A moderating role of board characteristics on the effect of antecedents on the stage of enterprise risk management implementation

Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) has become an important issue of increasing attention among the business community throughout the world. However, the concept is still relatively new among Nigerian companies and little is known about why many organizations are not fully implementing it. The main ob...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Dabari, Ishaya John
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2016
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/7741/1/s94951_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7741/2/s94951_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.7741
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Saidin, Siti Zabedah
topic HD61 Risk Management
spellingShingle HD61 Risk Management
Dabari, Ishaya John
A moderating role of board characteristics on the effect of antecedents on the stage of enterprise risk management implementation
description Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) has become an important issue of increasing attention among the business community throughout the world. However, the concept is still relatively new among Nigerian companies and little is known about why many organizations are not fully implementing it. The main objective of this study is to examine the current state of ERM practices and the stage of its implementation in the Nigerian banking sector. The study further examined the effect of the antecedents on the stage of ERM implementation, and evaluated the moderating effect of board characteristics on the relationship between antecedents and the stage of ERM implementation. The study used a survey approach to collect cross-sectional data across 361branches and the headquarters of the 21 Nigerian commercial banks using 722 respondents. The response rate is 60 percent. Logistic Regression Model was used for data analysis. The finding revealed that there is an ERM complete in place in majority of the banks. Furthermore, the finding showed that internal audit effectiveness, human resource competency and top management commitment effect significant influence on the stage of ERM implementation while regulatory influence had partial effect. Likewise, there is a moderating effect of board characteristics on internal audit effectiveness and the stage of ERM implementation. The finding has a policy implication for the Board of Directors to improve their oversight functions and the regulatory authorities to entrench risk based supervision in all the Nigerian banks. Nevertheless, the study has limitation in terms of power of prediction with respect to measurement scale of the dependent variable and the respondents. Future research is therefore needed to evaluate the effectiveness of ERM process using a more robust scale and top management as respondents. Therefore, a clarion call is made to introduce an ERM practices across all the Nigerian companies irrespective of their status.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Dabari, Ishaya John
author_facet Dabari, Ishaya John
author_sort Dabari, Ishaya John
title A moderating role of board characteristics on the effect of antecedents on the stage of enterprise risk management implementation
title_short A moderating role of board characteristics on the effect of antecedents on the stage of enterprise risk management implementation
title_full A moderating role of board characteristics on the effect of antecedents on the stage of enterprise risk management implementation
title_fullStr A moderating role of board characteristics on the effect of antecedents on the stage of enterprise risk management implementation
title_full_unstemmed A moderating role of board characteristics on the effect of antecedents on the stage of enterprise risk management implementation
title_sort moderating role of board characteristics on the effect of antecedents on the stage of enterprise risk management implementation
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy (TISSA)
publishDate 2016
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/7741/1/s94951_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7741/2/s94951_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828257763360768
spelling my-uum-etd.77412021-04-05T02:10:29Z A moderating role of board characteristics on the effect of antecedents on the stage of enterprise risk management implementation 2016 Dabari, Ishaya John Saidin, Siti Zabedah Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy (TISSA) Tunku Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy (TISSA) HD61 Risk Management Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) has become an important issue of increasing attention among the business community throughout the world. However, the concept is still relatively new among Nigerian companies and little is known about why many organizations are not fully implementing it. The main objective of this study is to examine the current state of ERM practices and the stage of its implementation in the Nigerian banking sector. The study further examined the effect of the antecedents on the stage of ERM implementation, and evaluated the moderating effect of board characteristics on the relationship between antecedents and the stage of ERM implementation. The study used a survey approach to collect cross-sectional data across 361branches and the headquarters of the 21 Nigerian commercial banks using 722 respondents. The response rate is 60 percent. Logistic Regression Model was used for data analysis. The finding revealed that there is an ERM complete in place in majority of the banks. Furthermore, the finding showed that internal audit effectiveness, human resource competency and top management commitment effect significant influence on the stage of ERM implementation while regulatory influence had partial effect. Likewise, there is a moderating effect of board characteristics on internal audit effectiveness and the stage of ERM implementation. The finding has a policy implication for the Board of Directors to improve their oversight functions and the regulatory authorities to entrench risk based supervision in all the Nigerian banks. Nevertheless, the study has limitation in terms of power of prediction with respect to measurement scale of the dependent variable and the respondents. Future research is therefore needed to evaluate the effectiveness of ERM process using a more robust scale and top management as respondents. Therefore, a clarion call is made to introduce an ERM practices across all the Nigerian companies irrespective of their status. 2016 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7741/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7741/1/s94951_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7741/2/s94951_02.pdf text eng public https://sierra.uum.edu.my/record=b1698800~S1 Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdi, H. (2003). Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS-regression). Encyclopaedia for Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Abdullah, N. S., Sadiq, S., & Indulska, M. (2012, January). A compliance management ontology: Developing shared understanding through models.InAdvanced Information Systems Engineering (pp. 429-444). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Abdullah, N. A. M., Zakuan, N., Khayon, M., Ariff, M. S. M., Bazin, N. E. N., & Saman, M. Z. M. (2012). Adoption of enterprise risk management practices in organization: a review. International Journal of Business Information Technology,2(1), 1-9. Abdullatif, M., & Kawuq, S. (2015). The role of internal auditing in risk management: evidence from banks in Jordan. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 31(1), 30-50. Adams, M. B. (1994). Agency theory and the internal audit. Managerial Auditing Journal, 9(8), 8-12. Adams, R. B., & Ferreira, D. (2009). Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 94(2), 291-309. Adams, R. B., & Mehran, H. (2003). Is corporate governance different for bank holding companies?Available at SSRN 387561. Retrieved May 5, 2014. Adams, R. B., & Mehran, H. (2008). Corporate performance, board structure, and their determinants in the banking industry (No. 330). Staff Report, Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Adegbite, E. (2012). Corporate governance regulation in Nigeria. Corporate Governance, 12(2), 257-276. Adekun, A.O, Ishola, R. A., & Felix, A. A (2011). The challenge of risk management in Nigerian banks in the post consolidation era. Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 3 (2), 2141 – 6664. Adeleye, B. C., Annansingh, F., & Nunes, M. B. (2004). Risk management practices in IS outsourcing: An investigation into commercial banks in Nigeria. International Journal of Information Management, 24(2), 167-180. Adeusi, S. O., Akeke, N. I., Adebisi, O. S., & Oladunjoye, O. (2014). Risk management and financial performance of banks in Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(31), 336-342. Aebi, V., Sabato, G., & Schmid, M. (2012). Risk management, corporate governance, and bank performance in the financial crisis. Journal of Banking & Finance, 36(12), 3213-3226. Agrawal, A., & Knoeber, C. R. (1996). Firm performance and mechanisms to control agency problems between managers and shareholders. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 31(03), 377-397. Agresti, A. (2002). Categorical Data Analysis (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons. Aguilera, R. V., & Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2009). Codes of good governance. Corporate Governance and International Review, 17(3), 376-387. Ahmad, F. (2014). The quest for identity. Turkey.Oneworld Publications. Ajibo, K. I. (2015). Risk-based regulation: the future of Nigerian banking industry. International Journal of Law and Management, 57(3), 201-216. Akanle, O., Adebayo, K., & Adetayo, O. (2014). Fuel subsidy in Nigeria: contexts of governance and social protest. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 34(1/2), 88-106. Akinbuli, S. F., & Kelilume, I. (2013). The effects of mergers and acquisition on corporate growth and profitability: evidence from Nigeria. Global Journal of Business Research, 7(1), 43-58. Akpan, E. O., & Amran, N. A. (2014). Board characteristics and company performance: Evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2(3), 81-89. Allen, D. E. (2000). Spare debt capacity: Company practices in Australia, Britain and Japan. Australian Journal of Management, 25(3), 299-326. Alford, D. (2012). Reform of the Nigerian banking system–assessment of the Asset management corporation of Nigeria (AMCON) and recent developments. Available atSSRN 2006057.Retrieved October 12, 2015. Al-Janadi, Y., Rahman, R. A., & Omar, N. H. (2013). Corporate governance mechanisms and voluntary disclosure in Saudi Arabia. Corporate Governance, 4(4), 25-35. Al-khateeb, B. A. A., & Dahalin, Z. B. M. (2013). Information source, information channels and information choice: the mediating effect of personal characteristics. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computing and Informatics, ICOCI 2013: (http://www.uum.edu.my) Al-Matari, E. M., Al-Swidi, A. K., Fadzil, F. H., & Al-Matari, Y. A. (2012). The impact of board characteristics on firm performance: Evidence from nonfinancial listed companies in Kuwaiti Stock Exchange. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 2(2), 310-332. Altuntas, M., Berry-Stölzle, T. R., & Hoyt, R. E. (2011). Implementation of enterprise risk management: Evidence from the German property-liability insurance industry. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice, 36(3), 414-439. AMB country risk report (2014), Nigeria.(country.risk@ambest.com). Amihud, Y.& Lev, B. (1981). Risk reduction as a managerial motive for conglomerate mergers. The Bell Journal of Economics, 12(2), 605-617. Al-Twaijry, A. A., Brierley, J. A., & Gwilliam, D. R. (2004). An examination of the relationship between internal and external audit in the Saudi Arabian corporate sector. Managerial Auditing Journal, 19(7), 929-944. Anderson, R. C., Mansi, S. A., & Reeb, D. M. (2004). Board characteristics, accounting report integrity, and the cost of debt. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 37(3), 315-342. Andrea, J.S. (2010) “Fraud, risk management in the banking industry”.http://www.srr.com/article/fraud-risk-management-banking-industry. Andrew K, Til -Schuermann & Scott M. W., (2003).Risk measurement, risk management and capital adequacy in financial conglomerates. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Financial Services, Washington, D.C, USA. Anguka, W. O. (2012). The influence of financial risk management on the financial performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). University of Nairobi, Kenya. Arena, M., & Azzone, G. (2009). Identifying organizational drivers of internal audit effectiveness. International Journal of Auditing, 13(1), 43-60. Arena, M., Arnaboldi, M., & Azzone, G. (2010). The organizational dynamics of enterprise risk management. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35(7), 659-675. Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(4), 396-402. Arnold, V., Benford, T., Canada, J., & Sutton, S. G. (2011). The role of strategic enterprise risk management and organizational flexibility in easing new regulatory compliance. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,12(3), 171-188. Arora, A. (2013). Ownership effects on credit risk management strategic decisions: Evidence from Indian banking sector. IUP Journal of Financial Risk Management, 10(3), 45-63. Arun, T. G., & Turner, J. D. (2002). Corporate governance of banking institutions in developing economies: the Indian experience. In conference on ‘Finance and Development’organized by IDPM, The University of Manchester, USA. AS/NZS4360: 1999 Risk management. NSW 2140, Australia, and Standards New Zealand, Wellington, 6001, New Zealand. AS/NZS 4360:2004 Risk management Australian and Standards New Zealand, Wellington, 6001, New Zealand. Aswadi Abdul Wahab, E., Mat Zain, M., & James, K. (2011). Political connections, corporate governance and audit fees in Malaysia. Managerial Auditing Journal, 26(5), 393-418. Babbie, E. R. (1990). Survey Research Methods: Belmont, California, Wadsworth Publication Company. Babbie E., Halley F., & Zaino J. (2003). Adventures in social research. Data analysis using SPSS 11.0/11.5 for windows, (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication. Badara, M. A. S., & Saidin, S. Z. (2012). Impact of the effective internal control system on the internal audit effectiveness at local government level. Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 4(1), 16-23. Badara, M. A. S., & Saidin, S. Z. (2013). The relationship between audit experience and internal audit effectiveness in the public sector organizations. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(3), 329-339. Badara, M. A. S., & Saidin, S. Z. (2014). Empirical evidence of antecedents of internal audit effectiveness from Nigerian perspective. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 19(4), 460-469. Badara M. A. S., &Saidin, S. Z. (2014). Internal audit effectiveness: Data screening and preliminary analysis. Asian Social Science, 10(10), 76-83. Baker, H. K., & Anderson, R. (Eds.). (2010). Corporate governance: A synthesis of theory, research, and practice: John Wiley & Sons. Balin, B. J. (2008). Basel I, Basel II, and emerging markets: A nontechnical analysis. The John Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, USA. Bambale, A. J. A., Shamsudin, F. M., & Subramanian, C. (2013). The construct validity of servant leadership in Nigerian public utility organizations. International Journal of Global Business, 6(2), 16-35. Banham, R. (2004). Enterprising views of risk management. Journal of Accountancy, 197(6), 65-71. Banks and Other Financial Institutions Act 1991 (As Amended In 1997, 1998, 1999 And 2002). Nigeria. Bank for International Settlements (2003), Risk management principles for electronic Banking. Bank for International Settlements, Basel. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. Barnhart, S. W., Marr, M. W., & Rosenstein, S. (1994). Firm performance and board composition: Some new evidence. Managerial and Decision Economics, 15(4), 329-340. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2003), Sound practices for the management and supervision of operational risk, Bank for International Settlements, Basel. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2003), Trends in risk integration and aggregation?, Bank for International Settlements, Basel. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2006), Corporate governance for banking organizations (Enhancing corporate governance for banking organizations), Bank for International Settlements, Basel. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2008), Principles for sound liquidity risk management and supervision?, Bank for International Settlements. Beasley, M. S. (1996). An empirical analysis of the relation between the board of director composition and financial statement fraud. Accounting Review, 71(4), 443-465. Beasley, M. S., Clune. R., & Hermanson, D. (2006). The impact of enterprise risk management on the internal audit function. DigitalCommons@ Kennesaw State University, USA. Beasley, M. S., Clune, R., & Hermanson, D. R. (2005). Enterprise risk management: An empirical analysis of factors associated with the extent of implementation. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 24(6), 521-531. Beasley, M., Branson, B., & Hancock, B. (2009). Report on the current state of enterprise risk oversight. Raleigh, NC: ERM Initiative at North Carolina State University. www.erm.ncsu.edu, Retrieved August, 2014. Beasley, M., Branson, B., & Hancock, B. (2010). Report on the current state of enterprise risk oversight. The ERM Initiative at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.www.erm.ncsu.edu, Retrieved August, 2014. Beasley, M., Branson, B., & Hancock, B. (2015)Report on the current state of enterprise risk oversight:Update on trends and opportunities. 