People's perception on democratic government and rural development in Nigeria : the case of Taraba state

The last 16 years (1999-2015) has witnessed renewed hope about the revival of democracy in Nigeria. The successful return to democratically elected government was widely applauded and supported by the majority of citizens. This was due to the difficulties of many years under military rule, which las...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Yuguda, Madu Abdulrazak
Format:	Thesis
Language:	eng eng
Published:	2017
Subjects:	JC Political theory
Online Access:	https://etd.uum.edu.my/7763/1/s95805_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/7763/2/s95805_02.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-uum-etd.7763
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection	UUM ETD
language	eng eng
advisor	Yusof, Rohana
topic	JC Political theory
spellingShingle	JC Political theory Yuguda, Madu Abdulrazak People's perception on democratic government and rural development in Nigeria : the case of Taraba state
description	The last 16 years (1999-2015) has witnessed renewed hope about the revival of democracy in Nigeria. The successful return to democratically elected government was widely applauded and supported by the majority of citizens. This was due to the difficulties of many years under military rule, which lasted from December 1983 to 1999. Prior to that, the military had intervened shortly after the independence in 1960. The military captured power on 15th January 1966 and ruled Nigeria uninterrupted up to 1979. The successful return to democracy was accompanied by hopes and expectations by the majority of the citizen due to the fact that the country's development remains dismal, especially in the rural areas. This study, therefore, attempts to assess the democratic government and its impacts on rural development in Nigeria with Taraba State as a case study. The methodology adopted to achieve these objectives was mixed method, in which both the quantitative and qualitative data were obtained through survey questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussion respectively. Correlation coefficient and simple linear regression were used to analyze the quantitative data. While Nvivo qualitative software was used to analyze interviews and focus group discussion. It was found that democracy was considered the best form of government, but stunted due to the exhibited behaviours of the political leaders; who ran short of the ideal practices and values of a democratic system. Hence, democracy was not fully imbibed and therefore in deficit. Moreover, there is imbalanced political power and financial autonomy among the levels of government, especially the Local Government, which is much closer to rural people. The consequences of this resulted in poverty, inequality, deprivations, illiteracy and denial of basic infrastructural services to the rural folk, thereby pushing the people deeper and deeper into underdevelopment. It was recommended amongst other factors that leaders should imbibe the values of being patriotic and adhere to democratic ideals. Similarly, there is a need for an urgent amendment of some constitutional provisions that hamper the political and financial autonomy of the lower levels of government (State and Local government) for effective delivery of public service especially at the rural areas. These will go a long way to address the myriads of rural problems and general development in Nigeria.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Ph.D.
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Yuguda, Madu Abdulrazak
author_facet	Yuguda, Madu Abdulrazak
author_sort	Yuguda, Madu Abdulrazak
title	People's perception on democratic government and rural development in Nigeria : the case of Taraba state
title_short	People's perception on democratic government and rural development in Nigeria : the case of Taraba state
title_full	People's perception on democratic government and rural development in Nigeria : the case of Taraba state
title_fullStr	People's perception on democratic government and rural development in Nigeria : the case of Taraba state
title_full_unstemmed	People's perception on democratic government and rural development in Nigeria : the case of Taraba state
title_sort	people's perception on democratic government and rural development in nigeria : the case of taraba state
granting_institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department	College of Law, Government and International Studies (COLGIS)
publishDate	2017
url	https://etd.uum.edu.my/7763/1/s95805_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/7763/2/s95805_02.pdf
_version_	1747828263476002816
spelling	my-uum-etd.77632021-08-18T08:34:41Z People's perception on democratic government and rural development in Nigeria : the case of Taraba state 2017 Yuguda, Madu Abdulrazak Yusof, Rohana College of Law, Government and International Studies (COLGIS) College of Law, Government and International Studies JC Political theory The last 16 years (1999-2015) has witnessed renewed hope about the revival of democracy in Nigeria. The successful return to democratically elected government was widely applauded and supported by the majority of citizens. This was due to the difficulties of many years under military rule, which lasted from December 1983 to 1999. Prior to that, the military had intervened shortly after the independence in 1960. The military captured power on 15th January 1966 and ruled Nigeria uninterrupted up to 1979. The successful return to democracy was accompanied by hopes and expectations by the majority of the citizen due to the fact that the country's development remains dismal, especially in the rural areas. This study, therefore, attempts to assess the democratic government and its impacts on rural development in Nigeria with Taraba State as a case study. The methodology adopted to achieve these objectives was mixed method, in which both the quantitative and qualitative data were obtained through survey questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussion respectively. Correlation coefficient and simple linear regression were used to analyze the quantitative data. While Nvivo qualitative software was used to analyze interviews and focus group discussion. It was found that democracy was considered the best form of government, but stunted due to the exhibited behaviours of the political leaders; who ran short of the ideal practices and values of a democratic system. Hence, democracy was not fully imbibed and therefore in deficit. Moreover, there is imbalanced political power and financial autonomy among the levels of government, especially the Local Government, which is much closer to rural people. The consequences of this resulted in poverty, inequality, deprivations, illiteracy and denial of basic infrastructural services to the rural folk, thereby pushing the people deeper and deeper into underdevelopment. It was recommended amongst other factors that leaders should imbibe the values of being patriotic and adhere to democratic ideals. Similarly, there is a need for an urgent amendment of some constitutional provisions that hamper the political and financial autonomy of the lower levels of government (State and Local government) for effective delivery of public service especially at the rural areas. These will go a long way to address the myriads of rural problems and general development in Nigeria. 