The effect of service climate, organizational service orientation, service employees commitment and teamwork on employees' perception of customers' satisfaction

The purpose of the study is to explore the influence of service climate, organizational service orientation, service employee commitment and teamwork on employees' perception of customers satisfaction. A conceptual model was established based on existing literature to test the relationship betw...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Nurmasturah, Mokhtar
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2018
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/8026/1/822566_1.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/8026/2/822566-2.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.8026
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
topic HD28-70 Management
Industrial Management
spellingShingle HD28-70 Management
Industrial Management
Nurmasturah, Mokhtar
The effect of service climate, organizational service orientation, service employees commitment and teamwork on employees' perception of customers' satisfaction
description The purpose of the study is to explore the influence of service climate, organizational service orientation, service employee commitment and teamwork on employees' perception of customers satisfaction. A conceptual model was established based on existing literature to test the relationship between the variables of the study. A survey research design using simple random sampling was employed with a sample of 364 employees from the hospitality industry. The results of correlation and regression analyses shows that all four independent variables (service climate, organizational service orientation , service employee commitment and teamwork) have a significant relationship and influenced towards employees' perception of customers' satisfaction. The result also show that organizational service orientation is the most influential factor on employees' perception of customer satisfaction. Hence, the proposed model offers a greater understanding of how service climate, organizational service orientation, service employee commitment and teamwork can be used to improve customers' satisfaction in the hospitality industry. Based on the result of this study, managers should provide avenues as well as resources for employees to deliver quality service to customers. Customer policies and procedures should also hie clearly communicated, to front line employees as well as offering continuous support and encouragement to enhance employees' perceptions. Finally, limitations of the study were discussed in tandem with the suggestions for future research.
format Thesis
qualification_name masters
qualification_level Master's degree
author Nurmasturah, Mokhtar
author_facet Nurmasturah, Mokhtar
author_sort Nurmasturah, Mokhtar
title The effect of service climate, organizational service orientation, service employees commitment and teamwork on employees' perception of customers' satisfaction
title_short The effect of service climate, organizational service orientation, service employees commitment and teamwork on employees' perception of customers' satisfaction
title_full The effect of service climate, organizational service orientation, service employees commitment and teamwork on employees' perception of customers' satisfaction
title_fullStr The effect of service climate, organizational service orientation, service employees commitment and teamwork on employees' perception of customers' satisfaction
title_full_unstemmed The effect of service climate, organizational service orientation, service employees commitment and teamwork on employees' perception of customers' satisfaction
title_sort effect of service climate, organizational service orientation, service employees commitment and teamwork on employees' perception of customers' satisfaction
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate 2018
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/8026/1/822566_1.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/8026/2/822566-2.pdf
_version_ 1747828308746174464
