Projects constructed on the Tigris and Euphrates international watercourses and their impacts on Iraqi's water utilization: an international law approach

Water plays a key role in a nation’s economic and social development. The growing interest in water and international rivers among the international community has culminated in the UN adoption of the Convention on the Law of the Non- navigational Uses of International Watercourses 1997. Since the da...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Hussein, Omar Ahmed
Format:	Thesis
Language:	eng
Published:	2017
Subjects:	DS Asia HC Economic History and Conditions
Online Access:	https://etd.uum.edu.my/8142/1/s94673_01.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-uum-etd.8142
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection	UUM ETD
language	eng
advisor	Masum, Ahmad Mohammed, Khadijah
topic	DS Asia HC Economic History and Conditions
spellingShingle	DS Asia HC Economic History and Conditions Hussein, Omar Ahmed Projects constructed on the Tigris and Euphrates international watercourses and their impacts on Iraqi's water utilization: an international law approach
description	Water plays a key role in a nation’s economic and social development. The growing interest in water and international rivers among the international community has culminated in the UN adoption of the Convention on the Law of the Non- navigational Uses of International Watercourses 1997. Since the dawn of history, Iraq has always been associated with two large rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates. It is also known as ‘Mesopotamia’ which means the country of two rivers. The oldest civilizations were built on the banks of these two rivers. Iraq was the first country that uses the water from these two rivers and it is still depending on the water from these two rivers in order to achieve both the economic and social development. The aim of this thesis is to examine the negative effects of the projects undertaken by the upstream countries of these two rivers on Iraq’s economic rights, and usage of international rivers as a downstream country from an international law perspective. The methodology adopted in this thesis is a library based doctrinal legal research approach, which essentially relies on textbooks, conventions, articles, and Internet sources. The thesis concludes that the upstream countries have violated the rules of international law, particularly the principle of equitable and reasonable utilization, and participation of all countries sharing such an important resource. These countries have been using the water from these two rivers and undertake many projects without any consideration on the interests and rights of the downstream country, specifically Iraq. As a consequence, the country is suffering from lack of water problem and it negatively affects Iraq’s full potential of achieving both the economic and social development. Finally, the thesis recommends that Iraq has to work with the upstream countries on a permanent basis for better coordination and management of the two rivers, in line with the principles of international law such as the Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses 1997 and the bilateral agreements.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Hussein, Omar Ahmed
author_facet	Hussein, Omar Ahmed
author_sort	Hussein, Omar Ahmed
title	Projects constructed on the Tigris and Euphrates international watercourses and their impacts on Iraqi's water utilization: an international law approach
title_short	Projects constructed on the Tigris and Euphrates international watercourses and their impacts on Iraqi's water utilization: an international law approach
title_full	Projects constructed on the Tigris and Euphrates international watercourses and their impacts on Iraqi's water utilization: an international law approach
title_fullStr	Projects constructed on the Tigris and Euphrates international watercourses and their impacts on Iraqi's water utilization: an international law approach
title_full_unstemmed	Projects constructed on the Tigris and Euphrates international watercourses and their impacts on Iraqi's water utilization: an international law approach
title_sort	projects constructed on the tigris and euphrates international watercourses and their impacts on iraqi's water utilization: an international law approach
granting_institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department	Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government
publishDate	2017
url	https://etd.uum.edu.my/8142/1/s94673_01.pdf
_version_	1747828335622225920
