Organisational capabilities, employee growth mindset, intrapreneurship and employee engagement in Malaysian four-and five-star hotels

The key challenges in the hotel sector are in maintaining employee performance satisfaction and retaining them within the organisation. There is no doubt that these challenges require employee engagement to achieve organisational performance. Past research has shown that factors such as organisation...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Abu Samah, Irza Hanie
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2019
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/8071/1/s901059_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/8071/2/s901059_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.8071
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Shamsudin, Abdul Shukor
Darus, Amer
topic HB615-715 Entrepreneurship
Risk and uncertainty
Property
spellingShingle HB615-715 Entrepreneurship
Risk and uncertainty
Property
Abu Samah, Irza Hanie
Organisational capabilities, employee growth mindset, intrapreneurship and employee engagement in Malaysian four-and five-star hotels
description The key challenges in the hotel sector are in maintaining employee performance satisfaction and retaining them within the organisation. There is no doubt that these challenges require employee engagement to achieve organisational performance. Past research has shown that factors such as organisational capabilities, employee growth mindset and intrapreneurship have an impact on employee engagement. Therefore, this study aimed to shed light on the relationship between organisational capabilities factors such as employee value proposition (EVP), innovative culture and diversity, with the effect of a mediating variable, namely employee growth mindset, and a moderating variable - intrapreneurship, which has also been studied in linkages of variables for employee engagement. Respondents were among four and five-star hotel workers in Malaysia. Using the structural equation model, the results of the survey respondents revealed that factors such as EVP and diversity, had a significant impact on employee engagement. Meanwhile, with the presence of the growth mindset as a mediating variable, it further reinforces the link between innovative culture and diversity towards employee engagement. Besides, intrapreneurship plays a role as a moderator between variables of growth mindset and employee engagement. The results suggest that the presence of intrapreneurship moderates the relationship between these two variables. This research confirms that employees who contribute too much to the organisation can exhibit fatigue and thus, reduce their potential involvement. This study shows that to increase employee engagement, the human resources in the hospitality sector especially, may be able to take initiatives such as implementing training and development to enhance employee growth mindset, as well as designing helpful and better packages for employees within the organisation. Finally, this research can assist the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Malaysia in identifying elements that can improve performance in the hotel sector.
format Thesis
qualification_name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level Doctorate
author Abu Samah, Irza Hanie
author_facet Abu Samah, Irza Hanie
author_sort Abu Samah, Irza Hanie
title Organisational capabilities, employee growth mindset, intrapreneurship and employee engagement in Malaysian four-and five-star hotels
title_short Organisational capabilities, employee growth mindset, intrapreneurship and employee engagement in Malaysian four-and five-star hotels
title_full Organisational capabilities, employee growth mindset, intrapreneurship and employee engagement in Malaysian four-and five-star hotels
title_fullStr Organisational capabilities, employee growth mindset, intrapreneurship and employee engagement in Malaysian four-and five-star hotels
title_full_unstemmed Organisational capabilities, employee growth mindset, intrapreneurship and employee engagement in Malaysian four-and five-star hotels
title_sort organisational capabilities, employee growth mindset, intrapreneurship and employee engagement in malaysian four-and five-star hotels
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Business Management
publishDate 2019
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/8071/1/s901059_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/8071/2/s901059_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828317119053824
spelling my-uum-etd.80712022-08-08T03:31:56Z Organisational capabilities, employee growth mindset, intrapreneurship and employee engagement in Malaysian four-and five-star hotels 2019 Abu Samah, Irza Hanie Shamsudin, Abdul Shukor Darus, Amer School of Business Management School of Business Management HB615-715 Entrepreneurship. Risk and uncertainty. Property The key challenges in the hotel sector are in maintaining employee performance satisfaction and retaining them within the organisation. There is no doubt that these challenges require employee engagement to achieve organisational performance. Past research has shown that factors such as organisational capabilities, employee growth mindset and intrapreneurship have an impact on employee engagement. Therefore, this study aimed to shed light on the relationship between organisational capabilities factors such as employee value proposition (EVP), innovative culture and diversity, with the effect of a mediating variable, namely employee growth mindset, and a moderating variable - intrapreneurship, which has also been studied in linkages of variables for employee engagement. Respondents were among four and five-star hotel workers in Malaysia. Using the structural equation model, the results of the survey respondents revealed that factors such as EVP and diversity, had a significant impact on employee engagement. Meanwhile, with the presence of the growth mindset as a mediating variable, it further reinforces the link between innovative culture and diversity towards employee engagement. Besides, intrapreneurship plays a role as a moderator between variables of growth mindset and employee engagement. The results suggest that the presence of intrapreneurship moderates the relationship between these two variables. This research confirms that employees who contribute too much to the organisation can exhibit fatigue and thus, reduce their potential involvement. This study shows that to increase employee engagement, the human resources in the hospitality sector especially, may be able to take initiatives such as implementing training and development to enhance employee growth mindset, as well as designing helpful and better packages for employees within the organisation. Finally, this research can assist the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Malaysia in identifying elements that can improve performance in the hotel sector. 2019 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/8071/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/8071/1/s901059_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/8071/2/s901059_02.pdf text eng public phd doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdul Halim, H., Ahmad, N. H., Ramayah, T., Hanifah, H., Taghizadeh, S. K., & Mohamad, M. N. (2015). Towards an Innovation Culture: Enhancing Innovative Performance of Malaysian SMEs. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n2p85 Abraham, S. (2012). Job Satisfaction as an Antecedent to Employee Engagement. SIES Journal of Management, 8(2), 27–36. http://rcim.rmutr.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/338-Job-Satisfaction-as-an-Antecedent-.pdf Abu Khalifeh, A. N., & Som, A. P. M. (2013). The Antecedents Affecting Employee Engagement and Organizational Performance. Asian Social Science, 9(7), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n7p41 Aguinis, H., Edwards, J. R., & Bradley, K. J. (2016). Improving our Understanding of Moderation and Mediation in Strategic Management Research. Organizational Research Methods, 20(4), 665-685. 10.1177/1094428115627498 Ahmad, R. (2013). Executives’ Fringe Benefits In Langkawi hotels. Malaysian Management Journal, 17, 27–42. pp. 27-42. ISSN 0128-6226 Ahmad, R. (2014). Human Resource Practice System in Malaysian Five-Star hotels. Sintok: Penerbit Universiti Utara Malaysia Ahmad, R., & Scott, N. (2014). Managing The Front Office Department: Staffing Issues in Malaysian Hotels. Anatolia, 25(1), 24-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2013.822010 Ahmad, R., & Scott, N. (2015). Fringe Benefits and Organisational Commitment: The Case of Langkawi Hotels. Tourism Review, 70(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-11-2013-0065 Ahmed, U., Isa, N. M., Majid, A. H. A., Zin, M. L. M., & Amin, B. M. (2017). Towards Understanding Work Engagement: Can HR Really Buffer HR? Test of a Moderated Model. International Journal of Economic Research, 14(19), 85– 102. Aktar, A., & Pangil, F. (2018). Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment in The Relationship Between Human Resource Management Practices and Employee Engagement : Does Black Box Stage Exist ? International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 38(7–8), 606–636. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-08-2017-0097 Alfes, K., Shantz, A. D., Truss, C., & Soane, E. C. (2013). The Link Between Perceived Human Resource Management Practices, Engagement and Employee Behaviour: A Moderated Mediation Model. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(2), 330–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.679950 Altındağ, E., & Kösedağı, Y. (2015). The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence of Managers, Innovative Corporate Culture and Employee Performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 210, 270–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.367 Al-Refaie, A. (2015). Effects of Human Resource Management on Hotel Performance Using Structural Equation Modelling. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 293– 303.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.016 Amin, M., Aldakhil, A. M., Wu, C., Rezaei, S., & Cobanoglu, C. (2017). The Structural Relationship Between TQM, Employee Satisfaction and Hotel Performance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(4), 1256–1278. doi:10.1108/ijchm-11-2015-0659 Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423 https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411 Anitha J., (2014). Determinants of Employee Engagement and Their Impact on Employee Performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 63(3), 308-323, doi: 10.1108/IJPPM-01-2013-0008 Ansari, F., Erol, S., & Sihn, W. (2018). Rethinking Human-Machine Learning in Industry 4.0: How Does the Paradigm Shift Treat the Role of Human Learning? Procedia Manufacturing, 23, 117–122. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2018.04.003 Antoncic, B., & Hisrich, R. D. (2001). Intrapreneurship: Construct refinement and cross-cultural validation. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5), 495–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(99)00054-3 Aon Hewitt. (2017). 2017 Trends in Global Employee Engagement. Aon Hewitt Consulting Performance, Reward & Talent. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cms084 Ariffin, A. A. M., & Maghzi, A. (2012). A preliminary study on customer expectations of hotel hospitality: Influences of personal and hotel factors. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 191–198.doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.04.012 Ariffin, H. F., & Ha, N. C. (2014). Examining Malaysian Hotel Employees Organizational Commitment : The Effect of Age, Education Level and Salary. International Journal of Business and Technopreneurship, 4(3),413-438. Aruna, A., & Roopesh, K. B. (2017). Employee Engagement, Customer Engagement and Financial Performance. International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, 8(9), 83–88. Awang, K. W., Ishak, N. K., Radzi, S. M., & Taha, A. Z. (2008). Environmental Variables and Performance: Evidence from The Hotel Industry in Malaysia. International Journal of Economics and Management, 2(1), 59–79. Bailey, C., Madden, A., Alfes, K., & Fletcher, L. (2017). The Meaning, Antecedents and Outcomes of Employee Engagement: A Narrative Synthesis. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 31-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12077 Baker, A. B., Heuven, E., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Working in the Sky : A Diary Study on Work Engagement Among Flight Attendants, 13(4), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.13.4.345 Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model : state of the art, Journal of Mangerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115 Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a Model of Work Engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476 Bakker, A. B., Van Emmerik, H., & Euwema, M. C. (2006). Crossover of Burnout and Engagement in Work Teams. Work and Occupations, 33(4), 464–489. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888406291310 Balakrishnan, C., & Masthan, D. (2013). Impact of Internal Communication on Employee Engagement – A Study at Delhi International Airport. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(8), 2250–3153. https://doi.org/ISSN 2250-3153 Baldoni, J. (2013). Employee Engagement Does More than Boost Productivity. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from http://blogs.hbr.org/2013/07/employee-engagement-does-more/ Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived Self-Efficacy in Cognitive Development and Functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117–148. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3 Bank Negara Malaysia. (2019, July 17). Exchange Rates: Central Bank of Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=statistic&pg=stats_exchangerates Bambacas, M., & Patrickson, M. (2008). Interpersonal Communication Skills That Enhance Organisational Commitment. Journal of Communication Management, 12(1), 51–72. https://doi.org/10.1108/13632540810854235 Baron, R., & Kenny, D. (1986). The Moderator–Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 Baruch, Y., & Holtom, B. C. (2008). Survey Response Rate Levels and Trends in Organizational Research. Human Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726708094863 Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2007). Self-Regulation, Ego Depletion, and Motivation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00001.x Becker, J. M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M. (2012). Hierarchical Latent Variable Models in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for Using Reflective-Formative Type Models. Long Range Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2012.10.001 Beckman, S. L. S., & Barry, M. (2007). Innovation as a Learning Process: Embedding Design Thinking. California Management Review, 50(1), 25–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166415 Blanka, C. (2018). An individual-level perspective on intrapreneurship: a review and ways forward. Review of Managerial Science, pp. 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-018-0277-0 Blau, P. M., (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life. Wiley, New York. Borah, N. & Baruah, M. (2018). Antecedents of engagement : Banking sector. SCMS Journal of Indian Management, 15(2), 13–22. Bouchard, V., & Fayolle, A. (2017). Corporate Entrepreneurship. Corporate Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315747989 Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2014). Daily Self-Management and Employee Work Engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(1), 31–38. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2013.11.002 Brief, A. P., & Weiss, H. M. (2002). Organizational Behavior: Affect in the Workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 279–307. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135156 Brien, A., Thomas, N. J., & Brown, E. A. (2017). How Hotel Employee Job-Identity Impacts The Hotel Industry: The Uncomfortable Truth. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 31, 235–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2017.03.005 Brooks, R., Brooks, S., & Goldstein, S. (2012). The Power of Mindsets: Nurturing Engagement, Motivation, and Resilience in Students. Handbook of Research on Student Engagement, 541–562. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7 Brown, D., & Reilly, P. (2013). Reward and Engagement. Compensation & Benefits Review, 45(3), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886368713497546 Brown, Callen, A., & Robinson, D. (2016). The Relationship Between Total Reward And Employee Engagement. Institute For Employment Studies. https://doi.org/EINF42701 Brunetto, Y., Teo, S. T. T., Shacklock, K., & Farr-Wharton, R. (2012). Emotional Intelligence, Job Satisfaction, Well-Being and Engagement: Explaining Organisational Commitment and Turnover Intentions in Policing. Human Resource Management Journal, 22(4), 428–441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748- 8583.2012.00198.x Burnette, J. L., Russell, M. V., Hoyt, C. L., Orvidas, K., & Widman, L. (2017). An Online Growth Mindset Intervention In a Sample of Rural Adolescent Girls. British Journal of Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12192 Bustamam, F. L., Teng, S. S., & Abdullah, F. Z. (2014). Reward Management and Job Satisfaction among Frontline Employees in Hotel Industry in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144, 392–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.308 Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. 