2017 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7763/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7763/1/s95805_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7763/2/s95805_02.pdf text eng public https://sierra.uum.edu.my/record=b1698840~S1 Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abah, N. (2010) Development Administration: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach, Enugu, John Jacobs Publishers Ltd. Abdulraheem LS, Oladipo A.R, & Amodu M.O (2012) Primary Healthcare Services in Nigeria: Critical Issues and Strategies for Enhancing the Use by the Rural Community, Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, Vol, 4(1), 5-13 Abdulrahman, A.B (1992) Rural Development in Nigeria, Lagos, Surrey Books Ltd. Abiodun J.A & Kolade J.O (2007) Healthcare Service Quality in the Rural Healthcare Centres and its Implication on Nigerian Citizens, JEL Classification, 110, 118; 305-312 Abonyi, N. & Nnamani 0. (2011) Development and Food Crisis in Emerging Economy: A Critical Appraisal of Nigeria, Nigerian Journal of Administrative Science, Vol. 9, No. 1 & 2, 265-275 Abubakar, H. (2012) The Impact of Rural-Urban Migration on the Socio-Economic Development of Jalingo LGA of Taraba State, Research Project, Department of Public Administration, Ahmadu Bello University, ZariaNigeria. ACE-Project.org-----------Voter Education Handbook available @ http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/NG/voter-educationhandbook.pdf accessed 21/08/2015 Acharya A. (1998) Democratising Southeast Asia: Economic Crisis and Political Change, Working Paper No. 87, National Library of Australia. ADB (2011) The ADB agenda: Inclusive Rural Development; available @ http://newsday.co.tt/businessday/0,152650.html accessed 10/11/2014 Addison D. (1996) Nigeria: Poverty Assessment, World Bank, Abuja. Adedeji S.O & Olaniyan 0. (2011) Improving the Conditions of Teachers and Teaching in Rural Schools Accross African Countries, UNESCOInternational Institute for Capacity Building in Africa. Ademiluyi I.A & Aluko-Arowolo S.O (2009) Infrastructural Distribution of Healthcare Services in Nigeria: An Overview, Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, Vol. 2 (5); 104-110 Aderonmu, J.A., (2007) Poverty eradication in rural Nigeria: The role of local government. A paper presented at a Conference on "Empowerment of Rural People" organized by Charity Centre for Advancement and Rural Empowerment, Abuja in Jos, 6-8 December. Adeyemi 0. (2013) Local Government and the Challenges of Service Delivery: The Nigeria Experience, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Vol. 5, No. 7, 84-99 Adeyinka, T.A & Emmanuael, 0.0 (2014) Democracy in Nigeria: practice, problems and prospects, Developing Country Studies; Vol. 4, No. 2, 107-125 Adler, P.A & Adler, P. (2012) The Epistemology of Numbers, in How Many Qualitative Interviews are enough? Expert Voices and Early Career Reflection on Sampling and Cases in Qualitative Research; (Ed) Baker and Edward. National Centre for Research Methods Review Paper, NSRM & ESRC, 8-11. Afro Barometer (2006) Performance and Legitimacy of Nigeria's New Democracy, Afro Barometer Briefing Ppaer No. 6, July. Agarwal, RC (2009) Political Science Theory: Principles of Political Science, Eighth Ed.; S. Chand & Company, New-Delhi. Agba M.S, Ocheni, S & Namani D.O (2014) Local Government Finance in Nigeria: Challenges and Prognosis for Action in a Democratic Era (1999-2013), Journal of Good Governance and Sustainable Development in Africa, Vol. 2, No. 1; 84-96. Ake, C. (1993), Is Africa Democratizing, Text of Guardian Annual Lecture, The Guardian Newspaper Nigeria on Sunday, December, 12. Ake, C. (1996), Democracy and Development in Africa, Washington DC: Brookings Institution. Akinbamowo R.O (2013) A Review of Government Policy on Agricultural Mechanization in Nigeria; Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Vol. 5, No. 8; 146-153 Akinola S.R (2007) Coping with Infrastructural Deprivation through Collective Action among Rural People, Nordic Journal of African Studies, 16 (1), 30-46. Akpan E.O (2011) Fiscal Decentralization and Social Outcome in Nigeria, European Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 1, No. 4; 167-183 Akpan, N.S. (2012a) From Agriculture to Petroleum Oil Production: what has changed about Nigeria's rural development? International Journal of Developing Societies, 1(3), 97-106. Akpan, N.S. (2012b) Rural Development in Nigeria: A Review of Pre-and-Post Independence Practice, Journal of Sociological Research, Vol. 3, No. 2; 146-159. Akpor O.B & Muchie M. (2011) Challenges in Meeting the MDGs: The Nigerian Drinking Water Supply and Distribution Sector, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4(5); 480-489 Akujuru C.A & Enyioko N.C (2015) Democracy and Social Service Delivery in Nigeria: A Case Study of Free Medical Programme of Rivers State Government (2007-2013) available @ http://papers.ssm.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstractid=2602035 accessed 23/08/2015 Albritton R.B & Bureeku T. (2009) Are Democracy and Good Governance always Compatible? Competing Values in Thai Political Arena, Working Paper No. 47, International Political Science Association. Alinno, F.C. & Sule, J.G. (2012) Rural Economic Development: Policy Implementation in Nigeria; Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review; Vol. 2, No. 2, 14-26. Aliyu M.S & A.J. Bambale (2014) Due process and Local Government Administartion in Nigeria: A Conceptual Relationship, IOSR Journal of VLSI and Signal Process, 4 (1) Ver II, 26-30 Allen, C.K. Et' al (1972), Dualistic Economic Development Theory and History, London: University of Chicago Press. Aminuzzaman, S.M.D ( 1985) Design of Integrated Rural Development Programme: Some Ideas and issues; International Review of Administrative Science; Vol. 51, No. 4; 311-317. Anriquez, G. & Stamouslis, K. (2007) Rural Development and Poverty Reduction: Is Agriculture Still The Key? Agricultural development Economic Division, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ESA Working Paper, No. 07-02. Anton, P. & Udovc, A. (2012) Development Potentials of Rural Areas: The Case of Slovenia; in Rural Development Contemporary Issues and Practice, Adisa, R.S (ed.), CCRV. Aref, A. & Aref, K. (2011) Rural Development for Sustainable Agricultural Development in Iran,joumal of American science, 7(11); 350-353. Arnott, R. & Gersovitz, M. (1986) Social welfare underpinnings of urban bias and unemployment, Economic Journal 96: 413-24. Arowolo D. (2011) Fiscal Federalism in Nigeria: Theory and Dimension, AfroAsian Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1-22 Awan, M.T.S (2005) Democracy is the best form of Government, available @ http://www.cssfornm.eom.pk/csscompulsorysubjects/essay/essays/164-essay-democracy-best-form-govemment.html accessed 22/08/2015 Awofose, N. (2010) Improving Health Workforce Recruitment and Retention in Rural and Remote Regions of Nigeria, Rural Remote Health, 1 O; 13-19 Ayua, I.A & Daka, D.C.J (2010) Structure of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Forum of Federation, International Network on Federation. Babatunde, A.O, Afees, S.A, & Olasunkami O.I (2012) Infrastructure