The factors influencing obesity among healthcare workers in two public hospitals in Kedah

In Malaysia, the prevalence of obesity is high among healthcare workers and this becomes a problem because they have the responsibility to promote health and prevent obesity. Besides that, obesity is also associated with higher incidences of injuries at the workplace together with higher medical cos...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Fasihah, Azhari
Format:	Thesis
Language:	eng eng
Published:	2020
Subjects:	HD28-70 Management Industrial Management
Online Access:	https://etd.uum.edu.my/7937/1/s820682_1.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/7937/2/s820682-2.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-uum-etd.7937
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection	UUM ETD
language	eng eng
topic	HD28-70 Management Industrial Management
spellingShingle	HD28-70 Management Industrial Management Fasihah, Azhari The factors influencing obesity among healthcare workers in two public hospitals in Kedah
description	In Malaysia, the prevalence of obesity is high among healthcare workers and this becomes a problem because they have the responsibility to promote health and prevent obesity. Besides that, obesity is also associated with higher incidences of injuries at the workplace together with higher medical costs, more lost workdays, and reduced productivity at the workplace. The aim of this study was to identify the factors influencing obesity among healthcare workers and to determine the strategies to control obesity. A qualitative research was conducted among 20 obese healthcare workers through individual semi-structured in-depth interviews, and the interviews were audio recorded. Then, the data were transcribed and analysed by using thematic analysis. The results showed that the themes on the factors influencing obesity were mainly dietary behaviour, job stressors, and working conditions. A total of 26 factors emerged from the data, 22 of these factors had been identified in previous studies while four new factors were found in this study. The participants also suggested several strategies to control obesity including improvement in knowledge, motivation, and exercises. However, the extent of the effectiveness of these strategies could not be confirmed in this study and further studies are recommended on this matter. All of the objectives of this study were achieved. This study provides theoretical contributions to Social Ecological Model on the factors influencing obesity among healthcare workers and helps to develop strategies for weight management at the workplace.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	masters
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Fasihah, Azhari
author_facet	Fasihah, Azhari
author_sort	Fasihah, Azhari
title	The factors influencing obesity among healthcare workers in two public hospitals in Kedah
title_short	The factors influencing obesity among healthcare workers in two public hospitals in Kedah
title_full	The factors influencing obesity among healthcare workers in two public hospitals in Kedah
title_fullStr	The factors influencing obesity among healthcare workers in two public hospitals in Kedah
title_full_unstemmed	The factors influencing obesity among healthcare workers in two public hospitals in Kedah
title_sort	factors influencing obesity among healthcare workers in two public hospitals in kedah
granting_institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department	School of Business Management
publishDate	2020
url	https://etd.uum.edu.my/7937/1/s820682_1.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/7937/2/s820682-2.pdf
_version_	1776103694748614656
spelling	my-uum-etd.79372023-04-10T02:10:37Z The factors influencing obesity among healthcare workers in two public hospitals in Kedah 2020 Fasihah, Azhari School of Business Management School of Business Management HD28-70 Management. Industrial Management In Malaysia, the prevalence of obesity is high among healthcare workers and this becomes a problem because they have the responsibility to promote health and prevent obesity. Besides that, obesity is also associated with higher incidences of injuries at the workplace together with higher medical costs, more lost workdays, and reduced productivity at the workplace. The aim of this study was to identify the factors influencing obesity among healthcare workers and to determine the strategies to control obesity. A qualitative research was conducted among 20 obese healthcare workers through individual semi-structured in-depth interviews, and the interviews were audio recorded. Then, the data were transcribed and analysed by using thematic analysis. The results showed that the themes on the factors influencing obesity were mainly dietary behaviour, job stressors, and working conditions. A total of 26 factors emerged from the data, 22 of these factors had been identified in previous studies while four new factors were found in this study. The participants also suggested several strategies to control obesity including improvement in knowledge, motivation, and exercises. However, the extent of the effectiveness of these strategies could not be confirmed in this study and further studies are recommended on this matter. All of the objectives of this study were achieved. This study provides theoretical contributions to Social Ecological Model on the factors influencing obesity among healthcare workers and helps to develop strategies for weight management at the workplace. 2020 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7937/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7937/1/s820682_1.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7937/2/s820682-2.pdf text eng public masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdullah, N. N., Mokhtar, M. M., Bakar, M. H. A., & Al-Kubaisy, W. (2015). Trend on fast food consumption in relation to obesity among Selangor urban community. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 202, 505-513. Addo, P. N., Nyarko, K. M., Sackey, S. O., Akweongo, P., & Sarfo, B. (2015). Prevalence of obesity and overweight and associated factors among financial institution workers in Accra Metropolis, Ghana: A cross sectional study. BMC Research Notes, 8(1), 1-8. Ahmad, J., Wahab, S., Hamid, A., Pardi, M., & Harun, Z. (2012). Malaysian food pyramid. Retrieved from http://www.myhealth.gov.my Alexander, L. K., Lopes, B., Ricchetti-Masterson, K., & Yeatts, K. B. (n.d.). Incident vs.prevalent cases and measures of occurrence. Retrieved from https://sph.unc.edu/files/2015/07/nciph_ERIC1.pdf Ali, N., & Abdullah, M. A. (2012). The food consumption and eating behaviour of Malaysian urbanites: Issues and concerns. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 8(6), 157-165. Amani, R., & Gill, T. (2013). Shiftworking, nutrition and obesity: Implications for workforce health- a systematic review. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 22(4), 505-515. Aniza, I., Hayati, K., Juhaida, M. N., Ahmad Taufik, J., Idayu Badilla, I., & Khalib, L. (2015). Obesity related hypertension - gender specific analysis among adults in Tanjung Karang, Selangor, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 15(1), 41-52. Anstey, S., Tweedie, J., & Lord, B. (2016). Qualitative study of Queensland paramedics'perceived influences on their food and meal choices during shift work. Nutrition and Dietetics, 73(1), 43-49. Antunes, L. C., Levandovski, R., Dantas, G., Caumo, W., & Hidalgo, M. P. (2010). Obesity and shift work: Chronobiological aspects. Nutrition Research Reviews, 23(1), 155-168. Ardzi, R. M., Shariff, N., Omar, N. Z., Ramli, N., & Isa, K. A. M. (2014). Understanding of obesity among registered nurse. The Malaysian Journal of Nursing, 6(1), 38-43. Arora, R., Chawla, A., & Bansal, M. (2014). Eating out behaviour of individuals: A case study. International Journal in Management and Social Science, 2(10), 23-40. Ayiesah, R., Leonard, J. H., Vijaykumar, P., & Suhaimy, R. M. (2013). Obesity and habitual physical activity level among staffs working in a military hospital in Malacca, Malaysia. International Medical Journal Malaysia, 12(1), 53-58. Banjare, J., & Bhalerao, S. (2016). Obesity associated noncommunicable disease burden. International Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, 5(2), 81-87. Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Retrieved from: https://mthoyibi.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/qualitative-research-methods-forthe-social-sciences_bruce-l-berg-2001.pdf Berg, C., Lappas, G., Wolk, A., Strandhagen, E., Toren, K., Rosengren, A., . . . Lissner, L. (2009). Eating patterns and portion size associated with obesity in a Swedish population. Appetite, 52(1), 21-26. Bernama. (2018, January 22). Perlu klinik senaman di setiap daerah. Berita Harian Online. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2018 Bes-Rastrollo, M., Basterra-Gortari, F. J., Sanchez-Villegas, A., Marti, A., Martinez, J. A., & Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A. (2010). A prospective study of eating awayfrom-home meals and weight gain in a Mediterranean population: The SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) cohort. Public Health Nutrition, 13(9), 1356-1363. Bezerra, I. N., Curioni, C., & Sichieri, R. (2012). Association between eating out of home and body weight. Nutrition Reviews, 70(2), 65-79. Biener, A., Cawley, J., & Meyerhoefer, C. (2018). The impact of obesity on medical care costs and labor market outcomes in the US. Clinical Chemistry, 64(1), 108-117. Block, J. P., He, Y., Zaslavsky, A. M., Ding, L., & Ayanian, J. Z. (2009). Psychosocial stress and change in weight among US adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 170(2), 181-192. Bonnell, E. K., Huggins, C. E., Huggins, C. T., McCaffrey, T. A., Palermo, C., & Bonham, M. P. (2017). Influences on dietary choices during day versus night shift in shift workers: A mixed methods study. Nutrients, 9(3), 193-206. Boon, S. L. S. (2014). Obesity and dining out: An exploration of dietary trends in urban Malaysia (Master’s Thesis, University of South Florida). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent Borak, J. (2011). Obesity and the workplace. Occupational Medicine, 220-223. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqr030 Boyce, C., & Neale, P. (2006). Conducting in-depth interviews: A guide for designing and Conducting In-Depth Interviews for Evaluation Input. Pathfinder International Tool Series. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. Breton, M. C., Guénette, L., Amiche, M. A., Kayibanda, J. F., Grégoire, J. P., & Moisan, J. (2013). Burden of diabetes on the ability to work: A systematic review. Diabetes Care, 36(3), 740-749. Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513-531. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. International Encyclopedia of Education, 3(2), 1643–1647. Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2011). Business research methods (3rd ed.). USA: Oxford University Press. Brytek-Matera, A., Czepczor-Bernat, K., & Olejniczak, D. (2018). Food-related behaviours among individuals with overweight/obesity and normal body weight. Nutrition Journal, 17(1), 93-103. Bungum, T., Satterwhite, M., Jackson, A. W., & Morrow Jr, J. R. (2003). The relationship of body mass index, medical costs and job absenteeism. American Journal of Health Behavior, 27(4), 456-462. Bushnell, P. T., Colombi, A., Caruso, C. C., & Tak, S. (2010). Work schedules and health behaviour outcomes at a large manufacturer. Industrial Health, 48(4), 395-405. Buss, J. (2012). Associations between obesity and stress and shift work among nurses. Workplace Health and Safety, 60(10), 453-458. Cain, S. W., Filtness, A. J., Phillips, C. L., & Anderson, C. (2015). Enhanced preference for high-fat foods following a simulated night shift. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 41(3), 288-293. Cakmur, H., & Anuk, T. (2017). Frequency awareness and management of obesity among healthcare providers. Acta Medica Mediterranea, 33, 1073-1079. 180 Capodaglio, P., Castelnuovo, G., Brunani, A., Vismara, L., Villa, V., & Capodaglio, E. M. (2010). Functional limitations and occupational issues in obesity: A review. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 16(4), 507-523. Carls, G. S., Goetzel, R. Z., Henke, R. M., Bruno, J., Isaac, F., & McHugh, J. (2011). The impact of weight gain or loss on health care costs for employees at the Johnson & Johnson Family of Companies. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(1), 8-16. Caruso, C. C. (2014). Negative impacts of shiftwork and long work hours. Rehabilitation Nursing, 39(1), 16-25. Cawley, J., & Meyerhoefer, C. (2012). The medical care costs of obesity: An instrumental variables approach. Journal of Health Economics, 31(1), 219-230. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Adult obesity facts. Overweight and obesity. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html Chan, R. S., & Woo, J. (2010). Prevention of overweight and obesity: How effective is the current public health approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(3), 765-783. Chan, Y. Y., Lim, K. K., Lim, K. H., Teh, C. H., Kee, C. C., Cheong, S. M., . . . Ahmad, N. A. (2017). Physical activity and overweight/obesity among Malaysian adults: Findings from the 2015 National Health and morbidity survey (NHMS). BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1-12. Chee, H. L., Kandiah, M., Khalid, M., Shamsuddin, K., Jamaluddin, J., Nordin, N. A. M. M., . . . Osman, I. (2004). Body mass index and factors related to overweight among women workers in electronic factories in Peninsular Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 13(3), 248-254. Cheng, N. (2016, April 2). Putrajaya tops obese list. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation Cheong, S. M., Kandiah, M., Chinna, K., Chan, Y. M., & Saad, H. A. (2010). Prevalence of obesity and factors associated with it in a worksite setting in Malaysia. Journal of Community Health, 35(6), 698-705. Choi, B., Schnall, P. L., Yang, H., Dobson, M., Landsbergis, P., Israel, L., . . . Baker, D. (2010). Sedentary work, low physical job demand, and obesity in US workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 53(11), 1088-1101. Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2013). Teaching thematic analysis: Overcoming challenges and developing strategies for effective learning. The Psychologist, 26(2), 120-123.Clinical Research Centre. (2014). Kedah Research Bulletin July 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.crc.gov.my/wpcontent/uploads/documents/kedah_research_Bulletin vol_1_2014.pdf Colligan, T. W., & Higgins, E. M. (2005). Workplace stress: Etiology and consequences. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 21(2), 89-97. Coomarasamy, J. D., Wint, N. N., Neri, D. L. E., & Sukumaran, S. (2014). Prevalence of Obesity and Daily Lifestyles of the Registered Nurses in Malaysia. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 7(3), 1202-1208. Costa, G. (2010). Shift work and health: Current problems and preventive actions. Safety and Health at Work, 1(2), 112-123. Cox, T., Griffiths, A., & Randall, R. (2002). Interventions to control stress at work in hospital staff. Health and Safety Executive. Retrieved from http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/crr_pdf/2002/crr02435.pdf Creswell, J. W. (2012). Collecting qualitative data. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (pp. 204-235). Retrieved from http://basu.nahad.ir/uploads/creswell.pdf Crossman, A. (2019, July 3). Understanding purposive sampling. ThoughtCo. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/purposive-sampling-3026727 Dallman, M. F. (2010). Stress-induced obesity and the emotional nervous system. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 21(3), 159-165. Daniels, M. C., & Popkin, B. M. (2010). Impact of water intake on energy intake and status: A systematic review. Nutrition Reviews, 68(9), 505-521. Davies, M. (2015, January 22). How fat is your country? and which nations have the highest obesity rates. Mail Online. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health Dedeli, O., & Fadiloglu, C. (2011). Development and evaluation of the Health Belief Model scale in obesity. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 10(5), 533. Degirmenci, T., Kalkan-Oguzhanoglu, N., Sozeri-Varma, G., Ozdel, O., & Fenkci, S. (2015). Psychological symptoms in obesity and related factors. Noro Psykiyatri Arsivi, 52(1), 42-46. Denova-Gutierrez, E., Castanon, S., Talavera, J. O., Flores, M., Macias, N., Rodriguez- Ramirez, S., . . . Salmeron, J. (2011). Dietary patterns are associated with different indexes of adiposity and obesity in an urban Mexican population. Journal of Nutrition, 141(5), 921-927.Di Milia, L., & Mummery, K. (2009). The association between job related factors, short sleep and obesity. Industrial Health, 47(4), 363-368. Dinsdale, H., Ridler, C., & Ells, L. (2011). A simple guide to classifying body mass index in children. National Obesity Observatory: Oxford. Draper, A. K. (2004). The principles and application of qualitative research. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 63(4), 641-646. Drewnowski, A. (1998). Energy density, palatability, and satiety: Implications for weight control. Nutrition Reviews, 56(12), 347-353. Duodu, C., Awuni, T. K., Attito, P., & Zotor, F. B. (2015). Assessment of overweight and obesity prevalence among practicing nurses and midwives in the Hohoe Municipality of the Volta Region, Ghana. Science Journal of Public Health, 3(6), 842-851. Eberly, R., & Feldman, H. (2010). Obesity and shift work in the general population. Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 8(3), 1-9. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4. Faghri, P., & Mignano, C. (2013). Overweight and obesity in high stress workplaces. Journal of Nutritional Disorders and Therapy, 3(3), 1-2. Fan, M., & Jin, Y. (2013). Obesity and self-control: Food consumption, physical activity, and weight-loss intention. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 36(1), 125-145. Farah Wahida, Z., Mohd Nasir, M. T., & Hazizi, A. S. (2011). Physical activity, eating behaviour and body image perception among young adolescents in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 17(3), 325-336. Fogelholm, M., Kronholm, E., Kukkonen-Harjula, K., Partonen, T., Partinen, M., & Harma, M. (2007). Sleep-related disturbances and physical inactivity are independently associated with obesity in adults. International Journal of Obesity, 31(11), 1713-1721. Freitas, E. D. S. D., Canuto, R., Henn, R. L., Olinto, B. A., Macagnan, J. B. A., Pattussi, M. P., . . . Olinto, M. T. A. (2015). Alteration in eating habits among shift workers of a poultry processing plant in southern Brazil. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 20(8), 2401-2410.Fusch, P. I., & Ness, L. R. (2015). Are we there yet? Data saturation in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 20(9), 1408-1416. Gates, D. M., Succop, P., Brehm, B. J., Gillespie, G. L., & Sommers, B. D. (2008). Obesity and presenteeism: The impact of body mass index on workplace productivity. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 50(1), 39-45. Ghee, L. K. (2016). A review of adult obesity research in Malaysia. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 71(1), 1-19. Gibson, E. L. (2006). Emotional influences on food choice: Sensory, physiological and psychological pathways. Physiology and Behavior, 89(1), 53-61. Gifford, B. (2015). Unhealthy body weight, illness absence, presenteeism, medical payments, and disability leave: A longitudinal view. Population Health Management, 18(4), 272-282. Gildner, T. E., Liebert, M. A., Kowal, P., Chatterji, S., & Josh Snodgrass, J. (2014). Sleep duration, sleep quality, and obesity risk among older adults from six middle-income countries: Findings from the study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE). American Journal of Human Biology, 26(6), 803-812. Glanz, K. (2013). Social and behavioral theories. Retrieved from http://www.esourceresearch.org/ Glanz, K., & Maddock, J. (2002). Behavior, health-related. Retrieved from http://www.encyclopedia.com /medicine /psychology /psychology-andpsychiatry/health-behavior Goettler, A., Grosse, A., & Sonntag, D. (2017). Productivity loss due to overweight and obesity: A systematic review of indirect costs. BMJ Open, 7(10), 1-9. Groesz, L. M., McCoy, S., Carl, J., Saslow, L., Stewart, J., Adler, N., . . . Epel, E. (2012). What is eating you? Stress and the drive to eat. Appetite, 58(2), 717-721. Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field methods, 18(1), 59-82. Gupta, N., Goel, K., Shah, P., & Misra, A. (2012). Childhood obesity in developing countries: Epidemiology, determinants, and prevention. Endocrine Reviews, 33(1), 48-70. Hamid, N. H. (2019, November 25). Kedah juga ‘juara’ penghidap darah tinggi. Sinar Harian. Retrieved from https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/59013/Han, K., Trinkoff, A. M., Storr, C. L., & Geiger-Brown, J. (2011). Job stress and work schedules in relation to nurse obesity. Journal of Nursing Administration, 41(11), 488-495. Harian Metro. (2016, June 24). Bendung NCD. Press Reader. Retrieved from https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/harianmetro/ Hasnan, L. (2019, July 31). Obesity on the rise in ASEAN. The ASEAN Post. Retrieved from https://theaseanpost.com/article/obesity-rise-asean Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Keyes, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2009). Associations between perceived weight discrimination and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the general population. Obesity (Silver Spring), 17(11), 2033-2039. Haufiku, D., & Amukugo, H. J. (2015). Prevalence and factors associated with obesity amongst employees of open-cast diamond mine in Namibia. International Journal of Advanced Nursing Studies, 4(2), 85-93. Hayden, J. A. (2009). Health Belief Model. Retrieved from http://www.jblearning.com/samples/0763743836/chapter%204.pdf Hayward, L. E., Vartanian, L. R., & Pinkus, R. T. (2018). Weight stigma predicts poorer psychological well-being through internalized weight bias and maladaptive coping responses. Obesity (Silver Spring), 26(4), 755-761. Hazizi, A. S., Aina Mardiah, B., Mohd Nasir, M. T., Zaitun, Y., Hamid Jan, J. M., & Tabata, I. (2012). Accelerometer-determined physical activity level among government employees in Penang, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 18(1), 57-66. Hegg-Deloye, S., Corbeil, P., Brassard, P., Prairie, J., Larouche, D., Jauvin, N., . . . Tremblay, A. (2014). Work-related and dietary factors associated with weight gain over the period of employment in paramedics. Occupational Medicine and Health Affairs, 2(4), 173-180. Heinonen, I., Helajärvi, H., Pahkala, K., Heinonen, O. J., Hirvensalo, M., Pälve, K., . . . Raitakari, O. T. (2013). Sedentary behaviours and obesity in adults: The cardiovascular risk in young finns study. BMJ Open, 3(6), 1-12. Hoque, M. E., Doi, S. A., Mannan, M., Long, K., Niessen, L. W., & Mamun, A. A. (2014). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents of the Indian subcontinent: A meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews, 72(8), 541-550. Hu, F. B. (2008). Measurements of adiposity and body composition. Obesity Epidemiology, 416, 53-83.Hussain, A., Osman, N. W., Ismail, A. N., & Chan, H. K. (2018). Effectiveness of a 3 month weight-reduction programme for obese hospital employees in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Environmental and Occupational Health Journal, 4(1), 14-18. Ishida, A., Law, S. H., & Aita, Y. (2003). Changes in food consumption expenditure in Malaysia. Agribusiness, 19(1), 61-76. Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri Kedah. (2012). Laporan Tahunan 2012. Retrieved from: http://jknkedah.moh.gov.my/v3/penerbitan/LaporanTahunanJKNKedah2012.pdf Jackson, S. E., & Steptoe, A. (2017). Association between perceived weight discrimination and physical activity: A population-based study among English middle-aged and older adults. BMJ Open, 7(3), 1-5. Jamaluddin, R., Fokeena, W. B., & Khaza`ai, H. (2015). Contribution of different food groups to the energy intake and weight status of adults: A cross-sectional study in a Malaysian public university. Asian Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 7(2), 45-54. Jan Mohamed, H. J., Yap, R. W., Loy, S. L., Norris, S. A., Biesma, R., & Aagaard-Hansen, J. (2015). Prevalence and determinants of overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), 123-135. Jang, T. W., Kim, H. R., Lee, H. E., Myong, J. P., & Koo, J. W. (2013). Long work hours and obesity in Korean adult workers. Journal of Occupational Health, 55(5), 359-366. Jay, B. N., & Zulkifli, N. (2016, August 29). Environment drives childhood obesity. New Straits Times Online. Retrieved from http://www.nst.com.my/news Johnson, R. K., Appel, L. J., Brands, M., Howard, B. V., Lefevre, M., Lustig, R. H., . . . Wylie-Rosett, J. (2009). Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 120(11), 1011-1020. Jones, C. L., Jensen, J. D., Scherr, C. L., Brown, N. R., Christy, K., & Weaver, J. (2015). The health belief model as an explanatory framework in communication research: Exploring parallel, serial, and moderated mediation. Health Communication, 30(6), 566-576. Jung, F., Spahlholz, J., Hilbert, A., Riedel-Heller, S. G., & Luck-Sikorski, C. (2017). Impact of weight-related discrimination, body dissatisfaction and self-stigma on the desire to weigh less. Obesity Facts, 10(2), 139-151. Khor, G. L. (2012). Food availability and the rising obesity prevalence in Malaysia. IeJSME, 6(1), S61-S68. 186 Kim, C. H. (2016). Measurements of adiposity and body composition. The Korean Journal of Obesity, 25(3), 115-120. Kim, J. Y., Park, Y. H., & An, E. N. (2015). The relationship between lifestyles and obesity of office workers in Korea. International Journal of Control and Automation, 8(10), 349-360. Knutson, K. L. (2010). Sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk: A review of the epidemiologic evidence. Best Practice and Research Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism,24(5), 731-743. Ko, G. T., Chan, J. C., Chan, A. W., Wong, P. T., Hui, S. S., Tong, S. D., . . . Chan, C. L. (2007). Association between sleeping hours, working hours and obesity in Hong Kong Chinese: The 'better health for better Hong Kong' health promotion campaign. International Journal of Obesity, 31(2), 254-260. Koepp, G. A., Snedden, B. J., & Levine, J. A. (2015). Workplace slip, trip and fall injuries and obesity. Ergonomics, 58(5), 674-679. Kouvonen, A., Kivimaki, M., Oksanen, T., Pentti, J., De Vogli, R., Virtanen, M., & Vahtera, J. (2013). Obesity and occupational injury: A prospective cohort study of 69,515 public sector employees. PLoS One, 8(10), 1-8. Kudel, I., Huang, J. C., & Ganguly, R. (2018). Impact of obesity on work productivity in different US occupations: Analysis of the national health and wellness survey 2014 to 2015. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(1), 6-11. Kuehl, K. S., Kisbu-Sakarya, Y., Elliot, D. L., Moe, E. L., DeFrancesco, C. A., MacKinnon, D. P., . . . Kuehl, H. E. (2012). Body mass index as a predictor of firefighter injury and workers' compensation claims. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 54(5), 579-582. Kumanyika, S., Jeffery, R. W., Morabia, A., Ritenbaugh, C., & Antipatis, V. J. (2002). Obesity prevention: The case for action. International Journal of Obesity, 2 (3), 425-436. Kyle, R. G., Wills, J., Mahoney, C., Hoyle, L., Kelly, M., & Atherton, I. M. (2017). Obesity prevalence among healthcare professionals in England: A cross-sectional study using the Health Survey for England. BMJ Open, 7(12), 1-7. Latham, J. (n.d.). Qualitative sample size. How many participants is enough? John Latham. Retrieved from: https://www.drjohnlatham.com/ Lee, C. L., Norimah, A. K., & Ismail, M. N. (2010). Association of energy intake and macronutrient composition with overweight and obesity in Malay women from Klang Valley. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 16(2), 251-260.Lemmens, S. G., Rutters, F., Born, J. M., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2011). Stress augments food 'wanting' and energy intake in visceral overweight subjects in the absence of hunger. Physiology and Behavior, 103(2), 157-163. Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Health Promotion Practice, 16(4), 473-475. Lim, H. M., Chee, H. L., Kandiah, M., Shamsuddin, K., Jamaluddin, J., Nordin, N. A. M. M., & Shuib, R. (2003). Dietary and other factors associated with overweight among women workers in two electronics factories in Selangor. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 9(2), 105-124. Lin, T. C., Verma, S. K., & Courtney, T. K. (2013). Does obesity contribute to non-fatal occupational injury? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health, 39(3), 268-275. Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Establishing trustworthiness. Naturalistic Inquiry, 289-327. Lowden, A., Moreno, C., Holmbäck, U., Lennernäs, M., & Tucker, P. (2010). Eating and shift work – effects on habits, metabolism and performance. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health, 36(2), 150-162. Luckhaupt, S. E., Cohen, M. A., Li, J., & Calvert, G. M. (2014). Prevalence of obesity among U.S. workers and associations with occupational factors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(3), 237-248. Lum, M. (2018, August 14). Malaysia is Asia’s fattest country. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/health/ Maimela, E., Alberts, M., Modjadji, S. E., Choma, S. S., Dikotope, S. A., Ntuli, T. S., & Van Geertruyden, J. P. (2016). The prevalence and determinants of chronic noncommunicable disease risk factors amongst adults in the Dikgale Health Demographic and Surveillance System (HDSS) Site, Limpopo Province of South Africa. PLoS One, 11(2), 1-18. Markwald, R. R., Melanson, E. L., Smith, M. R., Higgins, J., Perreault, L., Eckel, R. H., & Wright, K. P. (2013). Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(14), 5695-5700. Marqueze, E. C., Lemosa, L. C., Soaresa, N., Lorenzi-Filhob, G., & Morenoa, C. R. (2012). Weight gain in relation to night work among nurses. Work, 41 (1), 3718- 3725.Mas, M. B., Fernandez, A. L., Navarro, M. L. A., Martin, M. S., Castro, M. D. R. R., Hidalgo, M. P., & Martinez, N. M. A. (2017). Emotional eating and occupational stress: Towards healthy work habits and environments. Risk Management and Insurance, 41-59. McLaren, L. (2005). Ecological perspectives in health research. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59(1), 6-14. Mikail, M. A. (2019, May 15). 1 in 5 adults will be obese by 2025. New Straits Times Online. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/letters Milla-Tobarra, M., Garcia-Hermoso, A., Lahoz-Garcia, N., Notario-Pacheco, B., Lucasde la Cruz, L., Pozuelo-Carrascosa, D. P., . . . Martinez-Vizcaino, V. (2016). The association between water intake, body composition and cardiometabolic factors among children - The Cuenca study. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 33(3), 19-26. Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2006). Third National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS III). Retrieved from Institut Kesihatan Umum: http://www.iku.gov.my/images /IKU /Document /REPORT /2006 /Nutritional Status.pdf Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2011). National Health and Morbidity Survey 2011. Retrieved from Institut Kesihatan Umum: http://www.iku.gov.my/images /IKU/ Document /REPORT /NHMS2011VolumeII.pdf Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2015). National Health and Morbidity Survey 2015. Retrieved from Institut Kesihatan Umum: http://www.iku.gov.my/images/IKU/Document/REPORT /nhmsreport2015vol2. pdf Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2016). National Strategic Plan for Non-Communicable Disease (NSPNCD) 2016-2025. Retrieved from http://www.moh.gov.my/english.php/pages/view/698 Mohamad Nor, N. S., Ambak, R., Zaki, N. M., Aziz,N. S. A., Cheong, S. M., Razak, M. A. A., . . . Aris, T. (2018). An update on obesity research pattern among adult in Malaysia: A scoping review. BMC Women's Health, 18(114), 1-15. Mohamud, W. N. W., Musa, K. I., Khir, A. S. M., Ismail, A. A. S., Ismail, I. S., Kadir, K. A., . . . Bebakar, W. M. W. (2011). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adult Malaysians: An update. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 20(1), 35-41. Moy, F. M., Hoe, V. C., Tan, C. P. L., & Rosmawati, M. (2010). Cardiovascular risks among shift and non-shift workers in a public medical centre in Kuala Lumpur. Journal of the University of Malaya Medical Centre, 13(1), 45-49.Mozaffarian, D., Hao, T., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2011). Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(25), 2392-2404. Mu, M., Xu, L. F., Hu, D., Wu, J., & Bai, M. J. (2017). Dietary patterns and overweight/obesity: A review article. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 46(7), 869-876. Muhamading, M. (2017, January 20). Kedah has the highest number of diabetes and hypertension cases. New Straits Times Online. Retrieved from http://www.nst.com.my/news Musaiger, A. O. (2011). Overweight and obesity in eastern mediterranean region: Prevalence and possible causes. Journal of Obesity, 2011, 1-17. Mustafa, M., Illzam, E. M., Muniandy, R. K., Hashmi, M. I., Sharifa, A. M., & Nang, M. K. (2015). Causes and prevention of occupational stress. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 14(11), 98-104. Mustapha, F., Omar, Z., Mihat, O., Md Noh, K., Hassan, N., Abu Bakar, R., . . . Allotey, P. (2014). Addressing non-communicable diseases in Malaysia: An integrative process of systems and community. BMC Public Health, 14 (2), 1-6. Naidu, B. M., Mahmud, S. Z., Ambak, R., Sallehuddin, S. M., Mutalip, H. A., Saari, R.,. . . Hamid, H. A. (2013). Overweight among primary school-age children in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 22(3), 408-415. National Coordinating Committee on Food and Nutrition (NCCFN). (2010). Malaysian dietary guidelines. Putrajaya: Ministry of Health Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.moh.gov.my/english.php/pages/view/536 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (1999). Stress at work. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/99-101/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2008). Exposure to stress: Occupational hazards in hospitals. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2008-136/pdf National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS). (2017). Circadian rhythms. Retrieved from https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/ Nishitani, N., & Sakakibara, H. (2006). Relationship of obesity to job stress and eating behavior in male Japanese workers. International Journal of Obesity, 30(3), 528 -533.Nobrega, S., Champagne, N., Abreu, M., Goldstein-Gelb, M., Montano, M., Lopez, I., . . . Punnett, L. (2016). Obesity/overweight and the role of working conditions: A qualitative, participatory investigation. Health Promotion Practice, 17(1), 127-136.Obbagy, J. E., & Essery, E. V. (2012). The food environment, eating out, and body weight: A review of the evidence. Nutrition Insight. Retrived from https://www.cnpp.usda.gov/sites/default/files/nutrition_insights_uploads.pdf Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Fryar, C. D., & Flegal, K. M. (2015). Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2011-2014. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Onoruoiza, S. I., Musa, A., Umar, B. D., & Kunle, Y. S. (2015). Using Health Belief Model as an intervention to non compliance with hypertension information among hypertensive patient. IOSR Journal of Humanities And Social Science, 20(9), 11-16. Park, J. (2009). Obesity on the job. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 21(1), 37-45. Peirson, L., Douketis, J., Ciliska, D., Fitzpatrick-Lewis, D., Ali, M. U., & Raina, P. (2014). Treatment for overweight and obesity in adult populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ Open, 2(4), E306-E317. Peplonska, B., Bukowska, A., & Sobala, W. (2015). Association of rotating night shift work with BMI and abdominal obesity among nurses and midwives. PLoS One, 10(7), 1-13. Persson, M., & Martensson, J. (2006). Situations influencing habits in diet and exercise among nurses working night shift. Journal of Nursing Management, 14(5), 414-423. Player, W. K. (2015). Leisure, obesity and weight loss: An exploration of leisure, the public health ecological model of obesity and identity theory (Doctoral dissertation, Clemson University). Retrieved from https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1553/Poh, B. K., Sia, P. H., Norimah, A. K., & Ismail, M. N. (2006). Pengetahuan pengurusan berat badan di kalangan wanita bekerja di Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian Journal of Health Sciences, 4(1), 71-84. Pondor, I., Gan, W. Y., & Appannah, G. (2017). Higher dietary cost is associated with higher diet quality: A cross-sectional study among selected Malaysian adults. Nutrients, 9, 1-10.Prabhat, A., & Begum, K. (2012). Food consumption pattern and nutritional status of women laborers from coastal areas of Karnataka. National Journal, 3(2), 321-325. Raberg Kjollesdal, M. K., Holmboe-Ottesen, G., & Wandel, M. (2010). Associations between food patterns, socioeconomic position and working situation among adult, working women and men in Oslo. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(10), 1150-1157. Rampal, L., Saeedi, P., Aminizadeh Bezenjani, S., Salmiah, M. S., & Norlijah, O. (2012). Obesity and associated health related factors among university staff in Serdang, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 8(2), 23-32. Ranby, K. W., MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., Elliot, D. L., Kuehl, K. S., & Goldberg, L. (2011). The PHLAME (Promoting Healthy Lifestyles: Alternative Models' Effects) firefighter study: Testing mediating mechanisms. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(4), 501-513. Ribeiro, R. P., Ribeiro, P. H. V., Marziale, M. H. P., Martins, M. B., & Santos, M. R. D. (2011). Obesity and stress among workers from different sectors of production: An integrative review. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 24(4), 577-581. Richard, L., Gauvin, L., & Raine, K. (2011). Ecological models revisited: Their uses and evolution in health promotion over two decades. Annual Review of Public Health, 32, 307-326. Ritchie, J., & Lewis, J. (2003). Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Retrieved from https://mthoyibi.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/ Robroek, S. J., van den Berg, T. I., Plat, J. F., & Burdorf, A. (2011). The role of obesity and lifestyle behaviours in a productive workforce. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 68(2), 134-139. Roenneberg, T., & Merrow, M. (2003). The network of time: Understanding the molecular circadian system. Current Biology, 13(5), R198-R207. Rutters, F., Nieuwenhuizen, A. G., Lemmens, S. G., Born, J. M., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2009). Acute stress-related changes in eating in the absence of hunger. Obesity (Silver Spring), 17(1), 72-77. Sallis, J. F., Owen, N., & Fisher, E. (2008). Ecological models of health behaviour. Health behaviour and health education: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 466- 487). John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from http://riskybusiness.web.unc.edu/files/2015/01/Health-Behaviour-and-Health-Education.pdf 192 Samah, R. A. (2018, September 27). ‘Fattest in SEA’ Malaysians urged not to overindulge to fight obesity. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news Sand, A. S., Emaus, N., & Lian, O. (2015). Overweight and obesity in young adult women: A matter of health or appearance? The Tromso study: Fit futures. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well being, 10(1), 1-12. Sandelowski, M. (1995). Sample size in qualitative research. Research in Nursing and Health, 18(2), 179-183. Satija, A., Hu, F. B., Bowen, L., Bharathi, A. V., Vaz, M., Prabhakaran, D., . . . Ebrahim, S. (2015). Dietary patterns in India and their association with obesity and central obesity. Public Health Nutrition, 18(16), 3031-3041. Scawen, S. (2016, February 3). Health: Obesity statistics ring alarms bells in Malaysia. http://www.aljazeera.com/news Scheer, F. A., Hilton, M. F., Mantzoros, C. S., & Shea, S. A. (2009). Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(11), 4453-4458. Schulte, P. A., Wagner, G. R., Ostry, A., Blanciforti, L. A., Cutlip, R. G., Krajnak, K. M., . . . Miller, D. B. (2007). Work, obesity, and occupational safety and health. American Journal of Public Health, 97(3), 428-436. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Sharma, S. V., Upadhyaya, M., Karhade, M., Baun, W. B., Perkison, W. B., Pompeii, L. A., . . . Hoelscher, D. M. (2016). Are hospital workers healthy?: A study of cardiometabolic, behavioral, and psychosocial factors associated with obesity among hospital workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(12), 1231-1238. Shepherd, R. (1999). Social determinants of food choice. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 58(4), 807-812. Siew Heng, H. L., & Khee Guan, A. T. (2007). Factors affecting Malaysian household purchase decisions of food-away-from-home. Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing, 19(2-3), 97-115. Sinha, R., & Jastreboff, A. M. (2013). Stress as a common risk factor for obesity and addiction. Biological Psychiatry, 73(9), 827-835.Sivanandam, H. (2015, July 24). ‘Silent killers’ costing a bomb for Socso. The Star Online. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation Skaal, L., & Pengpid, S. (2011). Obesity and health problems among South African healthcare workers: Do healthcare workers take care of themselves? South African Family Practice, 53(6), 563-567. Spencer, M. B. (2006). Phenomenology and ecological systems theory: Development of diverse groups. Handbook of Child Psychology, 829-893. Street, T. D., & Thomas, D. L. (2017). Beating obesity: Factors associated with interest in workplace weight management assistance in the mining industry. Safety and Health at Work, 8(1), 89-93. Strickland, J. R., Eyler, A. A., Purnell, J. Q., Kinghorn, A. M., Herrick, C., & Evanoff, B. A. (2015). Enhancing workplace wellness efforts to reduce obesity: A qualitative study of low-wage workers in St Louis, Missouri, 2013-2014. Preventing Chronic Disease, 12, 1-9. Sun, M., Feng, W., Wang, F., Li, P., Li, Z., Li, M., . . . Tse, L. A. (2018). Meta-analysis on shift work and risks of specific obesity types. Obesity Reviews, 19(1), 28-40. Sutin, A. R., & Terracciano, A. (2013). Perceived weight discrimination and obesity. PLoS One, 8(7), 1-4. Tackling obesity in ASEAN. (2017). Tackling obesity in ASEAN: Prevalence, impact, and guidance on interventions. Retrieved from https://foodindustry.asia/documentdownload.axd Tada, Y., Kawano, Y., Maeda, I., Yoshizaki, T., Sunami, A., Yokoyama, Y., . . . Togo, F. (2014). Association of body mass index with lifestyle and rotating shift work in Japanese female nurses. Obesity (Silver Spring), 22(12), 2489-2493. Taib, S., Mat, S. N., Ismail, N., Rahmat, F., Said, N. A., Shah, S. A. (2019). Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity among healthcare workers in Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah Melaka Tengah. International Journal of Public Health Research, 9(2), 1117-1126. Tan, A. K. G. (2010). Demand for food-away-from-home in Malaysia: A sample selection analysis by ethnicity and gender. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 13(3), 252-267. Tomiyama, A. J. (2019). Stress and obesity. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 703-718. Tomiyama, A. J., Dallman, M. F., & Epel, E. S. (2011). Comfort food is comforting to those most stressed: Evidence of the chronic stress response network in high stress women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(10), 1513-1519.Tsai, Y. C., & Liu, C. H. (2012). Factors and symptoms associated with work stress and health-promoting lifestyles among hospital staff: A pilot study in Taiwan. BMC Health Services Research, 12(1), 1-8. Van den Berg, V. L., Okeyo, A. P., Dannhauser, A., & Nel, M. (2012). Body weight, eating practices and nutritional knowledge amongst university nursing students, Eastern Cape, South Africa. African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine, 4(1), 1-9. Vartanian, L. R., & Porter, A. M. (2016). Weight stigma and eating behavior: A review of the literature. Appetite, 102, 3-14. Vij, V. A., & Joshi, A. S. (2014). Effect of excessive water intake on body weight, body mass index, body fat, and appetite of overweight female participants. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine, 5(2), 340-344. Viskaal-van Dongen, M., Kok, F. J., & de Graaf, C. (2010). Effects of snack consumption for 8 weeks on energy intake and body weight. International Journal of Obesity, 34(2), 319-326. Wallis, D. J., & Hetherington, M. M. (2009). Emotions and eating. Self-reported and experimentally induced changes in food intake under stress. Appetite, 52(2), 355-362. Wang, R., Zhang, P., Gao, C., Li, Z., Lv, X., Song, Y., . . . Li, B. (2016). Prevalence of overweight and obesity and some associated factors among adult residents of northeast China: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 6(7), 1-8. Webber, L., Kilpi, F., Marsh, T., Rtveladze, K., Brown, M., & McPherson, K. (2012). High rates of obesity and non-communicable diseases predicted across Latin America. PLoS One, 7(8), 1-6. Wong, H., Wong, M. C., Wong, S. Y., & Lee, A. (2010). The association between shift duty and abnormal eating behavior among nurses working in a major hospital: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(8), 1021-1027. Wong, L. P. (2008). Data analysis in qualitative research: A brief guide to using NVivo. Malaysian Family Physician: The Official Journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia, 3(1), 14-20. Woon, F. C., Chin, Y. S., & Mohd Nasir, M. T. (2014). Association between behavioural factors and BMI-for-age among early adolescents in Hulu Langat district, Selangor, Malaysia. Obesity Research and Clinical Practice, 9(4), 346-356.World Health Organization (WHO). (2000). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42330 World Health Organization (WHO). (2018a). Obesity. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/ World Health Organization (WHO). (2018b). Noncommunicable diseases (NCD). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/en/ World Population Review. (2019, October 25). Most obese countries 2019. Retrieved from http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/most-obese-countries/ Yadav, N., & Kiran, U. V. (2015). Occupational Stress among Security Guards. Journal for Studies in Management and Planning, 1(7), 21-31. Yahia, N., Brown, C. A., Rapley, M., & Chung, M. (2016). Level of nutrition knowledge and its association with fat consumption among college students. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1047-1057. Yarborough, C. M., 3rd, Brethauer, S., Burton, W. N., Fabius, R. J., Hymel, P., Kothari, S., . . . Ording, J. (2018). Obesity in the workplace: Impact, outcomes, and recommendations. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(1), 97-107. Yau, Y. H., & Potenza, M. N. (2013). Stress and eating behaviours. Minerva Endocrinologica, 38(3), 255-267. Yoshizaki, T., Kawano, Y., Noguchi, O., Onishi, J., Teramoto, R., Sunami, A., . . . Togo, F. (2016). Association of eating behaviours with diurnal preference and rotating shift work in Japanese female nurses: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 6(11), 1-8. Yousif, M. M., Kaddam, L. A., & Humeda, H. S. (2019). Correlation between physical activity, eating behavior and obesity among Sudanese medical students Sudan. BMC Nutrition, 5(1), 6-13. Zainuddin, A. A., Manickam, M. A., Baharudin, A., Selamat, R., Cheong, K. C., Ahmad, N. A., . . . Aris, T. (2016). Prevalence and socio-demographic determinant of overweight and obesity among Malaysian Adult. International Journal of Public Health Research, 6(1), 661-669. Zhang, Q., Chen, X., Liu, Z., Varma, D. S., Wan, R., & Zhao, S. (2017). Diet diversity and nutritional status among adults in southwest China. PLoS One, 12(2), 1-6. Zhao, I., Bogossian, F., Song, S., & Turner, C. (2011). The association between shift work and unhealthy weight: A cross-sectional analysis from the Nurses and Midwives' e-cohort Study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(2), 153-158. Zhao, I., & Turner, C. (2008). The impact of shift work on people's daily health habits and adverse health outcomes. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25(3), 8-22.

The factors influencing obesity among healthcare workers in two public hospitals in Kedah

Similar Items