The factors affecting the inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from six among the top ten FDI recipient countries

This study examines the factors affecting the inflows of foreign direct investment in Sub- Saharan Africa: evidence from the six among the top ten FDI recipient countries, namely, Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, and Sudan for the period 1980-2011. The anal...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Suleiman, Usman
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2016
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/7559/1/s818490_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7559/2/s818490_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.7559
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Zainal Abidin, Irwan Shah
topic HB Economic Theory
spellingShingle HB Economic Theory
Suleiman, Usman
The factors affecting the inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from six among the top ten FDI recipient countries
description This study examines the factors affecting the inflows of foreign direct investment in Sub- Saharan Africa: evidence from the six among the top ten FDI recipient countries, namely, Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, and Sudan for the period 1980-2011. The analysis of the study employed secondary data obtained from the World Bank African Development Indicator, United Nation Conference on Trade, and Development. The study used Dunning’s (1977) eclectic paradigm, the panel cointegration approach and granger causality test for the empirical estimations. The empirical results show that trade openness, infrastructural facilities, human capital development, exchange rate and market size are the important determinants of inflows of FDI to the individual country while trade openness, infrastructural facilities and market size are the important determinants of inflows of FDI to them as a group. The findings of this study suggest that the policy makers and other stakeholders should encourage the nonmarket seeking FDIs and facilitate the ease of doing business in the region through addressing trade barriers and provision of incentives to the investors.
format Thesis
qualification_name masters
qualification_level Master's degree
author Suleiman, Usman
author_facet Suleiman, Usman
author_sort Suleiman, Usman
title The factors affecting the inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from six among the top ten FDI recipient countries
title_short The factors affecting the inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from six among the top ten FDI recipient countries
title_full The factors affecting the inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from six among the top ten FDI recipient countries
title_fullStr The factors affecting the inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from six among the top ten FDI recipient countries
title_full_unstemmed The factors affecting the inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from six among the top ten FDI recipient countries
title_sort factors affecting the inflows of foreign direct investment (fdi) in sub-saharan africa: evidence from six among the top ten fdi recipient countries
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Economics, Finance & Banking
publishDate 2016
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/7559/1/s818490_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7559/2/s818490_02.pdf
_version_ 1776103692205817856
spelling my-uum-etd.75592023-03-09T03:06:08Z The factors affecting the inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from six among the top ten FDI recipient countries 2016 Suleiman, Usman Zainal Abidin, Irwan Shah School of Economics, Finance & Banking School of Economics, Finance & Banking HB Economic Theory This study examines the factors affecting the inflows of foreign direct investment in Sub- Saharan Africa: evidence from the six among the top ten FDI recipient countries, namely, Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, and Sudan for the period 1980-2011. The analysis of the study employed secondary data obtained from the World Bank African Development Indicator, United Nation Conference on Trade, and Development. The study used Dunning’s (1977) eclectic paradigm, the panel cointegration approach and granger causality test for the empirical estimations. The empirical results show that trade openness, infrastructural facilities, human capital development, exchange rate and market size are the important determinants of inflows of FDI to the individual country while trade openness, infrastructural facilities and market size are the important determinants of inflows of FDI to them as a group. The findings of this study suggest that the policy makers and other stakeholders should encourage the nonmarket seeking FDIs and facilitate the ease of doing business in the region through addressing trade barriers and provision of incentives to the investors. 