Hubungan antara ciri-ciri lembaga pengarah dan pendedahan kepelbagaian kedermawanan korporat di Malaysia

Prior studies have shown that the relationship between the board of directors’ characteristics and corporate social reporting to be inconclusive. In fact, research, specifically on the relationship between the corporate philanthropy disclosure and corporate governance, remains scarce and need to be...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Mohd Farid Asraf, Md Hashim
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2018
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/7752/1/s93977_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7752/2/s93977_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.7752
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Md. Yusof, Mohd ‘Atef
topic HD2709-2930.7 Corporations
HG Finance
spellingShingle HD2709-2930.7 Corporations
HG Finance
Mohd Farid Asraf, Md Hashim
Hubungan antara ciri-ciri lembaga pengarah dan pendedahan kepelbagaian kedermawanan korporat di Malaysia
description Prior studies have shown that the relationship between the board of directors’ characteristics and corporate social reporting to be inconclusive. In fact, research, specifically on the relationship between the corporate philanthropy disclosure and corporate governance, remains scarce and need to be further explored. As corporate philanthropy getting higher prominence by the Malaysian companies, this study examined the relationship between the characteristics of the board of directors and the level of disclosure of various corporate philanthropy practices. Using the Malaysian setting, a total of 296 companies listed on Bursa Malaysia in the year 2013 were selected for this study. A checklist of corporate philanthropy disclosure items was developed to assess the varieties of corporate philanthropy disclosed, while descriptive and multiple regression analyses were employed to address the research objectives. The results reveal that direct cash contribution, in-kind contributions given in the form of products and volunteerism are the most disclosed corporate philanthropy activities by the Bursa Malaysia companies. On average, there are only three to four varieties of corporate philanthropy disclosures by each of the analysed companies. Furthermore, the size of the board, and directors with social sciences educational background are significantly related to the level of corporate philanthropy variety disclosure. The multiple regression results also indicate that community-influential directors and directors with honorary titles increase the probability of a higher level of disclosure on varied corporate philanthropy. This study contributes to the academic literature, by providing empirical evidence on the role of the board in shaping the corporate philanthropy disclosure. In addition, the results of this study have implications for firms, regulators, non-profit organizations, communities and other interested parties. It is also beneficial in providing initial insights for further extensive corporate philanthropy research especially on the issue of its disclosure.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Mohd Farid Asraf, Md Hashim
author_facet Mohd Farid Asraf, Md Hashim
author_sort Mohd Farid Asraf, Md Hashim
title Hubungan antara ciri-ciri lembaga pengarah dan pendedahan kepelbagaian kedermawanan korporat di Malaysia
title_short Hubungan antara ciri-ciri lembaga pengarah dan pendedahan kepelbagaian kedermawanan korporat di Malaysia
title_full Hubungan antara ciri-ciri lembaga pengarah dan pendedahan kepelbagaian kedermawanan korporat di Malaysia
title_fullStr Hubungan antara ciri-ciri lembaga pengarah dan pendedahan kepelbagaian kedermawanan korporat di Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed Hubungan antara ciri-ciri lembaga pengarah dan pendedahan kepelbagaian kedermawanan korporat di Malaysia
title_sort hubungan antara ciri-ciri lembaga pengarah dan pendedahan kepelbagaian kedermawanan korporat di malaysia
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy (TISSA)
publishDate 2018
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/7752/1/s93977_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7752/2/s93977_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828260263165952
spelling my-uum-etd.77522021-08-11T01:57:45Z Hubungan antara ciri-ciri lembaga pengarah dan pendedahan kepelbagaian kedermawanan korporat di Malaysia 2018 Mohd Farid Asraf, Md Hashim Md. Yusof, Mohd ‘Atef Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy (TISSA) Tunku Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy (TISSA) HD2709-2930.7 Corporations HG Finance Prior studies have shown that the relationship between the board of directors’ characteristics and corporate social reporting to be inconclusive. In fact, research, specifically on the relationship between the corporate philanthropy disclosure and corporate governance, remains scarce and need to be further explored. As corporate philanthropy getting higher prominence by the Malaysian companies, this study examined the relationship between the characteristics of the board of directors and the level of disclosure of various corporate philanthropy practices. Using the Malaysian setting, a total of 296 companies listed on Bursa Malaysia in the year 2013 were selected for this study. A checklist of corporate philanthropy disclosure items was developed to assess the varieties of corporate philanthropy disclosed, while descriptive and multiple regression analyses were employed to address the research objectives. The results reveal that direct cash contribution, in-kind contributions given in the form of products and volunteerism are the most disclosed corporate philanthropy activities by the Bursa Malaysia companies. On average, there are only three to four varieties of corporate philanthropy disclosures by each of the analysed companies. Furthermore, the size of the board, and directors with social sciences educational background are significantly related to the level of corporate philanthropy variety disclosure. The multiple regression results also indicate that community-influential directors and directors with honorary titles increase the probability of a higher level of disclosure on varied corporate philanthropy. This study contributes to the academic literature, by providing empirical evidence on the role of the board in shaping the corporate philanthropy disclosure. In addition, the results of this study have implications for firms, regulators, non-profit organizations, communities and other interested parties. It is also beneficial in providing initial insights for further extensive corporate philanthropy research especially on the issue of its disclosure. 2018 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7752/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7752/1/s93977_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7752/2/s93977_02.pdf text eng public https://sierra.uum.edu.my/record=b1698821~S1 Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdul Halim Mohd Noor, Nurul Amyra Mat Isa, Hamidah Muhd Irpan, Hasan Baharom, Arifin Saleh & Abdul Rahim Ridzuan. (2015). Characteristics affecting charitable donations behavior: Empirical evidence from Malaysia. Procedia Economics and Finance, 31, 563-572. Abdifatah Ahmed Haji. (2013). Corporate social responsibility disclosures over time: evidence from Malaysia. Managerial Auditing Journal, 28 (7), 647-676. Abeysekera, I. (2010). The influence of board size on intellectual capital disclosure by Kenyan listed firms. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 11(4), 504-518. Abraham, S., & Cox, P. (2007). Analysing the determinants of narrative risk information in UK FTSE 100 annual reports. The British Accounting Review, 39(3), 227–248. Aburaya, R.K. (2012). The Relationship Between Corporate Governance And Environmental Disclosure: UK Evidence. (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan, Durham University, United Kingdom). Diakses daripada http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3456/. Adams, C.A. (2002). Internal organizational factors influencing corporate social an ethical reporting: Beyond current theorizing. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 15(2), 223-250. Adams, M., & Hardwick, P. (1998). An analysis of corporate donations: United Kingdom evidence. Journal of Management Studies, 35(5), 641-654. Adams, M., Hoejmose, S., & Kastrinaki, Z. (2017). Corporate philanthropy and risk management:an investigation of reinsurance and charitable giving in insurance firms. Business Ethics Quarterly, 27(1), 1-37. Adams, S. (2012). The Americans who gave away the most money in 2012.Forbes. Diakses daripada http://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2013/02/11/theamericans-who-gave-away-the-most-money-in-2012/. Aerts, W., & Cormier, D. (2009). Media legitimacy and corporate environmental communication. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 34(1), 1-27. Ahmad Martadha Mohamed, Mahmood Nazar Mohamed, Koon, T.Y., Fuziah Shaffie, Noor Azizah Ahmad, Rohani Abdul Ghani,… Shukri Ahmad. (1998). Pengenalan kepada sains sosial. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn Bhd. Ahmed, K., & D. Nicholls. (1994). The impact of non-financial company characteristics on mandatory disclosure compliance in developing countries: The case of Bangladesh. The International Journal of Accounting, 29(1), 62-77. Aishah Bidin. (2008). Corporate social responsibility: Trends and developments in Malaysia. Jurnal Undang-Undang dan Masyarakat, 12, 175-189. Akhtaruddin, M., & Abdur Rouf, M. (2011), Corporate Governance, Cultural Factors And Voluntary Disclosure: Evidence From Selected Companies In Bangladesh, Prosiding di 2011 BAASANA International Conference (ms.9-28), Bloomsburg University,Pennsylvania, USA: Bloomsburg University Akhtaruddin, M., & Hasnah Haron (2010). Board ownership, audit committees’ effectiveness and corporate voluntary disclosures. Asian Review of Accounting, 18(3), 245-259. Akhtaruddin, M., Hossain, M.A., Hossain, M., & Yao, L. (2009). Corporate governance and voluntary disclosure in corporate annual reports of Malaysian listed firms. JAMAR, 7(1), 1-20. Akta Syarikat 1965. Al Bukhari, A.I. (2002). Terjemahan hadis Shahih Bukhari. Zainuddin, H., Fachruddin, HS., Nasharuddin, T., Johar, A., & Abdul, R.Z. (terj.). Geylang, Singapore: Darel Fajr Publishing House. Al Tuwaijri, S.A., Christensen, T.E., & Hughes II, K.E. (2004). The relations Among environmental disclosure, environmental performance, and economic performance: A simultaneous equations approach. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 29(5/6), 447-471. Alex, P. (2016). Giving thoughts. Using corporate philanthropy to build long-term perspectives. The Conference Board. Diakses daripada www.conference-board.org/. Alexandrina, S.C. (2013). How do board of directors affect corporate governance disclosure? the case of banking system. The Romanian Economics Journal, 47, 125-146. Alfiero, S., Cane, M., De Bernardi, P., & Venuti, F. (2016). Reputational risk and disclosure practices: Comparatives evidence from European countries. Diakses daripada: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303837362. Aljifri, K., & Hussainey, K. (2007). The determinants of forward-looking information in annual reports of UAE companies. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(9), 881–894. Alikhani, R., & Maranjory, Mehdi. (2013). An investigation on the relationship between social and environmental information disclosure level and firms performance in Iran. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 4(12), 4026-4029. Altschuller, S. ( 2011, November). CSR and the role of the board. IR magazine, Special Feature, 34-35. Diakses daripada http://www.irmagazine.com/articles/specialpublications/18537/csr-and-role-board/. Amato, L.H., & Amato, C.H. (2007). The effects of firm size and industry on corporate giving. Journal of Business Ethics, 72(3), 229-241. Amato, L.H., & Amato, C.H. (2012). Retail philanthropy: Firm size, industry and business cycle. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(4), 435-448. Ananda, Syed Mokhtar derma lebih RM287 juta untuk tujuan amal. (2005, 16 September). Utusan Malaysia. Diakses daripada http://www.utusan.com.my. Andreoni, J., & Petrie, R. (2004). Public goods experiments without confidentiality: a glimpse into fund-raising. Journal of Public Economics, 88(7-8), 1605-1623. Atkinson, L., & Galaskiewicz, J. (1988). Stock ownership and company contributions to charity. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33(1), 82-100. Atkinson, A.B., & Leigh, A. (2013).The distribution of top incomes in Five Anglo-Saxon countries over the long run. The Economic Record, 89(1), 31–47. Ayuso, S., & Argandona, A. (2007) Responsible corporate governance: Towards a stakeholder board of directors? Kertas kerja di IESE Business School 2007, University of Navarra, Spain. Azhar Abdul Rahman, Mohd Farid Asraf Md Hashim & Fathiyyah Abu Bakar. (2010). Corporate social reporting: A preliminary study of Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB). Issues in Social and Environmental Accounting, 4(1), 18-39. Azizul Osman. (2012, Oktober 22) Sektor korporat disaran amalkan konsep kebajikan sosial. ABN News. Diakses daripada http://news.abnxcess.com Azlan Amran, Ling. L.L., & Sofri Yahya. (2007). A study of corporate philanthropic traits among major Malaysian corporations. Social Responsibility Journal, 3(4), 21-30. Azlan Amran, Mustaffa Mohamed Zain, Maliah Sulaiman, Tapan, S., & Ooi, S.K. (2013). Empowering society for better corporate social responsibility (CSR): The case of Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia, 31(1), 57–78. Azlan Amran & Siti Nabiha Abdul Khalid. (2009). Corporate social reporting in Malaysia: A case of mimicking the West or succumbing to local pressure. Social Responsibility Journal, 5(3), 358-375. Backer, L. (2007). Engaging stakeholders in corporate environmental governance. Business and Society Review, 112(1), 29-54. Backhaus, K.B, Stone, B.A., & Heiner, K. (2002). Exploring the relationship between corporate social performance and employer attractiveness. Business Society, 4(3), 292-318. Ball. R., Robin, A., & Wu. J. S. (2003). Incentives versus standards: Properties of accounting income in four East Asian countries and implications of acceptance of IAS. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 36(1 -3), 235-270. Balta, M.E., Woods, A., & Dickson, K. (2010). The influence of boards of directors characteristics on strategic decision-making: Evidence from Greek companies. The Journal of Applied Business Research, 26(3), 57-68. Bamber, L.S, Jiang, X.J., & Wang,I,Y. (2010).What’s my style? The influence of top managers on voluntary corporate financial disclosure. The Accounting Review, 85(4), 1131–1162. Bantel, K. A. (1993). Top team, environment and performance effects on strategic planning formality. Group and Organization Management, 18(4), 436–458. Barako, D.G. (2007). Determinants of voluntary disclosures in Kenyan companies annual reports. African Journal of Business Management, 1(5), 113-128. Barber, B.M., & Odean, T. (2001). Boys will be boys: gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1), 261–292. Barclays Wealth (2010). Global giving: The culture of philanthropy. London. Barako, D.G., Hancock, P., & Izan, H.Y. (2006), Factors influencing voluntary corporate disclosure by Kenyan companies, Corporate Governance, 14(2), 107-125. Barka, H.B., & Mokaddem, S. (2012). Nature of the director's profile and knowledge transfer in corporate social responsibility: A Literature-based Approach. Prosiding di Aderse 9th International congress CSR globalisation, normalisation: New issues induced by the crisis. Nice, France. Diakses daripada http://hal.archivesouvertes.fr/docs/00/69/23/50/PDF/Nature_of_the_Director_profile.pdf. Barnard, J. W. (1997). Corporate philanthropy, executives' pet charities and the agency problem. New York Law School - Law Review, 41, 1164-1170. Barnes, E. (2008). Ownership, regulation, information and the capital acquisition process. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 5(3), 62-72. Bartkus, B.R., Morris, S.A, & Seifert, B. (2002). Governance and corporate philanthropy. Business and Society, 41(3), 319-343. Bathula, H. (2008). Board characteristics and firm performance: Evidence from New Zealand. (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand). Diakses di http://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10292/376/BathulaH.pdf?sequence=4. Bayoud, N.S. (2012). Corporate social responsibility and organizational performance: The Case of Libya, a mixed methods study. (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan, University of Southern Queensland, Australia). Diakses daripada http://eprints.usq.edu.au/23573/1/ Bayoud_2012_whole.pdf. Bayoud, N.S., Kavanagh, M., & Slaughter, G. (2012). Factors influencing levels of corporate social responsibility disclosure by Libyan firms: A mixed study. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(4), 13-29. Baysinger, B.D., & Zardkoohi, A. (1986). Technology, residual claimants and corporate control, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 2(2), 339-349. Bekkers, R., & DeGraaf, N.D. (2005). Field of education and prosocial behavior. Kertas penyelidikan di Marktdag Sociologie, Brussels. Diakses daripada http://igiturarchive.library.uu.nl/fss/2006-0727-201302/Bekkers_05_field-of-education-andprosocial-behavior.pdf. Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2007). Generosity and philanthropy: A literature review. Diakses daripada http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract _id=1015507. Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanism that drive charitable giving. Kertas penyelidikan di VU University Amsterdam. Diakses daripada http://dare2.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/handle/1871/33145/Bekkers_Wiepking_11_NVSQ_postprint.pdf?sequence=2. Belfield, C.R., & Beney, A.P. (2000). What determines alumni generosity? Evidence from the UK. Education Economics, 8(1), 65-80. Belkaoui, A., & Karpik, P.G. (1989). Determinants of the corporate decision to disclose social information. