Academics wellbeing in public universities, Nigeria: the role of transformational leadership, perceived stress, organizational justice and self-efficacy

The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among transformational leadership (TL), perceived stress (PS), organizational justice (OJ), self-efficacy (SE) and academics wellbeing in public universities, Nigeria (PUN). Precisely, this study aimed at investigating the effect of sel...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Ahmed, Obobanyi Momohjimoh
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2019
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/8077/1/s900110_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/8077/2/s900110_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.8077
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Ku Ishak, Awanis
Mustafa Kamil, Bidayatul Akmal
topic HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
LB2300 Higher Education
spellingShingle HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
LB2300 Higher Education
Ahmed, Obobanyi Momohjimoh
Academics wellbeing in public universities, Nigeria: the role of transformational leadership, perceived stress, organizational justice and self-efficacy
description The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among transformational leadership (TL), perceived stress (PS), organizational justice (OJ), self-efficacy (SE) and academics wellbeing in public universities, Nigeria (PUN). Precisely, this study aimed at investigating the effect of self-efficacy as a mediating variable in explaining the relationships among transformational leadership, perceived stress and organizational justice on academics wellbeing. The motivation for this research was driven by the increasing attention worldwide to employee wellbeing as a crucial factor for organizational effectiveness and efficiency. However, research for improving this vital element of organizational management still remain limited in literature. Accordingly, this study drawn upon both job demands-resources theory and Adams equity theory to assess and position the possible relationships between the variables in the research framework. In accomplishing this objective, a cross-sectional survey design and cluster sampling technique were used. A total of 293 faculty staff of public universities located in the North-West geopolitical zone of Nigeria participated in the study. A Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique was used to test the postulated hypotheses. Findings from analyses supported the hypothesized direct effect of TL on academics wellbeing; and direct effect of PS on academics wellbeing. In addition, self-efficacy mediated the relationships between TL and academics wellbeing; and the relationship between PS and academics wellbeing. Therefore, to foster an optimally academics wellbeing in public universities in Nigeria, the management of the institutions should focus on the enhancement of self-efficacy of faculty staff. In other words, self-efficacy serves a strong mechanism through which TL and PS positively influences academics wellbeing in public universities, Nigeria. Finally, theoretical and practical implications as well as future research direction are discussed.
format Thesis
qualification_name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level Doctorate
author Ahmed, Obobanyi Momohjimoh
author_facet Ahmed, Obobanyi Momohjimoh
author_sort Ahmed, Obobanyi Momohjimoh
title Academics wellbeing in public universities, Nigeria: the role of transformational leadership, perceived stress, organizational justice and self-efficacy
title_short Academics wellbeing in public universities, Nigeria: the role of transformational leadership, perceived stress, organizational justice and self-efficacy
title_full Academics wellbeing in public universities, Nigeria: the role of transformational leadership, perceived stress, organizational justice and self-efficacy
title_fullStr Academics wellbeing in public universities, Nigeria: the role of transformational leadership, perceived stress, organizational justice and self-efficacy
title_full_unstemmed Academics wellbeing in public universities, Nigeria: the role of transformational leadership, perceived stress, organizational justice and self-efficacy
title_sort academics wellbeing in public universities, nigeria: the role of transformational leadership, perceived stress, organizational justice and self-efficacy
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Business Management
publishDate 2019
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/8077/1/s900110_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/8077/2/s900110_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828318045995008
spelling my-uum-etd.80772022-09-12T01:59:25Z Academics wellbeing in public universities, Nigeria: the role of transformational leadership, perceived stress, organizational justice and self-efficacy 2019 Ahmed, Obobanyi Momohjimoh Ku Ishak, Awanis Mustafa Kamil, Bidayatul Akmal School of Business Management School of Business Management HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management. Employment LB2300 Higher Education The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among transformational leadership (TL), perceived stress (PS), organizational justice (OJ), self-efficacy (SE) and academics wellbeing in public universities, Nigeria (PUN). Precisely, this study aimed at investigating the effect of self-efficacy as a mediating variable in explaining the relationships among transformational leadership, perceived stress and organizational justice on academics wellbeing. The motivation for this research was driven by the increasing attention worldwide to employee wellbeing as a crucial factor for organizational effectiveness and efficiency. However, research for improving this vital element of organizational management still remain limited in literature. Accordingly, this study drawn upon both job demands-resources theory and Adams equity theory to assess and position the possible relationships between the variables in the research framework. In accomplishing this objective, a cross-sectional survey design and cluster sampling technique were used. A total of 293 faculty staff of public universities located in the North-West geopolitical zone of Nigeria participated in the study. A Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique was used to test the postulated hypotheses. Findings from analyses supported the hypothesized direct effect of TL on academics wellbeing; and direct effect of PS on academics wellbeing. In addition, self-efficacy mediated the relationships between TL and academics wellbeing; and the relationship between PS and academics wellbeing. Therefore, to foster an optimally academics wellbeing in public universities in Nigeria, the management of the institutions should focus on the enhancement of self-efficacy of faculty staff. In other words, self-efficacy serves a strong mechanism through which TL and PS positively influences academics wellbeing in public universities, Nigeria. Finally, theoretical and practical implications as well as future research direction are discussed. 2019 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/8077/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/8077/1/s900110_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/8077/2/s900110_02.pdf text eng public phd doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abbott, R. A., Ploubidis, G. B., Huppert, F. A., Kuh, D., & Croudace, T. J. (2010). An evaluation of the precision of measurement of Ryff’s Psychological Well- Being Scales in a population sample. Social indicators research, 97(3), 357- 373. Abouserie, R. (1996). Stress, coping strategies and job satisfaction in university academic staff. Educational psychology, 16(1), 49-56. Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU, 2014). www.asuu- ng.org/test/exesumcnanu.pdf Adams, J. S. (1963). Towards an understanding of inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 422-436. Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. Advances in experimental social psychology, 2, 267-299. Adamu, A., U. (2011). Motionless Points in Chaos: Education Reforms, Innovations and the Challenges for Higher Education in Nigeria. 87-107. http://aadcice.