spelling	my-uum-etd.81422021-04-04T07:18:12Z Projects constructed on the Tigris and Euphrates international watercourses and their impacts on Iraqi's water utilization: an international law approach 2017 Hussein, Omar Ahmed Masum, Ahmad Mohammed, Khadijah Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government DS Asia HC Economic History and Conditions Water plays a key role in a nation’s economic and social development. The growing interest in water and international rivers among the international community has culminated in the UN adoption of the Convention on the Law of the Non- navigational Uses of International Watercourses 1997. Since the dawn of history, Iraq has always been associated with two large rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates. It is also known as ‘Mesopotamia’ which means the country of two rivers. The oldest civilizations were built on the banks of these two rivers. Iraq was the first country that uses the water from these two rivers and it is still depending on the water from these two rivers in order to achieve both the economic and social development. The aim of this thesis is to examine the negative effects of the projects undertaken by the upstream countries of these two rivers on Iraq’s economic rights, and usage of international rivers as a downstream country from an international law perspective. The methodology adopted in this thesis is a library based doctrinal legal research approach, which essentially relies on textbooks, conventions, articles, and Internet sources. The thesis concludes that the upstream countries have violated the rules of international law, particularly the principle of equitable and reasonable utilization, and participation of all countries sharing such an important resource. These countries have been using the water from these two rivers and undertake many projects without any consideration on the interests and rights of the downstream country, specifically Iraq. As a consequence, the country is suffering from lack of water problem and it negatively affects Iraq’s full potential of achieving both the economic and social development. Finally, the thesis recommends that Iraq has to work with the upstream countries on a permanent basis for better coordination and management of the two rivers, in line with the principles of international law such as the Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses 1997 and the bilateral agreements. 2017 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/8142/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/8142/1/s94673_01.pdf text eng public phd doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abbas, Shihab Muhsin. Waters of Iraq: Numbers and Variables. Baghdad: Jawahir for Print, Publication and Distribution, 2011. Abbasi, Rayan Thannoon. “Ilisu Dam project and its impact on the economic situation of Iraq.”Journal of Regional Studies, no.12 (2008), http://www.iasj.net. (accessed November 17, 2013). Abdul Aal, Shawki. “Equitable utilization of the waters of the international rivers in the United Nations Convention with a particular reference to the case of the Nile River.”African Perspectives 11, no.39 (2013), http://www.sis.gov.eg/Ar/Templates/Articles/tmpArticles.aspx?CatID=4807#.Uy0 3s4XIlK4. (accessed February 12, 2014). Abdul Hamid, Hisham Hamza. “Study of the concept of the river in the international waters of international law and its application in the Nile Basin agreement.” African Perspective 11, no. 39 (December 2013) http://www.sis.gov.eg/newvr/afakar/9.pdf, (accessed February 12, 2014). Abdul-Khaliq, Ali Ghalib. 'Water Expert', interview by Omar Ahmed. in person (Ministry of water resources, March 28, 2015). Abdulla, Salah Anwar Hamad. Legal Problems of the International Rivers and Solving their Disputes: An Analytic Comparative Study. Beirut: Zain Legal Publications, 2015. Abdullah, Abdul Ameer Ahmed. “The joint border rivers between Iraq and Iran in Diyala governorate.” International Journal of Environment and Water 1, no.3 (2012): 119-128. Agency, News. “Al-Wand River and the official and popular calls for the Iranian.” http://www.ikhnews.com/print.php?id=19277. (accessed December 3, 2014). Agriculture and Food Organization."Aquastat."Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.2008. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/irq/index.stm. (accessed January 29, 2014). Ahmed, Muhammed Yasin. ‘Engineer Expert’. interview by Omar Ahmed. in person. (The hydroelectric plant for power generation in Derbandikhan Dam, March 25, 2015). Al-Ibadi, Rashid Saadoun. Management of Water Resources in Diyala River: A Study in the geography of water resources for the International joint rivers. International Journal of Environment and Water 1, no.4 (2012), http://ijew.ewdr.org/ (accessed December3, 2014). Al-Adili, Subhi Ahmed Zuhair. International River: The concept and the reality of the some Arabian east rivers. Beirut: Centre of Arab Unity Studies, 2007. Al-Ameer, Fuad Qasim. water balance in Iraq and the crisis of water in the world. Baghdad: Al-Ghad House, 2010. Al-Anbari, Muhammed. “Lights on