and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Multivariate Approach, Research Journal of Business Management and Accounting, Vol. I (3), 030-039 Baker, S.E, Doidge, M. & Edward, R. (2012). How Many Qualitative Interviews are Enough? Expert voices and early career reflection on sampling and cases in qualitative research; National Center for Research Methods Review Paper, Southampton, NSRM & ESRC. Bamidele, S.A. ( 1980) Federal-State Relations in Nigeria (IGR) System: What it should be, Quarterly Journal of Administration xiv (2). Barkan, J.D, Gboyega, A. & Stevens, M. (2001) State and Local Governance in Nigeria, Public Sector and Capacity Building Programme for Africa Region, World Bank, Barrett, C. B. (1996) Urban bias in price risk: the geography of food price distributions in low-income economies, Journal of Development Studies 32(6): 830-849. Bates, R. H. (1993) Urban Bias: A Fresh Look, in Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 29, No 4, July Bates, RH (1981) Market and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies, Berkeley, University of California Press Beeson, M. (2004) The Rise and Fall (?) of the Developmental State. The Vicissitudes and Implications of East Asian Interventionism, in: Low, L. (ed.), Developmental States. Relevancy, Redundancy or Reconfiguration?, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 29-40. Beetham, D. (1998) Democracy: Key Principles, Institutions and Problems, in Democracy: Its Principles and Achievement, (Ed.) Inter-Parliamentary Union, Geneva. Bell, D.A (2006) Beyond Liberal Democracy: Political Thinking/or an East Asian Context, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Bello, K. (2011) Resurgence of Democracy and its Impact on Good Governance in Africa, in World Journal of Arts, Science and Commerce, Vol-II, Issue-2, 51-58. Bentall, J. & Corbridge, S. (1996) Urban-rural relations, demand politics and the 'new agrarianism' in northwest India: the Bharatiya Kisan Union, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 21: 27-48. Bernstein, H. (1978). Underdeveloped and Development: The Third World Today. Suffolk, England: Clay Ltd. Birdwell, J, Feve J., Tryhor C., & Vibla N. (2013) Democracy in Europe Can No Longer be Taken For Granted, Demos, Magdalen House, London. Bradhan, P. (1993) Symposium on Democracy and Development, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7 (3). Braverman, A. & Kambur, N. (1987) Urban Bias and Political Economy of Agricultural Reform, World Development, 15, 1179-187. Brown, L.R (1970) Seed of Change: The Green Revolution and Development in the 1970s, New York: Praeger Brynard, P.A (2005) Policy Implementation: Lesson for Service Delivery, Paper Presented at 27th Association of African Public Administration and Management Annual Roundtable Conference, Livingstone, Zambia, 5th-9th December. Cameron, D. (2001) The Structures oflntergovernmental Relations, International Social Science Journal 167: 121-127 Carletta, G., Covarrubias K., Davis B., Krausova M., Stamoulis K., Winters P., & Zezza A. (2007) Rural Income Generation Activities in Developing Countries: Re-assessing the Evidence, Journal of Agriculture and Development Economics, Vol. 4, No. l, 146-193 Central Bank of Nigeria ( 1999) Nigeria's Development Prospects: Poverty Assessment and Alleviation Study, CBN Research Department in Collaboration with the World Ban1<. Chambers, R. (1974), Managing Rural Development: Ideas and Experience from East Africa. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Chambers, R. (1991), Rural Development Putting the Last First, New York: London Scientific and Technical Publishers. Charney, C. (2009) Political Will: What is it? How is it Measured? Charney Research Survey, available @ http://www.chameyresearch.com/resources/political-will-what-is-it-howis-it-measured/ accessed 24/08/2015 Chukwuemeka, K.O & Okide. C.C (2013) Rural Development Trends in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects, Society for Research and Academic Exxcellence,http://academicexcellencesociety.com/rural development trends in nigeria.html accessed 13/10/2014 Chui shin, D. & Cho Y. (2010) How East Asians Understand Democracy: From a Comparative Perspective, ASIEN, 116 (Juli) S, 21-40. Coker, M.A & Obo U.B (2012) Problems and Prospects of Implementing Rural Transformation Programmes in Odukpani LGA of Cross-River StateNigeria, World Journal of Young Researchers, 2 (2), 26-34 Cook, P. (2013) Infrastructure, Rural Electrification and Development, Energy for Sustainable Development, 15(3), 3; 304-313 Coppedge, M., Gerring J., Altman D., Bernhard M., Fish S., Hicken A., Kroeing M., Lindberg S.I, McMan K., Paxton P., Semetko H.A., Skaaning S, Staton J. & Teorell J. (2011) Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach, Perspective on Politics, Vol. 9, No. 2; 247-267. Craig, J. (2001) Local Democracy, Democratic decentralization and rural development: theories, challenges and option for policy. Development Policy Review, 19(4): 521-532. Crow, G. & Allan, G. (1994), Community Life: An Introduction to Local Social Relations, Heme! Hempstead: Harvester Publishers. Cyril, I.O (2008) No Choice, but Democracy: Prising the People out of Politics in Africa, Claude Ake Memorial Lecture 2, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University and Nordic Africa Institute Uppsala. Dada, I.A (2005) Wealth Creation versus Poverty Alleviation: A Definitive Crisis? Paper Presented at 26th African Association for Public Administration and Management Annual Roundtable Conference, Mombasa, Kenya, 7th-11 th Dada, J .A (2012) Human Rights Under Nigerian Constitution: Issues and Problem, International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 12 (Special Issue); 33-43. Dahl, R., (1989), Democracy and Its Critics, Yale University Press, London, New Haven. Dauda, Y.O. (2007) The Challenges Of Democratic Governance In A Rural Setting. A Paper Presented to Local Government Chairman and Secretaries at Kasuwa Guest Inn Lokoja, Kogi State. Deshingkar, P, & Anderson, E. (2004) People on the Move: New Policy Challenge for Increasing Mobile Populations, Natural Resources Perspectives, 92. Diamond, L. (1988), Class, Ethnicity and Democracy in Nigeria: The Failure of the First Republic, London: The Macmillan Press. Diamond, L.J, Linz, J.J & Lipset, S.M. (1989) Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America, Lynne Reinner Publishers. Eastwood, R. & Lipton, M. (2000) Pro-Poor Growth and Pro-Growth Poverty Reduction: Meaning, Evidence and Policy Implications, Asian Development Review, 18(2), 22-58. Economist Intelligence Unit, Democracy Index 2011: Democracy under stress, www.sida.se/Global/ About%20Sida/Sa%20arbetar%20vi/EIU Democracy Index Dec201 l.pdf (accessed 16 Sept 2014). Edho, O.G (2009) The Challenges Affecting the Implementation of Basic Education (UBE) in Delta State-Nigeria, Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 3, 183-187 Edigheji, 0. (2005) A Democratic Developmental State in Africa? A Concept Paper, Research Report I 05, Johannesburg: Centre for Policy Studies. Egbere, E.A & Madubueze M.C (2014) Corruption and Service Delivery in Local Government System in Nigeria: A Content Analysis, International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 5 No. 1 (I), 98-107 Egware, L. ( 1997) Poverty and poverty alleviation: The Nigeria's Experience, in Poverty