6th Edition, February 2015. The ERM Initiative at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.www.erm.ncsu.edu, Retrieved August, 2014. Beasley, M., Pagach, D., & Warr, R. (2008). Information conveyed in hiring announcements of senior executives overseeing enterprise-wide risk management processes. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 23(3), 311-332. Beasley, M. S., Branson, B. C., & Hancock, B. V. (2010). COSO’s 2010 Report on ERM. Current State of Enterprise Risk Oversight and Market Perceptions of COSO’s ERM Framework. Beattie, V., & Fearnley, S. (1995). The importance of audit firm characteristics and the drivers of auditor change in UK listed companies. Accounting and Business Research, 25(100), 227-239. Becht, M., & Bolton, P. (2002). Corporate Governance and Control”, ECGI Working Paper Series in Finance, Working Paper. Beltrán-Martín, I., Roca-Puig, V., Escrig-Tena, A., & Bou-Llusar, J. C. (2008). Human resource flexibility as a mediating variable between high performance work systems and performance. Journal of Management, 34(5), 1009-1044. Beneda, N. (2005). Managing an asset management firm's risk portfolio. Journal of Asset Management, 5(5), 327-337. Berger, A., Frame, W. S., & Miller, N. (2002). Credit scoring and the availability, price, and risk of small business credit. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Working Paper 2002-6, April 2002. Bernstein, P. L., & Bernstein Peter, L. (1996). Against the gods: The remarkable story of risk. New York: Wiley. Bolton, P (2006): Corporate governance and development.Review of Financial Studies19(3), 829-840. Boniface, U., & Ibe, I. G. (2012). Enterprise risk management and performance of Nigeria’s brewery industry. Developing Country Studies, 2(10), 60–67. Bowen, G. A., (2006). Grounded theory and sensitizing concepts. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(3). 12-23. Bowling, D. M., & Rieger, L., (2005). Success factors for implementing enterprise risk management. Bank accounting and finance, 18(3), 21-26. Boyd, J. H., & De Nicolo, G. (2005). The theory of bank risk taking and competition revisited. The Journal of Finance, 60(3), 1329-1343. Bratanovic, S. B., & Greuning, V. H. (2000). Analyzing banking risk, the World Bank. Washington, DC, USA. Brickley, J. A., Coles, J. L., & Terry, R. L. (1994). Outside directors and the adoption of poison pills. Journal of financial Economics, 35(3), 371-390. Brickley, J. A., Coles, J. L., & Jarrell, G. (1997). Leadership structure: Separating the CEO and chairman of the board. Journal of Corporate Finance,3(3), 189-220. Bromiley, P., McShane, M., Nair, A., & Rustambekov, E. (2015). Enterprise risk management: Review, critique, and research directions. Long Range Planning, 48(4), 265-276. Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods. Oxford university press. United Kingdom. Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2005). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS 12 and 13: a guide for social scientists. Psychology Press, Hove, United Kingdom. Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2011). Business research methods (3rd ed.). Oxford university press, United Kingdom. Bryman, A. (2004). Qualitative research on leadership: A critical but appreciative review. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(6), 729-769. Burton, E. J. (2008). The audit committee: How should it handle ERM? Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance, 19(4), 3-5. Caldwell, J. E. (2012). A framework for board oversight of enterprise risk. Toronto: Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants. Campbell, K., & Mínguez-Vera, A. (2008). Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm financial performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 83(3), 435-451. Campbell, K., & Vera, A. M. (2010). Female board appointments and firm valuation: Short and long-term effects. Journal of Management and Governance, 14(1), 37-59. CAN/CSA-Q850-97 (1997), Risk management guideline for decision makers. Canadian Standards Association, Ontario, Canada Cardy, R. L., & Selvarajan, T. T. (2006). Competencies: alternative frameworks for competitive advantage. Business Horizons, 49(3), 235-245. Carey, A. (2001). Effective risk management in financial institutions: the Turnbull approach. Balance Sheet, 9(3), 24-27. CAS 2003, Overview of enterprise management, enterprise risk management committee, casualty actuarial society. Retrieved June, 9th 2012. http://www.casact.org/research/erm/overview.pdf Cassandra, S. L., Yee, A. S., Kieran, J, & Jenny, K. S. (2008). Perceptions of Singaporean internal audit customers regarding the role and effectiveness of internal audit. Asian Journal of Business and Accounting,1(2), 147-174. Cassidy, D. (2005). Enterprise risk management (ERM): a new reality for businesses. Employee Benefit Plan Review, 59(11), 29-31. Cassidy, D., Goldstein, L., Johnson, S. L., Mattie, J. A., & Morley Jr, J. E. (2001). Developing a strategy to manage enterprise wide risk in higher education. Washington, DC: National Association of College and University Business Officers and PricewaterhouseCoopers. Casualty Actuarial Society 2003)-Enterprise risk management committee. Overview of enterprise risk management, May 2003. Via: http://www. casact. org/research/erm/overview. pdf. Cavana, R., Delahaye, B. L., & Sekeran, U. (2001). Applied business research: Qualitative and quantitative methods. John Wiley & Sons Australia. CBN. (2012). Exposure draft code for banks in Nigeria. Central Bank of Nigeria, 2012. CBN. (2011). Financial system stability, Dr. Chiedu K. Moghalu, remark made at the 2011 global policy forum of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI), in Mexico. CBN. (2006). Code of corporate governance for banks and discount houses in 2006. Central Bank of Nigeria act. (2007). Federal Government Official Gazette, No. 55, Lagos-1stJune, 2007, Vol.94, Government Notice No. 34. Central Bank of Nigerian. (2006). Code of corporate governance for banks in Nigeria post consolidation, (Effective date: April 3, 2006). Chatterjee, S., & Yilmaz, M. (1992). A review of regression diagnostics for behavioral research. Applied Psychological Measurement, 16(3), 209-227. Chaveerug, A. (2011). The role of accounting information system knowledge on audit effectiveness of CPAS in Thailand. International Journal of Business Strategy, 11(3), 78-89. Chisasa, J., & Young, J. (2013). Implementing a risk management framework in developing markets. International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 12(6), 603-612. Chisick, H. (2008). Looking for enlightenment. History of European Ideas, 34(4), 570-582. Chong, & Ismail. (2013). Is the risk management committee only a procedural compliance? An insight into managing risk taking among insurance companies in Malaysia. Journal of Risk Finance, 14(1), 71-86. Ciocoiu, N., Dobrea, C., & Berea, G. (2009). Improving organization performance through risk management in order to survive a crisis period. Review of International Comparative Management, 4(1), 481–488. Coakes, S. J. (2013). SPSS: Analysis without anguish: version 20.0 for Windows.Milton, Old 4064, Australia, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Code of Corporate Governance for Listed companies, (2011) by the Security and Exchange Commission, Nigeria. Coelli, T. J., Rao, D. S. P., O'Donnell, C. J., & Battese, G. E. (2005). An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis. Springer Science & Business Media, Australia. Cohen, A., & Sayag, G. (2010). The effectiveness of internal auditing: an empirical examination of its determinants in Israeli organizations. Australian Accounting Review, 20(3), 296-307. Collett, D. (2003). Modeling binary data, (2nd ed.). Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Fla, USA. Collier, P. M., & Berry, A. J. (2002). Risk in the process of budgeting.Management Accounting Research, 13(3), 273-297. Collier, J. (2007). Corporate governance in the European context: Evolving and adapting. Business and Society Review, 112(2), 271-285. Collier, P. M., Berry, A. J., & Burke, G. T. (2007). Risk and management accounting: best practice guidelines for enterprise-wide internal control procedures. Elsevier, United Kingdom. Colquitt, L. L., Hoyt, R. E., & Lee, R. B. (1999). Integrated risk management and the role of the risk manager. Risk Management and Insurance Review, 2(3), 43-61. Corbetta, G., & Salvato, C. A. (2004). The board of directors in family firms: one size fits all?. Family Business Review, 17(2), 119-134. Coskun, Y. (2012). Financial failures and risk management. Coskun, Yener.