2016 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7559/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7559/1/s818490_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7559/2/s818490_02.pdf text eng public masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation: Reply. The American Economic Review, 102(6), 3077-3110. Agrawal, G. & Khan, M. A. (2011). Impact of FDI on GDP: A comparative study of China and India. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(10), 71–79. Ajayi, S. Ibi. (2006). The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: A Survey of the Evidence. Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Origins, Targets, Impact, and Potential, Edited by Ajayi, S. Ibi. African Economic Research Consortium: Nairobi. Akpan, U. S., Isihak, S. R., & Asongu, S. A. (2014). Determinants of foreign direct investment in fast-growing economies: a study of BRICS and MINT. African Governance and Development Institute WP/14/002. Al Nasser, O. M., & Gomez, X. G. (2009). Do well-functioning financial systems affect the FDI flows to Latin America. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 29, 60-75. Aleksandra, Riedl (2010), Location factors of FDI and the growing services economy, The Economics of Transition, 18(4), 741-761 Alemu, A. M. (2012). Effects of corruption on FDI inflow in Asian economies. Seoul Journal of Economics, 25(4), 387–412. Alemu, A. M. (2013). The effect of corruption on FDI inflow: Empirical evidence from Asian economies. Global Conference on Business and Finance Proceedings, 8(1), 280–289. Ali, H., Chaudhri, S. I., Ali, H., Tasneem, A., & Ali, H. (2013). Human Capital as Determinant of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 17(7), 877-884. Al-Sadiq, A. (2009). The effects of corruption on FDI Inflows. Cato Journal, 29(2), 267 –294. Amoro, G., Mingaine, L., & Shen, Y. (2013). Effects of Chinese Investment (FDI) and Service Trade on Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) Economic growth. Editorial Board, Anyanwu, J. C. (2006). Promoting of investment in Africa. African Development Review, 18(4), 42–72. Anyanwu, J. C. (2011). Determinants of foreign direct investment inflows to Africa, 1980-2007. African Development Bank Group. Anyanwu, J. C., & Yameogo, N. D. (2015). What Drives Foreign Direct Investments into West Africa? An Empirical Investigation. African Development Review, 27(3), 199-215. Asiedu, E. (2002). On the determinants of foreign direct investment to developing countries: is Africa different? World development, 30(1), 107-119. Asiedu, E. (2006). Foreign direct investment in Africa: The role of natural resources, market size, government policy, institutions, and political instability. The World Economy, 29(1), 63-77. Azam M, Lukman L (2010) Determinants of foreign direct investment in India, Indonesia, and Pakistan: a quantitative approach. J Manag Sci 4(1): 31–43 Babatunde, A. (2011). Trade openness, infrastructure, FDI and growth in sub-Saharan African countries. Journal of management policy and practice,12(7), 27. Bailey, D., & Driffield, N. (2002). Hymer and uneven development revisited: foreign direct investment and regional inequalities. Contributions to Political Economy, 21(1), 55-68. Bain, J. S., (1956), Barriers to New Competition, their character, and consequences in manufacturing industries (No. HB771 B23). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Barro, R. J., Mankiw, N. G., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). Capital mobility in neoclassical models of growth (No. w4206). National Bureau of Economic Research. Basu B, Yao J (2009) Foreign direct investment and skill formation in China. Int Econ J 23(2): 163–179 Baxamusa, M., & Jalal, A. (2014). The effects of corruption on capital structure: When does it matter? The Journal of Developing Areas, 48(1), 315–335 Bellos S.K., (2010). Institutional, economic, and regional determinants of foreign direct investments in the Balkan, Central European and ex-Soviet transition economies Unpublished manuscript, University of Bath. Bellos, S., & Subasat, T. (2011). Corruption and foreign direct investment: A panel gravity model approach. Bulletin of Economic Research, 64(4), 565–575. Bellos, S., & Subasat, T. (2012). Governance and foreign direct investment: a panel gravity model approach. International Review of Applied Economics, 26(3), 303–328. Biglaiser, G., & DeRouen, K. (2006). Economic reforms and inflows of foreign direct investment in LatinAmerica. Latin American Research Review, 41(1), 51–75. Blonigen, B. A., & Piger, J. (2014). Determinants of foreign direct investment. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, 47(3), 775-812. Bloningen, B. A. (2005). A review of the empirical literature on FDI determinants. NBER working papers Brahmasrene, T., & Jiranyakul, K. (2001). Foreign Direct Investment in Thailand, What Factors Matter. Proceedings of the Academy for International Business, 1(2), 13. Buckley, P., & Casson, M. (1976). The Future of the Multinational Enterprise. London: Homes & Meier. Canning, D., & Bennathan, E. (2000, November 30). The social rate of return on infrastructure investments. Working Paper Series, No 2930, World Bank Washington DC. The World Bank. Chakrabarti, A. (2001). The determinants of foreign direct investment: Sensitivity analyses of cross-country regressions. KYKLOS, 54, 89–112. Christopoulos, D. K., & Tsionas, E. G. (2004). Financial development and economic growth: evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests. Journal of development Economics, 73(1), 55-74. Collier, P. & Hoeffler, A (2004), “Conflicts Chapter 3, Global Crises: Global Solutions” (Cambridge University Press) Cuadros, A., Orts, V., & Alguacil, M. T. (2001). Re-examining the export-led growth hypothesis in Latin America: Foreign direct investment, trade, and output linkages in developing countries. European Trades Study Group. University of Nottingham, [Online] Available: http://www.ets.org/ETS2000/Papers/Cuadros.pdf. DE Mello, L. R. (1997). Foreign direct investment in developing countries and growth: a selective survey. Journal of Development Studies, 34(1), 1–34. Demirhan, E., & Masca, M. (2008). Determinants of foreign direct investment flows to developing countries: a cross-sectional analysis. Prague Economic Papers, 4, Dhingra, N and Sidhu, H.S (2011), Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to India, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 25 (1). Dinda, S. (2014). Natural Resources Determining FDI in Nigeria: An Empirical Investigation. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 3(1), 75. Dreher, A., & Gassebner, M. (2011). Greasing the wheels? The impact of regulations and corruption on firm entry. Public Choice, 155(3-4), 413–432. Dunning, J. H. (1977). Trade, location of economic activity and the MNE: A search for an eclectic approach. In The international allocation of economic activity (pp. 395-418). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Dunning, J. H. (1981), International Production and the Multinational Enterprise: market failure and market power considerations. Share Management Review, vol.22, no. 3. Dunning, J. H. (1993). Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Wokingham: Addison-Wesley. Dunning, J. H. (1998). Location and the multinational enterprise: a neglected factor? Journal of international business studies, 29(1), 45-66. Dunning, J. H. (2000). The eclectic paradigm as an envelope for economic and business theories of MNE activity. International business review, 9(2), 163-190. Dunning, J. H. (2001). The eclectic (OLI) paradigm of international production: past, present and future. International journal of the economics of business, 8(2), 173-190. Dupasquier, C., & Osakwe, P. N. (2005). Foreign direct investment in Africa:Performance, challenges, and responsibilities. Journal of Asian Economics, 17(2),241-260. Easterly, W., & Levine, R. (1997). Africa's growth tragedy: policies and ethnic divisions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1203-1250. Economy, 29(1), 63-77. Eiteman, D. K., Stinehill, A. I., & Moffett, M. H. (2007). Multinational Business Finance (11th ed.). Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley. enterprise. Review of International Economics, 10(4), 694–707.Factor?”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 45-66. for An Eclectic Approach”, in B. Ohlin, P. Hesselborn and M. Wijkman, (editors), Erdal, F., & Tatoglu, E. (2002). Locational determinants of foreign direct investment in an emerging market economy: evidence from Tukey. Multinational business review, 10, 21-27. Feenstra, R. C., & Hanson, G. H. (1997). Foreign direct investment and relative wages: Evidence from Mexico's maquiladoras. Journal of international economics, 42(3), 371-393. Fischer, S. (2003). Globalization and its challenges. The American Economic Review, 93(2), 1-30. Freckleton, M., Wright, A., & Craigwell, R. (2013). Economic growth, foreign direct investment and corruption in developed and developing countries. Journal of Economic Studies, 39(6), 639–652 Gebrehiwot, A. (2016). The impact of exchange rate volatility on export and FDI inflows: The case of Ethiopia (Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University). Goldberg, L. S., & Klein, M. W. (1998). Foreign direct investment, trade and real exchange rate linkages in Southeast Asia and Latin America. In R. Glick (Ed.), Managing capital flows and exchange rates: Perspectives from the pacific basin (pp. 73–100). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Goodspeed, T., Martinez-Vazquez, J., & Zhang, L. (2006). Are other government policies more important than taxation in attracting FDI? Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Research Paper, (06-28). Groh, A. P., & Wich, M. (2012). Emerging economies' attraction of foreign direct investment. Emerging Markets Review, 13(2), 210-229. Grosse, R., & Trevino, L. J. (1996). Foreign direct investment in the United States: An analysis by countryof origin. Journal of International Business Studies, 27(1), 139–155. Grubaugh, S. G. (2013). Determinants of Inward Foreign Direct Investment: A Dynamic Panel Study. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(12), 104. Habib, M., & Zurawicki, L. (2002). Corruption and foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 291–307. Hassan, S., Abu Bakar, N & Abdullah, H. (2014). Analysis of FDI Inflows into China from ASEAN-5 Countries: A Panel Cointegration Approach. Journal of Economic Cooperation & Development, 35(3), 1. Hassen, S. & Anis, O. (2012). Foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth: An approach in terms of cointegration for the case of Tunisia. Journal of Applied Finance and Banking, 2(4), 193–207. Hennart, J. (1982). A theory of multinational enterprise. University of Michigan press. Henry, M., Kneller, R., & Milner, C. (2009). Trade, technology transfer and national efficiency in developing countries. European Economic Review,53(2), 237-254. Hill CWL. (2011) International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Ho CH (2004) Determinants of foreign direct investment in China: a sectoral analysis. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Association for Chinese Economics Studies, School of Economics and Commerce, University of Western Australia, Australia. Hossain, T., Peters, S., & Keep, W. (2012). Corruption and foreign direct investment: The moderating effect of bilateral tax treaties. IJBIT, 4(3), 40–49. http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/ tableView.aspx Hymer, S. H. (1976), The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of direct foreign investment (vol. 14, pp. 139-155). Cambridge, MA: MIT press. Jadhav, P. (2012). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investments in BRICS Economies: Analysis of Economic, Institutional and Political Factors. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 37, 5-14. Jadhav, P., & Katti, V. (2012). Institutional and Political Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from BRICS Economies. Poverty & Public Policy, 4 (3), 49-57. Journal of Developing Societies, 20(1-2), 89-106.Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 341-363. Jakobsen, T. G., De Soysa, I., & Jakobsen, J. (2013). Why do poor countries suffer costly conflict? Unpacking per capita income and the onset of civil war. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 30(2), 140-160. Jeon, B. N., & Rhee, S. S. (2008). The Determinants of Korea’s Foreign Direct Investment from the United States, 1980–2001: An Empirical Investigation of Firm‐level Data. Contemporary Economic Policy, 26(1), 118-131. Kandiero, T., Chitiga, M., Mabugu, M., & Chitiga-Mabugu, M. (2006). Trade openness and foreign direct investment in Africa. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 9(3), 355-370. Kar, S. (2013). Exploring the causal link between FDI and human capital development in India. Decision, 40(1-2), 3-13. Karimi, M. S., Yusop, Z., Hook, L. S., & Chin, L. (2013). Effect of human capital on foreign direct investment inflows. Journal of Economic Research, 18(1), 79-101 Kaur, M., Yadav, S. S., & Gautam, V. (2013). Financial system development and foreign direct investment: A panel data study for BRIC countries. Global Business Review, 14(4), 729-742. Kheng, V., Sun, S., & Anwar, S. (2016). Foreign direct investment and human capital in developing countries: a panel data approach. Economic Change and Restructuring, 1-25. Kim J, Park J (2013) Foreign direct investment and country-specific human capital. Econ Inq 51(1):198–210 Kinda, T. (2010). Investment climate and FDI in developing countries: firm-level evidence. World development, 38(4), 498-513. Kindlerberger, C. (1969). American Business Abroad: Six Lectures on Direct Investment. New Haven: Yale University Press. Kok, R., & Acikgoz Ersoy, B. (2009). Analyses of FDI determinants in developing countries. International Journal of Social Economics, 36(1/2), 105-123. Kosteletou, L., & Liargovas, P. (2000). Foreign direct investment and real exchange rate interlinkages. Open Economies Review, 11(2), 135–148. Kumar, N. (2002). Globalization and the quality of foreign direct investment. Oxford: Oxford Press. Kyereboah-Coleman, A., & Agyire-Tettey, K. F. (2008). Effect of exchange-rate volatility on foreign direct investment in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Ghana. The Journal of Risk Finance, 9(1), 52-70. Kyereboah-Coleman, A., & Agyire-Tettey, K. F. (2008). Effect of exchange-rate volatility on foreign direct investment in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Ghana. The Journal of Risk Finance, 9(1), 52-70. Leibrecht, M. and Riedl, A. (2010), Taxes and infrastructure as determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Central and Eastern European Countries revisited: New evidence from a spatially augmented gravity model, Discussion Papers No 42, SFB International Tax Coordination, University of Economics and Business, Vienna. Leitao, N. C. (2010). Foreign Direct Investment: The Canadian experience. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(4): 82-88. Liargovas, P. G., & Skandalis, K. S. (2012). Foreign direct investment and trade openness: The case of developing economies. Social indicators research, 106(2), 323-331. Lipsey, R. E. (2000). Inward FDI and economic growth in developing countries. Transnational Corporations, 9(1), 67-96. London: George Allen and Unwin. Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D. & Weil, D. N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407–437 Markusen, J. R., & Maskus, K. E. (2002). Discriminating among alternative theories of the multinational enterprise. Review of international economics,10(4), 694-707. Mathur, A., & Singh, K. (2013). Foreign direct investment, corruption, and democracy. Applied Economics, 45(12), 991 – 1002. Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(3), 681–712. Michałowski, T. (2012). Foreign direct investment in Sub-Saharan Africa and its effects on economic growth of the region. Prace i Materiały Instytutu Handlu Zagranicznego Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, (31, [1]), 687-701. Mina, W. (2007). The location determinants of FDI in the GCC countries. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 17(4), 336-348. Naudé, W. A., & Krugell, W. F. (2007). Investigating geography and institutions as determinants of foreign direct investment in Africa using panel data. Applied economics, 39(10), 1223-1233. Ng’ang’a, P. K. (2005). Determinants and effects of foreign direct investment in developing countries: Theoretical and empirical analysis. Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation. Noorbakhsh F, Paloni A, Youssef A (2001) Human capital and FDI inflows to developing countries: new empirical evidence. World Dev 29(9): 1593–1610 Nosseyamba Benjamin, O. (2012). Foreign direct investment in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Economic and Sustainable Development, 1(1), 49-66. Okurut, F. N., Narayana, N., & Chidozie, N. (2012). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Economic Community of West African States. International Journal of Economics & Business Studies,2(1). Olatunji, L. A. (2015). Essays on foreign direct investment institutions output efficiency and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa countries (SSA)(Doctoral dissertation, Middlesex University). Onyeiwu, S., & Shrestha, H. (2004). Determinants of foreign direct investment in Africa. Panel Study. International Journal of Economics & Finance, 5(12). Pahlavani, M., Wilson, E., & Worthington, A. C. (2005). Trade-GDP nexus in Iran: An application of the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. Pasaran, M. H., Im, K. S., & Shin, Y. (1995). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels (No. 9526). Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge. Paul, R. K., & Maurice, O. (2015). International economics-theory and policy. Tenth Edition, PearsonVol.011, No.2 pp 194-200. Pedroni, P. (1996). Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels and the case of purchasing power parity. Documento de Trabalho. Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics,61(s 1), 653-670. Pedroni, P. (2000). Fully Modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated and dynamic panels.Advances in Econometris. 15, 93 – 130. Pedroni, P. (2001). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels. Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(4), 727-731. Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econometric theory, 20(03), 597-625. Phillips, P. C., & Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I (1) processes. The Review of Economic Studies,57(1), 99-125. Porters, S. P. and L. S. V. (2010). Corruption and foreign direct investment. Franklin Business & Law Journal, (4), 92 – 97. Porters, S. P. and L. S. V. (2010). Corruption and foreign direct investment. Franklin Business & Law Journal, (4), 92 – 97. Quazi, R. (2007). Economic freedom and foreign direct investment in East Asia. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 12(3), 329–344. Quazi, R. M. (2014). Effects of corruption and regulatory environment on foreign direct investment: A Case of Africa. Global Journal of Business Research, 8(4), 51–61. Quazi, R., Vemuri, V., & Soliman, M. (2014). Impact of corruption on foreign direct investment in africa. International Business Research, 7(4), 1–10. Raff, H. (2004). Preferential trade agreements and tax competition for foreign direct investment. Journal of Public Economics, 88(12), 2745–2763. Rogmans, T., & Ebbers, H. (2013). The determinants of foreign direct investment in the Middle East North Africa region. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 8(3), 240-257. Sachs, J. D., & Warner, A. M. (1997). Sources of slow growth in African economies. Journal of African economies, 6(3), 335-376. Sala-i-Martin, X., & Pinkovskiy, M. (2010). African poverty is falling... much faster than you think! (No. w15775). National Bureau of Economic Research. Sawkut, R., Boopen, S., Taruna, R. S., & Vinesh, S. (2007). Determinants of FDI: lessons from African economies Seim, T. (2009). FDI and openness: Differences in response across countries line, Chr. Michelsen Institute. http://www.nek.lu.se/ryde/NordicEcont09/Papers/ seim.pdf. Accessed 2 March 2010. Seyoum, M., Wu, R., & Lin, J. (2014). Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness in Sub‐Saharan Economies: A Panel Data Granger Causality Analysis. South African Journal of Economics, 82(3), 402-421. Shahmoradi, B., & Baghbanyan, M. (2011). Determinants of foreign direct investment in developing countries: A panel data analysis. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 1(2), 49. Shapiro, C. A. (2006). Multinational Financial Management (8th ed.). United States of America: Jonh Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sichei, M. M., & Kinyondo, G. (2012). Determinants of foreign direct investment in Africa: A panel data analysis. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 12(18), 85 – 97. Stensnes, K. (2006). Trade Openness and Economic Growth. Do Institutions Matter? Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Paper, (702). Subasat, T., & Bellos, S. (2013). corruption and foreign direct investment in Latin America: A panel gravity model approach. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 3(4), 151–156. Sukar, A., Ahmed, S., & Hassan, S. (2007). The effects of foreign direct investment on economic growth: The case of Sub-Sahara Africa. Southwestern Economic Review, 34(1). Tanzi, V. (1998). Corruption Around the World. Retrieved from http://www.iucedu.eu/group/sem1_L2/BFC/ reading/tanzi.pdf. IMF Staff Paper, 45(4), 559–594. Tolentino, P.E., 2010. Home country macroeconomic factors and outward FDI of China and India. J. Int. Manag. 16, 102–120 Trevino, L. J., Daniels, J. D., Arbelaez, H., & Upadhyaya, K. P. (2002). Market reform and foreign directinvestment in Latin America: Evidence from an error correction model. International Trade Journal,16(4), 367–392. UNCTAD (2005) Investment. Report. United Nations. New York and Geneva, 2005. 2005 Transnational Corporations and the Internationalization of R&D. STATISTICAL. ANNEX. UNCTAD (2010a), World Investment Report 2010-Investing in a Low-Carbon Economy, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: Geneva UNCTAD (2010b), Regional Trends: Africa, World Investment Report 2010-investing in a Low-Carbon Economy, United Nations Conference on Trade, and Development: Geneva UNCTAD, (2014). World Investment Report 2014: a Big Push for Private Investment in Sustainable Development. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, New York and Geneva, p. 35 UNCTAD, G. (2012). World investment report: Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies. Unite Nations. New York and Geneva. UNCTAD, G. (2012). World investment report: Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies. Unite Nations. New York and Geneva. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2006). World investment report 2006: FDI from developing and transition economies: implications for development. UN.356-369. Vernon, R. (1966). International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80, 190-207. Vijayakumar, N., Sridharan, P., & Rao, K. C. (2010). Determinants of FDI in BRICS Countries: A panel analysis. Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 5 (3), 1-13. Wei, S.-J. (2000). How taxing is corruption on international investors? Review of Economics and Statistics, 82(1), 1 – 11. Yaoxing, Y. (2010). The relationship between foreign direct investment, trade openness and growth in Cote d'Ivoire. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(7), 99. Yong, T. A., & Tuck, C. T. (2009). The Determinants of Inward Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Malaysia. Monash University Business and Economics Discussion paper, 22(09). Zaheer, S. (1995). Overcoming the liability of foreignness. Academy of Management journal, 38(2), 341-363.