in Nigeria, Ibadan, The Nigeria Economic Society,. Ejere, E.S.I (2012) Promoting Accountability in Public Sector Management in Today's Democratic Nigeria, Book of Readings of Tourism and Management Studies International Conference, University of Algarve, Vol. 3. Ekpenyong, A.S & Udoh, 0.S (2013) National Economic Empowerments and Development Strategies (NEEDS) and Development: Some Methodological Issues, Ethics, Critical Thinking Journal Ellis, F. & Hrris, N. (2004) New Theory About Urban and Rural Development, Memo Prepared For DflD. Enemuo, F.C. (2008) Democracy, Human rights and the Rule oflaw, in Element of Politics; Anifowose R. & Enemuo F.C., Ed.; Sam Iroanusi Publications, Lagos. Esteva, G. ( 1992) Development, in Sachs, W. (Ed), The Developmental Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power, London, Zed Books. European Commission (2008) The Integrated Management System for Local and Regional Sustainability: Introduction to Political Commitment @ http://www.localmanagement.eu/index.php/mue25:mue political commitment accessed 23/08/2015 Evans, P (1995) Embedded Autonomy, Princeton, Princeton University Press. Ewatan 0.0 (2012) Fiscal Federalism in Nigeria: Theory and Practice, International Journal of Development and Sustainability, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1075-1087 Eyong, E.M. (2007) Local Governments and Rural Development: a case study of Buea in Cameroon; an unpublished Thesis submitted for MPhil, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway. Ezeah, P. (2005) Rural Sociology and Rural Development with Focus on Nigeria. Enugu: John Jacob Classic Publishers. Fayomi I.O (2013) Public Procurements and Due Process Policy in Nigeria: Trust, Prospects and Challenges, Peak Journal of Social Science and Humanities, Vol. 1 (4); 39-45. Federal Government of Nigeria, (1999). Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria: 1999, Federal Printing Press, Lagos. Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2000). Obasanjo 's Economic Direction 1999-2003, Lagos, Dawn Functions/Ministry of Economic Affairs. Fernando, N.A. (2008) Rural Development Outcomes and Drivers: An overview and Some Lessons, EARD, Special Studies, Asian Development Bank. http://www.adb.org(Documents/Books/Rural-Development-OutcomesDrivers/Chapter-II.pdf accessed 10/11/2014 Fine, B. (2006) The Developmental State and the Political Economy of Development, in Jomo, K. S. & Fine, B. (eds.): The New Development Economics. After the Washington Consensus, New Delhi/London: Tulika/Zed Books, 101-122. Fink A. (2003) The Survey Handbook (Vol. 1), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2012: France, 2012, www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedomworld/2011/france (accessed 18 Jun 2012). Gandhi, M.K. (1997), Hind Swaraj, (published with an Editorial Introduction by Anthony Parel), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. George, S. (1976) How the Other Half Dies, Harmondsworth Goulet, D. (1977) The Crnel Choice: A New Concept in the Theory of Development, New York, Athenaeum Press. Gourley, A. (1990) What is Democratic Government: How Do We Achieve it? Accessed 30/ 2/2015 @ http://themindweb.com/docs/supplements/WhatisDemocraticGovemment.pdf Griffin, K. ( 1997) Review of Why Poor People Stay Poor, Journal of Development Studies, 14, l 08-109 Hamisu, M. (2014) Nigeria: A Rich Country with Poor People? Daily Trust Nigerian Newspaper, Tuesday, l0th April. http://dailytrust.info/index.hpp/business/2l275-Nigeria-rich-country-withpoor-people. Accessed 11/04/14 Harrap and Co. Ltd.-Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce International Refereed Research Journal www.researchersworld Com, Vol.- II, Issue -2, April 2011 58 Heater, D.B. (1964), Political Ideas in the Modern World, London: George G. Held, D. (1993), Prospects for Democracy: North, South, East, West, Cambridge: Polity Press. Held, D. (2006) Models of Democracy, Third Ed., Polity press, Cambridge. Hewitt, T. (2000) Half a Century of Development, in: Allen, T. & Thomas, A. (eds.), Poverty and Development into the 21st Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 289-308. Heyer, J., Robert, P., & Williams, G. (1981) Rural Development in Tropical Africa, London, Palgrave Macmillan. Hong-Jong, L. (2003) Development, Crisis, and Asian Values, East Asian Review, 15 (2), 27-42. Bulland, J. (1999) Use of Partial Least Square (PLS) in Strategic Management Research: A Review of Four Recent Studies, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 20, Issue 2; 195-204. Huntington, S,P ( 199 l) The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman: University Oklahoma Press. Humphreys, S. & Crawfund L. (2014) Review of the Literature on Basic Education in Nigeria: Issues of Access, Quality, Equality and Impact, £DOREN Education, Data, Research and Evaluation in Nigeria. lbietan J. (2010) The Role of Local Government in Rural Development Issues, Knowledge Review, Vol. 20, No. 2, 30-39 lbietan, J & Ekhosuehi, 0. (20013) Trends in Development Planning in Nigeria: 1962-2012, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Vol. 14, No. 4, 297-311. Idachaba, F.S (1980) Concepts and Strategies of Integrated Rural Development: Lessons for Nigeria, Food Policy Research Programme, Department of Agricultural Economics, University Ibadan, Nigeria. Idada, W. & Uhunmwuangho, S.O (2012) Problems of Democratic Governance in Nigeria: The Way Forward, Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 3(1); 49-54. Idode, J.B. (1989), Rural Development and Bureaucracy in Nigeria, Ikeja: Animo Press Ltd. Idris, S. (2011).The role of Kaduna state ministry for Rural and Community Development in Rural Development in some selected rural communities of Kaduna state, An Unpublished MS.c Public Administration, Thesis, Postgraduate School, A. B. U Zaria, Nigeria. IFAD (2001), Rural Poverty Report: The Challenge of Ending Rural Poverty, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Igho, 0. N. (2006) Governance and Politics in Nigeria, Lecture Delivered at the Department of Political Science and Public Administration. University of Benin, November, 2ist. Igwe S.O (2001) Supervision, Evaluation and Quality Control in Education in Nigeria, in Nwagwu N.A (Ed.) Current Issue in Educational Management in Nigeria, Benin-City, Ambik Press. Igwe, L.E (2010) Democracy and Challenges of Development in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges, International Journal of Economic Development and Investment, Vol. 1, No. 2&3, 116-122. Ijewereme O.B (2015) Anatomy of Corruption in the Nigeria Public Sector: Theoretical and Some Empirical Explanation, Sage Open, April-June, http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/spsgo/5/2/2158244015581188.full.pdf accessed 23/08/2015 Ikhariabe, M. (2009) Nigeria's Democracy Dividends, Cambridge University Press. Imoloamo E.O & Olanrewaju A.O (2014) Improving Agricultural Extension Services in Moro Local Government Area ofKwara State, Nigeria, Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Vol. 6, No.3, 108-114 International Idea Handbook (2000) Democracy at the Local Level: Participation, Representation, Conflict Management and Governance. Stockholm. http://www.idea.int International Idea Handbook on Democracy Assessment (2001). The Haque: Kluwer Law International Isa, M.K (2015) Nigerian