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 2(1), 36-51. Bennett, R. (1998). Corporate philanthropy in France, Germany and UK international comparisons of commercial orientation towards company giving in European nations. International Marketing Review, 15(6), 458-475. Bereskin, F.L., Campbell II, T.L., & Hsu, P. (2014). Corporate philanthropy and innovation: Implications for the boundries of the firm. Diakses daripada http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2111554. Bereskin, F.L., Campbell II, T.L., & Kedia, S. (2013). Philanthropy, corporate culture and misconduct. Diakses daripada http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2370482. Berger, A.N., Kick, T., & Schaeck, K. (2012). Executive board composition and bank risk taking. Kertas perbincangan di Deutsche Bundesbank.kerja di Bangor Universiti. Diakses daripada http://www.bangor.ac.uk/business/research/documents/BBSWP12004.pdf. Blumenfeld, W. S., & Sartain, P. L. (1974). Predicting alumni financial donation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(4), 522-523. Botosan, C.A. (1997). Disclosure level and the cost of equity Capital. The Accounting Review, 72(3), 323-349. BR1M 2.0 bermula bulan depan (2013, Januari 14). My Bajet 2013. Diakses daripada http://mybajet.my/ms/br1m-2-0-to-start-next-month. Brammer, S., & Millington, A. (2004). Stakeholder pressure, organizational size and the allocation of departmental responsibility for the management of corporate giving. Business & Society, 43(3), 268-295. Brammer, S., & Millington, A. (2005). Corporate reputation and philanthropy: An empirical analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 61(1), 29-44. Brammer, S., & Millington, A. (2006). Firm size, organizational visibility and corporate philanthropy: an empirical analysis. Business Ethics European Review, 15(1), 6–18. Brammer, S., & Pavelin, S. (2005). Corporate community contributions in the United Kingdom and the United States. Journal of Business Ethics, 56(1), 15-26. Brannen, L. (2008, Oktober). The purpose-driven corporation. Business Finance. Diakses daripada http://businessfinancemag.com/article/purpose-driven-corporation-1010. Bromiley, P. (1991). Testing a causal model of corporate risk taking and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 34(1), 37-59. Bravo, F. (2016). Forward looking disclosure and corporate reputation as mechanisms to reduce stock return volatility. Spanish Accounting Review, 19(1), 122-131. Brown, B. (2014). Game-changing philanthropy. In the Black, Oktober 2014, 54. Brown, E., & Ferris, J.M. (2007). Social capital and philanthropy: An analysis of the impact of social capital on individual giving and volunteering. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 36(1), 85-99. Brown, W, Helland, E., & Smith, J.K. (2006). Corporate philanthropic practices. Journal of Corporate Finance, 12(5), 855-877. Bruch, H., & Walter, F. (2005). The keys to rethinking corporate philanthropy. MIT Sloan Management Review, 47(1), 49-55. Buchholtz, A.K, Amason, A.C., & Rutherford, M.C. (1999). Beyond resources: The mediating effect of top management discretion and value of corporate philanthropy. Business and Society, 38(2), 167-187. Bursa Malaysia. (2006). Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Framework for Malaysia Diakses daripada http://www.bursamalaysia.com/website/bm/about_us/the_organization/csr/downloads/csr_framework_slides.pdf. Bursa Malaysia. (2007). Corporate social responsibility in Malaysian PLCs, An executive summary, 2007 Status report. csr-asia.com. Bursa Malaysia. (2014a). Measuring and reporting. Diakses daripada http://www.bursamalaysia.com/market/listedcompanies/sustainability/measuringreporting/overview/. Bursa Malaysia. (2014b). Sustainability management frameworks. Diakses daripada http://www.bursamalaysia.com/market/listedcompanies/sustainability/frameworks/sustainability-management-frameworks/. Bursa Malaysia. (2014c) Measuring and reporting. Role of the board. Diakses daripada http://www.bursamalaysia.com/market/listed-companies/sustainability/measuringreporting/role-of-the-board/. Bursa Malaysia. (2015). Kit Peralatan: Tema-Tema dan Indikator-Indikator. Diakses daripada http://www.bursamalaysia.com/bm/market/sustainability/sustainabilityreporting/sustainability-reporting-guide-and-toolkits/. Bursa Malaysia. (2015). Panduan Laporan Kelestarian. Diakses daripada http://www.bursamalaysia.com/bm/market/sustainability/sustainabilityreporting/sustainability-reporting-guide-and-toolkits/. Bushon, B. R.. (2012, December 22). Diversity on boards is about corporate governance. The Star Online. Diakses daripada : http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/12/22/business/12483277&sec=business. Camfferman, K., & Cooke, T. (2002). An analysis of disclosure in the annual reports of UK and Dutch companies, Journal of International Accounting Research, 1, 3-28. Campbell, D., Moore, G., & Metzger, M. (2002) Corporate philanthropy in UK. 1985- 2000: Some empirical findings. Journal of Business Ethics, 39(1/2), 29-41. Campbell, D., & Slack, R. (2006). Public visibility as a determinant of the rate of corporate charitable donations. Business Ethics: A European Review, 15(1), 19–28. Campbell, D., & Slack, R. (2008). Corporate “philanthropy strategy” and “strategic philanthropy”: Some insights form voluntary disclosures in annual reports. Business & Society, 42(7), 187-212. Canny, A.R. (2014). The SE-Asian Tsunami Appeal: disclosure of contributions by corporate Australia. Pacific Accounting Review, 26(3), 274-301. Carroll, A.B. (1979). A three dimensional model of corporate performance. Academy of Management Review, 44, 497-505. Carroll, A.B. (2001). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 3(4), 39-48. Carroll, A.B. (2004). Managing ethically with global stakeholders: A present and future challenge. Academy of Management Executive, 18(2), 114-120. Cavana, R.Y., Delahaye, B.L., & Sekaran, U. (2001). Applied business research: Qualitative and quantitative methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Center of Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy. (2013). Giving in numbers 2013.New York. Center of Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy. (2015). Giving in numbers 2015.New York. Certo, S.T., Daily, C.M., & Dalton, D.R. (2001). Signaling firm value through board structure: An investigation of initial public offerings. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(2), 33–50. Cha, W., & Abebe, M.A. (2016). Board of directors and industry determinants of corporate philanthropy. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(5), 672-688. Chang, Y.K., Oh, W.Y., Jung, J.C., & Lee, J.Y. (2012).Firm size and corporate Social performance the mediating role of outside director representation. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 19(4), 486-500. Charities Aid Foundation. (2006). International comparisons of charitable giving. Diakses daripada http://www.cafonline.org/pdf/International%20Comparisons%20of%20Charitable%20Giving.pdf. Charities Aid Foundation. (2010). World Giving Index 2010. Diakses daripada https://www.cafonline.org/pdf/WorldGivingIndex28092010Print.pdf. Charities Aid Foundation. (2011). World Giving Index 2011. A global view of giving trends. Diakses daripada https://www.cafonline.org/pdf/World_Giving_Index_2011_191211.pdf Charities Aid Foundation. (2012). World Giving Index 2012. A global view of giving trends. Diakses daripada https://www.cafonline.org/PDF/WorldGivingIndex2012WEB.pdf. Charities Aid Foundation. (2013). World Giving Index 2013. A global view of giving trends. Diakses daripada https://www.cafonline.org/PDF/WorldGivingIndex2013_1374AWEB.pdf. Charities Aid Foundation. (2014). World Giving Index 2014. A global view of giving trends. Diakses daripada https://www.cafonline.org/pdf/CAF_WGI2014_Report_1555AWEBFinal.pdf. Chaidri, V., & Wang, J. (2007). Communicating corporate social responsibility on the internet: A case of the top 100 information technology companies in India. Management Communication Quarterly, 21(2), 232-247. Chemmanur, T.J. & Paeglis, I. (2005). Management quality, certification and initial public offerings. Journal of Financial Economics, 76(2), 331–368. Chen, Y.C., Hung, M., & Wang, Y. (2017). The effect of mandatory CSR disclosure on firm profitability and social externalities: Evidence form China. Journal of accounting and Economics, 65, 169-190. Cheung, S.Y.L., Connelly, J.T., Limpaphayom, P., & Zhou, L. (2006). Determinants of corporate disclosure and transparency evidence from Hong Kong and Thailand, Prosiding di China International Conference in Finance, 17-20 Julai. Xi’an. Chobpichien, J. (2008). The quality of boards of directors, ownership structure and level of voluntary disclosure of listed companies in Thailand. (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia). Diakses di daripada http://eprints.usm.my/10396/1/THE_QUALITY_OF_BOARD_OF_DIRECTORS,_OWNERSHIP.pdf. Choi, J., & Wang, H. (2007). The promise of a managerial value approach to corporate philanthropy. Journal of Business Ethics, 75(4), 345-359. Chua, Y.P. (2009). Statistik penyelidikan lanjutan 2: Ujian regresi, analisis faktor dan analisis SEM. Kuala Lumpur: McGraw-Hill (Malaysia). Chung, R., Ho, S., & Kim, J. B. (2004). Ownership structure and the pricing of discretionary accruals in Japan. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 13(1), 13-20. Claessens, S., Djankov, S., & Lang, L.H.P. (2000). Who Controls East Asian Corporations? World Bank Report, 1-40. Claessens, S., & Tzioumis. (2006). Ownership and financing structures of listed and nonlisted corporations. Corporate governance-An International review, 14(4), 266-272. Coffey, B.S., & Wang, J. (1998). Board diversity and managerial control as predictors of corporate social performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(14), 1595-1603. Companies Act 2006, United Kingdom. Diakses daripada http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/contents. Cole, S. (2012). The impact of reputation on market value. World Economics, 13(3), 47-68. Cooke, D. (2008). The philanthropic contract:building social capital through corporate social investment. (Tesis doktor pentadbiran perniagaan tidak diterbitkan, Southern Cross University). Diakses di https://epubs.scu.edu.au. Cooke, T.E., & Wallace, R.S.O. (1990). Financial disclosure regulation and its environment: A review and further analysis. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 9(2), 79-110. Council of Institutional Investors Corporate Governance Policies. (2013). Policies on Corporate Governance. Diakses daripada http://www.cii.org/corp _gov_policies. Corporate Citizenship. (2011). Why use LBG? Diakses daripada http://www.lbgonline.net/about-lbg/why -use-lbg.aspx. Corporate social responsibility: The commercial advantages of being ethical. (2016, June 5). On Target Direct, Diakses daripada www.cmawebline.org/ontarget /corporatesocial-responsibility-the-commercial-advan. Craig, R., & Diga, J. (1998). Corporate accounting disclosure in ASEAN. Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting, 9(3), 246-274. CSR Asia. (2009). CSR in Asia: Who is getting it done? - The role of CSR professionals in Asia in 2008. Diakses daripada http://www.csrasia.com/report/report_csr_in_asia.pdf. D’Aveni, R.A. (1990). Top managerial prestige and organizational bankruptcy. Organization Science, 1(2), 121-142. D'Aveni, R. A., & Kesner, I. F. (1993). Top managerial prestige, power and tender offer response: A study of elite social networks and target firm cooperation during takeovers. Organization Science, 4(2), 123-151. Daily, C.M, Dalton, D.R, & Cannella Jr. A.A.(2003). Corporate governance: Decades of dialogue and data. The Academy of Management Review, 28(3), 371-382. Dalilawati Zainal, Norhayah Zulkifli & Zakiah Saleh. (2013a). Corporate board diversity in Malaysia: A longitudinal analysis of gender and nationality diversity. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Science, 3(1), 136-148. Dalilawati Zainal, Norhayah Zulkifli & Zakiah Saleh. (2013b). Corporate social responsibility reporting in Malaysia: A comparison between Shariah and non- Shariah approved firms. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 15(7), 1035-1046. Dallas, L.L. (2002) . Does corporate law protect the interest of shareholders and other stakeholders? The New Managerialism and Diversity on Corporate Boards of Directors. Tulane Law Review, 76, 1,363-1,405. Dalton, D. R., Daily, C. M., Ellstrand, A. E., & Johnson, J. L. (1998). Meta-analytic reviews of board composition, leadership structure, and financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 19(3), 269–290. De Villiers, C., & Marques, A. (2016). Corporate social responsibility, country-level predispositions, and the consequences of choosing a level of disclosure. Accounting and Business Research, 46(2), 167-195. Deephouse, D. L., & Carter, S. M. (2005). An examination of differences between organizational legitimacy and organizational reputation. Journal of Management Studies, 42(2), 329–360. Deloitte. (2011). Women in the boardroom: A global perspective. Diakses daripada http://www.deloitte.com/assets/DcomTanzania/Local%20Assets/Documents/Deloitte%20Article_Women%20in%20the%20boardroom.pdf. Diener, K.W. (2013). The charitable responsibilities model of corporate social responsibility. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, 7(Jun), 1-12. DiMaggio, P.J., & Powell, W.W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociology Review, 48(2), 146-160. Dua juta terima BR1M secara berperingkat dalam tempoh 20 hari. (2014, Februari 15). Utusan Malaysia. Diakses daripada http://www.bharian.com.my/bharian/articles/DuajutaterimaBR1Msecaraberperingkatdalamtempoh20hari/Article/index_html. Dwyer, M.M. (2004). More is better: The impact of study abroad program duration. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 10, 151–164. Eagly, A.H., Johannesen- Schmidt,M.C., & Van Engen, M.L. (2003). Transformational transational and Laissez-Faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 569–591. Eccles, R.G., Newquist,S.C., & Schatz, R. (2007). Reputation and its risks. Harvard Business School, 85(2), 104-114. Edmonson, A.C. (2002a). The local and variegated nature of learning in organizations: A group-level perspective, Organization Science, 13(2), 128-147. Edmonson, A.C. (2002b). Managing the risk of learning: Psychological safety in work teams. International Handbook of Organizational Teamwork, London: Blackwell. Elinda Esa & Nazli Anum Mohd Ghazali. (2012). Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance in Malaysian government343 linked companies. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Effective Board Performance, 12(3), 292-305. Ezat, A., & Masry, A. E. (2008). The impact of corporate governance on the timeliness of corporate internet reporting by Egyptian listed companies. Managerial Finance, 34(12), 848-867. Fadzil Zainol. (2015). Tolak kronisme, pilih kasih. Utusan Malaysia, ms. 18. Fahmi Azril Rosli. (2015). Litrak peruntuk RM2.4 juta untuk program CSR. Kosmo, ms.52. Fatimah Mat Yasin & Sherliza Puat Nelson. (2012). Audit committee and internal audit: Implications on audit quality. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 20(2), 187-218 Fatimah Zainab Zulkifli & Nazrul Dadziruddin Mohd Zameri. (2010). The functions of constitutional monarchy in Malaysian political system. The perceptions of Malay community. Seminar on National Resilience: Political Managements and Policies in Malaysia. Diakses daripada http://repo.uum.edu.my/3182/1/S18.pdf . Fan, J., & Wong, T. (2002). Corporate Ownership structure and the informativeness of accounting earning in East Asia. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33, 401-425. Faris, N.A.S. (2010). Analysis the determinants of corporate philanthropy: A case study in the Jordanian commercial banks. Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 244-251. Fernandez-Feijoo, B., Romero, S., & Ruiz, S. (2012). Does board gender composition affect corporate social responsibility reporting? International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(1), 31-38. Fioravante, P.L. (2010). Corporate philanthropy: A strategic marketing consideration. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 11(3), 91 –96. Fioravante, P.L. (2011). Corporate philanthropy and its effect on an organization: A qualitative study. (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan, Capella Univerisity). Diakses di Dissertation Express database. (No. UMI . 3445222). Foldy, E.G, Rivard, P., & Bucley, T.R. (2009). Power, safety and learning in racially diverse groups. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 8(1), 25-41. Foundation Center. Diakses pada March 20, 2013, daripada http://foundationcenter.org/. Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic Management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman. Frey, B.S., & Meier, S. (2005). Selfish and indoctrinated economists? European Journal of Law and Economics, 19(2), 165–171. Friedman, M. (1970). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits, New York Times Magazine, 13 September. Galaskiewicz, J. (1997). An urban grants economy revisited: Corporate charitable contributions in the twin cities, 1979-81, 1987-89. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(3), 445-471. Gamerschlag, R., Moller, K., & Verbeeten, F. (2011). Determinants of voluntary CSR disclosure: Empirical evidence from Germany. Review of Managerial Science, 5(2-3), 233-262. Gan, A. (2006). The impact of public scrutiny on corporate philanthropy. Journal of Business Ethics, 69(3), 217-316. Gautier, A., & Pache, A.C. (2015). Research on corporate philanthropy: A review and assessment. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(3), 343-369. Genest, C.M. (2005). Cultures, organizations and philanthropy. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 10(4), 315-327. Gibbins, M., Richardson, A., & Waterhouse, J. (1990). The management of corporate disclosure: Opportunism, ritualism, policies and processes. Journal of Accounting Research, 28(1), 1990. Gibson, K. (2004). Financial Accounting Module of CPA Australia, Victoria: Deakin University. Give2 Asia. (2011). Korean American philanthropy. Tradition, trend and potential. California. Give2 Asia. Diakses daripada http://www.give2asia.org/documents/Give2ASia-2011KoreanAmerican-Report.pdf. Giving Australia. (2005). Research on philanthropy in Australia: An Australian Government Initiative. Canberra: Australian Government: Department of Family and Community Services. Godfrey, P.C. (2005). The relationship between corporate philanthropy and shareholder wealth: A risk management perspective. Academy of Management Review, 30(4), 777–798. Godfrey, P.C., & Hatch, N.W. (2007). Researching corporate social responsibility: An agenda for the 21st century, Journal of Business Ethics, 70(1), 87-98. Golden, B.R., & Zajac, E.J. (2001). When will boards influence strategy? Inclination x power = Strategic change. Strategic Management Journal, 22(12), 1087-1111. Godelnik, R. (2012, Ogos 22). Philanthropy, CSR and the social responsibility of business. Diakses daripada http://www.triplepundit.com/2012/08/ philanthropy-csrsocial-responsibility-of-business/. Gul, F. A. (2006). Auditors' response to political connections and cronyism in Malaysia. Journal of Accounting Research, 44(5), 931 -963. Gul, F.A., & Leung, S. (2004). Board leadership, outside directors’ expertise and voluntary corporate disclosures. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 23(5), 351-379. Gul, F.A., Srinidhi, B., & Ng. A.C. (2011). Does board gender diversity improve the informativeness of stock prices? Journal of Accounting and Economics, 51(3), 314–338. Gunawan, J., Djajadikerta, H., & Smith, M. (2009). An examination of corporate social discloures in the annual reports of Indonesian listed companies. Diakses daripada http://www.unisa.edu.au/Global/business/centres/cags/docs/apcea/APCEA_2009_1 5(1)_Gunawan_Djajadikerta_Smith.pdf. Gujarati, D.N. (2003). Basic econometrics (4th Ed.). London: McGraw-Hill Guthrie, J.E., & Parker. L.D.(1989). Corporate social reporting: A rebuttal of legitimacy theory. Accounting and Business Research, 9(76), 343-352. Guthrie, J.E., & Parker, L.D.(1990). Corporate social disclosure practice: A comparative international analysis. Advances in Public Interest Accounting, 3, 75-159. Gray, S.J. (1988). Towards a theory of cultural influence on the development of accounting systems internationally. Abacus, March, 1-15. Gray, R., Kouhy, R., & Lavers, S. (1995). Corporate social and environmental reporting: A review of the literature and a longitudinal study of UK disclosure. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 8(2), 47-77. Green, S.B. (1991). How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis? Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26(3), 499-510. Greenley, G. E., & Oktemgil, M. (1998). A comparison of slack resources in high and low performing British companies. Journal of Management Studies, 35(3), 377-398. GRI. (2013). G4 Sustainability and reporting guidelines. Part 1: Reporting principles and specific guidelines. Amsterdam: Global Reporting Initiatives. Habbash, M., Sindezingue, C., & Salama, A. (2013). The effect of audit committee characteristics on earnings management. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 10(1), 13-38. Hackston, D., & Milne, M.J. (1996). Some determinants of social and environmental disclosures in New Zealand companies. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 9(1), 77-108. Hafizah Mutalib. (2014). The impact of sustainability reporting on dedicated and transient institutional ownership, and the moderating effect of financial performance. (Tesis falsafah kedoktoran tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia). Hail, L. (2002). The impact of voluntary corporate disclosures on the ex-ante cost of capital for Swiss firms. European Accounting Review, 11(4), 741–773. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E., & Tatham, R.L. (2006) Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Hairul Suhaimi Nahar. (2010). The Malaysian corporate governance reform and financial reporting quality. (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. Haley, U.C.V. (1991). Corporate contributions as managerial masques: Reframing corporate contributions as strategies to influence society. Journal of Management Studies, 28(5). 487-509. Hambrick, D., & Mason, P. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193–206. Hambrick, D., Cho, T.S., & Chen, M.J. (1996). The influence of top management team heterogeneity on firms’ competitive moves. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(4), 659-684. Handajani, L., Subroto, B., Sutrisno, T. & Saraswati, E. (2014). Does board diversity matter on corporate social disclosure? An Indonesian evidence. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(9), 8-16. Hanim Norza Baba & Hajah Mustafa Mohd Hanefah. (2004). Corporate social disclosure practices in Malaysia. (Penyelidikan tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Utara Malaysia. Harbaugh, W.T. (1998). What do donations buy? A model of philanthropy based on prestige and warm glow. Journal of Public Economics, 67(2), 269–284. Harrigan, K. R. (1981). Numbers and positions of women elected to corporate boards. Academy of Management Journal, 24(3), 619-625. Haslindar Ibrahim, & Fazilah M. Abdul Samad . (2010). Corporate governance and agency costs: Evidence from public listed family firms in Malaysia. Prosiding di International Conference on Business and Economic Research. Kuching. Helland, E., & Smith, J.K. (2004). An analysis of corporate philanthropic practices. Diakses daripada http://www.cmc.edu/fei/papers/pdf/2004-03.pdf. Henrich, J., & Gil-White, F. (2001).The evolution of prestige: freely conferred deference as a mechanism for enhancing the benefits of cultural transmission. Evolution and Human Behavior, 22(3), 165–196. Hess, D., Rogovsky, N, & Dunfee, T.W. (2002). The next wave of corporate community involvement: Corporate social initiatives. California Management Review, 44(2), 110-125. Hillman, A.J., Cannella Jr, A.A., & Harris, I.C. (2002). Women and racial minorities in the boardroom: How do directors differ? Journal of Management, 28(6), 747–763. Hillman, A.J., Cannella Jr, A.A., & Paetzold, R.I. (2000). The resource dependence role of corporate directors: Strategic adaptation of board composition in response to environment change. Journal of Management Studies, 37(2), 235-255. Hillman, A.J., & Dalziel, T. (2003). Board of directors and firm performance: Integrating agency and resource dependence perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 28(3), 383-396. Hillman, A.J., Keim, G. D., & Luce, R.A. (2001). Board composition and stakeholder performance: do stakeholder directors make a difference? Business and Society, 40(3), 295-314. Hillman, A.J., Shropshire, C., & Cannella Jr, A.A. (2007). Organizational predictors of women on corporate boardroom. Academy of Management Journal, 50(4), 941-952. Hillman, A.J., Withers, M.C., & Collins, B.J. (2009). Resource dependence theory: A review. Journal of Management Online First, 1-24. Hillygus, D.S. (2005). The missing link: Exploring the relationship between higher education and political engagement. Political Behavior, 27(1), 25-47. Ho, S. S. M., & Wong, K. S. (2001). A study of corporate disclosure practices and effectiveness in Hong Kong. Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting, 12(1), 75-101. Hoeffler, S., & Keller, K.L. (2002). Building brand equity through corporate societal marketing, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 21(1), 78-89. Hogarth, K., Hutchinson, M., & Scaife, W. (2016). Corporate philanthropy, reputation risk management and shareholder value: A study of Australian corporate giving. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-16. Hossain, M., Perera, M.H.B., & Rahman, A.R. (1995). Voluntary disclosure in the annual reports of New Zealand companies. Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting, 6(1), 69-87. Hossain, M., & Reaz, M. (2007). The determinants and characteristics of voluntary disclosure by Indian Banking companies. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 14(5), 274–288. Hossain, D.M., & Nurazzura Mohamad Diah (2015). Corporate giving in the health sector: A study on the Malaysian Companies. Middle East Journal of Business, 10(4), 29-37. Huang, C.L., & Kung, F.H. (2010). Drivers of environmental disclosure and stakeholder expectation: Evidence from Taiwan. Journal of Business Ethics, 96(3), 435–451. Hussainey, K., Elsayed, M., & Razik, M.A.