Information and communication technology adoption among small and medium enterprises in the northern region of Malaysia

Malaysian small and medium enterprises (SMEs) still have not fully utilized the information and communications technology (ICT) tools to their fullest potential. Hence, there is a need to determine the factors that contribute to ICT adoption among SMEs. This study was undertaken to examine the varia...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Mathivannan, Jaganathan
Format:	Thesis
Language:	eng eng
Published:	2019
Subjects:	T58.5-58.64 Information technology
Online Access:	https://etd.uum.edu.my/8119/1/s94375_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/8119/2/s94375_02.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-uum-etd.8119
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection	UUM ETD
language	eng eng
advisor	Ishak, Khairol Anuar
topic	T58.5-58.64 Information technology
spellingShingle	T58.5-58.64 Information technology Mathivannan, Jaganathan Information and communication technology adoption among small and medium enterprises in the northern region of Malaysia
description	Malaysian small and medium enterprises (SMEs) still have not fully utilized the information and communications technology (ICT) tools to their fullest potential. Hence, there is a need to determine the factors that contribute to ICT adoption among SMEs. This study was undertaken to examine the variables that contribute to the ICT adoption among the SMEs in Malaysia by examining the relationships between relative advantage, security, compatibility, complexity, cost and environmental pressure (normative, mimetic and coercive) and JCT adoption. Additionally, government support was examined as a moderator. The triangulation theory approach, which integrates technology-organization environment, diffusion of innovation and the institutional theory was used to explain the relationships between the variables. A total of 183 owners-managers of SMEs, representing a response rate of 47.6 percent, participated in this study. The data was collected via self administered questionnaires, and PLS-SEM was used to analyze them and test the hypotheses. Statistical results indicated that relative advantage and security are positively related while complexity is negatively related to ICT adoption. Conversely, compatibility, cost and environmental pressure (normative, mimetic and coercive) are not related to ICT adoption. Moreover, the moderating test result reveals that government support only moderates the relationship between security, compatibility, complexity and cost, and ICT adoption. Conversely, no empirical support is found for the moderating effect of government support on the relationship between relative advantage and environmental pressure, and ICT adoption. The major theoretical contribution of this research is that it examines environmental pressure as a multidimensional independent variable. Besides that, the study also examines the role of government support as a moderating variable. This study also provides some suggestions to SMEs, policy-makers, ICT support system developers and vendors on ways to improve existing plan and policies for encouraging ICT adoption among SMEs. Finally, recommendations for future research are discussed.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Mathivannan, Jaganathan
author_facet	Mathivannan, Jaganathan
author_sort	Mathivannan, Jaganathan
title	Information and communication technology adoption among small and medium enterprises in the northern region of Malaysia
title_short	Information and communication technology adoption among small and medium enterprises in the northern region of Malaysia
title_full	Information and communication technology adoption among small and medium enterprises in the northern region of Malaysia
title_fullStr	Information and communication technology adoption among small and medium enterprises in the northern region of Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed	Information and communication technology adoption among small and medium enterprises in the northern region of Malaysia
title_sort	information and communication technology adoption among small and medium enterprises in the northern region of malaysia
granting_institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department	School of Business Management
publishDate	2019
url	https://etd.uum.edu.my/8119/1/s94375_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/8119/2/s94375_02.pdf
_version_	1747828329873932288
spelling	my-uum-etd.81192022-10-06T02:12:26Z Information and communication technology adoption among small and medium enterprises in the northern region of Malaysia 2019 Mathivannan, Jaganathan Ishak, Khairol Anuar School of Business Management School of Business Management T58.5-58.64 Information technology Malaysian small and medium enterprises (SMEs) still have not fully utilized the information and communications technology (ICT) tools to their fullest potential. Hence, there is a need to determine the factors that contribute to ICT adoption among SMEs. This study was undertaken to examine the variables that contribute to the ICT adoption among the SMEs in Malaysia by examining the relationships between relative advantage, security, compatibility, complexity, cost and environmental pressure (normative, mimetic and coercive) and JCT adoption. Additionally, government support was examined as a moderator. The triangulation theory approach, which integrates technology-organization environment, diffusion of innovation and the institutional theory was used to explain the relationships between the variables. A total of 183 owners-managers of SMEs, representing a response rate of 47.6 percent, participated in this study. The data was collected via self administered questionnaires, and PLS-SEM was used to analyze them and test the hypotheses. Statistical results indicated that relative advantage and security are positively related while complexity is negatively related to ICT adoption. Conversely, compatibility, cost and environmental pressure (normative, mimetic and coercive) are not related to ICT adoption. Moreover, the moderating test result reveals that government support only moderates the relationship between security, compatibility, complexity and cost, and ICT adoption. Conversely, no empirical support is found for the moderating effect of government support on the relationship between relative advantage and environmental pressure, and ICT adoption. The major theoretical contribution of this research is that it examines environmental pressure as a multidimensional independent variable. Besides that, the study also examines the role of government support as a moderating variable. This study also provides some suggestions to SMEs, policy-makers, ICT support system developers and vendors on ways to improve existing plan and policies for encouraging ICT adoption among SMEs. Finally, recommendations for future research are discussed. 2019 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/8119/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/8119/1/s94375_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/8119/2/s94375_02.pdf text eng public phd doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdul Tawab Khalil, M., Dominic, P. D. D., Hassan, M. f., & Kazemian, H. (2012). Perceived usefulness elevating responsiveness of SME Employees in Digital Business Ecosystem environment. In 2012 International Conference on Computer and information Science, JCCIS 2012 - A Conference of World Engineering, Science and Technology Congress, ESTCON 2012 - (Vol. 1, pp. 160-163). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCISci.2012.6297231 Abdullah, F., Ward, R., & Ahmed, E. (2016). Investigating the influence of the most commonly used external variables of TAM on students' Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and Perceived Usefulness (PU) of e-portfolios. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 75-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.014 Abdullah, N. H., Wahab, E., & Shamsuddin, A. (2013). Exploring the Common Technology Adoption Enablers among Malaysian SMEs: Qualitative Findings. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 3(4), 78-92. https://doi.org/10.5539/jms.v3n4p78 Abdullah, T. M. C., & Hussin, Z. (2010). Moderating Effects of Government Assis tance & Turnaround Strategies : A Research On Private Manufacturing Companies. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 7(6), 64-73. Aboelmaged, M. G. (2010). Predicting e-procurement adoption in a developing country: An empirical integration of technology acceptance model and theory of planned behaviour. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 110(3), 392-4 14. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571011030042 Aboelmaged, M. G. (2014). Predicting e-readiness at firm-level: An analysis of technological, organizational and environmental (TOE) effects one-maintenance readiness in manufacturing firms. International Journal of Information Management, 34(5), 639-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2014.05.002 Abou-Shouk, M., Lim, W. M., & Megicks, P. (2013). E-Commerce and Small Tourism Businesses in Developing Countries: Drivers versus Boundaries of Adoption. Tourism Planning & Development, 10(3), 249-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2012.747983 Acarli, D. S., & Saglam, Y. (2015). Investigation of Pre-service Teachers' Intentions to Use of Social Media in Teaching Activities within the Framework of Technology Acceptance Model. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 176, 709-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.530 ACCCIM, SME Survey. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.acccim.org.my/file/2012SMEEN.pdf Ackerman, M. S., & Davis, D. T. (2001). Privacy and Security Issues in E-Commerce. IEEE Transactionson Computers, C-25(12), 1353-1361. Ahmad, S. Z., Abu Bakar, A. R., Faziharudean, T. M., & Mohamad Zaki, K. A. (2014a). An Empirical Study of Factors Affecting e-Commerce Adoption among Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises in a Developing Country: Evidence from Malaysia. Information Technology for Development, 2/(May 2015), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2014.899961 Ahmad, S. Z., Abu Bakar, A. R., Faziharudean, T. M., & Mohamad Zaki, K. A. (2014b). An Empirical St udy of Factors Affecting e-Commerce Adoption among Small- and Medium-Si zed Enterprises in a Developing Country: Evidence from Malaysia. Information Technology for Development, 1102(May 2015), 1-18. https ://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2014.899961 Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Orgnizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. EnglewoodCliffs NY Prentice Hall. https://doi.org/Z Akturan, U., & Tezcan, N. (2012). Mobile banking adoption of the youth market: Perceptions and intentions. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 30(4), 444-459. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634501211231928 Al-qirim, N. (2006). Personas of E-Commerce Adoption in Small Businesses in New Zealand. Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations, 4(3), 17-45. Al-Qirim, N. (2007a). A Research Trilogy into E-Commerce Adoption in Small Businesses in New Zealand. Electronic Markets, 17(4), 263- 285. https://doi.org/10.1080/10196780701635872 Al-Qirim, N. (2007b). The adoption of eCommerce communications and applications technologies in small businesses in New Zealand. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 6(4), 462-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2007.02.012 Al-zoubi, A. I., & Lip-Sam, T. (2011). E=Governme nt Adoption Among Businesses in Jordan. Academic Research Internationa, 1(1), 141-156. Al-zoubi, A. I., & Thi, L. S. (2011). E-Govemment Adoption Among Businesses in Jordan. Academic Research Internationa, 1(1), 141-156. Al-zoubi, A. I., Thi, L. S., & Lim, H. E. (2011). Analysis of E-govemment Adoption and Organization Performance in The Jordan usiness Sector. Academic Research International, 1(3), 334-348. Alain Yee, L. C., Keng Boon, O., Lin, B., & Raman, M. (2009). Factors Affecting the Adoption Level of C-Commerce: an Empirical Study. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 50(2), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2009.11645380 Alam, S. S. (2009). Adoption of internet in Malaysian SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16(2), 240-255. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000910956038 Alam, S. S., Ali, Y., & Jani, M. F. M. (2011). An Empirical Study of Factors Affecting Elect ronic Commerce Adoption among SMEs in Malaysia. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 12(2), 375. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.576749 Alam, S. S., Khatibi, A., Ahmad, M. I. S., & Ismail, H. Bin. (2007). Factors affecting e-commerce adoption in the electronic manufacturing companies in Malaysia. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 17(1/2), 125-139. https://doi.org/10.1108/10569210710776503 Alam, S. S., & Noor, M. K. M. (2009). ICT adoption in Small and Medium Enterprises: An empirical evidence of service sectors in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(2), 112-125. Alan, C., Annear, J., Beck, E., & Beveren, J. Van. (2009). A framework for the adoption of ICT and security technologies by SME's. In 16th Annual Conference of Small Enterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand (pp. 1-10). Retrieved from http://www.cric.com.au/seaanz/resources/62Anneareta/Final.pdf AlBar, A. M., & Hoque, M. R. (2017). Factors affecting the adoption of information and communication technology in small and medium enterprises: a perspective from rural Saudi Arabia. Information Technology for Development, 0(0), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2017.1390437 AlBar, A. M., & Hoque, M. R. (2019). Factors affecting cloud ERP adoption in Saudi Arabia: An empirical study. Information Development, 35(1), 150-164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666917735677 Albayrak, T., Aksoy, Ş., & Caber, M. (2013). The effect of environmental concern and scepticism on green purchase behaviour. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 31(1), 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634501311292902 Aleke, B., Ojiako, U., & Wainwright, D. W. (2011a). ICT adoption in developing countries: pe rspectives from small-scale agribusinesses. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 24(1), 68-84. Aleke, B., Ojiako, U., & Wainwright, D. W. (2011b). ICT adoption in developing countries: perspectives from small-scale agribusinesses. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 24(1), 68-84. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410391111097438 Ali, O., Soar, J., & Yong, J. (2016). An investigation of the challenges and issues influencing the adoption of cloud computing in Australian regional municipal governments. Journal of Information Security and Applications, 27-28, 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2015.11.006 Alkhater, N., Walters, R., & Wills, G. (2018). An empirical study of factors influencing cloud adoption among private sector organisations. Telematics and Informatics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.09.017 Alkhater, N., Wills, G., & Walters, R. (2014). Factors Influencing an Organisation's Intention to Adopt Cloud Computing in Saudi Arabia. In 2014 IEEE 6th International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (pp. 1040-1044). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CloudCorn.2014.95 Alqahtani, S., & Wamba, S. F. (2012). Determinants of RFID technology adoption intention in the Saudi retail industry: Empirical study. In 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 4720-4729). https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2012.202 AlSharji, A., Ahmad, S. Z., & Abu Bakar, A. R. (2018). Understanding social media adoption in SMEs: Empirical evidence from the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 10(2), 302-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-08-2017-0058 Alzougool, B., & Kurnia, S. (2008). Electronic Commerce Technologies Adoption by SMEs : A Conceptual Study. In Australasian Conference on Information Systems (pp. 1-10). Aman, A. H. L., Harun, A., & Hussein, Z. (2012). The Influence of Environmental Knowledge and Concern on Green Purchase Intention the Role of Attitude as a Mediating Variable. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 7(II), 2046-9578. Retrieved from http://www.bjournal.co.uk/BJASS.aspx Aman, O., & Tahir, N. H. (2011). The success factors of food small medium entrepreneurs under the one district one industry programme: A case on food manufacturing entrepreneurs in Melaka. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 44-64. Apulu, I., & Latham, A. (2009). Information and Communication Technology Adoption : Challenges for Nigerian SMEs. TMC Academic Journal, 4(2), 64-80. Apulu, I., Latham, A., & Moreton, R. (2011). Factors affecting the effective utilisation and adoption of sophisticated ICT solutions. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 13(2), 125-143. https://doi.org/10.1108/13287261111135972 Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Pssychology, 40, 471-499. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939 Arpaci, I., Kilicer, K., & Bardakci, S. (2015). Effects of security and privacy concerns on educational use of cloud services. Computers in Human Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.075 Arpaci, I., Yardimci, Y. C., Ozkan, S., & Turetken, O. (2012). Organizational Adoption of Information Technologies: a Literature Review. International Journal of EBusiness and EGovernment Studies, 4(2), 37-50. Arshad Raza, S., & Standing, C. (2010). Towards a systemic model on information systems' adoption using critical systems thinking. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 12(3), 196-209. https://doi.org/10.1108/13287261011070821 Awa, Hart O, Eze, S. C., Urieto, J.E., & lnyang, B. J. (2011). Upper echelon theory (UET). Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 13(2), 144-162. https://doi.org/10.1108/13287261111135981 Awa, Hart Okorie, Ojiabo, O. U., & Emecheta, B. C. (2015). Integrating TAM, TPB and TOE frameworks and expanding their characteristic constructs for ecommerce adoption by SMEs. Journal of Science & Technology Policy Management, 6(8), 76-94. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-04-2014-0012 Awiagah, R., Kang, J., & Lim, J. I. (2015). Factors affecting e-commerce adoption among SMEs in Ghana. Information Development, 32(4), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666915571427 Ayong, K. T., & Naidoo, R. (2019). Modeling the adoption of cloud computing to assess South African SMEs: An integrated perspective. In Proceedings of 4th International Conference on the Internet, Cyber Security and Information Systems 201 (Vol. 12, pp. 43-56). Azadegan, A., & Teich, J. (2010). Effective benchmarking of innovation adoptions: A theoretical framework for e-procurement technologies. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 17(4), 472-490. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635771011060558 Azam, M. S., & Quaddus, M. (2012). Effects of Internal and External Factors on Internet-Based Digital Technology Usage by SMEs in a Developing Country. Communications of the IIMA, 12(4). Baller, S., Dutta, S., & Lanvin, B. (2016). The global information technology report 2016:Jnnovating in the digital economy. Retrieved from www.weforum.org/gitr Bandura, A., Adams, N. E., Hardy, A. B., & Howells, G. N. (1980). Tests of the generality of self-efficacy theory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4(1), 39-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01173354 Barba-Sanchez, V. (2007). Drivers, benefits and challenges of ICT adoption by small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs): A literature review. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 5(1), 103-114. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/download/30924479/PPM_EN_2007_01_BarbaSanchez.pdf Bayo-Moriones, A., Billon, M., & Lera-Lopez, F. (2013). Perceived performance effects of ICT in manufacturing SMEs. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 113(1), 117-135. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570710734262 Bayo-Moriones, A., & Pez, F. L.-L. (2007). A firm-level analysis of determinants of ICT adoption in Spain. Technovation, 27(6-7), 352-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2007.01.003 Beale, M. (1999). Survey Reveals Consumer Concern Over E-Commerce Security Issues. Retrieved June 25, 2016, from http://www.ecomrnercetimes.com/story/1981.html Beatty, R. C., Shim, J. P., & Jones, M. C. (200l ). Factors Influencing Corporate Web Site Adoption: A Time Based Assessment. Information and Management, 38, 337-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(00)00064-1 Becker, J. M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M. (2012). Hierarchical Latent Variable Models in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for Using Reflective-Formative Type Models. Long Range Planning, 45(5-6), 359-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2012.10.001 Beckinsale, M., Levy, M., Powell, P., Beckinsale, M., & Levy, M. (2006). Exploring internet drivers in SMEs. Electronic Markets, 16(4), 361-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/10196780600999841 Bennett, J. A. (1997). A case for theory triangulation. Nursing Science Quarterly, 10(2), 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1177/07399863870092005 Bergoeing, R., Loayza, N. V, & Piguillem, F. (2010). Why are developing countries so slow in adopting new technologies? The aggregate and complementary impact of micro distortions. Bhattacherjee, a., & Sanford, C. (2009). The intention-behaviour gap in technology usage: the moderating role of attitude strength. Behaviour & Information Technology, 28(4), 389-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290802121230 Birmingham, P., & Wilkin son, D. (2003). Using Research lnstruments: A Guide for Researchers. Routledge. Bordonaba-Juste, V., Lucia-Palacios, L., & Polo-Redondo, Y. (2012). Antecedents and consequences of e-business adoption for European retailers. Internet Research, 22(5), 532-550. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662241211271536 Boumediene, R., & Kawalek, P. (2008). Predicting SMEs Willingness to Adopt ERP, CRM, SCM & E-Procurement Systems. In 16th European Conference on Information Systems, ECIS 2008 (pp. 961-973). Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology (Vol. 1). https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301 Broos, A., & Roe, K. (2006). The digital divide in the playstation generation: Selfefficacy, locus of control and ICT adoption among adolescents. Poetics, 34(4-5), 306-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2006.05.002 Building an inclusive digital future. (2016). Retrieved August 10, 2016, from http://mdec.my/building-an-inclusive-digital-future Busli, C., & Al-Hawamdeh, S. (2002). The development of e-commerce in Singapore: The impact of government initiatives. Business Process Management Journal, 8(3), 278-288. https://doi.org/10.1108/14637150210428970 Caldeira, M. M., & Ward, J. M. (2003). Using resource-based theory to interpret the successful adoption and use of information systems and technology in manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises. European Journal of Information Systems, 12(2), 127-141. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000454 Carroll, W. R., & Wagar, T. H. (2003). Is there a relationship between information technology adoption and human resource management? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 17(2), 218-229. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001011041229 Cavusogl u, H., Cavusoglu, H., Son, J.-Y., & Benbasat, I. (2015). Institutional pressures in security management: Direct and indirect influences on organizational investment in information security control resources. Information & Management, 52(4), 385-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2014.12.004 Chan, F. T. S., Alain, Y.-L. C., & Zhou, L. (2012). An empirical investigation of factors affecting e-collaboration diffusion in SMEs. International Journal of Production Economics, 138(2), 329-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2012.04.004 Chan, F. T. S., & Chong, A. Y.-L. (2013). Determinants of mobile supply chain management system diffusion: a structural equation analysis of manufacturing firms. International Journal of Production Research, 51(4), 1196-1213. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2012.693961 Chan, Y. E., Huff, S. L., Barclay, D. W., & Copeland, D. G. (1997). Business Strategic Orientation, Information Systems Strategic Orientation, and Strategic Alignment. Information Systems Research, 8(2), 125-150. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.8.2.125 Chandra, S., .& Kumar, K. N. (2018). Exploring factors influencing organizational adoption of augmented reality in e-commerce: empirkal • analysis using technology-organization environment model. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 19(3), 237-265. Chang, H. H., & Chen, S. W. (2009). Consumer perception of interface quality, security, and loyalty in electronic commerce. Information and Management, 46(7), 411-417. https://doi.org/l0.1016/j.im.2009.08.002 Chege, S. M., Wang, D., & Suntu, S. L. (2019). Impact of information technology innovation on firm performance in Kenya. Information Technology for Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2019.1573717 Chen, L., & Holsapple, C. W. (2013). E-business adoption research:State of the the art. Journal of Electronc Commerce, 14(3), 261-286. Cheong, T. Y., Sulaiman, A., & Parveen, F. (2009). Internet Adoption Among Malaysian Companies. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, 10(2), 166-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/10599230902885713 Chiemeke, S., & Evwiekpaefe, A. (2011). A conceptual framework of a modified unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) Model with Nigerian factors in E-commerce adoption. Educational Research, 2(December), 1719-1726. Retrieved from http://interesjourn.org/ER/pdf/2011/December/Chiemeke and Evwiekpaefe.pdf Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (pp. 295-336). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Chin, W. W. (2010). How to Write Up and Report PLS Analyses. In V. E. Vinzi, W. W. C hin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares (pp. 655-690). Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York: Springer. https://doi.o rg/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8_29 Chin, W.W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P.R. (2003). A Partial Least Squares Late nt Variabl e Modeling Apprnach for Measuring Interaction Effects: Results from a Monte Carlo Simulation Study and an Electronic-Mail Emotion/Adoption Study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189-217. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.14.2.189.16018 Chiyangwa, T. B., & (Trish) Alexander, P. M.(2016). Rapidly co-evolving technology adoption and diffusion models. Telematics and Informatics, 33(1), 56-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.05.004 Chong, A. Y.-L., Ooi, K.-B., Lin, B., & Tang, S. Y. (2009a). Influence of interorganizational relationships on SMEs' e-business adoption. Internet Research, 19(3), 313-331. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662240910965379 Chong, A Y.-L., Ooi, K.-B., Lin, B., & Tang, S. Y. (2009b). Influence of intemrganizational relationships on SMEs' e-business adoption. Internet Research, 19(3), 313-331. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662240910965379 Chong, W. K., Man, K. L., Chen, C., & Lai, H. Y. (2011). Design and Development of B2B e-Commerce Framework for Malaysian SMEs. Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, II, 16-19. Churchill, G.. (1999). Marketing research methodological foundations. Fort Worth: T: The Dryden Press. Chwelos, P., Benbasat, I., & Dexter, A. S. (2001). Empirical Test of an EDI Adoption Model. Information System Research, 12(3), 304-321. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Science (2nd Edition). ln Statistical Power Anaylsis for the Behavioural Science (2nd ed.). Routledge. Cooper, R. B., & Zmud, R. W. (1990). lnfonnation Technology Implementation Research: A Technological Diffusion Approach. Management Science, 36(2), 123-139. Corley, K., & Gioia, D. (2011). Building theory about theory building: What constitutes a theoretical contribution? Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 12-32. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.0486 Creswell, J.W. (1994). Research Design:Qualitative and Quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Creswell, John W., & Creswell, D. J. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (2nd Edition). Organizational Research Methods . Cripps, H. (2009). Enablers and impediments to IT adoption in business relationships Evidence from Australia and Finland, 11(2), 185-200. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 13287260910955138 Cruz-Jes us, F., Pinheiro, A., & Oliveira, T. (2019). Understanding CRM adoption stages: empirical analysis building on the TOE framework. Computers in Industry, 109, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2019.03.007 Currivan, D. B. (2011). Sampling frame. (M. S. Lewis-Beck, A. Bryman, & T. F. L. Book, Eds.). Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412950589.n884 Damanpour, F., & Schneider, M. (2006). Phases of the Adoptjon of Innovation in Organizations: Effects of Environment, Organization and Top Managers. British Journal of Management, 17(3), 215-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00498.x Darbanhosseiniamirkhiz, M., & Wan Ismail, W. K. (2012). Advancea Manufacturing Technology Adoption in SMEs: an Integrative Model. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 7(4), 112-120. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242012000400009 David, Y. K. T. (2009). A study of e-recruitment technology adoption in Malaysia. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 109(2), 281-300. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570910930145 Davis, F. D. (1986). A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end user information systems: Theory and results. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness , perceived ease of use and user acceptance. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-339. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008 Davis, F. D., & Morris, M. G. (2007). Dead or alive? The development,trajectory and future of technology adoption research. Journal of the Association for Informaiton Systems, 8(4), 267- 286. de Burca, S., Fynes, B., & Marshall, D. (2005). Strategic technology adoption: extending ERP across the supply chain. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 18(4), 427-440. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410390510609581 Dimaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2095101 Doh, S., & Kim, B. (2014). Government support for SME innovations in the regional industries: The case of government financial support program in South Korea. Research Policy, 43(9), 1557-1569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.05.001 Duffy, S. (2010). Factors Influencing Technology Adoption Amongst Tourism SMEs. In Tourism and Hospitality Research in Ireland Conference (pp. 1-23). Dunt, E. S., & Harper, I. R. (2002). E-Commerce and the Australian Economy. Economic Record, 78(242), 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4932.00061 Dyerson, R., Spinelli, R., & G. Harindranath. (2016). Revisiting IT readiness:An approach fro small firms. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(7), 546-563. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570710734262 Economic and Financial Developments in the Malaysian Economy in the First Quarter of 2018. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=en_publication&pg=en_qb&ac=173&lang=en&uc=2 El Kadiri, S.,t Grabot, B.,. T hoben, K. D., Hribemik, K., Emma nouilidis, C., Von Cieminski, G., & Kiritsis, D. (2016). Current trends on ICT technologies for enterprise information systems. Computers in Industry, 79, 14-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2015.06.008 Elbeltagi, I., Sharji, Y. Al, & Elsetouhi, A. (2013). The Role of the Owner-Manager in SMEs' Adoption oflnformation and Communication Technology in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Global Information Mana gement, 21 (June), 23-50. https://doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2013040102 Eleventh Malaysia Plan:Driving ICT in the Knowledge Economy. (2015). Retrieved from http://rmk11.epu.gov.my/pdf/strategy-paper/Strategy Paper 15.pdf Eze, S. C., Olatunji, S., Chinedu-Eze, V. C., & Bello, A. O. (2018). Key success factors influencing SME managers' information behaviour on emerging ICT (EICT) adoption decision-making in UK SMEs. Bottom Line. https://doi.org/10.1108/BL-02-2018-0008 Fallis, A.. (2013). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. Journal of Chemical information and Modeling (Vol. 53). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Farhoomand, A. (2009). Study on ICT Adoption in Hong Kong SMEs. Office of the Government Chief Information Officer The Government of Hong Kong. Retrieved from http://www.digital21.gov.hk/eng/statistics/download/Adoption Study Final Report (web Version).pdf Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using GPower 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). GPower 3: a flexible statistical power analys is program for the social, behavioral, and bio medical sciences. Behavior Research Methods. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An i ntroduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. https://doi.org /10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Folorunso, O., Vincent, R. O., Adekoya, F. A., & Ogunde, A. O. (2009). Diffusion of Innovation in Social Networking Sites among University Students. International Journal of Computer Science and Security, 4(3), 361-372. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Mark eting Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312 Forth, J., & Mason, G. (2004). lnformation and Communication Technology (ICT) Adoption and Utilisation, Skill Constraints and Firm- Level Performance : Evidence from UK Benchmarking Surveys, 1-40. Fyrberg, ,A., & foriado, R. ,(2009). What about interaction?: Networks and brands as integratorsrwithin service-dominant logic. Journal of Service Management, 20( 4), 420-432. https://doi.org/10.1108/09564230910978511 Gangwar, H., Date, H., & Raoot, A. D. (2014). Revie w on IT adoption: insights from recent technologies. Journal of Enterprise information Management, 27(4), 488-502. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-08-2012-0047 Gao, T., Leichter, G., & Wei, Y. (Susan). (2012). Countervailing effects of value and risk perceptions in manufacturers' adoption of expensive, discontinuous innovations. Industrial Marketing Management, 41(4), 659-668. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2011.09.014 Gao, T. T., Leichter, G., & Wei, Y. S. (2012) . Countervailing effects of value and risk perceptions in manufacturers' adoption of expensive, discontinuous innovations. Industrial Marketing Management, 41(4), 659-668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2011.09.014 Gay, L. R., & Diehl, P. L. (2017). Research Methods for Busines s and Management. Research Methods for Business and Management. New York: Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.23912/978-1-910158-51-7-2736 Gharavi, H., Love, P. E. D., & Cheng, E. W. L. (2004). Information and communication technology in the stockbroking industry: an evolutionary approach to the diffusion of innovation. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 104(9), 756-765. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570410567748 Ghobakhloo, M., Arias-Aranda, D., & Benitez- Amado, J. (2011). Adoption of ecommerce applications in SMEs. Industrial Management & Data Systems (Vol. 111). https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571111170785 Ghobakhloo, M., Hong, T. S., Sabouri, M. S., & Zulkifli, N. (2012). Strategies for Successful Information Technology Adoption in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises. Informati on, 3(1), 36-67. https://doi.org/10.3390/info3010036 Ghoba kh loo , M., Sabouri, M. S., Tang, S. H., & Zulkifli, N. (2011). Information Technolog y Adoption in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises; An Appraisal of Two Decades Lite rature. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1(7), 53-80. Gholami, R., Sulaiman, A. B., Ramayah, T., & Molla, A. (2013). Senior managers' percept io n on green information systems (IS) adoption and environmental performance: Results from a field survey. Information & Management, 50(7), 431-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2013.01.004 Gibbs, J., & Kraemer, K. (2004). A cross-country investigation of the determinants of scope of e-commerce use: An institution al approach. Electronic Markets, 14(2), 124-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/10196780410001675077 Gilaninia, S., Moasavian, S. J., Omidvari, N., Bakhshalipour, A., Bakhshalipour, A., Eftekhari, F., & Seighalani, F. Z. (2012). The Role of ICT in Perfomnance of Small and Medium Enterprises. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(9), 833-839. Gill, S. S., Tuli, S., Xu, M., Singh, I., Singh, K. V., Lindsay, D.,... Garraghan, P. (2019). Transformative Effects of lo T, Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence on Cloud Computing: Evolution, Vision, Trends and Open Challenges. Internet of Things, 100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2019.100118 Giotopoulos, I., Kontolairnou, A., Korra, E., & Tsakanikas, A. (2017). What drives ICT adoption by SMEs? Evidence from a large-scale survey in Greece. Journal of Business Research, 81(August), 60-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.08.007 Golding, P., Donaldson, O., Tennant, V., & Black, K. (2008). an Analysis of Factors Affecting the Adoption of kt By Msmes in Rural and Urban Jamaica. ECIS 2008 Proceedings Website, 237. Grewal, R., & Dharwadkar, R. (2002). The Role of the Institutional Environment in Marketing Channels. Journal of Marketing, 66(3), 82-97. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.66.3.82.18504 Gusaptono, R. H., Effendi, M. I., & Charibaldi, N. (2012). The Infom1ation Technology (IT) Adoption Process and E- Readiness to Use within Yogyakarta Indonesian Small Medium Enterprises (SME). JICT-lnternational Journal of Information and Communication Technology Research , 2(1), 29-37. Gye-Soo, K. (2016). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling(PLS-SEM): An application in Customer Satisfaction Research. International Journal of U and e- Service, Science and Technology, 9(4), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijunesst.2016.9.4.07 H. Zaied, A. N. (2012). Barners to E-Commerce Adoption in Egyptian SMEs. International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic Business, 4(3), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.5815/ijieeb.2012.03.02 Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publisher, 1-329. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128 Hair, Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Prentice Hall. Hair, F. J., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M.(2014). A Primer on Partial least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.002 Hair, J., Celsi, M., Money, A., Samouel, P., & Page, M. (2014). Essentials of business research methods. Essentials of business research methods. Hair, J. F., Black,lW. :C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. Prentice Hall (7th ed.). Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Hult, T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106-121. Hair, J.F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling: Rigorous Applications, Better Results and Higher Acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1-2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.001 Hair, Joe F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202 Hair, Joe F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Mark eting Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6 Hair, Joseph. F, Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org /10.1108/EBR-11-201 8-0203 Hameed, M. A., & Counsell, S. (2014). Establ is hing relationships between innovation characteristics and it innovation adoption in organisations: A meta-analysis approach. International Journal of Innovation Mana gement, 18(1), 1450007. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919614500078 Hanafizadeh, P., Keating, B. W., & Khedmatgozar, H. R. (2014). A systematic review of Internet banking adoption. Telematics and informatics, 31(3), 492-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2013.04.003 Hansen, T., Jensen, J.M., & Solgaard, H. S. (2004). Predicting online grocery buying intention: A comparison of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Information Managem ent, 24(6), 539-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomg t.2004.08 .004 Harrigan, P., Schroeder, A., Qureshi, I., Fang, Y., Ibbotson, P., Ramsey, E., & Meister, D. (2010). Internet Technologies, ECRM Capabi lities, and Performance Benefits for SM Es: An Exploratory Study. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 15(2), 7-46. https://doi.org/10.2753/jec1086-441515020I Hartono, E., Holsapple, C. W., Kim, K. Y., Na, K. S., & Simpson, J. T. (2014). Measuring perceived security in B2C electronic commerce website usage: A respecification and validation. Decision Support Systems, 62, 11-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2014.02.006 Hashim, J. (2007). Information Communication Technology (ICT) Adoption Among SME Owners in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Information, 2(2), 221-240. Hashim, N. A. (2011). E-commerce and government policy initiatives for Malaysian SMEs: the need for assessment. Science and Public Policy, 38(10), 807-816. https://doi.org/10.3152/03023421IX13122939587752 Hashim, N. H., Murphy, J., Purchase, S., & O'Connor, P. (2010). Website and email adoption by Malaysian hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 194-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.05.003 Hassan, D., & Ali, S. (2012). Exploring E-commerce commerce Activity in Malaysia: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 3(10), 48-53. Haug, A., Pedersen, S. G., & Arlbjørn, J. S. (2011). IT readiness in small and mediumsized enterprises. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 111(4), 490-508. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571111133515 Haunschild, P.R., & Miner, A. S. (1997). Modes of interorganizational Imitation: The Effects of Outcome Salience and Uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(3), 472-500. Henseler, J., & Chin, W. W. (2010). A comparison of approaches for the analysis of interaction effects between latent variables using partial least squares path modeling. Structural Equation Modeling. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903439003 Henseler, J., & Fassott, G. (2010). Testing Moderating Effects in PLS Path Models: An illustration of Available Procedures. In Handbook of Partial Least Squares (pp. 713-735). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-3 2827-8_31 Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 Hill, S. R., Burgan, B., & Troshani, I. (2011). Understanding broadband adoption in rural Australia. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 111(7), 1087-1104. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571111161307 Hoejmose, S. U., Grosvold, J., & Millington, A. (2014). The effect of institutional pressure on cooperative and coercive "green" supply chain practices. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 20(4), 215-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2014.07.002 Hong, C. L. (2005). E-Commerce adoption in Brunei Darussala m: A quantitative analysis of factors influencing its adoption. Communications of the Assoaiation for Information Systems, 15, 61-81. Hoti, E. (2015). The technological, organizational and environmental framework of IS innovation adaption in small and medium enterprises. Evidence from research over the last 10 years. International Journal of Business and Management, III(4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.20472/BM.2015.3.4.001 Houghton, K. a. (2004). The Effect of Website and E-Commerce Adoption on the Relationship between SMEs and Their Export Intennediaries. International Small Business Journal, 22(4), 369-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242604044305 Hsiao, K.