spelling my-uum-etd.80262021-08-11T05:31:31Z The effect of service climate, organizational service orientation, service employees commitment and teamwork on employees' perception of customers' satisfaction 2018 Nurmasturah, Mokhtar Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HD28-70 Management. Industrial Management The purpose of the study is to explore the influence of service climate, organizational service orientation, service employee commitment and teamwork on employees' perception of customers satisfaction. A conceptual model was established based on existing literature to test the relationship between the variables of the study. A survey research design using simple random sampling was employed with a sample of 364 employees from the hospitality industry. The results of correlation and regression analyses shows that all four independent variables (service climate, organizational service orientation , service employee commitment and teamwork) have a significant relationship and influenced towards employees' perception of customers' satisfaction. The result also show that organizational service orientation is the most influential factor on employees' perception of customer satisfaction. Hence, the proposed model offers a greater understanding of how service climate, organizational service orientation, service employee commitment and teamwork can be used to improve customers' satisfaction in the hospitality industry. Based on the result of this study, managers should provide avenues as well as resources for employees to deliver quality service to customers. Customer policies and procedures should also hie clearly communicated, to front line employees as well as offering continuous support and encouragement to enhance employees' perceptions. Finally, limitations of the study were discussed in tandem with the suggestions for future research. 2018 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/8026/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/8026/1/822566_1.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/8026/2/822566-2.pdf text eng public masters masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Abbasi, A. S., Khalid, W., Azam, M., & Riaz, Aj (2010). Determinants of customer satisfaction in hotel industry of Pakistan. European Journal of Scientific Research, 8(1), 97-105. Albayrak, T., & Caber, M. (2015). Prioritization of the hotel attributes according to their influence on satisfaction: a comparison of two techniques. Tourism Management, 46, 43 Alonso, A., Baker, D., Holtzman, A., Day, R., King, H., Toomey, L. and Salas, E. (2006), "Reducing medical error in the Military Health System: how can team training help?", Human Resource Management Review, 16. (3), 396-415. Alpkan, L., Bulut, C., Gunday, G., Ulusoy, G., & Kilic, K. (2010). Organizational support for entrepreneurship and its interaction with human capital to enhance innovative performance. Management Decision, 48(5), 732-755. Ameer, I. (2014). Satisfaction-A behavioral perspective on consumer: review, criticism and contribution. International Journal of Research Studies in Management, 3(1), 75-82 Anaza, N. A. (2010). Linking Internal Marketing to Employee Perception Of Customer Satisfaction: Evidence from A Ni n-Profit Organization, 9, 1-159. Anderson, E. W., Fornell, C., & Lehmann, D. Rl (1994). Customer satisfaction, market share, and profitability: Findings from Sweden. Journal of Marketing, 58 (3),53-66. Andrew, M. (2011), "Companies must support and guide Education sector", The Australian, 2 ; 12, p. 12. Athanassopoulos, A. D., & Iliakopoulos, A. (2003). Modeling customer satisfaction in telecommunications: assessing the effects of multiple transaction points on the perceived overall performance of the provider. Production and Operations Management, 12(2), 224-2451. Azuizkulov, D. (2013). Country of origin and brand loyalty on cosmetic products among Universiti Utara Malaysia student Atlantic Review of Economics, 2, 45-56 Babbie, R. (2005). The Basics of Social Research: Cengage Learning Bagozzi, R. ( 1992), "The self-regulation of attitudes, intentions, and behavior", Social Psychology Quarterly, 55, 178-204. Bateman, C.R. (1939). Journal of Organization Culture, Communications and Conflict, 16(2).112 Beck, C.T. (1994). Reliability and validity issues in phenomenological research. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 1693), 254-62-7. Berry, L. L. (1981). The employee as Customers Journal of Retail Banking, 3 (1),33- 40. Bettencourt, L., & Brown, S.W. (1997). Cu-stonier-contact employees: Relationships among workplace fairness job satisfaction and pro-social behaviors. Journal of Retailing, 73(1), 3161. Bowen, D. E., & Lawler, E. E. (1992, Spring). Total quality-oriented human resources management. Organizational Dynamics, 29-41. Bowen, D. E. (1996). Market-focused HRM in service organizations: Satisfying internal and external customers. Journal of Market-Focused Management, 1(1), 31-48. Brown, T.J., Mowen, J.C., Donovan, T., & Lica , J.W. (2002). The customer orientation of service workers: Personality trait determinants and effects on self-and supervisor performance rating. Journal of Marketing Research, 39, 110-119 Business, Cambridge, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 71-82. Diagnosing favorable and unfavorable incidents. Journal of Marketing, 54, 71-84 113 Carev, D., (2008). Guest Satisfaction and Guest Loyalty Study for Hotel Industry. Dissertation, Master of Science in Hospitality- Tourism Management Rochester Institute of Technology. Chandler, G., Keller, C., & Lyon, D. (2000). Unraveling the determinants and consequences of an innovation-supporter organizational culture. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(5), 59-76. Cheng, S. I. (2011). Comparisons of competing models between attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(10), 149-166. Chen, Y.J. (2007), "Relationships among service orientation, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment in the international tourist hotel industry", Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge. 11.(2), pp.71-82 Chen, W.J. (2011 ). Innovation in hotel services: Culture and personality. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1), 64-72. Chiu, C., Hsu, M., Lai, H., & Chang, C. (2012). e-examining the influence of trust on online repeat purchase intention: the moderating role of habit and its antecedents. Decision Support Systems, 53(4), 835e845. 114 Clark, B.E., & Mount, J.K. (2006). Pharmacy service orientation: A measure of Organizational culture in pharmacy practice sites. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 2(1), 110-128. Comeche, J.M., & Loras, J. (2010). The influence of variables of attitude on collective entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(1), 23-38. Crosby, L.A., & Stephens, N. (1987). Effects of relationship marketing on satisfaction, retention, and prices in the l!ife insurance industry. Journal of Marketing Research, 24 (November), 404-411. Culton, A. (1990). Your secret weapon housekeeping employees maintaining high levels of morale on the front line increases service standards and reduce employee turnover. Lodging Hospitality,12, 67-68. Davidson, M. C. G. (2000). Organizational clime and its influence upon performance: A study of Australian hotels in South East Queensland. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Griffith University. Australia. Davidson, M. C. G. (2003). An integrated approach to service quality in hotels.Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 4 (1/2), 71-85. Davidson, M.C.G. (2003), "Does organizational climate add to service quality in hotels?", International Journal of Temporary Hospitality Management, 15 (4/5,) 206-13. 115 Davidson, M.C.G., Manning, M., Brosnan, P. and Timo, N. (2002), "Organizational climate, perceived customer satisfaction and RevP AR per available room in four and five stars Australian hotels", Tourism Analysis, 6. (2,) 13-25. Davidson, M. C. G., Manning, M., Timo, N., & Ryder, P. (2001). The dimensions Of organizational climate in four-and five-star Australian hotels. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 25 ( 4), 444-461. Davis, K. and News tron, J .W. (2001), Human Behavior at Work, McGraw-Hill Publishers, Mexico City. Day, G.S. (1994), "The capabilities of market-driven organizations", Journal of Marketing, 58 (4,) p. 37. Dominici, G., & Guzzo, R. (2010). Customer satisfaction in the hotel Industry: a case study from Sicily. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 2(2), Dube-Rioux, L. (1990). The Power of Effective Reports in Predicting Satisfaction Judgments. Advances in Consumer Research, 17, 571-576. Dwyer, R., Paul, Sand Sejo, 0 (1987). "Developing buyer seller relationships" Journal of Marketing. 51. 11-27 116 Ellinger, A. E., Musgrove, C. C. F., Ellinger, A. ID-, Bachrach, D. G., Elmadag Ba~, A. B., & Wang, Y. L. (2013). Influences of organizational investments in social capital on service employee commitment and performance. Journal of Business Research, 66(8), 1124-1133. Fitzsimmons, J. A., M. J. Fitzsimmons, S. Bordoloi. 