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/e/publications/sosho4_1-08.pdf. Adebowale, S. A., & Atte, O. (2012). Elderly well-being in a rural community in North Central Nigeria, sub-Saharan Africa. Public Health Research, 2(4), 92-101. Adegoke, T. G. (2011). Effect of occupational stress, Hazards and Working Environment on Psychological Well-Being of Industrial Workers in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical and Counselling Psychology, 17(1), 63-84. Adegoke, T. G. (2014). Effects of occupational stress on psychological well-being of police employees in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. African Research Review, 8(1), 302-320. Adeoti1, M.O., Mohd-Shamsudin, F. & Wan, C.Y. (2017). Effects of occupational stress and workplace spirituality on workplace deviance in academia, Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 5(9), 99-106. Adeoti, M.O., Shamsudin, F.M. & Wan, C.Y. (2017). Workload, work pressure and interpersonal deviance in academia: The mediating role of neutralization, International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 7(4), 1-22. Ahmady, S., Changiz, T., Masiello, I., & Brommels, M. (2007). Organizational role stress among medical school faculty members in Iran: dealing with role conflict. BMC Medical education, 7(1), 14. Ahsan. N., Abdullah. Z., Fie. D.Y.G., & Alam, S.S. (2009). A study of job stress on job satisfaction among university. European Journal of Social Sciences, 8(1), 121-131. Akbar, A., & Akhter, W. (2011). Faculty stress at higher education: A study on the business schools of Pakistan. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 1082. Akinmayowa, J. T., & Kadiri, P. A. (2014). Stress among Academic Staff in a Nigerian University. Covenant Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 6(1), 73-91. Akinmayowa, J.T. (2009). Time and stress management. Nigerian Journal of Business Administration, 10(1), 25-42. Akter, B., D’Ambra, J., & Ray, P. (2011). Trustworthiness in health information services: An assessment of a hierarchical model with mediating and moderating effects using partial least squares (PLS). Journal of the American Society for information Science and Technology, 62(1), 100-116. Doi: 10.1002/asi.21442. Alam, S., & Rizvi, K. (2012). Psychological well-being among bank employees. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 38(2), 242- 247. Alegbeleye, G. I., Ojeifo, A., & Idris, D. S. (2014). Stress management and employees’ welfare: The implication on performance. Review of Public Administration and Management, 3(6), 1-13. Ambrose, M. L., & Schminke, M. (2009). The role of overall justice judgments in organizational justice research: a test of mediation. Journal of applied psychology, 94(2), 491. Amin, A., Yusnita, Y., Ibrahim, M.Y. & Muda, S. (2013). Transformational Leadership and Life Satisfaction among Homestay Participants Program: The Mediating Effect of Attitude. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(3), 235-243. Ampofo, E. T., Coetzer, A., & Poisat, P. (2017). Relationships between job embeddedness and employees’ life satisfaction. Employee Relations, 39(7), 951- 966. Ampofo, E. T., Coetzer, A., & Poisat, P. (2018). Extending the job embeddedness– life satisfaction relationship: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance. Anand, K., & Nagle, Y. (2016). Perceived Stress as Predictor of Psychological Well- being among Indian Youth. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(4). Anderson, D., Sweeney, D. J., & Williams, T.A. (2000). Essentials of statistics for business and economics 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western College Publishing. Andrew, D. P., Pedersen, P. M., & McEvoy, C. D. (2011). Research methods and design in sport management. Human Kinetics. Armstrong, J.S., & Overton, T.S. (1977). Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14, 396-402. Arnold, K. A., Turner, N., Barling, J., Kelloway, E. K., & McKee, M. C. (2007). Transformational leadership and psychological well-being: the mediating role of meaningful work. Journal of occupational health psychology, 12(3), 193. Aryee, S., Budhwar, P. S., & Chen, Z. X. (2002). Trust as a mediator of the relationship between organizational justice and work outcomes: Test of a social exchange model. Journal of organizational Behavior, 23(3), 267-285. Aryee, S., Luk, V., Leung, A., & Lo, S. (1999). Role Stressors, interrole conflict, and well-being: The moderating influence of spousal support and coping behaviors among employed parents in Hong Kong. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 259-278. Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (1995). Individual consideration viewed at multiple levels of analysis: A multi-level framework for examining the diffusion of transformational leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 199-218. Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1995). MLQ multifactor leadership questionnaire: Technical report. Mind Garden, Palo Alto, CA. Ayodele, K. O., & Ezeokoli, R. N. (2013). The Relationship between Campus Social Life and Psychological Wellbeing among Babcock University Undergraduates. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(10), 6-11. Bada, B. V., Balogun, S. K., & Adejuwon, G. A. (2013). Psychological factors predicting psychological wellbeing among spouses of Incarcerated Males in Ibadan, Nigeria. Health Care, 1(3), 76-82. Bagozzi, R., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74-94. Doi: 10.1007/bf02723327 Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2018). Multiple levels in job demands-resources theory: Implications for employee well-being and performance. Handbook of well-being. Bakker, A. B. (2015). A job demands–resources approach to public service motivation. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 723-732. Bakker, A. B., & Oerlemans, W. (2011). Subjective well-being in organizations. The Oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship, 178-189. Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 147-154. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., Taris, T. W., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schreurs, P. J. (2003). A multigroup analysis of the job demands-resources model in four home care organizations. International Journal of stress management, 10(1), 16. Bakker, A.B. & Demerouti, E. (2016). Job Demands-Resources Theory: Taking Stock and Looking Forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273- 285. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Bandura, A. (1994). Self‐efficacy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Bandura, A. (1997). Editorial. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12(1), 8-10. Bandura, A. (2000). Cultivate self-efficacy for personal and organizational effectiveness. Handbook of principles of organization behavior, 2. Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agency perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 1–26. Bandura, A. (2012). On the functional properties of perceived self-efficacy revisited. Journal of management, 38(1), 9-44. Bandura, A. (2006). Adolescent development from an agentic perspective. In F. Pajares, & T. Urdan (Eds.), Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents. Greenwich, Connecticut: Information Age Publishing Bandura, A., & Adams, N. E. (1977). Analysis of self-efficacy theory of behavioral change. Cognitive therapy and research, 1(4), 287-310. Bandura, A., & Locke, E. A. (2003). Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. Journal of applied psychology, 88(1), 87. Bandura, A., & Schunk, D. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 41(3), 586. Baral, R., & Bhargava, S. (2010). Work-family enrichment as a mediator between organizational interventions for work-life balance and job outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(3), 274-300. Barnett, V., & Lewis, T. (1994). Outliers in statistical data. New York: Wiley. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173. Bartlett, J. K. J. & Higgins, C. (2001). Determining Appropriate Sample Size for Survey Research. A Journal of Information Technology Learning and Performance, 19(1). Bass, B. M. (1999). Two decades of research and development in transformational leadership. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 8(1), 9- 32. Bass, B.M. (1985). Leadership and Performance, N. Y. Free Press. Bauer, J. J., & McAdams, D. P. (2010). Eudaimonic growth: Narrative growth goals predict increases in ego development and subjective well-being 3 years later. Developmental Psychology, 46(4), 761. Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Aaker, J. L., & Garbinsky, E. N. (2013). Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(6), 505–516. Becker, J.M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M. (2012). Hierarchical Latent Variable Models in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for Using Reflective-Formative Type Models. Long range planning, 45(5-6), 359-394. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.1rp.2012.10.001 Bennett, D.A. (2001). How can I deal with missing data in my study? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 25(5), 464-469. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 842x.2001.tb00294.x Bennis, W. (1959). Leadership theory and administrative behaviour: The problem of authority. Administrative Science Quarterly, 4,259-301. Bernardin, H. J., & Alvares, K. M. (1976). The managerial grid as a predictor of conflict resolution method and managerial effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 84-92. Bhullar, N., Hine, D. W., & Phillips, W. J. (2014). Profiles of psychological well‐ being in a sample of Australian university students. International Journal of Psychology, 49(4), 288-294, doi: 10.1002/ijop.12022 Bies, R. J., & Moag, J. S. (1986). Interactional justice: Communication criteria of fairness. Research on negotiation in organizations, 1(1), 43-55. Birasnav, M. (2014). Knowledge management and organizational performance in the service industry: The role of transformational leadership beyond the effects of transactional leadership. Journal of Business Research, 67(8), 1622-1629. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. Transaction Publishers. Blaug, R., Kenyon, A., & Lekhi, R. (2007). Stress at work. The work foundation, London. Bliese, P. D., Edwards, J. R., & Sonnentag, S. (2017). Stress and well-being at work: A century of empirical trends reflecting theoretical and societal influences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 389. Boehm, J. K., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2012). The heart's content: the association between positive psychological well-being and cardiovascular health. Psychological bulletin, 138(4), 655. Boehm, J. K., Vie, L. L., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2012). The promise of well-being interventions for improving health risk behaviors. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports, 6(6), 511-519. Boekhorst, J.A., Singh, P. & Burke, R. (2015). "Work intensity, emotional exhaustion and life satisfaction: the moderating role of psychological detachment", Personnel Review, https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2015-0130 Boyce, L. A., Jeffrey Jackson, R., & Neal, L. J. (2010). Building successful leadership coaching relationships: Examining impact of matching criteria in a leadership coaching program. Journal of Management Development, 29(10), 914-931. Boyd, C. M., Bakker, A. B., Pignata, S., Winefield, A. H., Gillespie, N., & Stough, C. (2011). A longitudinal test of the job demands‐resources model among Australian university academics. Applied psychology, 60(1), 112-140. Bradbury, H., & Lichtenstein, B. M. B. (2000). Relationality in organizational research: Exploring the space between. Organization Science, 11(5), 551-564. Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Derks, D. (2016). Who takes the lead? A multi‐source diary study on leadership, work engagement, and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(3), 309-325. Breevaart, K., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O. K., & Espevik, R. (2014). Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 87(1), 138-157. Brown, I., & Inouye, D. K. (1978). Learned helplessness through modelling: The role of perceived similarity in competence. Journal of personality and social psychology, 36(8), 900. Burke, R.J., Singh, P. and Fiksenbaum, L. (2010), “Work intensity: potential antecedents and correlates”, Personnel Review, 39(3), 347-360. Burns, J. M. 1978. Leadership. NY: Harper & Row. Burns, R. A., & Ma, J. (2015). Examining the association between psychological wellbeing with daily and intra-individual variation in subjective wellbeing. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 34-39. Byrne, A., Barling, J., & Dupré, K. E. (2014). Leader apologies and employee and leader well-being. Journal of business ethics, 121(1), 91-106. Çakar, F. S. (2012). The Relationship between the Self-Efficacy and Life Satisfaction of Young Adults. International Education Studies, 5(6), 123-130. Callaghan, W., Wilson, B., Henseler, J., Ringle, C., & Naes, T. (2007). Exploring causal path directionality for a marketing structural model using Cohen’s path method. Paper presented at the PLS07-5th International symposium on PLS and related methods: Causalities explored by indirect observation, Matforsk, Aas, Norway. Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Steca, P., & Malone, P. S. (2006). Teachers' self- efficacy beliefs as determinants of job satisfaction and students' academic achievement: A study at the school level. Journal of school psychology, 44(6), 473-490. Carless, S. A., Wearing, A. J., & Mann, L. (2000). A short measure of transformational leadership. Journal of business and psychology, 14(3), 389-405. Cate, R. M., Lloyd, S. A., Henton, J. M., & Larson, J. H. (1982). Fairness and reward level as predictors of relationship satisfaction. Social Psychology Quarterly, 177-181. Central Bank of Nigeria (2019). Nigeria Inflation Rate: Money and Credit Statistics. Retieved November 6, 2019 from https://www.cbn.gov.ng/rates/inflrates.asp Cervone, D., & Peake, P. K. (1986). Anchoring, efficacy, and action: The influence of judgmental heuristics on self-efficacy judgments and behavior. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 50(3), 492. Chan, A. H. Z., Malek, M. D., & Bahari, F. (2018). Higher authority organizational stressors among higher education deans: a multiple case study. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. Chang, S.J., Witteloostuijn, A.V., & Eden, L. (2010). From the Editors: common method variance in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 41, 178-184. doi: 10.1057/jibs.2009.88 Chaudhary, R., Rangnekar, S., & Barua, M. K. (2013). Engaged versus disengaged: The role of occupational self-efficacy. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 18(1), 91-108. Chay, Y. W. (1993). Social support, individual differences and well-being: A study of small business entrepreneurs and employees. Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, 66, 285-302. Chen, F. F., Jing, Y., Hayes, A., & Lee, J. M. (2013). Two concepts or two approaches? A bifactor analysis of psychological and subjective well- being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(3), 1033-1068. Cherian, J., & Jacob, J. (2013). Impact of self-efficacy on motivation and performance of employees. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(14), 80. Chia-Lin, K., & Wei-Wen, C. (2017). The relationship between job stress risk factors and workplace well-being with the moderating effects of job burnout: A study of substitute educators for early childhood education in Taiwan. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 5(1), 392-401. Chiesa, R., Massei, F., & Guglielmi, D. (2016). Career decision‐making self‐efficacy change in Italian high school students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94(2), 210-224. Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modelling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Information systems research, 14(2), 189-217. Chin, W.W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modelling. In G.A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern Methods for Business Research (pp. 295-336). Mahwah, New Jersey: Laurence Erlbaum Associates. Chin, W.W. (1998a). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modelling. In G.A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Chin, W.W. (1998b). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modelling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336. Chin, W.W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses, Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 655-690. Germany: Springer. Chinyere, A. N. (2016). Peace education-a panacea for quality assurance in higher education in Africa. Christopher, J. C. (1999). Situating psychological well‐being: Exploring the cultural roots of its theory and research. Journal of Counselling & Development, 77(2), 141-152. Churchill, G. A., & Lacobucci, D. (2004). Marketing research: Methodological foundations. South Western, Ohio: Thomson Corporation. Cohen, A., & Vigoda, E. (2000). Do good citizens make good organizational citizens? An empirical examination of the relationship between general citizenship and organizational citizenship behavior in Israel. Administration & Society, 32(5), 596-624. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155-159. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155. Cohen, J., Rothstein, H., & Borenstein, M. (2001). Power and precision (Vol. 1). Taylor & Francis. Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. The social psychology of health, 31-67. Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., & Miller, G. E. (2007). Psychological stress and disease. Jama, 298(14), 1685-1687. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of health and social behavior, 385-396. Cohen-Charash, Y., & Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 86(2), 278-321. Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., Rodell, J. B., Long, D. M., Zapata, C. P., Conlon, D. E., & Wesson, M. J. (2013). Justice at the millennium, a decade later: A meta- analytic test of social exchange and affect-based perspectives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98, 199-236. Colquitt, J. A., & Shaw, J. C. (2005). How organizational justice should be measured. Handbook of organizational justice, 1, 113-152. Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O., & Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: a meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of applied psychology, 86(3), 425. Conway, J., & Lance, C. (2010). What reviewers should expect from authors regarding common method bias in organizational research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 325-334. doi: 10.1007/s10869-010-9181-6 Cooper, C. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2008). Business research methods 10th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Cooper, C.L.; Cartwright, S. (1994) Healthy mind; healthy organization: A proactive approach to occupational stress. Human Relations, 47, 455–471. Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2014). Business research methods 12th ed. Irwin: McGraw-Hill’s PRIMIS Online Assets Library. Cox, T., Griffiths, A., & Rial, E. (2010). Work-related stress. Occupational health psychology, 31-56. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Steps in conducting a scholarly mixed methods study. Cropanzano, R., Ambrose, M. L., Greenberg, J., & Cropanzano, R. (2001). Procedural and distributive justice are more similar than you think: A monistic perspective and a research agenda. Advances in organizational justice, 119-151. Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D.E., Mohler, C.J., & Schminke, M. (2001). Three roads to organizational justice. Research in personnel and human resources management (pp. 1-113). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Cvenkel, N. R. (2018). Employee Well-being at Work: Insights for Business Leaders and Corporate Social Responsibility. In Stakeholders, Governance and Responsibility (pp. 71-90). Emerald Publishing Limited. Daft, R. L. (2002). The leadership experience (2nd ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt College. Dagenais-Desmarais, V. & Savoie, A. (2012). What is Psychological Well-Being, Really? A Grassroots Approach from the Organizational Sciences. Journal of Happiness Studies. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-011-9285-3 Dahlan A. Malek, M., Mearns, K., & Flin, R. (2010). Stress and psychological well- being in UK and Malaysian fire fighters. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 17(1), 50-61. Daniels, K. & Guppy, A. (1994). Occupational stress, social support, job control, and psychological wellbeing. Journal of Human Relations, 12, 1523-1544. Danna, K., & Griffin, R. W. (1999). Health and well-being in the workplace: A review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of management, 25(3), 357-384. Debnam, K., Milam, A.J., Furr-Holden, C. & Bradshaw, C. (2016). The role of stress and spirituality in adolescent substance use and misuse, DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2016.1155224 De Clercq, D., Haq, I.U., & Azeem, M.U. (2018). Self-efficacy to spur job performance: Roles of job-related anxiety and perceived workplace incivility. Management Decision, 56(4), 891-907. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227- 268. Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2011). The job demands-resources model: Challenges for future research. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 01-09. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied psychology, 86(3), 499. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Vardakou, I., & Kantas, A. (2003). The convergent validity of two burnout instruments: A multitrait-multimethod analysis. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 19(1), 12. Devonish, D., Greenidge, D. (2010). The effect of organizational justice on contextual performance, counterproduvtive work behaviors, and task performance: Investigating the moderating role of ability-based emotional intelligence. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 18(1), 75-86. Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of personality assessment, 49(1), 71-75. Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (1999). 11 Personality and Subjective Well-Being. Well- being: Foundations of hedonic psychology, 213. Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Pavot, W., & Gallagher, D. (1991). Response artifacts in the measurement of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 24(1), 35- 56. Diener, E., Suh, M., Lucas, E. & Smith, H. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302. Dodge, R., Daly, A. P., Huyton, J., & Sanders, L. D. (2012). The challenge of defining wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3). Dong, Y., & Peng, C.Y.J. (2013). Principled missing data methods for researchers. SpringerPlus, 2, 222-239. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-222 Duarte, P. A. O., & Raposo, M. L. B. (2010). A PLS model to study brand preference: An application to the mobile phone market. In Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 449-485). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., Jackson, P., & Lowe, A. (2008). Management research: Theory and practice. London, UK: Sage Publications Ltd., 101, 210. Edwards, J. R. (1992). A cybernetic theory of stress, coping, and well-being in organizations. Academy of management review, 17(2), 238-274. Ee, O., Halim, H.A., & Ramayah, T. (2013). The effects of partnership quality on business process outsourcing success in Malaysia: Key users perspective. Service Business, 7(2), 227-253. Eid, M. (2000). A multitrait-multimethod model with minimal assumptions. Psychometrika, 65(2), 241-261. Elamin, A. M., & Tlaiss, H. A. (2015). Exploring the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and organizational justice in the Islamic Saudi Arabian context. Employee Relations, 37(1), 2-29. Ellis, S., Ganzach, Y., Castle, E., & Sekely, G. (2010). The effect of filmed versus personal after-event reviews on task performance: the mediating and moderating role of self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 122. Els, D. A., & De la Rey, R. P. (2006). Developing a holistic wellness model. El Sawy, O. A., Kræmmergaard, P., Amsinck, H., & Vinther, A. L. (2016). How LEGO Built the Foundations and Enterprise Capabilities for Digital Leadership. MIS Quarterly Executive, 15(2). Emory, C. W., & Cooper, D. R. (1991). Business Research Methods. Homewood IL: Richard D. Irwin. Erdogan, B., Bauer, T.N., Truxillo, D.M. & Mansfield, L.R. (2012), “Whistle while you work a review of the life satisfaction literature”, Journal of Management, 38(4), 1038-1083. Ernst Kossek, E., Kalliath, T. & Kalliath, P. (2012), “Achieving employee wellbeing in a changing work environment: An expert commentary on current scholarship”, International Journal of Manpower, 33(7), 738-753. European Agency for Safe and Health at Work (EASHW) (2016), “Los riesgos psicosociales y el estrés en el trabajo”, Disponible en: www.estreslaboral.info/fases-del-estres-laboral.html (accessed December 15, 2016). Eyal, O., & Roth, G. (2011). Principals' leadership and teachers' motivation: Self- determination theory analysis. Journal of Educational Administration, 49(3), 256-275. Falk, R.F., & Miller, N.B. (1992). A primer for soft modelling. Ohio: The University of Akron Press. Fatt, C. K., Khin, E. W. S., & Heng, T. N. (2010). The impact of organizational justice on employee's job satisfaction: The Malaysian companies perspectives. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 2(1), 56. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175-191. doi: 10.3758/bf03193146. Fernet, C., Trepanier, S., Austin, S., Gagne, M., & Forest, J. (2015). Transformational leadership and optimal functioning at work: On the mediating role of employees’ perceived job characteristics and motivation. Work & Stress, 29, 11-31. Ferrell, O. C., & Fraedrich, J. (2016). Business ethics: Ethical decision making & cases. Boston, MA: Cengage. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed,). London: Sage Publications. Findler, L., Wind, L. H., & Barak, M. E. M. (2007). The challenge of workforce management in a global society: Modelling the relationship between diversity, inclusion, organizational culture, and employee wellbeing, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Administration in Social Work, 31(3), 63-94. Finney, C., Stergiopoulos, E., Hensel, J., Bonato, S., & Dewa, C. S. (2013). Organizational stressors associated with job stress and burnout in correctional officers: a systematic review. BMC public health, 13(1), 82. Fisher, S. (1994). Stress in academic life: The mental assembly line. Open University Press. Fitzgerald, S., & Schutte, N. S. (2010). Increasing transformational leadership through enhancing self-efficacy. Journal of Management Development, 29(5), 495-505. Fleming, R., Baum, A., & Singer, J. E. (1984). Toward an integrative approach to the study of stress. Journal of personality and social psychology, 46(4), 939. Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2000). Positive affect and the other side of coping. American psychologist, 55(6), 647. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 35-50. Fowers, B. J., Mollica, C. O., & Procacci, E. N. (2010). Constitutive and instrumental goal orientations and their relations with eudaimonic and hedonic well- being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(2), 139-153. Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive work behaviour (CWB) in response to job stressors and organizational justice: Some mediator and moderator tests for autonomy and emotions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 291-309. doi: 10.1006/jvbe.2001.1803. Franke, F., Felfe, J., & Pundt, A. (2014). The impact of health-oriented leadership on follower health: Development and test of a new instrument measuring health- promoting leadership. German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift für Personalforschung, 28(1-2), 139-161. Frazer, L., & Lawley, M. (2000). Questionnaire design & administration. Australia: John Wiley & Sons. French, J. R., & Caplan, R. D. (1972). Organizational stress and individual strain. The failure of success, 30, 66. Frenkel, S. J., Li, M., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2012). Management, organizational justice and emotional exhaustion among Chinese migrant workers: Evidence from two manufacturing firms. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 50(1), 121-147. Fujishiro, K. (2005). Fairness at work: Its impacts on employee well-being (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University). Gallagher, E. N., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2007). Social support and emotional intelligence as predictors of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1551-1561. Gay, L. R., & Diehl, P. L. (1992). Research methods for business and management. Pennsylvania: Macmillan Publishing Division. Gay, L., Mills, G., & Airasian, P. (2012). Overview of qualitative research. Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2001). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference 10.0 update (3rd ed.). Toronto: Allyn and Bacon. Gervais, R., & Millear, P. (2014). The well-being of women at work: the importance of resources across the life course. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 27(4), 598-612. Ghafoor, A., Qureshi, T. M., Khan, M. A., & Hijazi, S. T. (2011). Transformational leadership, employee engagement and performance: Mediating effect of psychological ownership. African journal of business management, 5(17), 7391. Gillham, B. (2008). Developing a questionnaire (2nd ed.). London, UK: Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability. Academy of Management review, 17(2), 183-211. Goddard, R. D., & Goddard, Y. L. (2001). A multilevel analysis of the relationship between teacher and collective efficacy in urban schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(7), 807-818. Goetzel, R. Z., Ozminkowski, R. J., Sederer, L. I., & Mark, T. L. (2002). The business case for quality mental health services: why employers should care about the mental health and well-being of their employees. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 44(4), 320-330. Gold, A.H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A.H. (2001). Knowledge management: an organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185-214. Golden-Biddle, K., & Locke, K. (1993). Appealing work: An investigation of how ethnographic texts convince. Organization science, 4(4), 595-616. Goldman, B., & Cropanzano, R. (2015). “Justice” and “fairness” are not the same thing. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(2), 313–318. Graham, J.W. (2009). Missing Data Analysis: Making It Work in the Real World. Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), 549-576. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530 Grant, A. M. (2012). Leading with meaning: Beneficiary contact, prosocial impact, and the performance effects of transformational leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 55(2), 458-476. Greenberg, J. (1987). A taxonomy of organizational justice theories. Academy of Management review, 12(1), 9-22. Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of management, 16(2), 399-432. Guest, D.E. (2017), “Human resource management and employee well-being: towards a new analytic framework”, Human Resource Management Journal, 27(1), 22- 38. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Hair, J. F., Money, A. H., Samouel, P., & Page, M. (2007). Research method for business. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 18, 139-152. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 414-433. Hair, J., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2011a). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. The Journal of Marketing theory and Practice, 19, 139-152. doi: 10.2753/MTP1069- 6679190202 Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (5th ed,). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014a). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Hair, J.F., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011c). The use of partial least squares (PLS) to Address Marketing Management Topics: From the Special Issue Guest Editors. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 18(2), 135-138. Hair, J.F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V.G. (2014b). Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). European Business Review, 26, 106-121. doi: 10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128 Hair, Jr., J. F., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate data analysis 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Hakanen, J. J., Schaufeli, W. B., & Ahola, K. (2008). The Job Demands-Resources model: A three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement. Work & Stress, 22(3), 224-241. Hamama, L., Ronen, T., Shachar, K. & Rosenbaum, M. (2013), “Links between stress, positive and negative affect, and life satisfaction among teachers in special education schools”, Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(3), 731-751. Hammer, L. B., Kossek, E. E., Anger, W. K., Bodner, T., & Zimmerman, K. L. (2011). Clarifying work–family intervention processes: The roles of work–family conflict and family-supportive supervisor behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 134. Hanneman, R.A., Kposowa, A.J., & Riddle, M.D. (2013). Basic statistics for social research. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Keyes, C. L. (2003). Well-being in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes: A review of the Gallup studies. Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived, 2, 205-224. Haslam, S. A., Reicher, S. D., & Platow, M. J. (2011). The new psychology of leadership: Identity, influence and power. Psychology Press. Hauenstein, N. M., McGonigle, T., & Flinder, S. W. (2001). A meta-analysis of the relationship between procedural justice and distributive justice: Implications for justice research. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 13(1), 39-56. Hayes, A.F. (2012). Process: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modelling. Manuscript submitted for publication. Hays, R. D., & Revicki, D. A. (2005). Reliability and validity (including responsiveness). Assessing quality of life in clinical trials, 2, 25-39. Hechavarria, D. M., Renko, M., & Matthews, C. H. (2012). The nascent entrepreneurship hub: goals, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and start-up outcomes. Small Business Economics, 39(3), 685-701. Henseler, J., & Chin, W. W. (2010). A comparison of approaches for the analysis of interaction effects between latent variables using partial least squares path modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 17(1), 82-109. Henseler, J., & Fassott, G. (2010). Testing Moderating Effects in PLS Path Models: An Illustration of Available Procedures. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares (pp. 713-735): Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, R.A. (2016). Using PLS path modelling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(1), 2-20. doi: 10.1108/1MDS-09-2015-0382 Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least Squares path modeling in international marketing. In R. R. Sinkovics & P. N. Ghauri (Eds.), Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277-320. Bingley: Emerald. Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modelling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. Doi: 10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 Hernandez, R., Bassett, S.M., Boughton, S.W., Schuette, S.A., Shiu, E.W. & Moskowitz, J.T. (2017). Psychological Well-Being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions. Emotion Review, 1-12. Herr, R. M., Li, J., & Angerer, P. (2019). The Synergistic Effects of Organizational Justice and Trust to Supervisor on Vagal Tone: Preliminary Findings of an Empirical Investigation. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(5), 790. Hertzog, M. A. (2008). Considerations in determining sample size for pilot studies. Research in nursing & health, 31(2), 180-191. Hill, P. L., & Turiano, N. A. (2014). Purpose in life as a predictor of mortality across adulthood. Psychological science, 25(7), 1482-1486. Hock, C., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2010). Management of multi-purpose stadiums: Importance and performance measurement of service 233 interfaces. International Journal of Services Technology and Management, 14 (2-3), 188- 207. Holtz, B. C., & Harold, C. M. (2009). Fair today, fair tomorrow? A longitudinal investigation of overall justice perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1185. Hombrados-Mendieta, I., & Cosano-Rivas, F. (2013). Burnout, workplace support, job satisfaction and life satisfaction among social workers in Spain: A structural equation model. International Social Work, 56(2), 228-246. Hoon Song, J., Kolb, J. A., Hee Lee, U., & Kyoung Kim, H. (2012). Role of transformational leadership in effective organizational knowledge creation practices: Mediating effects of employees' work engagement. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 23(1), 65-101. Horne, S. G., & Mathews, S. S. (2006). A social justice approach to international collaborative consultation. Handbook for social justice in counseling psychology: Leadership, vision, and action, 388-405. Houle, L., Chiocchio, F., Favreau, O. E., & Villeneuve, M. (2009). Role conflict and well-being among employed mothers: the mediating effects of self- efficacy. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 24(4), 270-285. HSE (Health and Safety Executive). (2014). Health and safety in construction in Great Britain, 2014. Hu, Q., Schaufeli, W.B., & Taris, T.W. (2011). The Job Demands–Resources model: An analysis of additive and joint effects of demands and resources. Journal of Vocational Behaviour 79 181–190. Huang, G. D., Feuerstein, M., & Sauter, S. L. (2002). Occupational stress and work‐ related upper extremity disorders: Concepts and models. American journal of industrial medicine, 41(5), 298-314. Huhtala, H., & Parzefall, M. R. (2007). A review of employee well‐being and innovativeness: An opportunity for a mutual benefit. Creativity and innovation management, 16(3), 299-306. Hui, T. X., & Ramzan, U. B. M. (2017). Relationship of perceived stress and life satisfaction among medical students: a cross-sectional study. Br J Med Res, 20(10), 1-7. Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195-204. Huong, L., Zheng, C., & Fujimoto, Y. (2016). Inclusion, organisational justice and employee well-being. International Journal of Manpower, 37(6), 945-964. Huppert, F. A. (2009). Psychological well‐being: Evidence regarding its causes and consequences. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 1(2), 137-164. Huta, V. (2016). An overview of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being concepts. In LReinecke & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), Handbook of media use and well-being. New York: Routledge. Huta, V. (2015a). The complementary roles of eudaimonia and hedonia and how they can be pursued in practice. In S. Joseph (Ed.), Positive psychology in practice: promoting human flourishing in work, health, education, and everyday life (2nd ed., pp. 159-182) Wiley. Huta, V., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). Pursuing pleasure or virtue: The differential and overlapping well-being benefits of hedonic and eudaimonic motives. Journal of happiness studies, 11(6), 735-762. Huta, V., & Waterman A. S. (2014). Eudaimonia and its distinction from hedonia: Developing a classification and terminology for understanding conceptual and operational definitions. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 1425-1456. Ibanga, F.D. (2015). Solving the poor quality of university graduates in Nigeria: A proposed holistic approach. British Journal of Education, 3(7), 52-70. Ibironke, S. M. O., & Donald, D. U. (2015). Personalty factors, dispositional optimism and single parenting as predictors of psychological wellbeing among undergraduates. Indiresan, J. (1976). Background and general attitude variables distinguishing satisfied and dissatisfied engineering teachers. Higher Education, 5, 277-284. doi: 10.2307/3445532 Ismail, A., Halim, F. A., Abdullah, D. N. M. A., Shminan A. S., Muda, A. L. A., Samsudin, S., & Girardi, A. (2009). The mediating effect of empowerment in the relationship between transformational leadership and service quality. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(4), 3-12. Jago, A. G. (1982). Leadership: Perspectives in theory and research. Management Science, 28(3), 315-336. Jain, A. K.; Giga, S. I. & Cooper, C. L. (2013). Stress, Health and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Employee and Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 4907-4924. Jaiswal, N.K., & Dhar, R.L. (2015). Transformational leadership, innovation climate, creative self-efficacy and employee creativity: A multilevel study. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 51, 30-41. James, K. (1993). The social context of organizational justice: Cultural, intergroup, and structural effects on justice behaviors and perceptions. Justice in the workplace: Approaching fairness in human resource management, 21-50. Jamieson, I., Kirk, R., & Andrew, C. (2013). Work-life balance: What generation Y nurses wants. Nurse Leader, 11(3), 36-39. Janis, I. L., & Leventhal, H. (1968). Human reactions to stress. Handbook of personality theory and research, 1041-1085. Jerusalem, M., & Schwarzer, R. (1992). Self-efficacy as a resource factor in stress appraisal processes. Self-efficacy: Thought control of action, 195-213. Jobber, D. (1989). An examination of the effects of questionnaire factors on response to an industrial mail survey. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 6, 129-140. Doi: http: //dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(89)90006-2 Johari, J., Mohd Shamsudin, F., Fee Yean, T., Yahya, K. K., & Adnan, Z. (2019). Job characteristics, employee well-being, and job performance of public sector employees in Malaysia. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 32(1), 102-119. Johnson, S., Cooper, C. L., Cartwright, S., Donald, T., Taylor, P. & Millet, C. (2005). The experience of work related stress across occupations. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 20 (2), 179-187. Johnston, C. S., Krings, F., Maggiori, C., Meier, L. L., & Fiori, M. (2016). Believing in a personal just world helps maintain well-being at work by coloring organizational justice perceptions. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(6), 945-959. Joo, Y. J., Lim, K. Y., & Kim, J. (2013). Locus of control, self-efficacy, and task value as predictors of learning outcome in an online university context. Computers & Education, 62, 149-158. Joshanloo, M. (2019). Structural and discriminant validity of the tripartite model of mental well-being: Differential relationships with the Big Five traits. Journal of Mental Health, 28(2), 168-174. Judge, T. A., & Colquitt, J. A. (2004). Organizational justice and stress: the mediating role of work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 395. Jung, D. I., & Sosik, J. J. (2002). Transformational leadership in work groups: The role of empowerment, cohesiveness, and collective-efficacy on perceived group performance. Small group research, 33(3), 313-336. Kalia, M. (2002). Assessing the economic impact of stress [mdash]. The modern day hidden epidemic. Metabolism, 51(6), 49-53. Kállay, É. & Rus, C. (2014). Psychometric properties of the 44-item version of Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. Karasek, R.A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: implications for job Redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285- 308. Katou, A. A. (2015). Transformational leadership and organisational performance: Three serially mediating mechanisms. Employee Relations, 37(3), 329-353. Kearns, H. & Gardiner, M. (2007). Is it time well spent? The relationship between time management behaviours, perceived effectiveness and work related morale and distress in a university context. Higher Education Research and Development. 