Local Government System and Governance: Lessons, Prospects and Challenges for Post 2015 Development Goals, XIX International Research Society for Public Management (IRSPM) Conference, Organised by the College of Social Sciences, School of Government and Society, University of Birmingham, 30th March to 2nd April. Ishaku, H.T, Majid M.R, Ajayi A.P & Haruna A. (2011) Water Supply Dilemma in Nigerian Rural Communities: Looking Towards the Sky for Answers, Journal of Water Resources and Protection, 3; 589-606 Janda K., Berry, J.M., & Goldman, J. (2008) The Challenges of Democracy: Study Guide, Ninth Ed., Houghton Muffin Company, New-York. Jelmin K. (2011) Democratic Accountability and Service Delivery: A Synthesis of Case Studies, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA). Jhamtani, H. (2010) The Green Revolution in Asia: Leeson for Africa, Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations. Jones, G.A & Gorbridge, S. (2010) The Continuing Debate About Urban Bias: The Thesis, Its Critics, Its Influence and Its Implications for Poverty-Reduction Strategies, Progress in Development Studies, Vol. 10, No.I, 1-8. Kalu N. K (2004) Embedding African Democracy and Development: The Imperative of Institutional Capital, International Review of Administrative Science, Vol. 70, No.3, 527-545 Karshenas, M. (1996), Dynamic economies and the critique of urban bias, Journal of Peasant Studies 24 (1-2): 60-102. Kayode A., Adagba S.O & Anyio S. (2013) Corruption and Service Delivery: The Case of Nigerian Public Service, Woodpecker Journal of Public Administration, Vol. 1, No. 1, (1); 1-6. Kendall N. (2006) Stakeholder Collaboration: An Imperative to Education Quality, USAID Working Paper. Kothari, C.R. (2004) Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, Sec. Ed., New-Delhi, New Age International Publishers. Krej cie R. V & Morgan D. W ( 1970) determining sample size for research activities: Jounal of Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610. Lacey A. & LuffD. (2001) Trent Focus for Research and Development in Primary Health Care: An Introduction to Qualitative Analysis. Trent Focus, Sheffield. Lacroix, R. (1985), Integrated Rural Development in Latin America, World Bank Staff Working Papers, No. 716, World Bank, Washington DC. Ladyange, P. (2011). Rural -Urban Linkages, Their Role in Sustainable Development. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Rural-Urban-LinkagesTheir-Role-In-711612 .html accessed 12/12/2014 Lane, J.E & Ersson, S. (1997) Comparative Political Economy-Developmental Approach, London; Pinter Lawal, T. (2014) Local Government and Rural Infrastructural Delivery in Nigeria, International Journal of Academic Resource in Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 4, 139-147 Lawal. T. & Oladunjoye A (2010) Local Government, Corruption and Democracy in Nigeria, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Vol. 12, No. 5, 227-235 Leftwich, A. (1993), Governance, Democracy and Development in the Third World, Third World Quarterly, 14 (3), 605-624. Leftwich, A. (1996a) On the Primacy of Politics in Development, Leftwich A. (Ed.) in Democracy and Development: Theory and Practice, Cambridge, Polity Press Leftwich, A. (1996b) Two Cheers for Democracy? Democracy and the Developmental State, Leftwich A. (Ed.) in Democracy and Development: Theory and Practice, Cambridge, Polity Press Leftwich, A. (2000), States of Development. On the Primacy of Politics in Development, Cambridge: Polity Press. Leftwich, A. (2006), Changing Configurations of the Developmental State, in: Huque, A.S & Zafarullah, H. (eds.), International Development Governance, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 51-74. Leftwich, A. (2008) Developmental State, Effective States and Poverty Reduction: The Primacy of Politics, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Flagship Report: Combating Poverty and Inequality Lele, U. (1975), The Design of Rural Development: Lessons from Africa. The John Hopkins, University Press Ltd. Letjolane, C., Nawaigo C. & Rocca A. (2011) Nigeria: Defending Human Right: Not Everywhere, Not Every right, International Fact Finding Mission Report. Lipton, M. (1968) Strategy for Agriculture: Urban Bias and Rural Planning, in Streeten, P. & Lipton, M. (Eds) The Crisis of Indian Planning, London: Oxford University Press USA. Lipton, M. (1977) Why Poor People Stay Poor; A Study of Urban Bias in World Development, London, Temple Smith. Lipton, M. (1984) Urban bias revisited, Journal of Development Studies 20 (3): 139- 166. 43 Lipton, M. (1997) Poverty: Are There Holes in the Consensus? World Development 25 (7): 1003-1008. Lipton, M. (2001) Escaping poverty: the poor' s productive resource needs, Keynote address to Sustainable Food Security for All by 2020, Bonn, Germany. Lipton, M. (2005) Urban bias, in Forsyth, T. (Ed) Encyclopaedia of International Development London: Routledge. Lipton, M. 1(993) Urban bias: of Consequences, Classes and Causality, Journal of Development Studies 29 (4): 229-. Lipton, M. and Byres, T. in Harriss J. (Ed.) (1980) Rural Development, London: Hutchinson, Lorenzi, S. (2011) Handbook of Economic Organization: Integrating Economic and Organization Theory, Elgar Publishing Low, L. (ed.) (2004), Developmental States. Relevant, Redundant or Reconfigured?, New York: Nova Science Publishers. Mabogunje A. L. (1980), The Development Process: A Spatial Perspective. Britain: Anchor Press Limited. Mabogunje A. L. (1995), Directorate of Foods Roads and Rural Infrastructures; Strategy and Performance so far: Some Implications for Long-term National Rural Development Policy, in Akeredolu-Ale, E.O, (Ed), Integrated Rural Development in Nigeria: Policy Issues and Options, Proceedings of a National Seminar on Integrated Rural Development Policy for Nigeria, Ibadan, Spectrum Books Limited. Madu A.Y, Abba U. & Rohana Y. (2014) Effect of Fiscal Decentralization and Revenue Allocation on Local Government Performance: The Nigerian Experience, Journal of Governance and Development, Vol. 10. Issue 2; 55-68 Magwa W. & Mutasa, D. (2007) Language and Development: Perspective from Sub-Saharan Africa, NA WA Journal of Language and Communication, Vol. 1, No. 1, 57-69 Mainwaring S. & Perez-Linan A. (2003) Level of Development and Democracy: Latin American Exceptionalism 1945-1996; Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 36, No. 9, 1031-1067 Majumdar, S., Mani, A. & Mukand, S.W (2004) Politics, Information and the Urban Bias, Journal of Development, 7 5, 13 7-65. Makinde T. (2005) Problems of Policy Implementations in Developing Nations: The Nigerian Experience, Journal of Social Science, 11 (I), 63-69 Martens, M. (2013) The Development of Democracy in European Countries, in Democracy: Cornerstone for Development: The role of Democracy as a Prerequisite for Achieving MDGs, European Parliamentarians with Africa, AWEPA. Matlosa, K. (2007) The Feasibility of a Developmental State in Africa with Reference to Southern Africa, in the Conference Proceeding report, In Search of Sustainable Democratic Governance for Africa: Does Democracy Work for Developing Countries? EISA Annual Symposium, South Africa. Meyns, P. & Musamba, C. (2010), The Developmental State in Africa: Problems and Prospects (ed). INEF-Report, Institute for Development and Peace. Mill, J.S (2001) Representative Government, Batoche Books