(2012). Financial Failures and Risk Management. Sermaye Piyasasi Dergisi, 10(2), 100-109. Coskun, Y. (2013). Financial engineering and engineering of financial regulation: Guidance for compliance and risk management. Journal of Securities Operations & Custody, 6(1), 81-94. COSO, S. (1992). Internal control—integrated framework. The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, USA. COSO (2004).Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Tread way Commission. The (COSO, 2004). Enterprise risk management–integrated framework: executive summary, USA. COSO, (2004), COSO Enterprise risk management--integrated framework: Application techniques. Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Tread way Commission, USA. Crespí i Cladera, R., Salas Fumás, V., & García-Cestona, M. A. (2002). Governance mechanisms in Spanish financial intermediaries,Barcelona, Spain. Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Sage Publications. United Kigdom. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks. London. New Delhi, Sage publication. Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks. London. New Delhi, Sage Publications. Cristina, B. A., & Cristina, P. (2009). Measuring and assessment of internal audit’s effectiveness. Annals of Faculty of Economics, 3(1), 784-790. Crockford, G. N. (2005). The Changing Face of Risk Management (first published in 1976 in The Geneva Papers). The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice, 30(1), 5-10. Crouhy, M., Galai, D., & Mark, R. (2000). A comparative analysis of current credit risk models. Journal of Banking & Finance, 24(1), 59-117. Dabari, I. J., & Saidin, S. Z. (2014). A theoretical framework on the level of risk management implementation in the Nigerian banking sector: The moderating effect of top Management support. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 164(1), 627-634. D'Arcy, S. P., & Brogan, J. C. (2001). Enterprise risk management. Journal of Risk Management of Korea, 12(1), 207-228. Dafikpaku, E. (2011). The strategic implications of enterprise risk management: A framework. In 2011 enterprise risk management symposium, 48(1), 58-86. Daily post Newspaper, (2014, February 22). Damodaran, A. (2012). Investment valuation: Tools and techniques for determining the value of any asset (Vol. 666). John Wiley & Sons, USA. Daud, W. N. W., & Yazid, A. S. (2009). A conceptual framework for the adoption of enterprise risk management in government-linked companies'. International Review of Business Research Papers, 5(5), 229-238. Daud, W. N. W. D., Yazid, A. S., & Hussin, H. M. R. (2010). The effect of chief risk officer (CRO) on enterprise risk management (ERM) practices: evidence from Malaysia. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 9(11), 55-64 Daud, W. N. W., Haron, H., & Ibrahim, D. N. (2011). The role of quality board of directors in enterprise risk management (ERM) practices: Evidence from binary logistic regression. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(12), 205-211. Davenport, E. W., & Bradley, L. M. (2001). Enterprise risk management: A consultative perspective. Casualty actuarial society discussion paper program. Working paper 23-42 Retrieved from http://www.casact.com onJuly 13th, 2009 Davis, J. H., Schoorman, F. D., & Donaldson, L. (1997). Toward a stewardship theory of management. Academy of Management review, 22(1), 20-47. DeLoach, J. W. (2000). Enterprise-wide risk management: strategies for linking risk and opportunity. Financial Times Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Deloitte, (2012). Enterprise risk management survey report, 2012. Where do you stand? Financial Service Industry, 2012. Deloitte, (2010). Global risk management survey, (8th ed). Setting a higher bar. Demidenko, E., & McNutt, P. (2010). The ethics of enterprise risk management as a key component of corporate governance. International Journal of Social Economics, 37(10), 802-815. Denscombe, M. (2014). The good research guide for small-scale social research projects. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Desender, K. A. (2007). The influence of board composition on enterprise risk management implementation. In2007 Information Resources Management Association Annual Meeting Paper.Retrieved from www.wbiconpro.com/309-Doowon.pdon September 7th, 2014. Desender, K. A. (2011). On the determinants of enterprise risk management implementation. Enterprise IT governance, business value and performance measurement, Nan Si Shi and Gilbert Silvius, eds., IGI Global. De Vaus, D. (2013). Surveys in Social Research, Routledge. Dhamankar, R., & Khandewale, A. (2003). Effectiveness of internal audits. Chartered Accountant-New Delhi-, 52(3), 275-279. Dickinson, G. (2001). Enterprise risk management: Its origins and conceptual foundation. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance. Issues and Practice, 26(3), 360-366. Dickson, G. C., & Hastings, W. J. (1989). Corporate risk management. Witherby, for the Institute of Risk Management, 16(8), 443-450. Dittenhofer, M. (2001). Internal auditing effectiveness: an expansion of present methods. Managerial Auditing Journal, 16(8), 443-450. Dobbin, Frank, and Jiwook Jung (2011). "Corporate Board Gender Diversity and Stock Performance: The Competence Gap or Institutional Investor Bias?’’, (PP. 809-819), North Carolina Law Review, USA. Doherty, N. (2000). Integrated Risk Management: Techniques and Strategies for Managing Corporate Risk: Techniques and Strategies for Managing Corporate Risk. McGraw Hill Professional. New York, USA. Donwa, P., & Garuba, A. O. (2011). Prevailing global challenges and the accounting profession. Franklin Business & Law Journal, 1(2), 4-14. Doug, A., Burton, N., Cuthill, I., Festing, M., Hutton, J. & Playle, L. (2006). Why do a pilot study? Available on line at www.je-iks.org/index.php/full-volume/english-version-2005?task Retrieved on April 8th, 2011. Düztas, S. (2008). Of board characteristics, information technology maturity and transparency on company performance (doctoral dissertation, Yeditepe University, published).Graduate Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey. Eckles, D. L., Hoyt, R. E., & Miller, S. M. (2014). The impact of enterprise risk management on the marginal cost of reducing risk: Evidence from the insurance industry. Journal of Banking & Finance, 43(2), 247-261. Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC, 2004). EstablishmentAct 2004. Laws of the Federation of Nigeria. Economist Intelligence Unit, (2001). Enterprise risk management: implementing new solutions. London Financial Times Press. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57-74. Ekanayake, J., & Jenkins, N. (2004). Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in network frequency. Energy conversion, IEEE Transactions, 19(4), 800-802. Elias, A. A., & Cavana, R. Y. (2000, December). Stakeholder analysis for systems thinking and modeling. In Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Conference paper. El Kharbili, M. (2012). Business process regulatory compliance management solution frameworks: A comparative evaluation. In Proceedings of the Eighth Asia-Pacific Conference on Conceptual Modelling (pp. 23-32), Australian Computer Society, Inc. Embrechts, P., Furrer, H., & Kaufmann, R. (2003). Quantifying regulatory capital for operational risk. Derivatives Use, Trading & Regulation, 9(3), 217-233. Ernst, C. G. (2001). Young. 2001. Web-based survey on electronic public services. Results of the First Measurement: European Commission DG Information Society. Ernst and Young (2008), global bank risk management survey (2008). Ernst and Young (2008). Global corporate venture capital survey, 2008-2009, Bench marking programs and practices. European Commission DG Information Society. Ernst and Young (2010). Global bank risk management survey, (2010). www.ey.com/...2008.../SGM_VC_Global_corporate_survey_2008_2009. Fadun, O. S. (2013). Risk management and risk management failure: Lessons for business enterprises. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 3(2), 225-239. Fadzil, F. H., Haron, H., & Jantan, M. (2005). Internal auditing practices and internal control system. Managerial Auditing Journal, 20(8), 844-866. Fadzly, M. N., & Ahmad, Z. (2004). Audit expectation gap: the case of Malaysia. Managerial Auditing Journal, 19(7), 897-915. Fairchild, A. J.,& MacKinnon, D.P. (2009). A general model for testing mediation and moderation effects. Prevention Science, Springer,10(2), 87–99. Fama, E. F. (1980). Agency problems and the theory of the firm. The Journal of Political Economy, 88(2), 288-307. Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. (1983). Separation of ownership and control. Journal of Law and Economics, 26(2), 301-325. Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. (1983). Agency problems and residual claims.Journal of Law and Economics,26(2), 327-349. Fan, J. P., & Wong, T. J. (2005). Do external auditors perform a corporate governance role in emerging markets? Evidence from East Asia. Journal of Accounting Research, 43(1), 35-72. Farrer, J., & Ramsay, I. (1998). Director share ownership and corporate performance–evidence from Australia. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 6(4), 233-248 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC, 2010). Retrieved from https://www.fdic.gov//news/financial/2010/index.html. Feizizadeh, A. (2012).Strengthening internal audit effectiveness. Indian Journal of Science and Technology,5(5), 2777- 2778. Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria Act, 2011. Federal Republic of Nigeria. Official Gazette. No. 54 Lagos - 7th June, 2011 Vol. 98. Government Notice No. 140. Retrieved from www.icanig.org/speeches/inventory_images/24. 2013,pdf Fodio, M. I., Ibikunle, J., & Oba, V. C. (2013). Corporate governance mechanisms and reported earnings quality in listed Nigerian insurance firms. International Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2(5), 279-286. Fowler Jr, F. J. (2013). Survey research methods. (5th ed.). New Delhi, Sage Publication. Fraser, M. W., & Galinsky, M. J. (2010). Steps in intervention research: Designing and Developing Social Programs. Research on Social Work Practice, 2010. Available online athttp://rsw.sagepub.com/content/20/5/459. Retrieved July 13, 2014 Fraser, I., & Henry, W. (2007). Embedding risk management: structures and approaches. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(4), 392-409. Fraser, J., & Simkins, B. (Eds.). (2009). Enterprise risk management: Today's leading research and best practices for tomorrow's executives (Vol. 3). John Wiley & Sons. Gates, S., Nicolas, J. L., & Walker, P. L. (2012). Enterprise risk management: A process for enhanced management and improved performance. Management Accounting Quarterly, 13(3), 28-38. Gatzert, N., & Martin, M. (2015). Determinants and value of enterprise risk management: Empirical evidence from the literature. Risk Management and Insurance Review, 18(1), 29-53. Gay, L.R.,& Diehl, P.L. (1992). Research methods for businesses and management, New York, Macmillan. Getie Mihret, D., & Wondim Yismaw, A. (2007). Internal audit effectiveness: An Ethiopian public sector case study. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(5), 470-484. Ghazali, Z., & Manab, N. A. (2013). Enterprise risk management and value creation: Initial findings amongst non-financial public listed companies in Malaysian Bourse. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 3(7), 913-922. Gibbs, T. E., & Schroeder, R. G. (1979). Evaluating the competence of internal audit departments. In Symposium on Auditing Research III (pp. 207-225). Dept. of Accountancy, University of Illinois Urbana, Ill. USA. Gilson, R. J., & Kraakman, R. (1991). Reinventing the outside director: An agenda for institutional investors. Stanford Law Review, 43(4)863-906. Gliner, J. A., Morgan, G. A., & Leech, N. L. (2011). Research methods in applied settings: An integrated approach to design and analysis. London, Routledge. Global Entertainment and Media Outlook: 2008-2012: Forecasts and economic analyses of 14 industry segments: Executive Summary, PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2008. Golshan, N. M., & Rasid, S. Z. A. (2012). Determinants of enterprise risk management adoption: An empirical analysis of Malaysian public listed firms. In Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (No. 62). World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. Golshan, N. M., & Rasid, S. Z. A. (2012). What leads firms to enterprise risk management adoption? A literature review. International Proceedings of Economics Development & Research, 29(2), 276-280. Goodstein, J., Gautam, K., & Boeker, W. (1994). The effects of board size and diversity on strategic change. Strategic Management Journal, 15(3), 241-250. Goodwin-Stewart, J., & Kent, P. (2006). The use of internal audit by Australian companies. Managerial Auditing Journal, 21(1), 81-101. Gordon, L. A., Loeb, M. P., & Tseng, C. Y. (2009). Enterprise risk management and firm performance: A contingency perspective. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 28(4),301-327. Goswami, O. (2002). Corporate Governance in India, Taking Action Against Corruption in Asia and the Pacific (Manila: Asian Development Bank), PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, India.. Grace, M. F., Leverty, J. T., Phillips, R. D., & Shimpi, P. (2015). The value of investing in enterprise risk management. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 82(2), 289-316. Griffith-Jones, S., & Gottschalk, R. (2006). Costs of currency crises and benefits of international financial reform. Currently available fromwww.stephanygj.com Retrieved February 22nd, 2009. Groves, R. M. (2006). Non-response rates and nonresponse bias in household surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(5), 646-675. Gujarati, D. N. (2004). Basic econometrics. (4th ed.). The Mc Graw Hill companies. Gunningham, N., & Kagan, R. A. (2005). Regulation and business behavior*. Law & Policy, 27(2), 213-218. Gupta, S., Lehmann, D. R., & Stuart, J. A. (2004). Valuing customers. Journal of Marketing Research, 41(1), 7-18. Gupta, P. P., & Thomson, J. C. (2006). Use of COSO 1992 in management reporting on internal control-A new IMA (R) research study focuses on the current usage, role, and extent of guidance the COSO 1992 Framework provides in helping. Strategic Finance, 88(3), 26-33. Guthrie, K., Sokolowsky, J., & WAN, K. M. (2012). CEO compensation and board structure revisited. The Journal of Finance, 67(3), 1149-1168. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 6). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, USA. Hair, J. F. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. A Global Perspective. (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. New Jersey, USA. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. Hair, J. F., Black, W.C., Money, A. H., Samuel, P.,& Page, M. (2007).Research methods for business. England. John Wiley & Sons Limited. Hair Jr, J. F., Wolfinbarger, M., Money, A. H., Samouel, P., & Page, M. J. (2015). Essentials of business research methods. Routledge. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2013). Multivariate data analysis: Pearson New International Edition. Pearson Higher Ed. Haniffa, R., & Hudaib, M. (2006). Corporate governance structure and performance of Malaysian listed companies. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 33(7-8), 1034-1062. Hanim Fadzil, F., Haron, H., & Jantan, M. (2005). Internal auditing practices and internal control system. Managerial Auditing Journal, 20(8), 844-866. Harrell, F. E. (2013). Regression modeling strategies: with applications to linear models, logistic regression, and survival analysis. USA, Springer Science & Business Media. Hassan Al-Tamimi, H. A., & Mohammed Al-Mazrooei, F. (2007). Banks' risk management: a comparison study of UAE national and foreign banks. The Journal of Risk Finance, 8(4), 394-409. Hassan, S. U., & Ahmed, A. (2012). Corporate governance, earnings management and financial performance: A case of Nigerian manufacturing firms. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 2(7), 214-226. Hertzog, M. A. (2008). Considerations in determining sample size for pilot studies. Research in Nursing & Health, 31(2), 180-191. Hillson, D. (2002). Extending the risk process to manage opportunities. International Journal of Project Management, 20(3), 235–240. Hillson, D., & Murray-Webster, R. (2004). Understanding and managing risk attitude. In Proceedings of 7th Annual Risk Conference (pp.1-11), London, UK . Hines, C. S., & Peters, G. F. (2015). Voluntary risk management committee formation: Determinants and short-term outcomes. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 34(3), 267–290. Hölmstrom, B. (1979). Moral hazard and observability. The Bell Journal of Economics, 10(1), 74-91. Hood, J., & Young, P. (2005). Risk financing in UK local authorities: Is there a case for risk pooling?. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 18(6), 563-578. Hosmer Jr, D. W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied logistic regression (Vol. 398). John Wiley & Sons. Hosmer Jr, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied logistic regression. John Wiley & Sons. Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000). Introduction to the logistic regression model. Applied Logistic Regression, (2n ed.).John Wiley & Sons. Hovey, J. (2000). Risky business. Retrieved from http://www.industryweek.com 2007. Hoyt, R. E., & Liebenberg, A. P. (2006). Determinants of risk management adoption among the insurance companies. Journal of Business Social Science, 128(4), 213-230. Hoyt, R. E., & Liebenberg, A. P. (2008). The value of enterprise risk management: Evidence from the US insurance industry. In unpublished paper, accessed at: http://www.aria.org/meetings/2006papers/Hoyt_Liebenberg_ERM_070606. pdf Retrieved Semtember 7, 2010.. Hoyt, R. E., & Liebenberg, A. P. (2011). The value of enterprise risk management. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 78(4), 795-822. Huber, C., & Scheytt, T. (2013). The disposition of risk management: Reconstructing risk management after the financial crisis. Management Accounting Research, 24(2), 88-99. Hudin, N. S., & Hamid, A. B. A. (2014). Drivers to the implementation of risk management practices: A conceptual framework. Journal of Advanced Management Science, 2(3), 163-169. Huselid, M. A. (1995). The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance.Academy of Management Journal, 38(3),635-672. Ikhide, S. I., & Alawode, A. A. (2001). Financial sector reforms, macroeconomic instability and the order of economic liberalization: The evidence from Nigeria: African Economic Research Consortium (2001). (AERC Research Paper). Available at URL: http://www.aercafrica.org/documents/RP112.pdf.Retrieved from Jan 4, 2015. International Monetary Fund (2013, November 7-8). Policy responses to crises, seminar at the 14th Jacques Polak Annual Research Conference. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/.../seminars/.../forbes.www.imf.org/external/np/res/seminar, July 6th, 2013. Intakhan, P., & Ussahawanitchakit, P. (2010). Roles of audit experience and ethical reasoning in audit professionalism and audit effectiveness through a moderator of stakeholder pressure: An empirical study of tax auditors in Thailand. Journal of Academy of Business and Economics, 10(5), 1-14. International Accounting Standards Board. (2006). International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS's): Including International Accounting Standards (IAS's) and Interpretations as at 2011 International Accounting Standards Board. Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2004). Internal auditing's role in sections 302 and 404 of the US Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2007). International standards for the professional practice of internal auditing. Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). (2009). Internal auditor competency framework. IIA, 2010 Standards update: International professional practices framework Ismail, T. H. (2012). Internal auditors' perception about their role in risk management audit in Egyptian banking sector. International Journal of Economics and Accounting, 3(2), 196-220. Ittner, C. D., & Keusch, T. (2015). The Influence of Board of Directors’ Risk Oversight on Risk Management Maturity and Firm Risk-Taking (March 12, 2015). AAA Management Accounting Section (MAS) Meeting. Available athttps://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=2482791/21/2016. Jaccard, J. (2001). Interaction effects in logistic regression (Vol. 135). Sage Publishing. Jalal-Karim, A. (2013). Leveraging enterprise risk management (ERM) for boosting competitive business advantages in Bahrain. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 9(1), 65-75. Jensen, M. C. (1993). The modern industrial revolution, exit, and the failure of internal control systems. The Journal of Finance, 48(3), 831-880. Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360. Jensen, M. C., & Ruback, R. S. (1983). The market for corporate control: The scientific evidence. Journal of Financial Economics, 11(1), 5-50. Joppe, M. (2000). The research process. http:www.nova.edu/sss/QR/QR8; Retrieved, February, 25, 2008. Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36. Karagiorgos, T., Drogalas, G., & Giovanis, N. (2011). Evaluation of the effectiveness of internal audit in Greek Hotel Business. International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, 4(1), 19-34. Kaur, M., & Kapoor, S. (2011). Basel II in India: Compliance and challenges: Management and Labour Studies, 36(4), 299-318. Kawamoto, B. (2001). Issues in enterprise risk management: From theory to application. In Casualty Actuarial Society Spring Meeting. Kleffner, A. E., Lee, R. B., & McGannon, B. (2003a). The effect of corporate governance on the use of enterprise risk management: Evidence from Canada. Risk Management and Insurance Review, 6(1), 53-73. Kleffner, A. E., Lee, R., & McGannon, B. (2003b). Stronger corporate governance and its implications on risk management. Ivey Business Journal, 67(5), 4-13. Kolapo, T. F., Ayeni, R. K., & Oke, M. O. (2012). Credit risk and commercial banks’ performance in Nigeria: A panel model approach. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 2(2), 31-38. Knight, K. W. (2006). Chairman ISO TMB working group on risk management member Standards Joint Technical Committee OB/7–Risk management. KPMG (2002). Corporate governance in Europe: Survey 2001/2002. Washington DC. KPMG. KPMG, T. (2008). KPMG international survey of corporate responsibility reporting 2008. KPMG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. KPMG Global Survey, (2012). Nigeria, the most fraudulent in Africa, KPMG. Krejcie, R. V., & D.W. Morgan. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30 (1970), 607–610. Kura, K. M., Shamsudin, F. M., & Chauhan, A. (2013). Self-regulatory efficacy as potential moderator on the relationship between organisational formal controls, perceived group norms and workplace deviance: A proposed framework. Sains Humanika, 64(2), 33-38. Kuritzkes, A., Schuermann, T., & Weiner, S. M. (2003). Risk measurement, risk management, and capital adequacy in financial conglomerates. Presented at the Netherlands-United States Roundtable on Financial Conglomerates. October 23-25, 2002, (pp. 141-193), Washington D.C.Brookings-Wharton Papers on Financial Services. Kutum, I. (2015). Board Characteristics and Firm Performance: Evidence from Palestine. European Journal of Accounting Auditing and Finance Research, 3(3), 32-47. Lam, J (2003). Enterprise risk management—from incentives to controls. London: John Wiley. Lam, J. (2014). Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. London. John Wiley & Sons. Lasfer, M. A. (2006). The interrelationship between managerial ownership and board structure. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 33(7-8), 1006-1033. Lee, J. N., & Kim, Y. G. (1999). Effect of partnership quality on IS outsourcing success: conceptual framework and empirical validation. Journal of Management Information Systems, 15(4), 29-61. Leech N. L., Barrett K. C.,& Morgan G. A. (2015). IBM SPSS for intermediate statistics use and interpretation (5th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. Leitch, M. (2010). ISO 31000: (2009). The new international standard on risk management. Risk Analysis, 30(6), 887-892. Levine, R. (1997). Financial development and economic growth: views and agenda. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(2), 688-726. Li, B. (2012). Moderating effects of board and managerial incentive on the relationship between R & D investment and firm performance-evidence from listed manufacturing firms in China. Journal of International Management Studies, 7(1), 41-55. Liao, H. H., Chen, T. K., Lu, C. W., & Kuo, W. L. (2008, November). Agency Issues in Structural Credit Models-Evidences from Bank Industry (November 6, 2007). In Second Singapore International Conference on Finance, 2008. Available at SRRN:https://ssrn.com/abstract=1089752orhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1089752. Retrieved, September 6, 2014. Liebenberg, A. P., & Hoyt, R. E. (2003). The determinants of enterprise risk management: Evidence from the appointment of chief risk officers. Risk Management and Insurance Review, 6(1), 37-52. Limpaphayom, J., & Connelly, P. (2006). Board characteristics and firm performance: evidence from the life insurance industry in Thailand. Journal of Economics, 16(2), 101-124. Litwin, M. S. (1995). How to measure survey reliability and validity (Vol. 7). Sage Publications. Lottes, I. L., DeMaris, A., & Adler, M. A. (1996). Using and interpreting logistic regression: A guide for teachers and students. Teaching Sociology, 24(3), 284-298. Lucia, A. D., & Lepsinger, R. (1999). Art & Science of Competency Models. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. USA. Maani, K., & Cavana, R. Y. (2000). Systems thinking and modelling: Understanding change and complexity. Great Britain, CRC Press. Malhotra, N. K. (2008). Marketing research: An applied orientation, (5th Ed.), Pearson Education, India. Manab, N. A., Kassim, I., & Hussin, M. R. (2010). Enterprise-wide risk management (EWRM) practices: between corporate governance compliance and value. International Review of Business Research Papers, 6(2), 239-252. Manab, N., Othman, S., & Kassim, I. (2012b). Enterprise-wide risk management best practices: The critical success factors.International Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(3), 87-96. Manab, N. A., & Kassim, I. (2012a). A moderating effect of leadership on a success of enterprise–wide risk management practices. In Proceedings of the 3rd International conference on Business and Economic Research (3rd ICBER 2012) Conference, Bandung, Indonesia. Matsumura, E. M., & Tucker, R. R. (1992). Fraud detection: A theoretical foundation. Accounting Review, 67 (4), 753–782. Mayers, D., & Smith, C. W. (1987). Corporate insurance and the underinvestment problem. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 54(1), 45-54. Mehran, H., Morrison, A., & Shapiro, J. (2011). Bankcorporate governance and banks: What have we learned from the financial crisis? Hamid Mehran; Alan Morrison; Joel Shapiro (No. 502). Staff Report, Federal Reserve of New York. Menard, S. (2002). Applied logistic regression analysis (Vol. 106). , London, Sage. Menard, S. (2000). Coefficients of determination for multiple logistic regression analysis. The American Statistician, 54(1), 17-24. Messier, W. F., & Schneider, A. (1988). A hierarchical approach to the external auditor's evaluation of the internal auditing function. Contemporary Accounting Research, 4(2), 337-353. Meulbroek, L. K. (2002). Integrated risk management for the firm?: A Senior manager’s guide. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,14(4), 55–70. Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83(2), 340-363. Miccolis, J. A., Hively, K., & Merkley, B. W. (2001). Enterprise risk management: Trends and emerging practices (1-179),Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation.Available online at org/bookstore/media/pdf/433-TOC.pdf. Retrieved at April 7, 2015. Middle Africa Insight Series/Economics, (2013). Mikes, A. (2009). Risk management and calculative cultures. Management Accounting Research, 20(1), 18-40. Moeller, R. R. (2007). COSO enterprise risk management: understanding the new integrated ERM framework. John Wiley & Sons. Nakpodia, E. D., Ayo, B. T., & Adomi, E. E. (2007). A better response rate for questionnaires: Attitudes of librarians in Nigerian University Libraries. Library Philosophy and Practice, 9(2), 50-56. Nelson, N.L., Kleffner, A.E., & Lee, R.B. (2005). The evolution of the role of risk communication in effective risk management. Risk management and Insurance Review, 8(2), 279-289. New Basel Capital Accord (2001). Consultative document. Basel Committee on banking supervision Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation Act (2006). Ng, T. H., Chong, L. L., & Ismail, H. (2012). Is the risk management committee only a procedural compliance? An insight into managing risk taking among insurance companies in Malaysia. The Journal of Risk Finance, 14(1), 71-86. Niemi, L. (2005). Audit effort and fees under concentrated client ownership: Evidence from four international audit firms. The International Journal of Accounting, 40(4), 303-323. Njogo, B. O. (2012). Risk management in the Nigerian banking industry. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(10), 100-109. Nkiru, O. (2011). CSR e-bulletin October 2011 - Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria Act., 2011. Nocco, B. W., & Stulz, R. M. (2006). Enterprise risk management: Theory and practice. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 18(4), 8-20. Ntakhan, P., & Ussahawanitchakit, P. (2010). Roles of audit experience and ethical reasoning in audit professionalism and audit effectiveness through a moderator of stakeholder pressure: An empirical study of tax auditors in Thailand. Journal of Academy of Business and Economics, 10(5), 1-14. Oba, V. C., & Fodio, M. I. (2013). Boards' gender mix as a predictor of financial performance in Nigeria: an empirical study. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(2), 170-178. O'Connell, A. A. (2006). Logistic regression models for ordinal response variables (No. 146). Sage Publication. Odonkor, T. A., Osei, K. A., Abor, J., & Adjasi, C. K. (2011). Bank risk and performance in Ghana. International Journal of Financial Services Management, 5(2), 107-120. O'Donnell, E. (2005). Enterprise risk management: A systems-thinking framework for the event identification phase. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 6(3), 177-195. Ofo, N.,(2006). Code of corporate governance for banks in Nigeria post-consolidation (2006): Revision Required (January 30, 2011). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1751460. Retrieved at February18, 2015. Ogbonnaya, U. I., & Osiki, J. O. (2007). The impact of teacher qualification and subject major in the teaching of mathematics in Lesotho. African Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology and Sport Facilitation, 9(1), 37-48. Oh, S. K., Park, K. J., & Pedrycz, W. (2006). Design methodologies of fuzzy set-based fuzzy model based on gas and information granulation. In AI 2006: Advances in Artificial Intelligence (pp. 100-109). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Ojeka, S. A., & Ikpefan, O. A. (2012). Electronic commerce, automation and online banking in Nigeria: Challenges and benefits. International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy (IJIDE), 3(1), 11-26. Okioga, C. K. (2013). The upshot of financial Sector regulation on the financial market performance in Kenya Perspectives from Kisii County, Kenya. Business Management Dynamics, 2(9), 1-14. Olujide J. O., &Badmus A. L. (1998). An empirical study of job satisfaction levels among bank managers in Nigeria. Ilorin Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 5(2), 46-57. Önder, S., & Ergin, H. (2012). Determiners of enterprise risk management applications in Turkey: An empirical study with logistic regression model on the companies included in ISE (Istanbul Stock Exchange). Business and Economic Horizons, 7(1), 19-26. Onaolapo, A. A. (2008). Implications of capital regulation on bank financial health and Nigerian economic growth 1990-2006. Journal of Economic Theory, 2(5), 70-82. Oppenheim, A. N. (2000). Questionnaire design, interviewing and attitude measurement. Bloomsbury Publishing, Uk. Ordelheide, D. KPMG. (2001). Transnational accounting (TRANSACC). Oscar n. Onyema (2012). The Nigerian stock exchange market review 20112 & 2012 Outlook Presented by CEO, the Nigerian stock exchange 23 January, 2012. Osuagwu, D. E. (2001). New technologies and services in internet business. Journal of Professional Administration,2(1), 182-193. Ovidiu-Constantin, B., Alin-Constantin, D., & Madalina, D. R. (2010). Risk management importance and role in audit. Annals of Faculty of Economics, 1(1), 484-489. Owojori, A. A., Akintoye, I. R., & Adidu, F. A. (2011). The challenge of risk management in Nigerian banks in the post consolidation era. Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 3(2), 23-31. Paape, L., & Speklè, R. F. (2011). The adoption and design of enterprise risk management practices: An empirical study. European Accounting Review, 21(3), 533-564. Pagach, D., & Warr, R. (2007). An empirical investigation of the characteristics of firms hiring chief risk officers. Working paper, North Carolina State University, USA. Pagach, D., & Warr, R. (2011). The characteristics of firms that hire chief risk officers. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 78(1), 185-211. Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS survival manual. McGraw-Hill Education (USA). Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS Survival Manual. (4th ed.): A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS version 18. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press. Retrieved on November 5th, 2011 from http://www. allenandunwin. com/spss. Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS (4th ed.). McGraw Hill, USA. Pampel, F. C. (2000). Logistic regression: A primer (quantitative applications in the social sciences). Logistic Regression: Primer London, UK: Sage Publications. Pathan, S. (2009). Strong boards, CEO power and bank risk-taking. Journal of Banking & Finance, 33(7), 1340-1350. Pearl, D. K., & Fairley, D. (1985). Testing for the potential for nonresponse bias in sample surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 49(4), 553-560. Peng, D. X., & Lai, F. (2012). Using partial least squares in operations management research: A practical guideline and summary of past research. Journal of Operations Management, 30(6), 467-480. Perrin, T. T. (2002). Enterprise risk management in the insurance industry-2002 benchmarking survey report. World Wide Web: http://www. tillinghast. com/tillinghast/publications/reports/ERM_Insur_Ind_2002_benchmark_survey/ERM_2002_all. pdf. Retrieved May 1, 2007. Pierce, B., & Sweeney, B. (2005). Management control in audit firms—Partners’ perspectives. Management Accounting Research, 16(3), 340-370. Popoola, O. M. J., Ahmad, A. C., & Samsudin, R. S. (2014). Forensic accounting knowledge and mindset on task performance fraud risk assessment. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(9), 118-134. Power, M. (2009). The risk management of nothing. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 34(6), 849-855. Pound, P., Gompertz, P., & Ebrahim, S. (1993). Development and results of a questionnaire to measure carer satisfaction after stroke. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 47(6), 500-505. Prowse, S. (1997). Corporate control in commercial banks. Journal of Financial Research, 20(4), 509-527. Pricewaterhouse. (2004). A practical guide to risk assessment, 2004. How principles-based risk assessment enables organizations to take the right risks, PWC. Rahman, R. A., Noor, S. B., & Ismail, T. H. (2013). Governance and risk management: Empirical evidence from Malaysia and Egypt. International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (ISSN: 2147-4486), 2(3), 21-33. Rasid, S. Z. A., Golshan, N. M., Ismail, W. K. W., & Ahmad, F. S. (2012). Risk Management, performance measurement and organizational performance: A conceptual framework. In 3rd International Conference on Business and Economic Research (3rd ICBER 2012) Proceeding 12 - 13 March 2012, Bandung, Indonesia. Rawashdeh A. M., (2014). Empirical study in Jordanian banking sector. European Scientific Journal, 10(22), 1857-1881. Razali, A. R., & Tahir, I. M. (2011). Review of the literature on enterprise risk management. Business Management Dynamics, 1(5), 8-16. Razali, A. R., Yazid, A. S., & Tahir, I. M. (2011). The determinants of enterprise risk management (ERM) practices in Malaysian public listed companies. Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 1(5), 202-207. Renn, O. (1998). Three decades of risk research: accomplishments and new challenges. Journal of Risk Research, 1(1), 49-71. Renn, O., & Walker, K. D., (2008). Global Risk Governance: Concept and Practice Using the IRGC Framework. International Risk Governance Council (IRGC), Springer. Available at www.springer.com/gp/book/9781402067983. Retrieved August11, 2015. Richardson, S., Guru, K. B., Yu, M. C., Wei, K. K., & Pointon, L. (2005). How to research: A guide for undergraduate & graduate students (pp 40-41). Thomson Learning-Division of Thomson Asia Pte Ltd., Malaysia. Rodriguez, D., Patel, R., Bright, A., Gregory, D., & Gowing, M. K. (2002). Developing competency models to promote integrated human resource practices. Human Resource Management, 41(3), 309-324. Roscoe, J. T. (1975). Fundamental research statistics for the behavioral sciences [by] John T. Roscoe. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, USA. Rose, C. (2007). Does female board representation influence firm performance? The Danish evidence. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 15(2), 404-413. Roslan, A., & Dahan, H. M. (2013). Mediating effect of enterprise risk management practices on risk culture and organizational performance. In The International Conference on Social Science Research (ICSSR 2013), Penang, Malaysia. Sabato, G. (2010). Financial crisis: where did risk management fail? International Review of Applied Financial Issues and Economics, 2(2), 315-327. Sadgrove, M. K. (2015). The complete guide to business risk management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Saeidi, P., Sofian, S., Rasid, A., Zaleha, S., & Saeid, S. P. (2012). The role of chief risk officer in adoption and implementation of enterprise risk management-a literature review. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 2(88), 118-123. Safieddine, A. (2009). Islamic financial institutions and corporate governance: new insights for agency theory. Corporate Governance An International Review, 17(2), 142-158. Saidenberg, M., & Schuermann, T. (2003). The new Basel capital accord and questions for research. (Volumes 3-14 of Working paper series) Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania,USA. Saidu, S. (2007). Classroom management for effective teaching and learning in Nigeria. Journal of Educational Research, 2(9), 122-136. Saleh, N. M., Iskandar, T. M., & Rahmat, M. M. (2005). Earnings management and board characteristics: Evidence from Malaysia. Journal Pengurusan, 24(4), 77-103. Sanusi, L. S. (2010). The Nigerian Banking Industry: what went wrong and the way forward. Delivered at Annual Convocation Ceremony of Bayero University, Kano held on Friday 26 February, 2010 to mark the Annual Convocation Ceremony of the University. Central Bank of Nigeria Publications, 3(1), 1-23 Sanusi, L.S (2010).The Nigerian banking industry in the aftermath of the recent global financial crisis. Dinner Speech Delivered at The Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria (CIBN) 44th Annual Bankers’ Dinner, held at the Expo Centre Eko Hotel and Suites, Victoria Island, Lagos 5 November, 2010. Sanusi, S. L.(2010), Global financial meltdown and the reforms in the Nigerian banking sector. Being the full text of a public lecture delivered at the Convocation Square, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi. Sanusi, L. S. (2012). Banking reform and its impact on the Nigerian economy.CBN Journal of Applied Statistics, 2(2), 115-122. Sanusi, L. S. (2011, March). Banks in Nigeria and national economic development: A critical review. Being a keynote address at the seminar on “Becoming an economic driver while applying banking regulations”, organized by the Canadian High Commission in Joint Collaboration with the Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria (CIBN) and the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC). Sarens, G. (2009). Internal auditing research: where are we going? Editorial International Journal of Auditing, 13(1), 1-7. Sarens, G., & De Beelde, I. (2006). Internal audit: the expert in providing comfort to the audit committee. The case of risk management and internal control (No. 06/428). Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration. Sarens, G., & De Beelde, I. (2006). Internal auditors' perception about their role in risk management: a comparison between US and Belgian companies. Managerial Auditing Journal, 21(1), 63-80. Sarens, G., de Visscher, C., & van Gils, D. (2010). Risk management and internal control in the public sector: An in-depth analysis of Belgian social security public institutions. Bulletin de documentation/Service Public Fédéral Finances, 70(3), 65-90. Schanfield, A., & Helming, D. (2012). Top ERM implementation challenges. Internal Auditor, 65(6), 41-44. Schneider, A. (1985). The reliance of external auditors on the internal audit function. Journal of Accounting Research, 23(2), 911-919. Schneier, R., & Miccolis, J. (1998). Risk enterprise management. Strategy & Leadership, 26(2), 10-16. Shortreed, J., Fraser, J., & Purdy, G. (2011). The Future Role of Internal Audit in (Enterprise) Risk Management. Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation's (IIARF's). Schwarz, N., & Sudman, S. (2012). Context effects in social and psychological research. Springer Science & Business Media. USA. Scott, W. R. (1987). The adolescence of institutional theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(4), 493-511. SEC Code of corporate governance (2011). Nigerian code of corporate governance and international best practice. Published by the Nigerian Security and Exchange Commission in 2011. Sekaran, U., Robert, Y. C., & Brain, L. D. (2001). Applied business research. John Wiley and Sons, Australian Ltd. Sekaran, U. (2006). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons. Sekaran, U. (2014). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. New York: JohnWiley and Sons. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. New York: JohnWiley and Sons. Sekaran, U. (2000). Research methods for business; a skill business approach. New York: JohnWiley and Sons. Selamat, M. H., & Babatunde, D. A. (2014). Mediating effect of information security culture on the relationship between information security activities and organizational performance in the Nigerian banking setting. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(7), 33-42. Shafique, O., Hussain, N., & Taimoor Hassan, M. (2013). Differences in the risk management practices of Islamic versus conventional financial institutions in Pakistan: An empirical study. The Journal of Risk Finance, 14(2), 179-196. Shafiq, A., & Nasr, M. (2010). Risk management practices followed by the commercial banks in Pakistan. International Review of Business Research Papers, 6(2), 308-325. Shenkir, W. G., & Walker, P. L. (2006). Enterprise risk management: frameworks, Elements, and integration. Institute of Management Accountant. Sherman, H., & Chaganti, R. (1998). Corporate governance and the timeliness of change: Reorientation in 100 American firms. Greenwood Publishing Group. Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1997). A survey of corporate governance. The Journal of Finance, 52(2), 737-783. Shortreed, J. (2010). Enterprise risk management and ISO 31000. Journal of policy Engagement, 2(3), 8-10. Sikka, P., Filling, S., & Liew, P. (2009). The audit crunch: reforming auditing.Managerial Auditing Journal, 24(2), 135-155. Singh, K. (2003). The effect of human resources practices on firm performance in India. Human Resource Development International, 6(1), 101-116. Sironi, A., & Zazzara, C. (2003). The Basel Committee proposals for a new capital accord: implications for Italian banks. Review of Financial Economics, 12(1), 99-126.