-L. (2013). Android smartphone adoption and intention to pay for mobile internet: Perspectives from software, hardware, design, and value. Library HiTech, 31(2), 216-235. https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831311329022 Hua, S. C., Rajesh, M. J., & Theng, L. B. (2009). Determinants of E-Commerce Adoption Among Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Malaysia. International Journal of E-Adoption, 1(4), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.4018/jea.2009100101 Huang, z., Janz, B. D., & Frolick , M. N. (2008). A Comprehensive Examination of Internet-EDI Adoption. Information Systems Management, 25(3), 273-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530802151228 Huff, S. L., & Munro, M. C. (1985). Information Technology Assessment and Adoption: A Field Study. MIS Quarterly, 9(4), 327-340. Hulland, J. ( 1999). Use of Partial Least Squares (PLS) in Strategic Management Research: A Review of Four Recent Studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195-1999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2 Huo, B., Han, Z., Zhao, X., Zhou , H., Wood, C. H., & Zhai, X. (2013). The imp act of institutional pressures on supplier integration and financial performance: Evidence from China. International Journal of Production Economics, 146(1), 82-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2013.01.013 Husnayati , H., Rafidah, M. N., & Mohd Adam, S. (2008). Perceived Attributes of ECommerce and the Adoption Decision : The Case of Malaysian SMEs. Jurnal Teknologi Maklumat & Multimedia, 5, 107-125. Retrieved from http://www.ukm.my/jitm/pdf_text/06.pdf Hussin, H., & Noor, R. M. (2005). Innova ting Business Through Ecommerce: Exploring the Willingness of Malaysian SMEs. In The Second International Conference on Innovations in IT (IIT'05) (pp. 1-10). Hussin, H., Nor, R. M., & Suhaimi, M. A. (2008). Perceived Attributes of E-Commerce and theJ Adoption Decision : The Case of Malaysian SMEs. Jurnal Teknologi Maklumat & Multimedia, 5, 107-125. Hwang, B.-N., Huang, C.-Y., & Chih-HsiungWu. (2016). A TOE approach to establish a green supply chain adoption decision model in the semiconductor industry. Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su8020168 Hwang, Y. (2010). The moderating effects of gender on e-commerce systems adoption factors: An empirical investigation. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1753-1760. https://doi.org/10.10l 6/j.chb.2010.07.002 Hyland, P. N., Harvie, C., & Macgregor, R. C. (2009). Do organisational characteristics explain the differences between drivers of ICT adoption in rural and urban general practices in Australia. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 16(1), 77-97. Iacovou, C. L., Benbasat, I., & Dexter , A. S. (1995). Electronic Data Interchange and Small Organizations: and Impact Adoption ofTechnology. MIS Quarterly, 19(4), 465--485. ICT facts and figures 2016. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.itu.int/en/ITUD/Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2016.pdf Ifinedo, P. (2011). An Empirical Analysis of Factors Influencing Internet/E-Business Technologies Adoption by SMEs in Canada. International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, 10(4), 731-766. https://doi.org/10.1142/S02l9622011004543 Ifinedo, P. (2012). Internet/E-Business Technologies Acceptance in Canada's SMEs: Focus on Organizational and Environmental Factors. In E-Business- Applications and Global Acceptance (pp. 1-19). InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/34108 Indrayanto. (2013). Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management Article information : Occupational Stress and Burnout between Male and Female Police Officers: Are There Any Gender Differences?, 30(4), 672-691. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510210450631 lqbal, S., & Qureshi, I. a. (2012). M-learning adoption: A perspective from a developing country. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 13(3), 147-164. Islam, M. A., Ahmad, T. S., Khan, M. A., & Ali, M. H. (2010). Adoption Of MCommerce Services: The Case Of Bangladesh. World Journal of Management, 2(1), 37-54. Ismail, A. F., Murphy, J., Chern, B. H., & Sarnbsivan, M. (2013). The diffusion of information technology applications in Malaysia's foodserviee industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 4(3), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-06-2011-0020 Jaganathan, M., Mahmood, R., & Ahmad, S. (2013). The Effect of Environmental Factors on ICT Adoption Among Rural-based Small and Medium Enterprises in Malaysia. Adv. Environ. Biol, 8(9), 563-569. Jalaludin, D., Sulaiman, M., & Ahmad, N. N. N. (2011). Understanding environmental management accounting (EMA) adoption: a new institutional sociology perspective. Social Responsibility Journal, 7(4), 540-557. https://doi.org/10.1108/17471111111175128 James, J. (2003). Sustainable Internet access for the rural poor? Elements of an emerging Indian model. Futures, 35(5), 461-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00092-7 Janita, I., & Chong, W. K. (2013a). Barriers of B2B e-business adoption in Indo nesian SMEs: A literature analysis. In Procedia Computer Science (Vol. 17). https://doi.org/ I0.1016/j.procs.2013.05.073 Janita, I., & Chong, W. K. (2013b). Barriers of B2B e-Business Adoption in Indonesian SMEs: A Literature Analysis. Procedia Computer Science, 17, 571-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.05.073 Jardali, H. Al, Abdallah, F., & Barbar, K. (2015). Measuring Intentions among Employees toward the Use of a Balanced Scorecard and Information System: A Conceptual Approach Using the Theory of Plan ned Behavior and the Technology Acceptance Model. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 1146-1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00944-2 Jeon, B. N., Han, K. S., & Lee, M. J. (2006). Determining factors for the adoption of e-business: the case of SMEs in Korea. Applied Economics, 38(16), 1905-1916. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500427262 Jerald, H., & Michael, A. (1970). Social change in complex organization. New York: Random House. Jeyaraj, A., Rottman, J. W., & Lacity, M. C. (2006). A review of the predictors, linkages, and biases in IT innovation adoption research. Journal of Information Technology, 21(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jit.2000056 Jick, T. D. (1979). Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Triangulation in Action. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), 602. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392366 Jon, K. J. K., Lai, T. L. L. Tt L., Hui, C. K. H. C. K., Dennis, N. C.H. D. N. C. H., & Meng, T. S. M. T. S. (2001). Electronic commerce adoption by SMEs in Singapore. Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2001.927068 Joo, J., & Sang, Y. (2013). Exploring Koreans' smartphone usage: An integrated model of the technology acceptance model and uses and gratifications theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2512-2518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.002 Juarez-Luis, G., Sanchez-Medina, P. S., & Diaz-Pichardo, R. (2018). Institutional pressures and green practices in small agricultural businesses in Mexico: The mediating effect of farmers' environmental concern. Sustainability(Switzerland), 10(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/sulO124461 Kader, R. A., Azid, A., & Che, H. (2009). Success Factors for Small Rural Entrepreneurs under the One- District-One-Industry Programme in Malaysia. Contemporary Management Research, 5(2), 147-162. Kakroo, U. (2007). ICT empowering citizens of Malaysia: Development with Destiny. Kannabiran, G., & Dharmalingam, P. (2012). Enablers and inhibitors of advanced information technologies adoption by SMEs: An empirical study of auto ancillaries in India. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 25(2), 186-209. Katherine, J. K., & Sorra, J. S. (1996). The Challenge oflnnovation Implementation. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1055-1080. Khalifa, M., & Davison, R. M. (2006). SME adoption of IT: The case of electronic trading systems. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 53(2), 275-284. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2006.8 72251 Khan, M. J., Dominic, P. D. D., Khan, A., & Naseebullah. (2010). Adoption of ecommerce in Malaysia and its affect on the business performance: An organizational perspective. In Proceedings 20/0 International Symposium on Information Technology-Visual Informatics, ITSim' 10 (Vol. 1). ht tps://doi.org/10.1109/ITSIM.2010.5561340 Khan, M. J., P.D.D., D., Khan, A., & Naseebullah. (2010). Adoption of e-commerce in Malaysia and its affect on the business performance: An organizational perspective. ln Proceedings 2010 International Symposium on Information Technology-Visual Informatics. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSIM.2010.5561340 Khan, M. W. J., & Muhammad, K. (2014). An Overview of Small and Medium Enterprises in Malaysia and Pakistan: Past, Present and Future Scenario. Business and Management Horizons, 2(2), 38-49. https://doi.org/10.5296/bmh.v2i2.5792 Khong, S. T., Choy Chong, S., Lin, B., & Cyril Eze, U. (2010). Internet based ICT adoption among SMEs. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 23(1), 27-55. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410391011008897 Khong, S. T., & Eze, U. C. (2008). An empirical study of internet-based ICT adoption among Malaysian SMEs. Communications of the IBIMA, 1, 1-12. Khong, S. T., Siong, C. C., Binshan, L., & Uchenna, C. E. (2009). Internet-based ICT adoption: evidence from Malaysian SMEs. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 109(2), 224-244. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570910930118 Khong, S. T., Siong, C. C., Lin, B., & Cyril Eze, U. (2010). Internet-based ICT adoption among SMEs. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 23(1), 27-55. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410391011008897 Khong, S. T., Uchenna, C. E., & Siong, C. C. (2012). Effects of Industry Type on ICT Adoption among Malaysian SMEs. Journal of Supply Chain and Customer Relationship Management, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5171/2012.113797 Kijsanayotin, B., Pannarunothai, S., & Speedie, S. M. (2009). Factors influencing health information technology adoption in Thailand's community health centers: Applying the UTAUT model. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 78(6), 404-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2008.12.005 Kim, D., & Ammeter, T. (2014). Predicting personal information system adoption using an integrated diffusion model. Information and Management, 51(4), 451-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2014.02.011 Kim, H.-C. (2005). Factors influencing the adoption of new information technology in college and university foodservices. Oklahoma State University. Kim, S., Kim, E., Suh, Y., & Zheng, Z. (2016). The effect of service innovation on R&D activities and government support systems: the moderating role of government support systems in Korea. Journal of Open Inno vation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 2(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40852-016-0032-1 Kimchi, J., Polivka, B., & Stevenson, J. S. (1991). Triangulation: Operational definitions. Nursing Research, 40(6), 364-366. Kinnunen, J. (1996). Gabriel Tarde as a Founding Father of Innovation Diffusion Research. Acta Sociologica, 39(4), 431-442. https://doi.org/10.1177/000169939603900404 Kiveu, M., & Ofafa, G. (2013). Enhancing market access in Kenyan SMEs using ICT. Global Business and Economic Research Journal, 2(9), 29-46. Kocyigit, O., & Ringle, C. M. (2011). The impact of brand confusion on sustainable brand satisfaction and private label proneness: A subtle decay of brand equity. Journal of Brand Management, 9(3), 195-212. https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.2011.32 Kollmann, T., Kuckertz, A., & Breugst, N. (2009a). Organizational readiness and the adoption of electronic business. ACM SIGMIS Database, 40(4), 117. https://doi.org/10.1145/1644953.164496l Kollmann, T., Kuckertz, A., & Breugst, N. (2009b). Organizational Readiness and the Adoption of Electronic Business - The Moderating Role of National Culture in 29 European Countries, 40(4), 117-132. Krejcie, R. V, & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38(1), 607-610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308 Krell, K., Matook, S., & Rohde, F. (2016). The impact of legitimacy-based motives on IS adoption success: An institutional theory perspective. Information & Management, 53(6), 683-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2016.02.006 Kuan, K. K. Y., & Chau, P. Y. K. (2001). A perception-based model for EDI adoption in small businesses using a technology-organization-environment framework. Information and Management, 38(8), 507-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00073-8 Kumar, R. (2015). Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners (4th ed.). Sage Publication Ltd. Kung, L., Cegielski, C. G., & Kung, H.-J. (2015). An integrated environmental perspective on software as a service adoption in manufacturing and retail firms. Journal of Information Technology, 30(4), 352-363. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2015.14 Kuppusamy, M., Raman, M., & Lee, G. (2009). Whose let Investment Matters To Economic Growth: Private or Public? the Malaysian Perspective. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 37(7), 1-19. Kurnia, S., Alzougool, B., Ali, M., & Alhashmi, S. M. (2009). Adoption of electronic commerce technologies by SMEs in Malaysia. In Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, HICSS (pp. 19-21). https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2009.49 Kurnia, S., Choudrie, J., Mahbubur, R. M., & Alzougool, B. (2015). E-commerce technology adoption: A Malaysian grocery SME retail sector study. Journal of Business Research, 68(9), 1906-1918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.12.010 Kusumaningtyas, N., & Suwarto, D. H. (2015). ICT Adoption, Skill and Use Differences: among Small and Medium Enterprises Managers Based on Demographic Factors. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 169(August 2014), 296-302. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.sbspro.2015.01.313 Lai, V. S. (2008). The Information System Strategies of MNC Affiliates. Journal of Global Information Management, 16(3), 74-96. https://doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2008070104 Lai, V. S., & Guynes, J. L. (1994). A model of ISDN (integrated services digital network) adoption in U.S. corporations. Information and Management, 26(2), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(94)90055-8 Lane, D. M. (2011). Online Statistics Education: Interpreting Non-Significant Results. In M. Lovric (Ed.) (pp. 386-388). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2 Le, V. H., Rowe, F., Truex, D., & Huynh, M. Q. (2012). An Empirical Study of Determinants of E-Commerce Adoption in SMEs in Vietnam. Journal of Global Information Management, 20(3), 23-54. https://doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2012070102 Lee, D., Ahn, H., & Kim, C. (2009). The Effect of Government Support one - Business. lnformatization Policy. Lee, M. C. (2009). Factors influencing the adoption of internet banking: An integration of TAM and TPB with perceived risk and perceived benefit. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 8(3), 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2008.11.006 Lee, S., & Kim, K. jae. (2007). Factors affecting the implementation success of Internet-based information systems. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(4), 1853-1880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2005.12.001 Lee, Y., Kozar, K. A., & Larsen, K. R. T. (2003). The Technology Acceptance Model: Past, Present, and Future. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 12(50), 752-780. https://doi.org/10.1037/0011816 Lertwongsatien, C., Wongpinunwatana, N., & Achakulwisut, A. (2004). Factors influencing electronic commerce adoption in small and medium businesses: an empirical study in Thailand. In Electronic commerce in Small to Medium-Sized Enterprises: Frameworks, Issues and Implications (pp. 106-127). Li, F., & Ding, D. Z. (2013). The effect of institutional isomorphic pressure on the internationalization of firms in an emerging economy: evidence from China. Asia Pacific Business Review, 19(4), 506-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2013.807602 Li, X., Pillutla, S., Zhou, H., & Yao, D.-Q. (2015). Drivers of Adoption and Continued Use of E-Procurernent Systems: Empirical Evidence from China. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 25(3), 262. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2015.1058113 Li, Y. H. (2008). An empirical investigation on the determinants of E-procurement adoption in Chinese manufacturing enterprises. In 2008 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (pp. 32-37). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMSE.2008.4668890 Li, Z., Millman, C., & Chi, R. (2013). Government support, international trade and firm's R&D investment. Journal of Science and Technology Policy in China, 2(2), 146-158. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17585521111155200 Liang, H., Saraf, N., Hu, Q., & Xue, Y. (2007). Assimilation of Entreprise Systems: the Effect of Institutional Pressures and the Mediating Role of Top Management./11/S Quarterly, 31(1), 59 - 89. Lim, S. C., & Baharudin, A. S. (2013). Factors influence small medium enterprises in Penang Island reluctant to use e-Commerce: A research proposal. Jurnal Teknologi, 64(2), 55-59. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v64.2236 Lin, C.-Y. (2007). Adoption of Green Supply Chain Practices in Taiwan's Logis tics Industry. Journal of International Management Studies, (August), 90-98. Lin, C. A., & Kim, T. (2016). Predicting user response to sponsored advertising on social media via the technology acceptance model. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 710-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.07.027 Lin, C., & Jung , C. (2005). Influences of Individual, Organizational and Environmental Factors on Technological Innovation in Taiwan's Logistics Industry. Journal of Statistics and Management Science, 9(3), 613-631. Lin, L.-H., & Ho, Y.-L. (2016). Institutional Pressures and Environmental Performance in the Global Automotive Industry: The Mediating Role of Organizational Ambidexterity. Long Range Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2015.12.010 Lippert, S. K., & Govindrajulu, C. (2006). Technological, Organizational, and Environmental Antecedents to Web Services Adoption. Communications of the IIMA, 6(1), 146-158. Liu, H., Ke, W., Wei, K. K., Gu, J., & Chen, H. (2010). The role of institutional pressures and organizational culture in the firm's intention to adopt internet enabled supply chain management systems. Journal of Operations Management, 28(5), 372- 84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2009.11.010 Low, C., Chen, Y., & Wu, M. (2011). Understanding the determinants of cloud computing adoption. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 111(7), 1006-1023. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571111161262 Lu, J., Yao, J. E., & Yu, C. (2005). Personal innovativeness, social influences and adoption of wireless Internet services via mobile technology. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 14(3), 245-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2005.07.003 Lucchetti, R., & Sterlacchini, A. (2004). The Adoption of ICT among SMEs: Evidence from an Italian Survey. Small Business Economics, 23(2), 151-168. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SBEJ.0000027667.55821.53 Luqman, A., & Abdullah, N. K. (201 I). £-business adoption amongst SMEs: A Structural Equation Modeling approach. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-92534-9_12 Lyytinen, K., & Damsgaard, J. (2001). What's Wrong with the Diffusion oflnnovation Theory? In Diffusing Software Product and Process Innovations (Vol. 187, pp. 173-190). Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35404-011 Mackenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Jarvis, C. B. (2005). The Problem of Measurement Model Misspecification in Behavioral and Organizational Research and Some Recommended Solutions, 90(4), 710-730. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.710 Maduku, D. K., Mpinganj ira, M., & Duh, H. (2016). Understanding mobile marketing adoption intention by South African SMEs: A multi-perspective framework. International Journal of Information Management, 36(5), 711-723. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.04.018 Mahul, O., & Stutley, C. J. (2010). Government support to agricultural insurance: Challenges and options for developing countries. Washington, DC, USA. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/2432/53881OPUBOGove101Official0Use0Only1.pdf?seguence=1 Malaysia: Gateway to the Fastest Growi ng Region In The World. (2018). Retrieved from https://mdec.my/blog/?p=192 Malaysia is the most vulnerable country to internet scams in this region. (2016, March 11). Retrieved August 30, 2016, from http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2016/03/11/malaysia-is-themost-vulnerable-country-to-internet-scams-in-this-region/ Mandie, M. (2009). Privacy and Security in E-Commerce. Trziste / Market, 21(2), 247-260. Retrieved from http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/81071 Marchany, R. C., & Tront, J. G. (2002). E-commerce security issues. In Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (Vol. 2002-Janua, pp. 2500-2508). https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2002.994190 Martinez-Ferrero, J., & Garcia-Sanchez, I.-M. (2016). Coercive, normative and mimetic iso morphism as determinants of the voluntary assurance of sustainability reports. International Business Review, (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/jt.ibusrev.2016.05.009 Martins, R., Oliveira, T., & Thomas, M.A. (2016). An empirical analysis to assess the determinants of SaaS diffusion in firms. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 19-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.20 16.03.049 Martinsons, M. G. (2008). Relationship-based e-commerce: Theory and evidence from China. Information Systems Journal, 18(4), 331-356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2008.00302.x Masele, J. J. (2019). Modeling Green eBusiness Adoption among Small and Medium Tourism Enterprises in Tanzania. The African Journal of Information Systems, 11(3), 209-231. Matthews, L., Hair, J., & Matthews, R. (2018) . PLS -S EM: The holy grail for advanced analysis. The Marketing Management Journal, 28(1), 1-13. Mazidah, S., Md Nor, H. T., & Burairah, H. (2014). Profile of ICT innovativeness in Malaysian SMEs from service sectors based on core ICT indicators. The Journal of Technology Management and Technopreneurship (JTMT). Retrieved from http://journal.utem.edu.my/index.php/jtmt/article/view/57 Measuring the information society report. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.itu.int/pub/D-IND-ICTOI Middleton, C., & Chang, S. (2007). The Adoption of Broadband Internet in Australia and Canada. Handbook of Research on Global Diffusion of Broadband Data Transmission. Harrisburg. Harrisburg, PA: Idea Group. Middleton, K. L., & Byus, K. (2011). Information and communications technology adoption and use in small and medium businesses: The influence of Hispanic ethnicity. Management Research Review, 34(1), 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171111096496 Migiro, S. O. (2006). Diffusion of ICTs and E-commerce adoption in manufacturing SMEs in Kenya. South African Journal of Library and Information Science, 72(1), 35-45. Miller, M. D., Rainer Jr., R. K., & Harper, J. (1997). The unidimensionality, validity, and reliability of: Moore and Benbasat's relative advantage and compatibility scales. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 38(1), 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.1997.11647306 Mishra, D., Akman, I., & Mishra, A. (2014). Theory of Reasoned Action application for Green Information Technology acceptance. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.030 Mohamad, R., Building, A., & Ismail, N. A. (2010). Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce. Journal of internet Banking and Commerce, 15(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-92534-9_12 Mohamad, R., & NoJT Azizi, I. (2007). e-commerce pracices among SMEs: A review of major themes and issues. Business E-Bulletin, 1(1), 7-13. Mohtaramzadeh, M., Ramayah, T., & Jun-Hwa, C. (2017). B2B E-Commerce Adoption in Iranian Manufacturing Companies: Analyzing the Moderating Role of Organizational Culture. International Journal of Human-Computer interaction, 34(7), 621-639. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2017.1385212 Mokaya, S. O. (2012). The Adoption of Information and Communication Technology by Small Enterprises in Thika Municipality, Kenya. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(13), 172-177. Moli na-Azor in, J. F., Tari, J. J., Pereira-Moliner, J., Lopez-Gamero, M. D., & PertusaOrtega, E. M. (2015). The effects of quality and environmental management on competitive advantage: A mixed methods study in the hotel industry. Tourism Management, 50, 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourmn.2015.01.008 Molla, A., & Hee ks, R. (2007). Exploring E-Commerce Benefits for Businesses in a Developing Country. The Information Society, 23(2), 95-108. https://doi.org /10.1080/01972240701224028 Molla, A., & Licker, P. S. (2005). eCommerce adoption in developing countries: a model and instrument. Information & Management, 42(6), 877-899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2004.09.002 Moore, G. C., & Benbasat, I. (1991). Development of an Instrument to Measure the Perceptions of Adopting an lnformation Technology Innovation. Information Systems Research, 2, 192-220. Moorthy, M. K., Tan, A., Choo, C., Wei, C. S., Tan, J., Ping, Y., & Leong, T. K. (2012). A Study on Factors Affecting the Performance of SMEs in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(4), 224-239. Mwakaje, A. G. (2010). Information and Communication Technology for Rural Fanners Market Access in Tanzania. Agnes Godfrey Mwakaje, 10(2), 111-128.

Information and communication technology adoption among small and medium enterprises in the northern region of Malaysia

Similar Items