26 (2), 235-247. Kelley, K., & Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Sample size for multiple regression: obtaining regression coefficients that are accurate, not simply significant. Psychological Methods, 8, 305-321. Kelloway, E. K., & Barling, J. (2010). Leadership development as an intervention in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 24(3), 260-279. Kelloway, E. K., Weigand, H., McKee, M. C., & Das, H. (2013). Positive leadership and employee well-being. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20(1), 107-117. Kelloway, E.K., Turner, N., Barling, J. & Loughlin, C. (2012). Transformational leadership and employee psychological well-being: The mediating role of employee trust in leadership. An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations, 26(1), 39-55. Kern, M. L., Waters, L. E., Adler, A., & White, M. A. (2015). A multidimensional approach to measuring well-being in students: Application of the PERMA framework. The journal of positive psychology, 10(3), 262-271. Khoreva, V., & Wechtler, H. (2018). HR practices and employee performance: The mediating role of well-being. Employee Relations, 40(2), 227-243. Kickul, J., Gundry, L. K., Barbosa, S. D., & Whitcanack, L. (2009). Intuition versus analysis? Testing differential models of cognitive style on entrepreneurial self‐ efficacy and the new venture creation process. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(2), 439-453. Kinman, G. & Wray, S. (2013). Higher Stress: A Survey of Stress and Wellbeing among Staff in Higher Education. UCU. (Online). Available: http://www.ucu.org.uk/media/pdf/4/5/HE_stress_report_July_2013.pdf. Kinman, G. (1998). Pressure points: A survey into the causes and consequences of occupational stress in UK academic and related staff. London: Association of University Teachers. Kirkwood, T., Bond, J., May, C., McKeith, I., & Teh, M. (2010). Mental capital and wellbeing through life: Future challenges. Mental capital and wellbeing, 3-53. Klassen, A. C., Creswell, J., Clark, V. L. P., Smith, K. C., & Meissner, H. I. (2012). Best practices in mixed methods for quality of life research. Quality of Life Research, 21(3), 377-380. Kline, R.B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Kotrlik, J. W. K. J. W., & Higgins, C. C. H. C. C. (2001). Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Information technology, learning, and performance journal, 19(1), 43. Kozma, A., Stones, M. J., & McNeil, J. K. (1991). Psychological well-being in later life. Harcourt Brace. Krehbiel, P. J., & Cropanzano, R. (2000). Procedural justice, outcome favorability and emotion. Social justice research, 13(4), 339-360. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychology Measurement, 30, 607-610. Kreuger, L. W., & Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social work research methods: Qualitative and quantitative applications. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Lam, S. S., Schaubroeck, J., & Aryee, S. (2002). Relationship between organizational justice and employee work outcomes: a cross‐national study. Journal of organizational behavior, 23(1), 1-18. Lambert, D.M., & Harrington, T.C. (1990). Measuring nonresponse bias in customer service mail surveys. Journal of Business Logistics, 11(2), 5-25. Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., Barton-Bellessa, S. M., & Jiang, S. (2012). Examining the relationship between supervisor and management trust and job burnout among correctional staff. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 39(7), 938-957. Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., Jiang, S., Elechi, O. O., Benjamin, B., Morris, A., & Dupuy, P. (2010). The relationship among distributive and procedural justice and correctional life satisfaction, burnout, and turnover intent: An exploratory study. Journal of Criminal justice, 38(1), 7-16. Lawson, K. J., Noblet, A. J., & Rodwell, J. J. (2009). Promoting employee wellbeing: the relevance of work characteristics and organisational justice. Health Promotion International, 24, 223-233. Lazar, I., Osoian, C., & Ratiu, P. (2010). The role of work-life balance practices in order to improve organizational performance. European Research Studies, 13(1), 201. Lazarus, R. S. (2000). Toward better research on stress and coping. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer publishing company. Lee, J., Kim, E., & Wachholtz, A. (2016). The effect of perceived stress on life satisfaction: The mediating effect of self- efficacy. Ch'ongsonyonhak yongu, 23(10), 29. Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2005). Practical research: Planning and design 8th ed.. New Jersey: Pearson Educational International and Prentice Hall. Lei, S., & Chu, L. (2015). The Mediating Role of Consumer Satisfaction in the Relationship between Brand Equity and Brand Loyalty based on PLS-SEM Model. International Business Research, 8(2), 62-70. Lesener, T., Gusy, B., & Wolter, C. (2019). The job demands-resources model: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Work & Stress, 33(1), 76-103. Lev, S., & Koslowsky, M. (2009). Moderating the collective and self-efficacy relationship. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(4), 452-462. Leventhal, G. S. (1980). What should be done with equity theory? In Social exchange (pp. 27-55). Springer US. Lewis, E.F., Hardy, M., & Snaith, B. (2013). Estimating the Effect of Nonresponse Bias in a Survey of Hospital Organizations. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 36(3), 330-351. doi: 10. 1177/0163278713496565 Liljegren, M., & Ekberg, K. (2009). The associations between perceived distributive, procedural, and interactional organizational justice, self-rated health and burnout. Work, 33(1), 43-51. Lim, S., & Cortina, L. M. (2005). Interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace: the interface and impact of general incivility and sexual harassment. Journal of applied psychology, 90(3), 483. Limayem, M., Hirt, S.G., & Chin, W.W. (2001). Intention does not always matter: the contingent role of habit on IT usage behaviour. ECIS 2001 Proceedings, 56. Lind, E. A. (2001). Fairness heuristic theory: Justice judgments as pivotal cognitions in organizational relations. Advances in organizational justice, 56(8). Liu, C., Spector, P.E., & Shi, L. (2007). Cross-national job stress: A quantitative and qualitative study. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 28, 209–239. Liu, J., Siu, O. L., & Shi, K. (2010). Transformational leadership and employee well‐ being: The mediating role of trust in the leader and self‐efficacy. Applied Psychology, 59(3), 454-479. Llorens, S., Schaufeli, W., Bakker, A., & Salanova, M. (2007). Does a positive gain spiral of resources, efficacy beliefs and engagement exist? Computers in human behavior, 23(1), 825-841. Lomax, R. G., & Schumacker, R. E. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Psychology press. Long, B.C.; Kahn, S.E. & Schutz, R.W. (1992). Causal model of stress and coping: Women in Management. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 39, 227–239. Lu, L., Gilmour, R., Kao, S. F., & Huang, M. T. (2006). A cross-cultural study of work/family demands, work/family conflict, and well-being: The Taiwanese vs. British. Career Development International, 11, 9-27. Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2007). How stable is happiness? Using the STARTS model to estimate the stability of life satisfaction. Journal of research in personality, 41(5), 1091-1098. Lucas, T. (2009). Justifying outcomes versus processes: Distributive and procedural justice beliefs as predictors of positive and negative affectivity. Current Psychology, 28, 249–265. Lucas, T., Zhdanova, L., Wendorf, C. A., & Alexander, S. (2013). Procedural and distributive justice beliefs for self and others: Multilevel associations with life satisfaction and self-rated health. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(4), 1325- 1341. Luszczynska, A., Gutierrez-Dona, B., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). General self-efficacy in various domains of human functioning: Evidence from five countries. International Journal of Psychology, 40(2), 80–89. Luthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. The Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 57-72. Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of organizational behavior, 23(6), 695-706. Ma, Z., Long, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., & Lam, C. K. (2017). Why do high- performance human resource practices matter for team creativity? The mediating role of collective efficacy and knowledge sharing. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 34(3), 565-586. MacKinnon, D. P., & Luecken, L. J. (2008). How and for whom? Mediation and moderation in health psychology. Health psychology, 27(2S), S99. Mafini, C., & Dlodlo, N. (2014). The relationship between extrinsic motivation, job satisfaction and life satisfaction amongst employees in a public organisation. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 40(1), 01-12. Magnus, K., Diener, E., Fujita, F., & Pavot, W. (1993). Extraversion and neuroticism as predictors of objective life events: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 65(5), 1046. Malaysia Inflation Rate (2019). Malaysia Inflation Rate | 2019 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast | News. (2019). Retrieved November 6, 2019, from https://tradingeconomics.com/malaysia/inflation-cpi Malhotra, Y., & Galletta, D. F. (1999). Extending the technology acceptance model to account for social influence: Theoretical bases and empirical validation. In Systems sciences, HICSS-32. Proceedings of the 32nd annual Hawaii international conference on IEEE, 14. Mann, C. J. (2003). Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emergency medicine journal, 20(1), 54-60. Marczyk, G., DeMatteo, D., & Festinger, D. (2005). Essentials of research design and methodology. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Marzabadi, E.A. & Tarkhorani, H. (2007). Job Stress, Job Satisfaction and Mental Health. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 1(4), 224-234. Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory. Palo Alto. Maslach, C.; Schaufeli, W.B. & Leiter, M.P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review Psychology, 52, 397–422. McCullough, G., Huebner, E. S., & Laughlin, J. E. (2000). Life events, self‐concept, and adolescents' positive subjective well‐being. Psychology in the Schools, 37(3), 281-290. Mellenbergh, G. J. (2008). Tests and questionnaires Analysis. Advising on research methods: A consultant's companion, 235-268. Meng, F., Zhang, J. & Huang, Z. (2014). Perceived organizational health as a mediator for job expectations: a multidimensional integrated model. Public Personnel Management, 43(3), 355-370. Miao, C. F., & Evans, K. R. (2013). The interactive effects of sales control systems on salesperson performance: a job demands–resources perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41(1), 73-90. Michel, J.S., Mitchelson, J.K., Kotrba, L.M., LeBreton, J.M. & Baltes, B.B. (2009), “A comparative test of work-family conflict models and critical examination of work-family linkages”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(2), 199-218. Miller, J. (2016),"The well-being and productivity link: a significant opportunity for research-into-practice", Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 3(3), 289 – 311. Moorman, R. H. (1991). Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship? Journal of applied psychology, 76(6), 845. Muanya, C. & Ezea, S. (2017). Worrisome rising cases of suicides in Nigeria. The Guardian Saturday Magazine, https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/worrisome-rising-cases-of-suicide-in-nigeria/ Munir, F., Nielsen, K., Garde, A. H., Albertsen, K., & Carneiro, I. G. (2012). Mediating the effects of work–life conflict between transformational leadership and health‐care workers’ job satisfaction and psychological wellbeing. Journal of nursing management, 20(4), 512-521. Muurlink, O., & Poyatos Matas, C. (2010). A higher degree of stress: academic wellbeing in higher education, 60. National Bureau of Statistics (NBS, 2016). The federal government of Nigeria. NBTE (2016). List of Federal Government owned Polytechnics in Nigeria. Available at http://www.nbte.gov.ng/inst_01.html Ndjaboué, R., Brisson, C., & Vézina, M. (2012). Organisational justice and mental health: a systematic review of prospective studies. Occup Environ Med, 69(10), 694-700. Nel, T., Stander, M. W., & Latif, J. (2015). Investigating positive leadership, psychological empowerment, work engagement and satisfaction with life in a chemical industry. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 41(1), 1-13. Neuman, J. H., & Baron, R. A. (2005). Aggression in the workplace: A social- psychological perspective. Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets, 7, 13-40. Neuman, S. P. (2003). Maximum likelihood Bayesian averaging of uncertain model predictions. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 17(5), 291-305. Newman, J. E., & Beehr, T. A. (1979). Personal and organizational strategies for handling job stress: A review of research and opinion. Personnel Psychology, 32(1), 1-43. Nga, L. P., & Alib, H. (2014). The influence of core self-evaluations and work-life enrichment on work engagement: Job demands as moderator. Message from Utar president, 58. Nguyen, L. (2013). Canadian economy loses $16.6 Billion annually due to absenteeism: Conference Board, The Star. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com/business/economy/2013/09/23/absenteeism_cost_canada_lost_166_billion_study.html Nicklin, J. M., McNall, L. A., Cerasoli, C. P., Strahan, S. R., & Cavanaugh, J. A. (2014). The role of overall organizational justice perceptions within the four-dimensional framework. Social Justice Research, 27(2), 243-270. Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993). Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management journal, 36(3), 527-556. Nielsen, K., & Munir, F. (2009). How do transformational leaders influence followers’ affective well-being? Exploring the mediating role of self-efficacy. Work & Stress, 23(4), 313-329. Nielsen, K., Nielsen, M. B., Ogbonnaya, C., Känsälä, M., Saari, E., & Isaksson, K. (2017). Workplace resources to improve both employee well-being and performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Work & Stress, 31(2), 101-120. Nielsen, K., Randall, R., Yarker, J., & Brenner, S. O. (2008). The effects of transformational leadership on followers’ perceived work characteristics and psychological well-being: A longitudinal study. Work & Stress, 22(1), 16-32. Nielsen, K., Yarker, J., Randall, R., & Munir, F. (2009). The mediating effects of team and self-efficacy on the relationship between transformational leadership, and job satisfaction and psychological well-being in healthcare professionals: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. International journal of nursing studies, 46(9), 1236-1244. Noor, N. M. (1999). Roles and women's well-being: Some preliminary findings from Malaysia. Sex Roles, 41, 123-145. Noor, N. M. (2006). Malaysian women‟s state of wellbeing: Empirical validation of conceptual model. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146, 95-115. Northouse, P. G. (2007). Transformational leadership. Leadership: Theory and practice, 4, 175-206. NUC (2016). List of Federal Universities in Nigeria. Retrieved from http://nuc.edu.ng/nigerian-univerisities/federal-univeristies/ Obi, P. (2016). In one fell swoop, federal government sacks 13 university Vice Chancellors, This Day Nigeria Newspaper, https://allafrica.com/stories/201602150974.html Offem, O. O., Anashie, A. I., & Aniah, S.A. (2018). Effect of strike on management and planning of educational activities in Nigerian universities. Global Journal of Educational Research, 17, 1-8. Doi: 10.4314/giedr.v17i1.1 Ofoegbu F., & Nwadiani, M. (2006). Level of stress among lecturers in Nigerian universities. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 33(1), 66-75. Ohana, M. (2014). A multilevel study of the relationship between organizational justice and affective commitment: The moderating role of organizational size and tenure. Personnel Review, 43(5), 654-671. Okojie, J. (2013). Quality Assurance and the Challenges of Mandate Delivery in Nigerian Universities. Lecture delivered at the 18th Convocation Ceremony of Lagos State University, Lagos, February 19th. Ongori, H., & Agolla, J. E. (2008). Occupational stress in organizations and its effects on organizational performance. Journal of Management Research, 8(3), 123. Oropo, K.T. (2016). Federal government sacks 13 Vice Chancellors of universities, The Guardian Nigeria Newspaper, https://allafrica.com/stories/201602151449.html Oyewunmi, A. E., Oyewunmi, O. A., Iyiola, O. O., & Ojo, A. Y. (2015). Mental health and the Nigerian workplace: Fallacies, facts and the way forward. International Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 7(7), 106-111. Page, K. M., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2009). The ‘what’, ‘why’ and ‘how’ of employee well-being: A new model. Social Indicators Research, 90(3), 441- 458. Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS 4th ed. New York, NY: Open University Press. Pallant, J. F., & Tennant, A. (2007). An introduction to the Rasch measurement model: an example using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(1), 1-18.