Ltd. Kitechener, Ontario. Mirza, I.M (2007) Democratization in Southern Kurdistan: an analytical study of the prospect for democracy, Master Thesis, University ofTromso. Mkandawire, T. (2001 ), Thinking about developmental states in Africa, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 25 (3), 289-313. Mkandawire, T. (2005), Towards a Development, Democratic and Socially Inclusive Africa Once Again, CODESRIA Bulletin, 3- 4, 47-49. Moore, M. (1984) Political Economy and the Urban-Rural Divide, in Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 20, No 3, April. Monographs Series. Washington DC. Musamba, C. (2010) The Developmental State: Concept and Its Relevance for Africa, in Meyns, P, & Musamba, C. (ed), The Developmental State in Africa: Problems and Prospects, INEF-Report, Institute for Development and Peace.I NAPEP (2000) A Draft White Paper on the report of the Technical Committee on the Review of Poverty Alleviation Programmes in Nigeria. NAPEP Headquarters Abuja. National Planning Commission. (2004) Nigeria: National Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) Document, Abuja, NPC. National Policy oflntegrated Rural Development Draft ( 1991) Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructures, Lagos: The Presidency. Nawichai, P. (2008) Ethnic Group Livelihood Strategies and State Integration: Moken and the Hill People in Negotiation with the State, PhD Dissertation, University of Passau, Thailand. NBS, (2009). Annual Abstract of Statistics. Abuja: NBS Publishers NBS, (2010) The National Literacy Survey, Media and Marketing Communications Company Group & National Commission for Mass Literacy, Adult and Non-Formal Education, Abuja, Available @ file:///C:/Users/ABDUL%20RAZAK/Downloads/National%20Literacy%20Survey, %20201 0.pdf accessed 22/03/2015 NBS, (2011). Annual Abstract of Statistics. Abuja: NBS Publishers, FRN. Ndangra, C. (2005) Rural Development and Social Infrastructural Development in Nigeria, Lagos, Meyers Publishers Ltd. Ngu, S.M (2005) Research Methodology Made Simple for Social and Behavioural Sciences, Faith Printers, Zaria. Nigeria Rural Development Sector Strategy: Main Report (2004), Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja. Nnoli, 0., (1986) Introduction to Politics, Longman, Ikeja. Nuhu, S. (2006) Democratization Process and National Development: The Nigerian Experince, Kaduna, Thomson Publishers. Nunally J. (1979) Psychometric Theory, (2nd Ed.). McGraw-Hill, New York Nwekeaku, C.(2014) The Rule of Law, Democracy and Good Governance in Nigeria, Global Journal of Political Science and Administration, Vol. 2, No. 1; 26-36. Nyongo, P.A. (1988) Political Instability and the Prospects of Democracy in Africa, Africa Development, Vol. xii, No.I, 1988. O'Neill D. (2014) How to conduct a successful focus group, available @ http://exchanges.wiley.com/blog/2014/10/07 /how-to-conduct-asuccessful-focus-group/accessed 21/01/2015 Obembe T.A, Osungbade K.O, Olumide E.A, Ibrahim C.M & Famile 0.1 (2014) Staffing Situation of Primary Healthcare Facilities in Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria: Implication for Attraction and Retention Policy, American Journal of Social and Management Sciences, 5(2); 84-90 Obinne C.P. (1991); Culture of Poverty: Implication on Nigeria's Socioeconomic Transformation" Journal of Extension System Vol 7. Ocheni S. & Nwankwo B.C (2012) Assessment of Application of Due Process in Procurement Process and Contracts Under Obasanjo Administration Nigeria, International Business and Management, Vol. 5, No. 1, 93-98 Odoh, A. (1991), Mobilizing the Rural Communities for Socio-Economic Development, a Background papers prepared for the orientation workshop for the Executive Arm of Government, Department of Local Government Studies, ABU, Zaria. Ogundinkpa, N.R (1980) The Nigeria-Biafra War, Cambria Press. Oguzor, N.S (2011) A Spatial Analysis of Infrastructures and Social Services in Rural Nigeria: Implications for Public Policy, Geo Tropico, 5(10 Articulo, 2:25-38. Ohiani B. (2001), Assessment of Community-Based Infrastructures in Selected Local Government Areas of some Northern States: The Nigerian Journal of Public Affairs Vol. XN, No. 1. Ohiare S. (2015) Expanding Electricity Access to All Nigerians: A Spatial Planning and Cost Analysis, Energy, Sustainability and Society, 5(8), 1-8 Ojakorotu V. & Allen F. (2009) From Authoritarian Rule to Democracy in Nigeria: citizens' welfare; a myth or reality? Journal of Alternative Perspective in Social Science, electronic; 152-1 92. Ojenemi P.S & Ogwu S.0 (2013) Rural Development and Challenges of the Millenium Development Goals, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 2, 643-648 Ojie A.E. (2006). Democracy, Ethnicity, and the Problem of Extrajudicial Killing in Nigeria. Journal of Black Studies 36;546.Doi: 10.1177/0021934 705280304, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934705280304 Ojo O.J.B (2002) The Niger-Delta: Managing Resources and Conflicts", DPC Research Report No. 49, Ibadan, Development Policy Centre Ojo, B.A (1999) Contemporary African Politics; A Comparative Study of Political Transition to Democratic Legitimacy, University Press of America. Okafor F.C. (1985). Basic Needs in Rural Nigeria, Social Indicators Research, 17: 115-125. Okeje C. (2009) Decentralization and Public Service Delivery in Nigeria; Nigeria Strategy Support Programme (NSSP), Abuja, Background Paper, No. NSSP 04. Okeke R.C. (2014) Democracy and Sustainable National Development in Nigeria: Reimagining the Nexus, European Scientific Journal, 10(1), 229-249. Okekeocha C. (2013) A Case Study of Corruption and Public Accountability in Nigeria, Dissertation, University of Kennesaw. Okoli, F. & Onah, F. (2002) Public Administration in Nigeria: Nature, Principles and Applications, Enugu, John Jacobs Publishers Ltd. Okoro C.F (2012) Democracy and Good Governance in a Multi-Ethnic Society: Nigeria as a Case Study; a Grassroot Study oflgbo, Yoruba and the HausaFulani Ethnic Nationalities, Dissertation, Philipps University Marburg Okoroma N.S (2006) Educational Policies and Problems of Implementation in Nigeria, Australian Journal of Adult Learning, Vol. 46, No. 2, 244-263 Olamiju LO & Olujimi J. (2011) Regional Analysis of Locations of Public Educational Facilities in Nigeria: The Akure Experience, Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, Vol. 4 (7), 428-442 Olatunbosun D. (1975), Nigeria Neglected Rural Majority, Ibadan: Oxford University Press. Olojede A.B, Adekunle A.A, & Samuel E.A (2013) Analysis of Rural Literacy as a Panacea for Socio-economic Development of Nigeria, International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, Vol. 5 (9), 381-390 Olowogbon T.S, Kayode S.B, Jalaiya A.J & Oke A.O (2013) Nigeria Small Scale Farmers Agro-chemical Use: The Health and Safety Implication, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Vol. 15, No. 1; 92-103 Olu-Adeyemi 0. (2012) The Challenges of Democratic Governance in Nigeria, International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 5, 167-171. Omar M. (2012) Ensuring Free, Fair and Credible Elections in Local Governments in Nigeria, Developing Country Studies, Vol. 2, No. 11, 75-81. Omonona B.T (2009) Knowledge Review and Rural Development in Nigeria; Nigeria Strategy Support Programme (NSSP), Abuja, Background Paper, No. NSSP 003. Omotola J.S (2007) Democratization, Good governance and development in Africa: The Nigerian Experience, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Vol. 9, No. 4; 247-274. Omotoso F. (2013) Governance Crisis and Democracy in Nigeria: 1999-2012: Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 14. 