2nd Edition. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. Byrne, Z. S. (2014). Understanding Employee Engagement: Theory, Research, and Practice. Understanding Employee Engagement: Theory, Research, and Practice. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203385944 Caniëls, M. C. J., Semeijn, J. H., & Renders, I. H. M. (2018). Mind the Mindset! The Interaction of Proactive Personality, Transformational Leadership and Growth Mindset for Engagement at Work. Career Development International, CDI-11- 2016-0194. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2016-0194 Carasco-Saul, M., Kim, W., & Kim, T. (2015). Leadership and Employee Engagement. Human Resource Development Review, 14(1), 38–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484314560406 Catteeuw, F., Flynn, E., & Vonderhorst, J. (2007). Employee Engagement : Boosting Productivity in Turbulent Times. Organization Development Journal, 25(2), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Cheese, P., & Cantrell, S. (2005). Integrate Corporate Culture and Employee Engagement. Strategic HR Review, 4(6), 5. https://doi.org/10.1108/14754390580000824 Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A Partial Least Squares Latent Variable Modeling Approach for Measuring Interaction Effects: Results from a Monte Carlo Simulation Study and An Electronic-Mail Emotion/Adoption Study. Information Systems Research, 14, 189-217. doi:10.1287/isre.14.2.189.16018 Chua, R. Y. J., Roth, Y., & Lemoine, J.-F. (2015). The Impact of Culture on Creativity: How Cultural Tightness and Cultural Distance Affect Global Innovation Crowdsourcing Work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 60(2), 189–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839214563595 Clampitt, P. G., & Downs, C. W. (1993). Employee Perceptions of the Relationship Between Communication and Productivity: A Field Study. Journal of Business Communication, 30(1), 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/002194369303000101 Clark, T. R. (2012). The Employee Engagement Mindset. Employee Engagement Mindset, Retrieved from http://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=P&P=AN&K=79913598&S=R&D=qbh&EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSeprE4zdnyOLCmr0qep65Ssau4S7 OWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMOzpr1Cvpq5KuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA%5Cn http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=qbh&AN=7991359 Cohen, J. (1988), Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. Coons, S. J., Gwaltney, C. J., Hays, R. D., Lundy, J. J., Sloan, J. A., Revicki, D. A.,Basch, E. (2009). Recommendations on Evidence Needed to Support Measurement Equivalence between Electronic and Paper-Based Patient- Reported Outcome (PRO) Measures: ISPOR ePRO Good Research Practices Task Force Report. Value in Health, 12(4), 419–429. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00470.x Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of applied psychology, 78(1), 98. doi:10.1037/0021- 9010.78.1.98 Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking Job Demands and Resources to Employee Engagement and Burnout: A Theoretical Extension and Meta-Analytic Test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 834–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019364 Criado-Gomis, A., Iniesta-Bonillo, M. Á., & Cervera-Taulet, A. (2018). Sustainable Entrepreneurial Orientation Within an Intrapreneurial Context: Effects on Business Performance. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 14(2), 295-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0503-x Christensen, C. and Raynor, M. (2003). The Innovator's Solution: Creating and Sustaining Successful Growth. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Crumpton, M. A. (2012). Innovation and Entrepreneurship. The Bottom Line, 25(3), 98-101 https://doi.org/10.1108/08880451211276539 Dawes, J. (2008). Do Data Characteristics Change According to the Number of Scale Points Used? An Experiment Using 5-Point, 7-Point and 10-Point Scales. International Journal of Market Research, 50(1), 61–104. doi:10.1177/147078530805000106 Department of Statistic Malaysia. (2015). Perangkaan Perkhidmatan Penginapan 2014. Retrieved from https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=UTAyNWhFbDlBbzRNdHRuQ1Yrbk5qUT09 Dess , G. (2003). Emerging Issues in Corporate Entrepreneurship. Journal of Management, 29 (3), 351–378. doi:10.1016/s0149-2063(03)00015-1 Di Fabio, A. (2014). Intrapreneurial Self-Capital: A New Construct for the 21st Century. Journal of Employment Counseling, 51(3), 98-111. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2014.00045.x De Spiegelaere, S., Van Gyes, G. & Van Hootegem, G., 2014. The Concept of Innovative Work Behavior: Definition and Orientation. Gedrag en Organisatie, 27(2), 139–156. Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2006). Formative Versus Reflective Indicators in Organizational Measure Development: A Comparison and Empirical Illustration. British Journal of Management, 17(4), 263–282. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 8551.2006.00500.x Donovan, Nicole (2015) "The Effects of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation on Cognitive Performance in Humans," The Huron University College. Journal of Learning and Motivation, 53(1) 5, pp. 84-96 https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/hucjlm/vol53/iss1/5 Downey, S. N., van der Werff, L., Thomas, K. M., & Plaut, V. C. (2015). The Role of Diversity Practices and Inclusion In Promoting Trust and Employee Engagement. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12273 Duobienė, J. (2008). The role of organizational culture in sustaining corporate entrepreneurship. Economics & Management, 13, 350–356. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=32588433&s ite=ehost- live%5Cnhttp://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=P&P=AN&K=32 588433&S=R&D=bth&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLe80SeqK44xNvgOLCmr0yeq LBSsqa4S7aWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGut0i3ra9 Dweck, C. (2014). How Companies Can Profit from a Growth Mindset. Harvard Business Review.Retrievd from https://hbr.org/2014/11/how-companies-can- profit-from-a-growth-mindset Dweck, C. (2015). Carol Dweck Revisits the “Growth Mindset.” Education Week, 35(05), 20–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 El-Said, O. A. (2013). Effects of Creativity Support and Diversity Management on Employees Perception of Service Quality in Hotels. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 12(3), 291–312. doi:10.1080/15332845.2013.769143 Eldor, L., & Vigoda-Gadot, E. (2016). The nature of employee engagement: rethinking the employee–organization relationship. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(3), 526–552. doi:10.1080/09585192.2016.1180312 Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2, 335- 362. doi:10.1146/annurev.so.02.080176.002003 Ely, R. J., & Thomas, D. A. (2001). Cultural Diversity at Work: The Effects of Diversity Perspectives on Work Group Processes and Outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(2), 229. doi:10.2307/2667087 Farrukh, M., Ying, C. and Mansori, S. (2016), “Intrapreneurial behavior: an empirical investigation of personality traits”, Management & Marketing. Challenges for the Knowledge Society, 11(4), 597-609. DOI: 10.1515/mmcks-2016- 0018 Filieri, R. (2015). From market-driving to market-driven. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 33(3), 238–257. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-02-2014-0037 Fischer, G. (2005). Distances and diversity: sources for social creativity. Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Creativity & Cognition, (January), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1145/1056224.1056243 Flammer, A. (2015). Self-Efficacy. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition. 504-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0- 08-097086-8.25033-2 Gallup. (2016). Gallup Q12 Employee Engagement Survey. Gallup Inc. Retrieved Retrieved from https://q12.gallup.com/public/en-us/Features Gawke, J. C., Gorgievski, M. J., & Bakker, A. B. (2017). Employee Intrapreneurship and Work Engagement: A Latent Change Score Approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 100, 88–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.03.002 Gawke, J. C., Gorgievski, M. J., & Bakker, A. B. (2018). Personal Costs and Benefits of Employee Intrapreneurship: Disentangling The Employee Intrapreneurship, Well-Being, and Job Performance Relationship. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(4), 508-519. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000105 Gillet, N., Huart, I., Colombat, P., & Fouquereau, E. (2013). Perceived Organizational Support, Motivation, and Engagement Among Police Officers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 44(1), 46–55. doi:10.1037/a0030066 Gordini, N., & Rancati, E. (2017). Gender diversity in the Italian boardroom and firm financial performance. Management Research Review, 40(1), 75–94. doi:10.1108/mrr-02-2016-0039 Goswami, P. (2015). Employee Value Proposition: A Tool for Employment Branding. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(12), 263–2250. Gruman, J. A., & Saks, A. M. (2011). Performance Management and Employee Engagement. Human Resource Management Review, 21(2), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2010.09.004 Guest, D. (2014). Employee Engagement: A Sceptical Analysis. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 1(2), 141–156. doi:10.1108/joepp-04-2014-0017 Guillaume, Y. R. F., Brodbeck, F. C., & Riketta, M. (2012). Surface- and Deep-level Dissimilarity Effects on Social Integration and Individual Effectiveness Related Outcomes in Work Groups: A Meta-Analytic Integration. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85(1), 80–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2010.02005.x Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation Through The Design of Work: Test of a Theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7 Hair, J.F, Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V., G. (2014). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121. doi:10.1108/ebr-10-2013-0128 Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). Practice PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139- 152.https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202 Halim, H. A., Ahmad, N. H., Ramayah, T., & Hanifah, H. (2014). The Growth of Innovative Performance among SMEs: Leveraging on Organisational Culture and Innovative Human Capital. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 2(1),107-125. Hamid, D. S., Sadiqe, M., & Muzaffar, B. (2015). Impact of Reward and Recognition on Employee Engagement: A Case Study of Taj Group of Hotels, New Delhi. International Journal of Academic Research and Development, 1(2), 87–96. Hansen, A., Byrne, Z., & Kiersch, C. (2014). How Interpersonal Leadership Relates to Employee Engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(8), 953–972. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-11-2012-0343 Harlott, A. (2013). The Future Potential For Developing Luxury Tourism and Hospitality in Lapland, (Published Master’s Thesis), Haaga-Helia, University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/38097984.pdf Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-Unit-Level Relationship Between Employee Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, and Business Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268–279. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268 Hayes, A. F., & Scharkow, M. (2013). The Relative Trustworthiness of Inferential Tests of the Indirect Effect in Statistical Mediation Analysis. Psychological Science, 24(10), 1918–1927. doi:10.1177/0956797613480187 Heger, B. K. (2007). Linking The Employment Value Proposition (EVP) to Employee Engagement and Business Outcomes: Preliminary Findings From A Linkage Research Pilot Study. Organization Development Journal, 25(1), 121–132. Henseler, J., & Fassott, G. (2009). Testing Moderating Effects in PLS Path Models: An Illustration of Available Procedures. In Handbook of Partial Least Squares, 713-735.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8_31 Hertzog, M. A. (2008). Considerations in Determining Sample Size for Pilot Studies. Research in Nursing & Health, 31(2), 180–191. doi:10.1002/nur.20247 Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-Discrepancy: A Theory Relating Self and Affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319–340. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.3.319 Hirschi, A., Freund, P. A., & Herrmann, A. (2013). The Career Engagement Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(4), 575–594.doi:10.1177/1069072713514813 Hoekstra, H. A. (2011). A career roles model of career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78(2), 159–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.09.016 Peterson, M. F., & Hofstede, G. (2003). Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(1), 127. doi:10.2307/3556622 Hogan, S. J., & Coote, L. V. (2014). Organizational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein’s model. Journal of Business Research, 67(8), 1609–1621.doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.09.007 Hoque, S. A. M. M., Gwadabe, U. M., & Rahman, M. A. (2017). Corporate Entrepreneurship Upshot On Innovatation Performance: The Mediation Of Employee Engagement. Journal of Humanities, Language, Culture and Business (HLCB), 1(6), 54–67. Hornsby, J. S., Kuratko, D. F., Shepherd, D. A., & Bott, J. P. (2009). Managers’ Corporate Entrepreneurial Actions: Examining Perception and Position. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(3), 236–247. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.03.002 House, R. J., & Wigdor, L. A. (1967). Herzberg’s Dual‐Factor Theory Of Job Satisfaction And Motivation: A Review of The Evidence And A Criticism. Personnel Psychology, 20(4), 369-390.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744- 6570.1967.tb02440.x Hulland, J. (1999). Use of Partial Least Squares (PLS) in Strategic Management Research: A Review of Four Recent Studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195–204. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199902)20:2<195::aid-smj13>3.0.co;2-7 Hsiao, A., Auld, C., & Ma, E. (2015). Perceived Organizational Diversity and Employee Behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 48, 102– 112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.04.009 Hsiao, A., Ma, E., & Auld, C. (2017). Organizational Ethnic Diversity and Employees’ Satisfaction With Hygiene and Motivation Factors—A Comparative IPA Approach. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 26(2), 144–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2016.1181020 Hsieh, C.-C., & Wang, D.-S. (2015). Does Supervisor-Perceived Authentic Leadership Influence Employee Work Engagement Through Employee- Perceived Authentic Leadership and Employee Trust? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(18), 2329–2348. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1025234 Hussain, K., Konar, R., & Ali, F. (2016). Measuring Service Innovation Performance through Team Culture and Knowledge Sharing Behaviour in Hotel Services: A PLS Approach. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 224,35- 43.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.397 Igbaria, M., & Baroudi, J. (1993). A Short-Form Measure of Career Orientations: A Psychometric Evaluation. Journal of Management Information Systems, 10(2), 131–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1993.11518003 Ismail, T. A. T., Muhammad, R., Yusoff, N. M., & Shariff, M. S. M. (2016). The Myth and Reality of Hotel Brand and Food Quality: The Case of Hotel Restaurants in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 222, 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.187 Jain, C. R., Apple, D. K., & Ellis, W. (2015). What is Self-Growth ? International Journal of Process Education, Volume 7(1), 41–52. Jarvis, C. B., Mackenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. 2003. A Critical Review of Construct Indicators and Measurement Model Misspecification in Marketing and Consumer Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(2), 199–218. Jilani, E., M. & Juma, D. (2015). Contingent Rewards As a Strategy for Influencing Employee Engagement in Manufacturing Companies: Case Study of Williamson Tea Kenya Limited. International Journal of Business and Commerce, 4(5), 20– 59. Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement And Disengagement At Work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287 Karanges, E., Johnston, K., Beatson, A., & Lings, I. (2015). The Influence of Internal Communication on Employee Engagement: A Pilot Study. Public Relations Review, 41(1), 129–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.12.003 Karatepe, O. M., & Ngeche, R. N. (2012). Does Job Embeddedness Mediate the Effect of Work Engagement on Job Outcomes? A Study of Hotel Employees in Cameroon. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 21(4), 440–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2012.626730 Karumuri, V. (2016). Employee Engagement: Hotel Industry. SCMS Journal of Indian Management, 13(3), 120–128. Retrieved from http://bakerezproxy.palnet.info/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.asp x?direct=true&db=bth&AN=118461369&site=eds-live Kassa, A. G., & Raju, R. S. (2015). Investigating The Relationship Between Corporate Entrepreneurship and Employee Engagement. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 7(2), 148–167. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-12-2014-0046 Kaufman, S. B. (2015). Is it Time for a Personal Growth Mindset. Retrieved from http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/is-it-time-for-a-personal- growth-mindset/%5CnOur Keating, L. A., & Heslin, P. A. (2015). The Potential Role of Mindsets In Unleashing Employee Engagement. Human Resource Management Review, 25(4), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2015.01.008 Kenneth, N. (2016). Malaysia’s Hospitality Industry—What Are the Talent Challenges? Retrieved from https://apac.aonhewitt.com/home/insights-at- work/talent-challenges-malaysia-hospitality-industry Khurosani, A. (2013). Adhocracy Culture Support and Leader’s Working Creativity. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 3(4), 411–415. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2013.V3.272 Kim, B. Y. (2006). Managing Workforce Diversity : Developing a Learning Organization. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 5(2), 69- 90. https://doi.org/10.1300/J171v05n02 Kline, R. B. (2001). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation. New York: Guilford Press Google Scholar. Klonoski, R. (2016). Defining Employee Benefits: A Managerial Perspective. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 6(2), 52. doi:10.5296/ijhrs.v6i2.9314 Korjala, V. (2013), “Cultural Diversity In Hospitality Management: How To Improve Cultural Diversity Workforce”, (Published Bachelor’s Thesis), Universities of Applied Sciences, Available At: www. theseus.fi/handle/10024/55331 Kossivi, B., Xu., M. & Kalgora, B. (2016). Study on Determining Factor of Employee Retention. Open Journal of Social Science, 4, 261- 268.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.45029 Kopp, R., Howaldt, J. & Schultze, J. (2016). Why Industry 4.0 Needs Workplace Innovation: A Critical Look at the German Debate on Advanced Manufacturing. European Journal of Workplace Innovation, 2 (1), 7-24. Krejcie, R. V, & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities Robert. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38(1), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308 Kuratko, D. F., & Audretsch, D. B. (2013). Clarifying the domains of corporate entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9 (3), 323-335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-013-0257-4 Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Hayton, J. (2015). Corporate entrepreneurship: the innovative challenge for a new global economic reality. Small Business Economics, 45(2),245-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9630-8 Laguilles, J. S., Williams, E. A., & Saunders, D. B. (2010). Can Lottery Incentives Boost Web Survey Response Rates? Findings from Four Experiments. Research in Higher Education, 52(5), 537–553. doi:10.1007/s11162-010-9203-2 Lam, A. (2010). Innovative organizations: Structure, Learning and adaptation. Open Mind, BBVA. Innovation Perspectives for the 21st Century. https://doi.org/40f9/6a8deddd30315b40d4dce9fd01ba0ba170c1 Lardner, S. (2015). Effective reward ensures effective engagement. Strategic HR Review, 14(4), 131–134. https://doi.org/10.1108/SHR-06-2015-0050 Lauring, J., & Selmer, J. (2011). Multicultural organizations: Does a positive diversity climate promote performance? European Management Review, 8(2), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-4762.2011.01011.x Lavigna, B. (2015). Commentary: Public Service Motivation and Employee Engagement. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 732–733. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12429 Lee, J. (Jay), & Ok, C. “Michael.” (2015a). Hotel Employee Work Engagement and Its Consequences. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 25(2), 133– 166. doi:10.1080/19368623.2014.994154 Lee, J. (Jay), & Ok, C. “Michael.” (2015b). Drivers of Work Engagement: An Examination of Core Self-Evaluations And Psychological Climate Among Hotel Employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 44, 84–98. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.10.008 Lee, M. C. C., Idris, M. A., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2017). The Linkages Between Hierarchical Culture And Empowering Leadership and Their Effects on Employees’ Work Engagement: Work Meaningfulness As A Mediator. International Journal of Stress Management, 24(4), 392–415. doi:10.1037/str0000043 Lee, Y., & Eissenstat, S. J. (2018). An Application of Work Engagement In The Job Demands-Resources Model to Career Development: Assessing Gender Differences. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 29(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21310 Leong, F. T. L., Rosenberg, S. D., & Chong, S. (2014). A Psychometric Evaluation of Schein’s (1985) Career Orientations Inventory. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(3), 524–538. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713498685 Lindner, J. R., Murphy, T. H., & Briers, G. E. (2010). Handling Nonresponse In Social Science Research. Journal of Agricultural Education, 42(4), 43-53. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2001.04043 Likert, R. (1932). A technique for measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology,22, 140, 5-55. Lohmoller, J.B. (1989) Latent Variable Path Modeling with Partial Least Squares. Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-52512-4 Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The Meaning of Employee Engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(01), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.0002.x Macleod, D., & Clarke, N. (2009). Engaging for Success: enhancing performance through employee engagement. Department for Business Innovation & Skills (Vol. 1). https://doi.org/Book Review Madera, J. M., Dawson, M., & Guchait, P. (2016). Psychological diversity climate: justice, racioethnic minority status and job satisfaction. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(11), 2514-2532. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-06-2015-0304 Maden, C. (2015). Linking high involvement human resource practices to employee proactivity. Personnel Review, 44(5), 720–738. doi:10.1108/pr-01-2014-0030 Mamman, A., Kamoche, K., & Bakuwa, R. (2012). Diversity, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior: An organizing framework. Human Resource Management Review, 22(4), 285–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.12.003 Manchi Chao, M., Visaria, S., Mukhopadhyay, A., & Dehejia, R. (2017). Do rewards reinforce the growth mindset?: Joint effects of the growth mindset and incentive schemes in a field intervention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146(10), 1402–1419. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000355 Mansoor, F., & Hassan, Z. (2016). Factors influencing Employee Engagement: A study on a Telecommunication Network provider in Maldives. International Journal of Accounting & Business Management. 4 (1). 50-64. DOI: 10.24924/ijabm/2016.04/v4.iss1/50.64 Marcano Belisario, J. S., Huckvale, K., Saje, A., Porcnik, A., Morrison, C. P., & Car, J. (2014). Comparison 0f Self-Administered Survey Questionnaire Responses Collected Using Mobile Apps Versus Other Methods. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000042 Martins, E. C., & Terblanche, F. (2003). Building organisational culture that stimulates creativity and innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 6(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1108/14601060310456337 Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2008). Early Predictors of Job Burnout and Engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 498–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 9010.93.3.498 McMahon, A. M. (2011). Does Workplace Diversity Matter? A Survey Of Empirical Studies On Diversity And Firm Performance, 2000-09. Journal of Diversity Management, 5(2), 37–48. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jdm.v5i2.808 Menguc, B., Auh, S., Fisher, M., & Haddad, A. (2013). To be engaged or not to be engaged: The antecedents and consequences of service employee engagement. Journal of Business Research, 66(11), 2163–2170. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.01.007 Meyer, J. P., & Marylène, G. (2008). Employee engagement from a self-determination theory perspective. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 1(1), 60–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754- 9434.2007.00010.x Millar, M. M., & Dillman, D. A. (2011). Improving response to web and mixed-mode surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(2), 249-269. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfr003 Mohammed, S., & Angell, L. C. (2004). Surface- and deep-level diversity in workgroups: examining the moderating effects of team orientation and team process on relationship conflict. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(8), 1015–1039. doi:10.1002/job.293 Monika Mohanan, S. A. H. and S. K. M. S. (2013). Employee Engagement and Motivation : A case Study. KHOJ-Journal of Indian Management Research and Practices , 3(3), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2114214 Mostert, N. M. (2007). Diversity of the Mind as the Key to Successful Creativity at Unilever. Creativity and Innovation Management, 16(1), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2007.00422.x Muscalu, E. (2014). Organizational Culture Change in the Organization. Revista Academiei Fortelor Terestre, 19(4), 392–396. Mustafa, M., Ramos, H. M., & Man, T. W. Y. (2015). Linking psychological ownership to employee extra-role behaviours in small overseas Chinese family businesses: Does family status matter? Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 7(2), 129–147. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-11-2014-0041 Mutia Sobihah, A. H., Mohamad, M., Salim, N. A. M. A., & Ismail, W. Z. W. (2015). Relationship between E-commerce service quality, satisfaction, trust and customer loyalty in the hotel industry in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. International Business Management. https://doi.org/10.3923/ibm.2015.405.411 Na-Nan, K., & Pukkeeree, P. (2013). Influence of Job Characteristics and Job Satisfaction Effect Work Adjustment for Entering Labor Market of New Graduates in Thailand. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(2), 95-103. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Khahan_Na- Nan2/publication/308741711/inline/jsViewer/57edc03908ae711da9399db3?inV iewer=1&pdfJsDownload=1&origin=publication_detail&previewAsPdf=false Naidoo, P., & Martins, N. (2014). Investigating the relationship between organisational culture and work engagement. Problems and Perspectives in Managemen, 12(4), 432–440. Retrieved from http://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/14656 Nakash, R. A., Hutton, J. L., Jørstad-Stein, E. C., Gates, S., & Lamb, S. E. (2006). Maximising response to postal questionnaires - A systematic review of randomised trials in health research. BMC Medical Research Methodology. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-6-5 Neault, R. A., & Pickerell, D. A. (2011). Career engagement: Bridging career counseling and employee engagement. Journal of Employment Counseling, 48(4), 185–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2011.tb01111.x Newsroom. (2017, May 30). Malaysia to implement new hotel rating system on June 1. Retrieved from https://www.hotelmanagement.net/own/malaysia-will- implement-its-new-hotel-rating-system-june-1 Ng, B. (2018). The neuroscience of growth mindset and intrinsic motivation. Brain Sciences, 8 (2), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8020020 Nilles, M. (2012). Technology is destroying the quality of human interaction. Retrieved from http://thebottomline.as.ucsb.edu/2012/01/technology-is- destroying-%20thequality-of-human-interaction Restine, K. (2008). Assessment Strategies to provide feedback--PrincipleFour--Promising practices. Retrieved from http://cnx.org/content/m17160/latest/ Obeidat, B. Y. (2016). Exploring the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility, Employee Engagement, and Organizational Performance: The Case of Jordanian Mobile Telecommunication Companies. International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences, 09(09), 361–386. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijcns.2016.99032 Oden, Howard W. (1997). Managing corporate culture, innovation, and intrapreneurship. Westport, Conn. ; London : Quorum Books Olokundun, M., Falola, H., Ibidunni, S., Ogunnaike, O., Peter, F., & Kehinde, O. (2018). Intrapreneurship and innovation performance: A conceptual model. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 17(2). Oriol, X., Amutio, A., Mendoza, M., Da Costa, S., & Miranda, R. (2016). Emotional creativity as predictor of intrinsic motivation and academic engagement in university students: The mediating role of positive emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(AUG). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01243 Pallant, J. (2011) SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using the SPSS program. 4th Edition, Allen & Unwin, Berkshire Papalexandris, N. and G. E. (2009). Leadership’s impact on employee engagement. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 30(4), 365–385. https://doi.org/http://sfxhosted.exlibrisgroup.com/mmu?id=doi:10.1108%2F014 37730910961685 Park, Y. K., Song, J. H., Yoon, S. W., & Kim, J. (2014). Learning organization and innovative behavior. European Journal of Training and Development, 38(1/2), 75–94. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-04-2013-0040 Patah, M. O. R. A., Zain, R. A., Abdullah, D., & Radzi, S. M. (2009). An Empirical Investigation into the Influences of Psychological Empowerment and Overall Job Satisfaction on Employee Loyalty: The Case of Malaysian Front Office Receptionists. Journal of Tourism Hospitality & Culinary Arts. Paterson, J. (2014). Wellbeing benefits lead to higher employee satisfaction. Employee Benefits, 6. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=94615951& site=eds-live Pawar, A. (2016). Employee Value Proposition: A Collaborative Methodology for Strengthening Employer Brand Strategy. Journal of Resource Development and Management, 16, 56-62. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d2f9/6caf08f175aee116af6274946c9f1710220a.pdf Pervashnee N., & Martin, N. (2014). The relationship between organizational culture and work engagement: A multilevel investigation. Problems and Perspectives in Managemen, 12(May), 433–441. Petrou, P., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2016). Crafting the Change: The Role of Employee Job Crafting Behaviors for Successful Organizational Change. Journal of Management, 44(5), 1766–1792.doi:10.1177/0149206315624961 Phillips, D. C. (1968). Operational Definitions in Educational Research. Australian Journal of Education, 12(3), 311–323. doi:10.1177/000494416801200309 Phillips, K. W., & Loyd, D. L. (2006). When surface and deep-level diversity collide: The effects on dissenting group members. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 99(2), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.12.001 Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 Powell, K. (2018). These labs are remarkably diverse — here’s why they’re winning at science. Nature, 558(7708), 19–22. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-05316-5 Prasad, C. B. (2017). Creating organization culture for employee engagement. International Journal of Advanced Research and Development, 2(1), 99–105. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. doi:10.3758/brm.40.3.879 Puente-Díaz, R., & Cavazos-Arroyo, J. (2017). The influence of creative mindsets on achievement goals, enjoyment, creative self-efficacy and performance among business students. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 24, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2017.02.007 Rana, S., Ardichvili, A., & Tkachenko, O. (2014). A theoretical model of the antecedents and outcomes of employee engagement Dubin’s method. Journal of Workplace Learning, 264(3), 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-09-2013-0063 Rao, V. (2016). Innovation through employee engagement. People Management, 13, 1–9. Retrieved from http://apiar.org.au./wp-content/uploads/2016/05/APCAR_BRR710_BUS1-9.pdf Rashid, M. Z. A., Sambasivan, M., & Johari, J. (2003). The influence of corporate culture and organisational commitment on performance. Journal of Management Development, 22(8), 708–728. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710310487873 Rath, T. (2011). Gallup : Wellbeing is the Next Employee Engagement. Td, 65, p12-12. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=57264795 Rees, C., Alfes, K., & Gatenby, M. (2013). Employee voice and engagement: connections and consequences. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(14), 2780–2798. doi:10.1080/09585192.2013.763843 Reddy, S. (2017). Employee value proposition: A Morale Booster. Human capitalonline.Com, (December), 34–36. Reggev, N., Hassin, R. R., & Maril, A. (2012). When two sources of fluency meet one cognitive mindset. Cognition, 124(2), 256–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.04.001 Reijonen, H., & Komppula, R. (2007). Perception of success and its effect on small firm performance. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14(4), 689–701. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000710832776 Reinartz, W. J., Haenlein, M., & Henseler, J. (2009). An Empirical Comparison of the Efficacy of Covariance-Based and Variance-Based SEM. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1462666 Reissner, S., & Pagan, V. (2013). Generating employee engagement in a public– private partnership: management communication activities and employee experiences. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(14), 2741–2759. doi:10.1080/09585192.2013.765497 Rekha, S. K., Ramesh, S., & Jaya-Bharathi, S. (2015). Empirical study onthe relationship between entrepreneurial mindset and the factors affecting intrapreneurship: A study in Indian context. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 19(1), 53–59. Renee Barnett, B., & Bradley, L. (2007). The impact of organisational support for career development on career satisfaction. Career Development International, 12(7), 617–636. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430710834396 Richard, O. C. (2000). Racial diversity, business strategy, and firm performance: A resource-based view. Academy of Management Journal, 4 (3), 164-177 https://doi.org/10.2307/1556374 Rigtering, J. P. C., & Weitzel, U. (2013). Work context and employee behaviour as antecedents for intrapreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9 (3), 337–360. doi:10.1007/s11365-013-0258-3 Rindfleisch, A., Malter, A. J., Ganesan, S., & Moorman, C. (2008). Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Survey Research: Concepts, Findings, and Guidelines. Journal of Marketing Research, 45(3), 261-279. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.45.3.261 Roberson, Q. M. (2006). Disentangling the meanings of diversity and inclusion in organizations. Group and Organization Management, 31(2), 212-236. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601104273064 Robinson, C. (2017). Growth mindset in the classroom. Science Scope, 41(2), 18–21. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1942178538?accountid=7053 Ruck, K., & Trainor, S. (2012). Developing Internal Communication Practice That Supports Employee Engagement. Retrieved from: http://www.pracademy.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Developing-Internal- Communication-Practice-That-Supports-Employee-Engagement-July-2012.pdf, 1-25. Ruck, K., Welch, M., & Menara, B. (2017). Employee voice: An antecedent to organisational engagement? Public Relations Review, 43(5), 904–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.04.008 Russo, M. (2012). Diversity in goal orientation, team performance, and internal team environment. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 31(2), 124-143. https://doi.org/10.1108/02610151211202781 Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020 Sabharwal, M. (2014). Is diversity management sufficient? Organizational inclusion to further performance. Public Personnel Management, 43(2),197-217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026014522202 Sahlqvist, S., Song, Y., Bull, F., Adams, E., Preston, J., & Ogilvie, D. (2011). Effect of questionnaire length, personalisation and reminder type on response rate to a complex postal survey: Randomised controlled trial. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 15(1), 77-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071618000650091 Saks, A. M. (2011). Workplace spirituality and employee engagement. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 8(4), 317–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2011.630170 Saks, A. M. (2017). Translating Employee Engagement Research into Practice. Organizational Dynamics, 46(2), 76–86.doi:10.1016/j.orgdyn.2017.04.003 Salau, O., Osibanjo, A., Adeniji, A., Ojebola, O., Oludayo, O., Falola, H., & Atolagbe, T. (2018). datasets on employee value proposition (EVP) and performance of selected fast moving consumer goods (FMCGs) firms in Nigeria. Data in Brief, 19, 1907-1911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.06.027 Salleh, M., Omar, K., Yaakop, A. Y., & Mahmmod, A. R. (2013). Tourist Satisfaction in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(5), 221-226. Sarangi, S., & Vats, A. (2015). Role of Emotional Intelligence on Employee Engagement: A Study among Indian Professionals. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(6), 224–234. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v10n6p224 Sauro, J. & Lewis J.R. (2011) “When Designing Usability Questionnaires, Does It Hurt to Be Positive?.” in Proceedings of the Conference in Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2011) Vancouver, BC, Canada. https://measuringu.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/07/sauro_lewisCHI2011.pd f Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2003). UWES – Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: Test Manual. Utrecht University, Department of Psychology. https://www.wilmarschaufeli.nl/publications/Schaufeli/Test%20Manuals/Test_ manual_UWES_English.pdf Schaufeli, W., Bakker, A. and Salanova, M. (2006) The Measurement of Work Engagement with a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 701-716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471 Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational Culture and Leadership. Leadership (Vol. 2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.156 Scott, B., & Revis, S. (2008). Talent management in hospitality: Graduate career success and strategies. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(7), 781-791. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110810897600 Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach (5th ed.). Haddington: John Wiley & Sons. Setia, M. (2016). Methodology series module 3: Cross-sectional studies. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 61(3), 261-264. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.182410 Shah, S. H. A., & Beh, L.-S. (2016). The impact of motivation enhancing practices and mediating role of talent engagement on turnover intentions: Evidence from Malaysia. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6 (4), 823-835. https://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00007019_142203.pdf Shantz, A., Alfes, K., Truss, C., & Soane, E. (2013). The role of employee engagement in the relationship between job design and task performance, citizenship and deviant behaviours. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(13), 2608–2627. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.744334 SHRM. (2015). Employee Job Satisfaction and Engagement. The Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), 1–6. Retrieved from https://www.shrm.org/hr- today/trends-and-forecasting/research-and-surveys/Documents/2016-Employee- Job-Satisfaction-and-Engagement-Report-Executive-Summary.pdf Simons, S. M., & Rowland, K. N. (2011). Diversity and its impact on organizational performance: The influence of diversity constructions on expectations and outcomes. Journal of Technology Management and Innovation, 6(3), 171–183. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242011000300013 Singer, S. J., Falwell, A., Gaba, D. M., Meterko, M., Rosen, A., Hartmann, C. W., & Baker, L. (2009). Identifying organizational cultures that promote patient safety. Health Care Management Review, 34(4), 300–311. doi:10.1097/hmr.0b013e3181afc10c Singh, M., & Raisoni, G. H. (2015). Effective Organization Communication. International Journal of Research and Development, III(Ii), 2279–73. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2580070%5Cnwww.ijrdonline.com Śledzik, K. (2013). Schumpeter ’ S View on Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Management Trends in Theory and Practice, 89–95. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2257783 Strobel, M., Tumasjan, A., Spörrle, M., & Welpe, I. M. (2017). Fostering employees’ proactive strategic engagement: Individual and contextual antecedents. Human Resource Management Journal, 27(1), 113-132. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12134 Suan, L., C., & Nasurdin, M., A. (2014). An empirical investigation into the influence of human resource management practices on work engagement: the case of customer-contact employees in Malaysia. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(3), 345–360. doi:10.1108/ijcthr-12-2013- 0083 Suan, L., C., & Nasurdin, M., A. (2016). Supervisor Support and Work Engagement of Hotel Employees in Malaysia. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 31(1), 2–18. doi:10.1108/gm-11-2014-0105 Suharti, L., & Suliyanto, D. (2012). The Effects of Organizational Culture and Leadership Style toward Employee Engagement and Their Impacts toward Employee Loyalty Suharti & Suliyanto. World Review of Business Research, 2(5), 128–139. Suman, S., & Srivastava, a K. (2009). The Measurement of Job Characteristics in Context to Indian Work Scenario. Journal of Indian Economy and Applied Psychology, 35,142–147. http://medind.nic.in/jak/t09/s1/jakt09s1p142.pdf Suri, E., A. (2015). The Dominant Factors of Employee Value Proposition: Generation Y. Advanced science Letter, 21 (4), 910-912. doi: https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2015.5927 Sweezy, P. M. (1943). Professor Schumpeter’s Theory of Innovation. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 25(1), 93.doi:10.2307/1924551 Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (2001) Using Multivariate Statistics. 4th Edition, Allyn and Bacon, Boston. Talke, K. (2007). Corporate mindset of innovating firms: Influences on new product performance. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management - JET-M, 24(1–2), 76–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2007.01.005 Taneja, S., Sewell, S. S., & Odom, R. Y. (2015). A culture of employee engagement: a strategic perspective for global managers. Journal of Business Strategy, 36(3), 46–56.doi:10.1108/jbs-06-2014-0062 Tharp, B. M. (2009). Four Organizational Culture Types Four Organizational Culture Types.Culture, 1–6. Retrievedfromhttp://www.haworth.com/en-us/Knowledge/Workplace-Library/Documents/Four-Organizational-Culture- Types_6.pdf Thompson, K. R., Lemmon, G., & Walter, T. J. (2015). Employee Engagement and Positive Psychological Capital. Organizational Dynamics, 44(3), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2015.05.004 Timmerman, T. A. (2000). Racial Diversity, Age Diversity, Interdependence, and Team Performance. Small Group Research, 31(5), 592–606. https://doi.org/10.1177/104649640003100505 Tladinyane, R., & Van der Merwe, M. (2016). Career adaptability and employee engagement of adults employed in an insurance company: An exploratory study. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v14i1.752 Tolentino, L. R., Garcia, P. R. J. M., Lu, V. N., Restubog, S. L. D., Bordia, P., & Plewa, C. (2014). Career adaptation: The relation of adaptability to goal orientation, proactive personality, and career optimism. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(1), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.11.004 Tomlinson, G. (2010). Building a culture of high employee engagement. Strategic HR Review, 9(3), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/14754391011040046 Tourism Malaysia .(2018). Tourism Performance Report January-December 2017. Retreived from http://mytourism.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Fast- Fact-2017.pdf Tower Watson (2014). HR Matters. Retrievedfrom https://www.towerswatson.com/en-GB/Insights/Newsletters/Europe/HR- matters/2014/01/Build-a-compelling-employee-value-proposition Trépanier, S. G., Fernet, C., Austin, S., Forest, J., & Vallerand, R. J. (2014). Linking job demands and resources to burnout and work engagement: Does passion underlie these differential relationships? Motivation and Emotion, 38(3), 353– 366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-013-9384-z Tsai, W. C. (2001). Determinants and consequences of employee displayed positive emotions. Journal of Management, 27(4), 497-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(01)00105-2 Tseng, S. (2011). The effects of hierarchical culture on knowledge management processes. Management Research Review, 34(5), 595–608. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171111128742 Ugargol, J. D., & Patrick, H. A. (2018). The Relationship of Workplace Flexibility to Employee Engagement among Information Technology Employees in India. South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management, 5(1), 40–55. doi:10.1177/2322093718767469 Ulrich, D. D., & Brockbank, W. (2005). The HR Value Proposition. Business, 316. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e318208d25e Ulrich, D., & Dulebohn, J. H. (2015). Are we there yet? What’s next for HR? Human Resource Management Review, 25(2), 188–204. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2015.01.004 World Tourism Organization (2018), UNWTO Annual Report 2017, UNWTO, Madrid, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284419807 Vallen G.K & Vallen, J.,J. (2013). Managing Hotel Operation 2nd. New York, NY: Prentice Hall, Pearson Education. Van Knippenberg, D., van Ginkel, W. P., & Homan, A. C. (2013). Diversity mindsets and the performance of diverse teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 121(2), 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.03.003 Waight, J., & Madera, J. M. (2011). Diversity training: examining minority employees’ organizational attitudes. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 3(4), 365–376. doi:10.1108/17554211111162471 Walden, J., Jung, E. H., & Westerman, C. Y. K. (2017). Employee communication, job engagement, and organizational commitment: A study of members of the Millennial Generation. Journal of Public Relations Research, 29(2–3), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2017.1329737 Wallace, L., & Trinka, J. (2009). Leadership and Employee Engagement. Public Management, 91(June), 10–14. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710210426862 Wang, Y.-F. (2013). Constructing career competency model of hospitality industry employees for career success. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(7), 994–1016. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-07-2012-0106 Wei, Y. S., O’Neill, H., Lee, R. P., & Zhou, N. (2012). The Impact of Innovative Culture on Individual Employees: The Moderating Role of Market Information Sharing. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(5), 1027–1041. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2012.01000.x Welch, M. (2011). The evolution of the employee engagement concept: communication implications. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 16(4), 328–346. https://doi.org/10.1108/13563281111186968 Welch, M. (2012). Appropriateness and acceptability: Employee perspectives of internal communication. Public Relations Review, 38(2), 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.12.017 Wihuda, F., Kurniawan, A. A., Kusumah, A. I., & Adawiyah, W. R. (2017). Linking empowering leadership to employee service innovative behavior: A study from the hotel industry. Tourism, 65(3), 294–314. Wismath, S., Orr, D. & Zhong, M. (2014). Student PErception of Problem Solving Skills. Transformative Dialogue: Teaching & Learning Journal, 7 (3), 1-17. WTTC. (2017). Tourism Economic Impact 2017: World. World Travel & Tourism Council. Yadegaridehkordi, E., Nilashi, M., Nasir, M. H. N. B. M., & Ibrahim, O. (2018). Predicting determinants of hotel success and development using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM)-ANFIS method. Tourism Management, 66, 364–386. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2017.11.012 Yiing, L. H., & Ahmed, K. Z. Bin. (2009). The moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationships between leadership behaviour and organizational commitment and between organizational commitment and job satisfaction and performance". Leadership & Organization Development, 30(1), 53–86. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730910927106 Zahra, S. A. (1991). Predictors and financial outcomes of corporate entrepreneurship: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(4), 259–285. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(91)90019-a Zainol, S. S., Hussin, S., M., & Othman, M., S. (2016). Determinants of Employee Engagement in Hotel Industry in Malaysia. A Theoretical Model. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 6(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARAFMS/v6-i3/2146 Zeng, G., Hou, H., & Peng, K. (2016). Effect of growth mindset on school engagement and psychological well-being of Chinese primary and middle school students: The mediating role of resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(NOV). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01873 Zikmund, Babin, Carr, & Griffin. (2009). Sampling Designs and Sampling Procedures. Business Research Methods. Zingoni, M., & Corey, C. M. (2017). How mindset matters: The direct and indirect effects of employees’ mindsets on job performance. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 16(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000171