2014. Service Management: Operations, Strategy, Information Technology, 8th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Fornell, C., Mithas, S., Morgeson, F. V. III., & Krishnan, M. S. (2006). Customer satisfaction and stock prices: High returns, low risk. Journal of Marketing, 70 (1), 3-14. Frei, F. X. 2006. Breaking the trade---off between efficiency and service. Harvard Business Review 84( 11) 92-101. Garbarino, E. & Johnson, M. S. {1999). The different roles of satisfaction, trust and commitment in customer relationship. Journal of Marketing, 63, 70-87. Gliem. J. A., & Gliem, R.R. (2003). Calculating, Interpreting, And Reporting Cronbach's Alpha Reliability coefficient For Likert-Type Scales, (1992), 82-88. Gogtay, N.J., & Thatte, U. M. (2017). Statistics for Researchers Principle of Correlation Analysis, 65(March), 78-81. 117 Gonzalez, J.V., & Garazo, T.G. (2006). Structural relationships between organizational service orientation, contact employee job satisfaction and citizenship behavior. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 17(1), 23-50. Gremler, D. D., Bitner, M. J., & Evans, K. R. (1994). The internal service encounters. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 5 (2), 34-56. Gruen, T.W., Summers, J.O. and Acito, F. (2000), "Relationship marketing activities, commitment and membership behaviors in professional associations: Journal of Marketing, 4, 81-95 Ha, J., & Jang, S. C. S. (2009). Perceived justice in service recovery and behavioral intentions: The role of relationship quality. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28, 319-327. Hair, J.F., Bush, R.P., & Ortinau, D.J. (2009). Marketing Research in a Digital Environment. He, Y., Ii, W., & Keung Lai, K. (2011). Service climate, employee commitment and customer satisfaction: Evidence from the hospitality industry in China. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(5), 592--607. 118 Hoffman, A.J., & Georg, S. (2012). Introduction to Business and the Natural Environment -History of research on business and the natural environment: conversations from the field. Business and the Natural Environment: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, 1-58. Homburg, C., Hoyer, W.D., & Fassnacht, M. (2002). Service orientation of a retailer's business strategy: Dimensions, antecedents, and performance outcomes. The Journal of Marketing, 6i ( ~),8_6-1.01. . . Huang, J.Y., Chou, T.C., & Lee, G.G. (2010). Imitative innovation strategies: Understanding resource management of competent followers. Management Decision, 48(6), 952-975. Hung, H., & Wong, Y. H. (2007). Organizational perception of customer satisfaction: Theories and evidence. The Service Industries Journal, 27 (4), 495-507. Johnson, M. D., Herrmann, A., & Gustafsson, 'A" (2002). Comparing customer satisfaction across industries and countries. Journal of Economic Psychology, 23(6), 749-769. Jung, H. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2013). The effects ol organizational service orientation on person-organization fit and turnover intent. Service Industries Journal,33(1), 7-29. Karatepe, O.M., Yorganci, I. and Haktanir, M. qoo9), "Outcomes of customer verbal aggression among hotel employees", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 21 (6) pp.713-33. Kemelgor, B.H. (2002). A comparative analysis, of corporate entrepreneurial orientation between selected firms in the Netherlands and the USA. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development: An International Journal, 14(1), 67-87. Kim, W.G., Leong, J.K., & Lee, Y.K. (2005). Effect of service orientation on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and intention of leaving in a casual dining chain restaurant. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 24(2) 171-193. Klein, H. J., & Weaver, N. A. (2000). The effectiveness of an organizational training program in the socialization of Jew hires. Personnel Psychology, 53(1), 47-66. Koenig-Lewis, N., & Palmer, A. (2014). The effects of anticipatory emotions on service satisfaction and behavioral intention. Journal of Services Marketing,28(6), 1-39. Kotler, P. (2000). Marketing Management (10th ed.). India, New Delhi: Prentice Hall Kotler, P. (2003). Building customer satisfaction, value, and retention. In P. Kotler (Ed.), Marketing management (pp. 59- 8$). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentic Hall. Koufteros, X., Droge, C., Heim, G., Massad, N., & Vickery, S. K. (2014). Encounter Satisfaction in E-tailing: Are the Relationships of Order Fulfillment Service Quality with its Antecedents and Consequences Moderated by Historical Satisfaction? Decision Sciences, 45(1), 5-48. Krejcie, R. V, & fv Morgan Texas, D. A. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities, 607-610 Krosnick, J. a. (1999). Survey Research. Annuaf Review of Psychology, 50, 537-567. Lawler, E.A., Mohrman, S.A. and Ledford, G.E ~1995), Creating High Performance Organizations, Practices and Results of Employee Involvement and Total Quality Management in Fortune accompanies, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. Lee, S.H. (2007). The effects of organizational service orientation on group cohesiveness and job performance in the hotel industry. Journal of Marketing Management Research, 12(2), 105-124. Liao, H. and Chuang, A. (2004). "A multilevel investigation of factors influencing employee service performance and customer outcomes", Academy of Management Journal, Vol.47 No. 1, pp. f 1-58 Liat, C. B., Mansori, S., & Huei, C. T. (2014). l he Associations Between Service Quality, Corporate image, Customer Satisfaction, and Loyalty: Evidence from the Malaysian Hotel Industry. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 23(3), 314- Liljander, V., & Strandvik, T. (1997). Emotions in service satisfaction. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 8(2), 148-169. Lin, C. C. (2003). A critical appraisal of custo, er satisfaction and e-commerce. Managerial Auditing Journal, 18(3), 202-212. Loureiro, S. M. C., Miranda, J. F., & Breazeale, M. (2014). Who needs delight? The greater impact of value, trust and satisfaction in utilitarian, frequent use retail. Journal of Service Management, 25(1), 101-124. Lusch, R.F., Vargo, S.L., & O'Brien, M. (2007). Competing through service: Insights from service dominant logic. Journal of Retailing, 83(1 ), 5-18. Lytle, R.S., Hom, P.W., & Mokwa, M.P. (1998). SERV.OP: A managerial measure of organizational service-orientation. Journal of Retailing, 74(4), 455-489. Lytle, R.S., & Timmerman, J.E. (2006). Service orientation and performance: An organizational perspective. Journal of Service Marketing, 20(2), 136-147. Manning, M. L., Davidson, M., & Manning, R. L. (2005). Measuring tourism and hospitality employee workplace perceptions. Hospitality Management, 24, 75- 90. McMullan, R., & O'Neill, M. (2010). Towards l valid and reliable measure of visitor satisfaction. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 16(1), 29-44. Meterko, M., Mohr, D. C., & Young, G. J. (2004). Teamwork culture and patient satisfaction in hospitals. Medical Care, ~2(5), 492-498. Meyer, J.P. and Allen, N.J. (1997). "A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment". Human resource management review, 1 (1), 61-89. Meyer, J.P. and Smith, N.J. (2001), "HRM practices and organizational commitment: test of mediation model", (fanadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 17 ( 4,) 319-31. Meyer, J.P. Becker, T.E. and Vandenberghe, C. (2004). "Employee commitment And motivation: A conceptual analysis a~d integrative model". Journal of Applied Psychology, 89( 6).991-1007. Min H., & Min, H., (1997). Benchmarking the Quality of Hotel Service Quality, Trust and Customer Loyalty. ABAC Journal, 29(1),24-38 Mittal, V., & Kamakura, W. A. (2001). Satisfaction, repurchase intent, and repurchase behavior: Investigating the moderating effect of customer characteristics. Journal of Marketing Research, 38 (1), 131-142. Morgan, R.M. and Hunt, S.D (1994), "The commitment trust theory of relationship marketing", Journal of Marketing, 58 (2) pp. 20-38 Narteh, B., & Kuada, J. (2014). Customer Satisfaction with Retail Banking Services in Ghana. Thunderbird International Business Review, 1-19. Oliver, R. L. (1981). Measurement and evaluation of satisfaction processes in retailing setting. Journal of Retailing, 51(Fall), 25-48. Oliver, R. L. (1993). Cognitive, effective, and attribute bases of the satisfaction response. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(3), 418-430. Oliver, R. L. (1997). Satisfaction: a behavioral perspective on the consumer. New York, USA: McGraw Hill. Olsen, S. 0. (2002). Comparative evaluation and the relationship between quality, satisfaction, and repurchase loyalty. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30 (3), 240-249. Oteng, A., Groessl, E. J., Sklar, M., & Chang, M. (2014). We are Intech Open, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists TOP 1 % Control of a Proportion~l Hydraulic System. Intech Open, 2, 64. Paguio, R., & Jackling, B. (2016). Teamwork frJm accounting graduates: What do employers really expect? Accounting Re)earch Journal, 29(3), 348-366. Parker, C., & Mathews, B. P. (2001 ). Customer satisfaction: contrasting academic and consumers' interpretations. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 19(1), 38-44. Park, H. M. (2006). Uni-variate Analysis and Normality Test Using SAS, Methods Patel, P. (2009). Introduction to Quantitative Methods Definition of Key Terms. Empirical Law Seminar, 1-14. Pesamaa, 0. and Hair, J.F (2007). "More than frendship is required: An empirical test of cooperative firm strategies". Management Decision, 45(3),602-615. Radojevic, T., Stanisic, N., & Stanic, N. (2015). Ensuring positive feedback: Factors that influence customer satisfaction in the contemporary hospitality industry.Tourism Management, 51, 13-21. Routledge, P. (2003). The Role of Customer Satisfactions and Image in Gaining Customer Loyalty in the Hotel Industry, (919025636). Schneider, B., Parkington, J. J., & Buxton, V. M. (1980). Employee and customer perceptions of service in banks. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25 (2). 252- 267. Schneider, B., & Bowen, D. E. (1985). Employee and customer perceptions of Service in banks: Replication and extension. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70 (3), 423-433. Schneider, B. and Bowen, D.E. (1993), "The service organization: human resources management is crucial", Organizational Dynamics, Spring, pp. 39-52. Schneider, B., White, S.S. and Paul, M.C. (199~), "Linking service climate and Customer perceptions of service quality: test of a casual model", Journal of Applied Psychology, 83 (2,) pp. 150-63. Schneider, B., White, S.S. and Paul, M.C. (1998), "Linking service climate and customer perceptions of service quality: test of a casual model", Journal of Applied Psychology, 83 (2,) pp. 150-63. Sebora, T.C., & Theerapatvong, T. (2010). corporate entrepreneurship: A test of external and internal influences on managers' idea generation, risk taking, and pro activeness. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(3), 331-350. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research Meihodfor Business, A Skill Building Approach. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Shainesh, G. and Sharma, T. (2003), "Linkages between service climate and service quality: a study of banks in India", 11MB Management Review, September, pp. 74-81. Siguaw, J. A., & Enz, C.A., (] 999). Best Practicfs in Hotel Architecture", Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 40,44-49 Song, H., Li, G., van der Veen, R., & Chen, J. L. (2011). Assessing mainland Chinese tourists' satisfaction with Hong Kong using tourist satisfaction index. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13, 82-96 Spears, L.C. (1998). Insights on leadership: Service, stewardship, spirit and servant leadership. New York, NY: Wiley. Stefanou, C. J., & Sarmaniotis, C. (2003). CRM and customer-centric knowledge management: An empirical research. Business Process Management Journal, 9 (5), 617-634. Suprenant, C. F., & Solomon, M. R. (1987). Predictability and personalization in The service encounters. Journal of Marketing, 51 (April), 86-96. Urban, W. (2009). Organizational service orientation and its role in service performance formation: Evidence from Polish service industry. Measuring Business Excellence, 13(1), 72-81. Vavra, T.G. (1997). Improving your measurement of customer satisfaction: A guide to creating, conducting, analyzing, and reporting customer satisfaction measurement programs, ASQC Quality Press, Milwaukee. Verhoef, P.C., Franses, P.H and Hoekstra, J.C. (2002). "The effect of relational constructs on customer referrals and number of services purchased from a multi service provider: does age of relationship matter?" Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30 (3) pp.202-16 Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171-180. Westbrook, R. A. ( 1981 ). Sources of consumer satisfaction with retail outlets. Journal of Retailing, 57 (3), 68-85. Wu, L.Y., Wang, C.J., Tseng, C.Y., & Wu, M.1. (2009). Founding team and startup competitive advantage. Journal of Management Decision, 47(2), 345-358. Yen-Lun Su, A. (2004 ). Customer satisfaction measurement practice in Taiwan hotels. Journal of Hospitality Management, 23, 397e408. Yeung, M. C.H., Ramasamy, B., Chen, J., & Paliwoda, S. (2013). Customer Satisfaction and consumer expenditure i.y- selected European countries. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 30, Yi, Y. (1990). A critical review of consumer satisfaction. In V. A. Zeithaml (Ed), Review of marketing 6(8), 23. Zikmund, W.f., Babin, B.J, Carr, J, C., and Gri:fffin, M. (201). Business Research Methods (8nd ed). South-Western: Cerigage Leaming