125-134. Oni, B. S and Ohiani, B. (1987), Community Development; The Backbone for Promoting Socio-Economic Growth, Zaria: Oluseyi Boladeji Company. Oni, B. S. (2007), Managing the Rapid Growth of Cities in Nigeria. Zaria: Oluseyi Boladeji Company. Onimode, B. (1998) Apolitical Economy of African Crisis, London, Zed Books. Oruonye, E.D. (2013) Grassroots Democracy and the Challenges of Rural Development in Nigeria: a study of Bali Local Government Area of Taraba State. Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1 (1), 12-19 Osaghae, E. E. (1994) The Study of Political Transitions in Africa, ROAPE, No. 64, Vol. 22. Osinakachukwu N.P & Jawan J.A (2011) The Electoral Process and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria, Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 4, No. 2, 128-138 Otaki, A.O. (2005) Rural Sociology: An Introduction, Kaduna: Joyce Graphic Printers and Publishers Company. Otive I. (2011) Perspective on Democracy and Development in Nigeria. Available @ http://www.gamji.com/article4000/NEWS4733.htm, Accessed 09/04/2014 Overman, H. & Venables, A. (2005) Cities in Developing World, Memo Prepared for DFID Oyedele O.A (2012) The Challenges oflnfrastructural Development in Democratic Governance, Construction Economics and Management, l, 6119, 1-15. Oyeranti 0. & Olayiwola K. (2005) Policies and Programmes for Poverty Reduction in Rural Nigeria, An Interim Report, African Economic Research Consortium (AERC); Second Phase Collaborative Poverty Research Project Pargaru I., Cherghira R., & Duca I. (2009) The Role of Education in The Knowledge-Based Society During the Economic Crisis, Anna/es Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, 11 (2); 646-651 Peet, R. & Hartwick E. (2009) Theories of Development: Contentions, Arguments, and Alternatives, The Guilford Press, New-York Persson H. (2014) Nigeria-An Overview of Challenges to Peace and Security, retrieved 05/09/2014 at www.foi.se/.../Persson,%20Nigeria%20%20An%20Overview%20of%20... Philip O.J & Felix 0 .0. (2013) Deficit in some Theories of Democracy in Nigeria: a philosophical reflection, Anna/es Philosophia, 7, 49-58. Przeworski A. & Limongi, F (1995) Democracy and Development, in A. Hadenius (Ed.), Democracy's Victory and Crisis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Przeworski, A & Limongi F. (1993) Political Regimes and Economic Growth, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7 (3), pp 51-69, Przeworski, A (1991) Democracy and the Market, Cambridge University Press, New York. Przeworski, A. (2002) Democracy as an Equilibrium, Ms. Department of Politics, New York University. Przeworski, A., Michael E. A., Jos'e-Antonio C., & Fernando L. (2000) Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-being in the World, I 950- 1990. New York: Cambridge University Press. Queensland Department of Emergency Services (2001) Charter for Community Engagements, Community Engagement Unit, Strategic and Executive Services Department. Rapley, J. (2007) Understanding Development: Theory and Practice in The Third World, 3rd Ed., Lynne Rienner Publishers, USA. www.reinner.com Reitzes, M. (2009) The Impact of Democracy on Development: The Case of SouthAfrica, Research Report, Centre for Policy Studies, Johannesburg Results (2015) The Power to End Poverty: Why is Education for All So Important? Available @ http://www.results.org/images/uploads/files/why education matters 11 04 09.pdf accessed 28/08/2015 Rivera-Batiz, F.L & Rivera-Batiz, L.A. (2002) Democracy, Participation and Economic Development: An Introduction, Review of Development Economics, 6 (2), 135-150. Robert, F. Jr, (1988) Bringing the Ruling Class Back In: Class, State and Hegemony in Africa, in Comparative Politics, Vol 2, No 3. Rodney, W. (1972), How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Tanzania: Boougle L'ouverture Publications. Sachs, J. (2005) The End of Poverty. How We Can Make it Happen in Our Lifetime. Penguin Press, London. Salant, P. & Dillman, D.A (1994) How to Conduct Your Own Survey; John Wiley & Sons, New York. Salau, A.T. (1986) River Basin Planning as a Strategy for Rural Development in Nigeria; Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 2, Issue 4; 321-335. Sanjay, B.M. & Rajesh P. (2012) Sustainable Business Growth in Pursuit of Globalization, International journal of Business Economics and Management resources, Vol. 3, Issue 10; 25-36. Sanusi, S.L (2012) The Role of Government Finance Institutions in Development: What Nigeria Can Learn From India Infrastructure Finance Company, Paper Presented at the Public Private Partnership Stakeholder Forum, Lagos Schmidt, V.A (2012) Democracy and Legitimacy in European Union: Input, Output and Throughput; Political Studies, Vol. 61, Issue 1; 2-22. Schumpeter, J. A. (1962) Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, third edition. New York: Harper. Seers, D. (1973), The Meaning of Development, in T.N. Uphoff and F.W IIchman, (ed) The Political Economy of Development: Theoretical and Empirical Contributions. USA, University of California Press. Sekaran, U. & Bourgie R. (2013) Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach, (Sixth Ed). Joh Wiley & Sons Inc. Sekaran, U. (2003) Research Method for Business, (Fourth Ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Sen, A. (1999) Development as a Freedom, 1 ST Ed., NY, Oxford University Press Singh, S. (2009) Human Settlements; https://exploringgeography.wikispaces.com/.../CHAPTER-IO+ Human+settlement accessed 15/0112015 So, A.Y (1990) Social Change and Development: Modernization, Dependency, World-Systems Theories, Sage Publishers. Southhall, R. (2003) Democracy in Africa: Moving Beyond the Difficulty Legacy, HSRC Publishers, Capetown. Stigliz, J.E. (2002) Participation and Development: Perspectives from the Comprehensive Development Paradigm, Review of Development Economics, 6(2), 163-182 Stokes, S.C (2001) Mandates and Democracy: Neoliberalism by Surprise in Latin America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Accessed 21/08/15 @http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic9257 40.files/Week%2012/Stokes_Mandates.pdf Sunday O.J & Chinedum LG (2014) Mushroom Appointed Caretakers Committee: A Quagmire to Grassroot Democracy in Nigeria: International Journal of Sociology and anthropology; Vol. 6(6), 214-220; July. Taraba State Government (2007) Taraba State Capital Expenditure Budget Estimates/New and Ongoing Capital Development Proposal (2007-2011), Unpublished. Taraba State Ministry for Water Resources and Rural Development (2011), Draft Water Supply Sanitation and Rural Development Sector Blue-Print: 2011-2014 Implementation Plan for Taraba State, Unpublished. Taraba State Ministry of Health (2010) Taraba State Strategic Health Development Plan (2010-2015), Taraba State Government. Taraba State Ministry for Water Resources and Rural Development (2009), Overview of the activities of the Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development, Unpublished. Taraba State Ministry for Water Resources and Rural Development (2008) Rural