(2011). Factors affecting corporate social responsibility disclosure in Egypt. Corporate Ownership and Control Journal, 8(4), 432-443. Ibrahim, N. A., & Angelidis, J. P. (1994). Effect of board members' gender on corporate social responsiveness orientation. Journal of Applied Business Research, 10(1), 35. Ibrahim, N.A., & Angelidis, J.P. (1995). The corporate social responsiveness orientation of board members: Are there differences between inside and outside directors? Journal of Business Ethics, 14(5), 405-410. Ibrahim, N. A., Howard, D. P., & Angelidis, J. P. (2003). Board members in the service industry: An empirical examination of the relationship between corporate social responsibility orientation and directorial type. Journal of Business Ethics, 47, 393–401. Idowu, S.O., & Filho, W.L., Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility (ms. 201-231). Heidelberg: Springer. Diakses dari: https://books.google.com/. Ingley, C. B., & Van der Walt, N. T. (2001). The strategic board: The changing role of directors in developing and maintaining corporate capability. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 9(3), 174-185. Ingram, R., (1978). An investigation of the information content of (Certain) Social responsibility disclosures, Journal of Accounting Research, 16(2), 270-285. Ingram, R., & K. Frazier (1980), ‘Environment Performance and Corporate Disclosure’, Journal of Accounting Research, 18(2), 614-622. Intan Maiza Abd Rahman & Ku Nor Izah Ku Ismail (2016). The effects of political connection on corporate social responsibility disclosure – evidence from listed companies in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 5(2), 16-21. Ioannou, I., & Serafeim, G. (2014). The consequences of mandatory corporate sustainability reporting: Evidence from four countries. Kertas kerja di Harvard Business School, Harvard University. Irma Yazreen Md Yusoff & Yee, L.S. (2016). Corporate social responsibility: Ranking public listed companies in Malaysia. Reitaku Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 24, 107-126. Ivan, O.R. (2009). Sustainability in accounting basis: A conceptual framework. Annales Universitatis Apulensis: Series Oeconomica. 11(1), 106-116. Jackling, B., & Johl, S. (2009). Board structure and firm performance: evidence from India’s top companies. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 17(4), 492-509. Jackson, G., & Apostolakou, A. (2010). Corporate social responsibility in Western Europe: An institutional mirror or substitute? Journal of Business Ethics, 94(3), 371-394. Jamali, D. (2008). A stakeholder approach to corporate social responsibility: A fresh perspective into theory and practice. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(1), 213–231. Janggu, T. C. J. N. M. (2007). The current state of corporate social responsibility among industrial companies in Malaysia. Social Responsibility Journal, 3(3), 9 – 18. Jeffries, V., Johnston, B.V., Nichols, L.T., Oliner,S.P., Triyakian, E., & Weinstein, J. (2006). Altruism and social solidaripadaty: Envisioning a field of specialization. The American Sociologist, 37(3), 67-83. Jehn, K. A., Northcraft, G.B., & Neale, M.A.(1999). Why differences makes a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict, and performance in workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(4), 741-763. Jensen, M.C. (1993). The modern industrial revolution, exit, and the failure of internal control systems. Journal of Finance, 48(3), 831-880. Jensen, M.C. & Meckling, W.H. (1976), Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360. Jia, N., Shi, J., & Wang, Y. (2013). Do politically connected firms engage more or less in corporate philanthropy? Evidence from public and private firms in China. Laporan penyelidikan. Diakses daripada http://wwwbcf.usc.edu/~yongxiaw/pc%20and%20donation_20120122_reedited_no%20title1.pdf. Johnson, S., & Mitton, T. (2003). Cronyism, and capital controls: Evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Financial Economics, 67, 351 -382. Jones, G.R., & Tilt, C.A. (2005). Philanthropic reporting by Australian companies. Journal of the Asia Pacific Centre for Environmental Accountability, 11(1), 22-25. Jones, T.M. (1995). Instrumental stakeholder theory: A synthesis of ethics and economics. Academy of Management Review, 20(2), 404-437. Jonker, J., & Foster D. (2002). Stakeholder excellence: framing the evolution and complexity of a stakeholder perspective of the firm. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 9(4), 187–195. Judge, T. A., Cable, D. M., Boudreau, J. W., & Bretz, R. D. (1995). An empirical investigation of the predictors of executive career success. Personnel Psychology, 48(3), 485–519. Kabongo, J.D., Chang, K., & Li, Y. (2013). The impact of operational diversity on corporate philanthropy: An empirical study of U.S. companies. Journal of Business Ethics, 116(1), 49-65. Kapelus, P. (2002). Mining, corporate social responsibility and the "Community": The case of Rio Tinto, Richards Bay Minerals and the Mbonambi. Journal of Business Ethics, 39(3), 275–296. Kassinis, G., & Vafeas, N. (2002). Corporate boards and outside stakeholders as determinants of environmental litigation. Strategic Management Journal, 23(5), 399-415. Kesner, I.F.,Victor, B., & LaMont, B. (1986). Board composition and the commission of illegal acts: An investigation of fortune 500 companies. Academy Management Journal, 29(4), 789-799. Khan, M.H.U.Z. (2010). The effect of corporate governance elements on corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting. Empirical evidence from private commercial banks of Bangladesh. International Journal of Law and Management, 52(2), 82-109. Khan, M.H.U.Z., Halabi, A.K., & Samy, M. (2009). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting: a study of selected banking companies in Bangladesh. Social Responsibility Journal, 5(3), 344 – 357. Khasharmeh, H.A., & Desoky, A.M. (2013). On-line corporate social responsibility disclosure: The case of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Global Review of Accounting and Finance, 4(2), 39 – 64. Kolk, A., Walhain, S., & Van de Wateringen, S. (2001) Environmental reporting by the fortune global 250: exploring the influence of nationality and sector. Business Strategy and the Environment, 10(1), 15–28. Konzelmann, S., Davies, M .F. & Schnyder, G. (2010). Varieties of liberalism: Anglo- Saxon capitalism in crisis? Kertas kerja di Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge. Koppisch, J. (2014, Jun). 48 heroes of philanthropy. Forbes Asia. Diakses daripada http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoppisch/2014/06/25/48-heroes-of-philanthropy-3/. KPMG. (2008). Sustainability Reporting. A Guide, KPMG, Australia. KPMG. (2014). KPMG Malaysia fraud, bribery and corruption survey 2013. KPMG Management & Risk Consulting Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur. Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. London: Sage. Kuasirikun, N., & Sherer, M. (2004). Corporate social accounting disclosure in Thailand. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 17(4), 629-660. Kumar, A. (Oktober 23, 2015). BR1M increased under Budget 2016. The Sun Daily. Diakses di http://www.thesundaily.my. Lang, M., & Lundholm, R. (1993). Cross-sectional determinants of analyst ratings of corporate disclosure. Journal of Accounting Research, 13(12), 246-271 Lasby, D. (2011). What the numbers say: The giving and volunteering of the foreign-born in Canada. The Philanthropist, 24(1), 65-69. Leisinger, K.M. (2007). Corporate philanthropy: The “top of the pyramid”. Business and Society Review, 112(3), 315-342. Leisinger, K.M., & Schmitt, K. (2012). Corporate responsibility and corporate philanthropy, Express Newsletter: Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development. Diakses daripada http://www.novartisstiftung.org/platform/content/element/4612/Newsletter_2-12_25_7_web.pdf. Lev, B., Petrovits, C., & Radhakrishnan, S. (2011). Making the business case for corporate philanthropy. Director Notes, August, 1-9. Diakses daripada https://www.conference-board.org/retrievefile.cfm?filename=TCB-DN-V3N15-11.pdf&type=subsite. Li, Z., Pomering, A. & Noble, G. (2011). Investigating Chinese and Australian student's awareness and interpretation of CSR, and the influence of studying 'socially innovative commerce' over time. Kertas kerja di Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference, Perth, Australia. Diakses daripada http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2425&context=commpapers. Lindsay, H. (2012). Mandatory Reporting: Does it make a difference? CSR Asia, 8, w51. London Benchmarkings Group (LBG). (2008). LBG Guidance Manual. Volume 1. Inputs - Assessing the Contribution. Corporate Citizenship: London. Lorsch, J. W. (1995, January/February). Empowering the board. Harvard Business Review, 107-117. Lu, J.Y., & Castka, P. (2009). Corporate social responsibility in Malaysia. Experts’ views and perspectives. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 16(3), 146-154. Luan, T.K. (2005a), ‘CSR challenges and trends in corporate Malaysia’, Accountants Today, January and February 2005, 40-43. Luan, T.K. (2005b), ‘CSR and Consumers’, Accountants Today, August 2005, 24-27. Lyon, T. P., & Maxwell, J.W. (2007). Corporate social responsibility and the environment: a theoretical perspective. Diakses daripada http://ssrn.com/abstract=1011793. Madden, K. Scaife, W., & Crissman, K. (2006). How and why small to medium size enterprise engage with their communities: an Australian study. International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing, 11(1), 49-60. Madden, K., & Scaife, W. (2008). Good times and philanthropy. Giving by Australia’s affluent. The Australian Centre for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Studies, Queensland University of Technology. Maignan, I., & Ralston, D.A. (2002). Corporate social responsibility in Europe and the U.S.:Insights from businesses' self-presentations. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(3), 497–514. Mallin, C., & Michelon, G. (2010). Board reputation attributes and corporate social performance: An empirical investigation of the US best corporate citizens. Diakses daripada http://ssrn.com/abstract=1702391. Manheim, J.B., & Pratt, C.B. (1986). Communicating corporate social responsibility. Public Relations Review, 12(2), 9-18. Marimuthu, M. (2008). Ethnic diversity on boards of directors and its implications on firm financial performance. The Journal Of International Social Research, 1(4), 431-445. Marr, K.A., Mullin, C.H., & Siegfried, J.J. ( 2005). Undergraduate financial aid and subsequent alumni giving behavior. Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 45(1), 123-143. Marquis, C., & Lee, M. (2013).Who is governing whom? Executives, governance and the structure of generosity in large U.S. firms. Kertas kerja di Harvard Business School, Harvard University. Masulis, R.W., & Reza, S.W. (2013). Agency problem of corporate philanthropy. Diakses daripada http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?Abstract_id =2234221. Matten, D., & Moon, J. (2008). “Implicit” and “explicit” CSR: A conceptual framework for a comparative understanding of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review, 33(2), 404–424. Mazurina Mohd Ali, Muhd Kamil Ibrahim, Rashidah Mohammad, Mustaffa M. Zain & Mohd Rashidee Alwi. (2009). Malaysia: Value relevance of accounting numbers. Dlm. Idowu, S.O., & Filho, W.L., Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility (hlm. 201-231). Heidelberg: Springer. Diakses dari: https://books.google.com/. McAllister, D., & Ferrell, L. (2002). The role of strategic philanthropy in marketing strategy. European Journal of Marketing, 36(5/6), 689-705. Meek, G.K., Roberts, C.B., & Gray, S.J. (1995). Factors influencing voluntary annual report disclosures by U.S., U.K. and continental European multinational corporations. Journal of International Business Studies, 26(3), 555–572. Meijer, M.M., Bekker, F.G.A, Smit, J.H., & Schuyt. T. (2006). Corporate giving in the Netherlands 1995-2003: Exploring the amounts involved and motivations for donating. International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing, 11(1), 13-28. Merchant, K.A., Chow, C.W., & Wu, A. (1995), "Measurement, evaluation and reward of profit center managers: A cross-cultural field study". Accounting, Organizations and Society, 20(7/8), 619-638. Mescon, T., & Tilson, D. (1987). 'Corporate philanthropy: A Strategic Approach to the Bottom Line. California Management Review, 29(2), 49-61. Michelon, G., & Parbonetti, A. (2012). The effects of corporate governance on sustainability disclosure. Journal of Management and Governance, 16(3), 477-509. Milliken, F. J., & Martins, L. L. (1996). Searching for common threads: understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Review, 21(2), 402–433. Milne, M.J., & Adler, R.W. (1999). Exploring the reliability of social and environmental disclosures content analysis. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 12(2), 237-256 Mohammed, J.A. (2007). Corporate social responsibility in Islam. (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand). Diakses di http://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10292/354/MohammedJ?Sequence=1. Mohd Redzuan Zulkiflee. (2012). The effects of board characteristics on corporate social responsibility disclosure. (Tesis Sarjana tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Utara Malaysia. Malaysia, Malaysia. Moir, L. (2003, August). Communicating philanthropy: Multiple presentations to multiple stakeholders? Presentation of business involvement with the Arts in the UK. Kertas kerja dibentangkan di the Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Montgomery, D.B., & Ramus, C.A. (2003).“Corporate social responsibility. Reputation effects on MBA job choice”. Kertas penyelidikan, Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford. Diakses daripada https://gsbapps.stanford.edu/researchpapers/library/rp1805.pdf. Moon, J., & Muthuri, J. (2008). Corporate community investment: Trends, developments and attitudes. Siri-Siri Kertas Penyelidikan, International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility, Nottingham University Business School. Morris, S.A., & Bartkus, B.R. (2015). Look who’s talking: Corporate philanthropy and firm disclosure. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 5(1), 1-14. Muehleman, J., Bruker, C., & Ingram, C. (1976). The generosity shift. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(3), 344-351. Murphy, G. (2009). Companies Act 2006 - Accounts and audit changes. Diakses daripada https://www.smith.williamson.co.uk/entrepreneurs-fd-info-article /2563-companiesact-2006-accounts-and-audit-changes. Musa, I.F., & Oba, V.C. (2012). Gender diversity in the boardroom and corporate philanthropy: Evidence from Nigeria. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 3(8), 63-69. Mustaruddin Saleh, Norhayah Zulkifli & Rusnah Muhamad. (2011). Looking for evidence of the relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance in an emerging market. Asia- Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 3(2), 165 – 190. Naser, K., & Hassan, Y. (2013). Determinants of corporate social responsibility reporting: Evidence from an emerging economy. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business, 2(3), 56-74. Nazatul Ikma. (2013). Enhancing corporate reporting. Accountants Today, 26(3), 22-25. Nazli Anum Mohd Ghazali. (2007). Ownership structure and corporate social responsibility: some Malaysian evidence. Corporate Governance, 7(3), 251-266. Nik Mustapha Nik Hassan. (t.b). Perlunya hala tuju kepada golongan belia Islam. Portal Rasmi Institut Kefahaman Islam Malaysia. Diakses daripada http://www.ikim.gov.my/index.php/ms/berita-harian/7519-perlunya-hala-tujukepada-golongan-belia-islam. Nik Nazli Nik Ahmad, Maliah Sulaiman & Dodik Siswantoro. (2003). Corporate social responsibility disclosure in Malaysia: An analysis of annual reports of KLSE listed companies. IIUM Journal of Economics and Management, 11(1), 1-37. Noked, N. (2011, February 28). Investing in corporate social responsibility to enhance customer value. The Harvard law school forum on corporate governance and financial regulation. Diakses daripada http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/corpgov/2011/02/28/investing-in-corporate-social-responsibility-to-enhancecustomer-value/. Noor Afza Amran & Ayoib Che Ahmad. (2011). Board mechanisms and Malaysian family companies’ performance. Asian Journal of Accounting and Governance, 2(1), 15-26. Norhayah Zulkifli & Azlan Amran. (2006). Realising corporate social reporting in Malaysia. A view from the accounting profession. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, Winter (24), 101-114. Noriah Che-Adam, Phua Lian Kee & Fauziah Md Taib. (2012). Determinants on nonreporting of social and environmental information by Malaysian companies. Jurnal Pengurusan, 36, 101-112. Norway.The official site in Malaysia. (2011, December 31). Corporate social responsibility in Malaysia. Diakses daripada http://www.norway.org.my/News_and_events/Business/Bedriftenes. Oba, V.C., & Musa, F.I. (2012). Financial slack and upper echelon traits as predictors of corporate philanthropy in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(18), 160-167. Okunade, A.A., Wunnava, P.V., & Walsh, R.J. (1994). Charitable giving of alumni: Micro-data evidence from a large public university. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 53(1), 73-84. Ong, C.H. & Wan, D. (2008). Three conceptual models of board role performance. Corporate Governance, 8(3), 317 – 329. Owen, C.L., & Scherer, R.F. (1993). Social responsibility and market share. Review of Business, 15(1), 11-16. Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS Survival Manual. Berkshire: Mc-Graw Hill Education. Papadakis, V.M, Lioukas, S., & Chambers, D. (1998). Strategic decision-making processes: The role of management and context. Strategic Management Journal, 19(2), 115-147. Parker, L.D. (2011). Twenty-one years of social and environmental accountability research: A coming of age. Accounting Forum (35), 1–10. Pelan Hala Tuju, Program Transformasi Kerajaan. (2010). Jabatan Perdana Menteri. Putrajaya. Petrache, A.M. (2011). Corporate philanthropy in top Romanian companies. Economia. Serie Management, 14(2), 417-424. Pettigrew, A., & McNulty, T. (1995). Power and influence in and around the boardroom. Human Relations, 48(8), 845-873. Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper & Row. Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (2003). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. CA: Stanford University Press. Pisano, F. (2013). The FCPA & corporate philanthropy: Rethinking the regulations. Diakses daripada http://ssrn.com/abstract=2044049. Porter, M.E., & Kramer, M.R. (2002).Competitive advantage of corporate philanthropy. Harvard Business Review, 80(12), 56-58. Post, C., Rahman, N., & Rubow, E. (2011). Green governance: Boards of directors’ composition and environmental corporate social responsibility. Business Society, 50(1), 189-223. Prathaban, V. & Norasyida Abdul Rahim. (2005). Big earners, small givers? Malaysian Business. September 16. Puan Yatim (2010). Board structure and the establishment of a risk management committee by Malaysian listed firms. Journal of Management & Governance, 14(1), 17-36. Pusat Maklumat Rakyat. (2012). Perspektif Wawasan 2020. Diakses daripada laman web Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia : http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan.html. Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/. QS Top MBA. (t.b).Corporate Social Responsibility MBA Ranking. Diakses pada 4 Oktober 2013, daripada http://www.topmba.com/mba-rankings/specialization/corporate-social-responsibility. Rahizah Abd Rahim, Farah Waheeda Jalaludin & Kasmah Tajuddin. (2011). The importance of corporate social responsibility on consumer behavior in Malaysia. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 16(1), 119-139. Ramachandran, K. (2009). Family and corporate philanthropy: Emerging trends in India. ISB Insight, 5(Autumn), 5-8. Rancangan Malaysia Ke-10. Bab 5: Membangun dan mengekalkan modal insan bertaraf dunia. Raja Adzrin Raja Ahmad, Tower, G., & Zahn, M.V.D. (2009). Exploratory analysis of corporate philanthropy disclosure practices and influencing factors in Australia. Financial Reporting, Regulation and Governance, 8(1), 1-27. Raja Adzrin Raja Ahmad. (2010). Corporate philanthropic discourse. (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan, Curtin University, Australia). Diakses di http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au/R?func=dbin-jump-full&local_base=gen01-era02&object_id=160443. Rak, M. (2016). Corporate philanthropy as a source of advantage. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 10(5), 1647-1650. Ray, D.M. (2005). Corporate boards and corporate democracy. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 20, 93–105. Rohana Othman, Azlan Md Thani & Erlane K. Ghani. (2009). Determinants of Islamic social reporting among top Shariah-approved companies in Bursa Malaysia. Research Journal of International Studies, 12(October), 4-19. Roberts, R. W. (1992). Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure: An application of stakeholder theory. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 17(6), 595-612. Rock, R. H. (1995). Activating an IPO board. Directors & Boards, 20(1), 3. Rose, A.P. (2011). Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy. Giving in Numbers 2011 edition. Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy: New York. Roshayani Arshad, Suaini Othman & Rohana Othman. (2012). Islamic corporate social responsibility, corporate reputation and performance. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 64, 1070-1074. Roshima Said, Yuserrie Zainuddin & Hasnah Haron. (2009). The relationship between corporate social responsibility disclosure and corporate governance characteristics in Malaysian public listed companies. Social Responsibility Journal, 5(2), 212–226. Roshima Said, Khairunnisa Abd Samad, Noor Zahirah Mohd Sidek, Nurul Fatihah Ilias & Noorain Omar. (2018). Corporate social responsibility disclosure index of Malaysian Shariah-compliant companies. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 34(1), 55-69. Roszaini Haniffa & Cooke, T.E. (2002). Culture, corporate governance and disclosures in Malaysian companies. Abacus, 38(3), 317-349. Roszaini Haniffa & Cooke, T.E. (2005). The impact of culture and governance on corporate social responsibility. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 24(5), 391-430. Rouf, M.A. (2011). The Corporate Social responsibility disclosure: A study of listed Companies in Bangladesh. Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(3), 9-32. Ruf, B. M., Muralidhar, R. M., Brown, J., Janney, J., & Paul, K. (2001). An empirical investigation of the relationship between change in corporate social performance and financial performance: A stakeholder theory perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 32(2), 143-156. Sadou, A., Alom, F., & Laluddin, H. (2017). Corporate social responsibility disclosures in Malaysia: evidence from large companies. Social Responsibility Journal, 13(1), 177-202. Saiia, D.H, Carroll, A.B., & Buchholtz, A.K. (2003). Philathropy as strategy. When corporate charity begins at home. Business and Society, 42 (2), 169-201. Saleh, M. (2009). Corporate social responsibility disclosure in an emerging market: A longitudinal analysis approach. International Business Research, 2(1), 131-141. Sales, H.E. (2012). Affecting philanthropic propensity.A case of Dallas social venture partners. (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan, The University of Texas of Dallas, Amerika Syarikat). Diakses di http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/1017536817.html?FMT=AI. Salim, D. (2011). Board diversity and firm performance: The Indonesian evidence. Corporate Ownership & Control Journal, 9(1), 524-539. Sayd, F., Kabir, M.H., & Lanis, R. (2011). Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure: the case of Islamic banks. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 2(2), 114-141. Schervish, P.G., & Havens, J.J. (1997). Social participation and charitable giving: A multivariate analysis. Voluntas, 8(3), 235-260. Schuyt, T. N. M., Smit, J., & Bekkers, R. (2004). Constructing a philanthropy-scale: Social responsibility and philanthropy. Diakses daripada http://www.mfnpo.org/download/resource_directory/Constructingphilanthropy.pdf. Shamsul Nahar Abdullah., Nor Raihan Mohamad & Mohd Zulkifli Mokhtar. (2011). Board independence, ownership and CSR of Malaysian large firms. Corporate Ownership & Control, 8(3), 417-431. Shapira, R. (2012). Corporate philanthropy as signaling and co-optations. Fordham Law Review, 80(5), 1889-1939. Shazrul Ekmar Abdul Razak & Mazlina Mustapha. (2013). Corporate social responsibility disclosures and board structure: Evidence from Malaysia. Jurnal Teknologi, 64(3), 73–80. Sherliza Puat Nelson. (2010). Audit committee expertise and financial reporting quality. (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan), Universiti Malaya, Malaysia. Siciliano, J.I. (1996). The relationship of board member diversity to organizational performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 15, 1313-1320. Singhvi, S.S., & Desai, H.B. (1971). An empirical analysis of quality of corporate financial disclosure. The Accounting Review, 46(1), 129–138. Smith, C.N. (1994). The new corporate philanthropy. Harvard Business Review, 72(3), 105-116. Slack, R. (2008). Employee involvement in corporate philanthropy: informing company policy, reputation management and employee motivation. Prosiding di The 9th International Conference on Human Resource Development Research and Across Europe, Lille, France. Soliman, M., El Din, M.B., & Sakr, A. (2012) Ownership Structure and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): An Empirical Study of the Listed Companies in Egypt. The International Journal of Social Science, 5(1), 63-74. Spiller, R. (2000). Ethical business and investment: A model for business and society. Journal of Business Ethics, 27(1-2), 149–160. Statistics Solutions. (2013). Normality. Diakses daripada http://www.statisticssolutions.com/academic-solutions/resources/directoryofstatistical-analyses/normality/. Strandberg, C. (2008). The role of the board of directors in corporate social responsibility. The conference board of Canada. Suhaimi Ishak. (2015). The relationship between risk management committee characteristics and modified audit opinion in Malaysia. (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan), Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia. Sundarasen, S.D.V., Je-Yen, T., & Rajangam, N. (2016). Board composition and corporate social responsibility in an emerging market. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 5(2), 212-226. Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia. (2014). Daripada ikrar kepada amalan: Panduan pelaksanaan sistem integriti korporat Malaysia. Suruhanjaya Sekuriti Malaysia. (2007). Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance 2007. Suruhanjaya Sekuriti Malaysia. (2012). Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance 2012.