E., & Torfing, J. (2013). Collaborative innovation: A viable alternative to market competition and organizational entrepreneurship. Public Administration Review, 73(6), 821-830. Haruna, M. (2015). People and Politics. A brief history of Kaduna: the crocodile city. Retrieved from: http://www.gamji.com/haruna/haruna251.htm 20/6/2015 Helm, S., Eggert, A., & Garnefeld, I. (2010). Modeling the impact of corporate reputation on customer satisfaction and loyalty using partial least squares. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares (pp. 515-534): Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Henderson, R., & Cockburn, I. (1994). Measuring competence? Exploring firm effects in pharmaceutical research. Strategic Management Journal, 15(S1), 63-84. Henseler, J., & Fassott, G. (2010). Testing Moderating Effects in PLS Path Models: An Illustration of Available Procedures. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications (pp. 713-735). Berlin et al.: Springer. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least Squares path modeling in international marketing. In R. R. Sinkovics & P. N. Ghauri (Eds.), Advances in International Marketing (Vol. 20, pp. 277-320). Bingley: Emerald. Hesa (2013). Retrieved on 12/5/2015 from: https://www.hesa.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_ content&view=article&id=2663 Higgins, J. M. (2005). The eight ‘S’s of successful strategy execution. Journal of Change Management, 5(1), 3-13. Hitt, M. A., Miller, C. C., & Colella, A. (2006). Organizational behaviour a strategic approach. John Wiley & Sons. Hitt, M. A., Biermant, L., Shimizu, K., & Kochhar, R. (2001). Direct and moderating effects of human capital on strategy and performance in professional service firms: A resource-based perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1), 13-28. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. & Hoskisson, R.E. (2007). Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization, (ed). Ohio: Thomson/South Western. Hitt, L. M. (1999). Information technology and firm boundaries: Evidence from panel data. Information Systems Research, 10(2), 134-149. Hitt, M. A., Haynes, K. T., & Serpa, R. (2010). Strategic leadership for the 21st century. Business Horizons, 53, 437-444. Hogan, S. J., & Coote, L. V. (2014). Organizational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein's model. Journal of Business Research, 67(8), 1609-1621. Holland, D., & Kumar, S. (1995). Getting past the obstacles to successful reengineering. Business Horizons, 38, 79-85. Holmes, P. (1985). Nigeria: giant of Africa. National Oil and Chemical Marketing Co. of Nigeria. Hong, K. K., & Kim, Y. G. (2002). The critical success factors for ERP implementation: An organizational fit perspective. Information & Management, 40, 25–40. Hoskisson, R. E., Hitt, M. A., Wan, W. P., & Yiu, D. (1999). Theory and research in strategic management: Swings of a pendulum. Journal of Management, 25(3), 417-456. House, R. J., Dorfman, P. W., Javidan, M., Hanges, P. J., & de Luque, M. F. S. (2013). Strategic leadership across cultures: GLOBE study of CEO leadership behaviour and effectiveness in 24 countries. Sage Publications. House, R. J. (1998). Appendix: Measures and assessments for the charismatic leadership approach: Scales, latent constructs, loadings, Cronbach alphas, and interclass correlations. Monographs in Organizational Behaviour and Industrial Relations, 24, 23-30. Hrebiniak, L. G. (2006). Obstacles to effective strategy implementation. Organizational Dynamics. 35(1), 12-31. Hrebiniak, L.G. (2005). Making strategy work: Leading effective execution and change. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing. Hrebiniak L, & Joyce W (1984). Implementing strategy. Macmillian. New York. NY Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing. Hrebiniak, L. (2008). Making strategy Work-Overcoming the Obstacles to Effective Execution: Ivey Business Journal Website. Huey, J. (1994). The new post-heroic leadership. Fortune, 21, 42–50. Hughes, R. L., & Beatty, K. C. (2005). Becoming a strategic leader. John Wiley & Sons. Huiban, J. P., & Bouhsina, Z. (1998). Innovation and the quality of labour factor: an empirical investigation in the French food industry. Small Business Economics, 10(4), 389-400. Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 195-204. Hung, K. P., & Chou, C. (2013). The impact of open innovation on firm performance: The moderating effects of internal R&D and environmental turbulence. Technovation, 33(10), 368-380. Hunger, D. J., & Wheelen, T. L. (2008). Concepts in strategic management and business policy. Hurley, R. F. (1994). TQM and marketing: how marketing operates in quality companies. Quality Management Journal, 1(4), 42-51. Hurley, R. F., & Hult, G. T. M. (1998). Innovation, market orientation, and organizational learning: an integration and empirical examination. The Journal of Marketing, 62(3), 42-54. Hurt, H.T., Joseph, K. and Cook, C.D. (1977). Scales for the measurement ofinnovativeness. Human Communication Research, 4 (1), 58-65. Hutzschenreuter, T., Pedersen, T., & Volberda, H. W. (2007). The role of path dependency and managerial intentionality: A perspective on international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(7), 1055- 1068. Iacobucci, D., Saldanha, N., & Deng, X. (2007). Meditation on mediation: Evidence that structural equations models perform better than regressions a meditation on mediation. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17, 2, 140–154. Iansiti, M., & Clark, K. B. (1994). Integration and dynamic capability: evidence from product development in automobiles and mainframe computers. Industrial and corporate change, 3(3), 557-605. Ibidunni, S., Osibanjo, O., Adeniji, A., Salau, O. P., & Falola, H. (2016). Talent retention and organizational performance: A competitive positioning in Nigerian banking sector. Periodica Polytechnica. Social and Management Sciences, 24(1), 1. Ikediugwu N. P. & Chukwumah F. O. (2015). Strategic plan implementation and monitoring in secondary schools in Anambra state. Greener Journal of Educational Research 5 (2), 017-026. Intelligence, B. (2008). Decision Making and Business Intelligence Strategies and Techniques. Retrieved from: http://www.foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-03/IBS-03-p08. pdf 21/09/2016. Ireland, R. D., & Hitt, M. A. (1999). Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st century: The role of strategic leadership. The Academy of Management Executive, 13(1), 43-57. Ireland, R. D., & Hitt, M. A. (2005). Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st century: The role of strategic leadership. Management, 19 (4), 63–77. Ishaya, S., & Abaje, I. B. (2008). Indigenous people's perception on climate change and adaptation strategies in Jema'a local government area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 1(8), 138. Ismail, W.K, Omar, R., & Bidmeshgipour, M. (2010). The relation of strategic human resource practices with firm performance: Considering the mediating role of Resource Based View. Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 1 (3), 395-420. Jaja, M.J. (2013). Higher education in Nigeria: its gain, its burden. Global Journal of Human Social Science Linguistics & Education, 13(14), 21-29.

Effects of strategic leadership, organizational innovativeness, information technology capability on effective strategy implementation

Similar Items