Electrification Projects from January 2008-December, 2008. Unpublished. Taraba State Ministry for Water Resources and Rural Development (2007) Proposed Projects on Rural Water Supply and Sanitation, Unpublished. Taraba State Ministry of Budget and Economic Planning (2004), Taraba State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (TSEEDS): A Comprehensive Poverty Reduction, Growth and Sustainable Development Strategy for Taraba State (2005-2007). Published by Economic and Management Insight LIMITED, Wuse- Abuja. Tersoo, P. (2014) Agribusiness as a Veritable Tool for Rural Development in Nigeria, International Letter of Social and Humanistic Science, Vol. 14, 26-36. Terwase, LT and Madu, A.Y. (2014) The Impact of Rice Production, Consumption and Importation in Nigeria: The Political Economy Perspectives; Proceedings Book of International Conference of Business Strategy and Social Sciences, Pak Publishing Group, 39-45. The Advertizer Education Associates Limited (2011) Rapid Rural Appraisal in Taraba State: An Assessment of Fadama III Project in Taraba State. Thomas, A. (2000) 'Development as practice in a liberal capitalist world', Journal of International Development, 12 (6): 773-787. Thomas, A. (2004) The Study of Development. Paper prepared for DSA Annual Conference, 6 November, Church House, London. Timothy A.I (2011) Rural Non-Framing Income and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria, African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi, AERC Research Paper Tiruneh, G. (2004) Towards Normal Democracy: Theory and Prediction with Special Reference to Developing Countries; Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, Vol. 29, No. 4, Winter, 470-489. Todaro, M. (1985), Economic Development in the Third World, Longman Publishing Group. Todaro, M. P. (1989), Economic Development in the Third World (Fourth Edition) Singapore: Longman Singapore Publishing (PTE) Ltd. Topcu, Y. (2012) Integrated Marketing Approach as a Rural Development Tool, in Rural Development Contemporary Issues and Practice, Adisa, R.S (ed.), CCRV. Trading Economics (2015) Nigeria Unemployment Rate: 2006-2015, available @ http://www. tradingeconomics.corn/nigeria/unemployment-rate accessed 28/08/2015 Transparency International, 'Corruption Perceptions Index: Overview', available @ www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview accessed 14 Jul 2013 Transparency International, Corruption Perception Index Report, available @ http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-transparencyintemational-corruption-perceptions-index-2014/$FILE/EY-transparencyintemational-corruption-perceptions-index-2014.pdf accessed I 0/08/2015 Treichel, V. (2010) Putting Nigeria to Work: A Strategy for Employment and Growth, Washington, the World Bank. Ugwuanyi, B.I & Emma, E.O.C (2013a) Enhancing Rural Development in Nigeria: Periscoping the Impediments and Exploring Imperative Measures, Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 2 (7), 91-101. Ugwuanyi, B.I & Emma, E.O.C (2013b) The Obstacles to Effective Policy Implementation by Public Bureaucracy in Developing Nations: The Case of Nigeria, Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 2 (7), 59-68. Ujo, A. A. (2004), Understanding Social Research in Nigeria: A Non-Quantitative Approach, Kaduna: Joyce Graphic Printers and Publishers. Umar, M.M. (2008), The Role of Leadership and Community Mobilization for Sustainable Rural Development at the Local Government Level, Workshop Organized by T-JAY Management Consultants Kaduna in collaboration with Kaduna State Local Governments Service Board Umezurike, C. (2012) Regulation and Democracy in the Age of Crisis: The Controversy of Privitization and Commercialization in Nigeria's Democratic Process; http://www.regulation.upf.edu/dublin-10-papers/6O2.pdf accessed 10/11/2014. UN (2009) The Least Developed Countries report: The State and Development Governance, New-York and Geneva, United Nations. UNDP (2010). Human Development Report. A Publication ofUNDP. New York: Macmillan US AID (2000) Building Political Commitment for Effective HIV/ AIDS Policies and Programmes: TOOLKIT Overview, @ http://www.policyproject.com/pubs/bookblue.pdf accessed 23/082015 Usman A.B (2014) Analysis of Conditions of Rural Roads Transport in Kwara State, Nigeria, European Scientific Journal, Vol. 10, No. 5; 288-307 Van der Ploeg, J., Renting, H., Brunori, G., Karlheinz, K., Mannion, J., Marsden, T., et al. (2000). Rural development: From Practices and Policies Towards Theory. Sociologia Ruralis, 40 (4), 391-408. Vanguard Nigeria Newspaper (2015) Poverty Level in Nigeria IntolerableOsinbajo, Report of the Nigeria's Vice-Presidents' Keynote Address in Cal a bar on 26th June, available @ http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/06/poverty-level-in-nigeria-intolerable-osinbajo/ accessed 28/08/2015 Vanguard Nigerian Newspaper, December 2013. Varshney, A. (1993) Introduction: Urban Bias in Perspectives, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 29, Issue 4; 3-22. Venture for Fund Raising (2010) Resource Mobilization: A Practical Guide, 2nd Ed. Manila. Available @ http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Documents/Donor-Partnership-guide.pdf accessed 24/08/2015 Victoria State Government, effective engagement: what is community engagement? Department of Environment and Primary Industries @ http://www.dse.vie.gov.au/effective-engagement/introduction-toengagement/what-is-communitv-engagement accessed 22/08/2015 Wangchuk, K (2013) Challenges to Democracy in Rural Bhutan: A Study on the Analysis of Post 2008 Elections and Suggestions for Pre-2013 Elections in Bhutan, Thesis Submitted to Royal University of Bhutan, Kanghun, Bhatun Williams, G.; Duncan, A.; Landell-Mills, P. & Unsworth, S. (2009) Politics and Growth, Development Policy Review, 2009, 27 (1): 5-31 Williams, J.G (2003) The Role of Parliaments in Holding Government account and Controlling Corruption, accessed 30/12/2015 @ http://gopacnetwork.org/Docs/JW_CommonwealthSecretariat_July03EN.pdf World Bank (2003 ), Reaching the Rural Poor: A Renewed Strategy for Rural Development, Washington DC: World Bank. World Bank (2004), Agriculture and Rural Development's Contribution to ProPoor Growth: an Update, Washington DC: World Bank. World Bank (2005), Beyond the City: The Rural Contribution to Development, Washington DC: World Bank. World Bank (2013) Nigeria Economic Report No. 1, Washington, DC: World Bank. World Wildlife Fund (2010) Stakeholder Collaboration: Building Bridges for Conversation, Eco-regional Conservation Strategy Unit, Research and Development Yakubu, O.D & Aderonmu, J.A. (2010) Rural Poverty Alleviation and Democracy in Nigerian Fourth Republic (1999-2009), Current Research Journal of Social Sciences, 2 (3); 191-195. Yusif, M.M (2009) Democracy Development in Nigeria: The role of the Legislature, Being a paper presented in a Training Workshop organized by Society for Youth Awareness and Health Development (SYAHD) on Sustainable Democratic Governance in Nigeria held on Sunday May 10th at Mambayya House, Kano. Zikmund, W.G, Barbi, J.B, Carr, J.C & Griffin, M. (2012). Business Research Methods, Ninth Ed. South-western Cangage Leaming, Natorp Boulevard Mason.

People's perception on democratic government and rural development in Nigeria : the case of Taraba state

Similar Items