the Syrian project to pull the Tigris water to the Syrian region.” Damascus, Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2011. Al-Hayali, Abdul Amir Abbas Abid. “The Euphrates and the Arab water security.” PhD Diss., Al-Mustansiriya University, College of Education, 1995. Al-Humairi, Abdul Redha. Bitter thirst in Mesopotamia: Rivers between sabotage, organiation and neighbourhood Abuse. Hilla: The Euphrates House for Culture and Media, 2010. Al-Hussein, Sukrani. “Water Equity from the International Law Perspective.” Strategic Vision Journal. Volume 1, issue no. 4. (September 2013): 95, http://strategicvisions.ecssr.com/ECSSR/ECSSR_DOCDATA_PRO_EN/Resource s/PDF/Rua_Strategia/Rua-Issue-04/rua04_074.pdf. (accessed October 13, 2013). Al-Janabi, Hassan. ‘ambassador’. interview by Omar Ahmed, in person (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, May 4, 2015). Al-jweli, Saeed Salim. “Law of International Rivers.” in the Arab Water and the Challenges of the Twenty First Century, edited by Muhammed Ibrahim Mansour and Muhammed Rafat Mahmoud, 67-68. Egypt: Futur Studies Centre in Asyout University, 1999. Alkhairu, Izzuldin. Euphrates and the international law. Baghdad: Al-Hurriya Press, 1976. Al-Nasih, Ahmed Kamil Hussein. “The effect of the Turkish water policy on the agricultural development in Iraq between 1990-2006.” Journal of Economical and Administrative Sciences, University of Baghdad 15, no. 53 (2009): 166-187. Al-Rawi, Fouad. Lexicon of treaties, conventions, protocols, conventions, covenants and alliances that Iraq linked with the states, international organizations and foreign institutions starting from 1921. Baghdad: Planning Council and the Ministry of Planning, 1977. 1947. Al-Rubaie, Firas Abdul-Jabbar. Impact of the Iranian water policy on the Iraqi rivers. International Journal of Environment and Water 1, no.3 (2011). http://ijew.ewdr.org/component/k2/item/225 (accessed December 19, 2014). Al-Rubaiy, Sahib. “Water war between Iraq and Turkey: Motives and reasons.” Journal of Water (2009), http://www.almyah.net/mag/articles.php?action=show&id=252. (accessed February 25, 2014). Al-Rubaiy, Sahib. Crisis of the Tigris and the Euphrates’s basin and the argument of contradiction between water and desertification. Damascus: Dar Al-Hasad for printing, publishing and distribution, 1999. Al-Rubaiy, Sahib. International Rivers in the Arab world. Damascus: Al-Kalima for publishing, printing and distribution, 2002. Al-Rubaiy, Sahib. The international law and the viewpoints of conflict and conventions on water in the middile-east. Damascus: Dar-Alkalemah for publishing, 2001. Al-Rubaiy, Sahib. Water war between Iraq and Iran: motives and reasons. Watersexpert.Se. http://www.watersexpert.se/Iran.htm (accessed April 21, 2014). Al-Sabaawie, Abdul Rahman. “Israel and the Turkish Water Projects: The Future of the Arab Water Neighboring,” Strategic Studies, no. 10 (1997): 7-50. Al-Samarrai, Mohamed Ahmed. Manage water use. Amman: Al-Radhwan for publication and distribution, 2011. Al-Shammari, Mohammed Bedaiwi. Political Deprive: detailing the issue of water in Iraq. Baghdad: General Cultural Affairs Press, 2001. Al-Sudani, Murtadha. 'Water Expert', interview by Omar Ahmed, in person (ministry of water resources, April 10, 2015). Alwan, Muhammed Jousuf. “UN Convention Regarding the International Watercourse in 1997.” In the Arab Water and the Challenges of the Twenty First Century. Edited by Muhammed Ibrahim Mansour and Muhammed Rafat Mahmoud. Egypt: Future Studies Centre in Asyout University, 1999. Al-Zubaidi, Mohammad Abdul Majeed Hassoun. Iraqi Water security: A study on the progress of negotiations in dividing the international waters. Baghdad: House of Cultural Affairs, 2008. Ameen, Mahmoud, Trans. The Code of Hammurabi. London: Dar Alwarrak Publishing Ltd., 2007. Amer, Salahddin. “United Nations Convention on the Law of using the international watercourses for the non-navigational purposes.” Digital Ahram, October 2004. http://digital.ahram.org.eg/articles.aspx?Serial=221228&eid=475. (accessed November 2, 2013). Amer, Salahddin. An Introduction to the Study of Public International Law. Cairo: Arab Renaissance press, 2007. Amiri, Hussein Ali Ahmed. Reality of electrical power production in the city of Basra and its future prospects. Administrative studies 2, no.4 (August 2008), 195-224. http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=47359, (accessed March 3, 2014). Anani, Ibrahim Mohammed. “Settlement of the disputes of using the international rivers: The use of the Nile as an example.” African Perspectives 11, no.39 (2013), http://www.sis.gov.eg/newvr/afakar/5.pdf. (accessed February 12, 2014). Atiya, Issam. Public international Law. Baghdad: Sanhuri Library, 2009. Badr, Nidhal Ahmed. “Geopolitical dimensions of the problem of the water of the Euphrates River Basin and its impact on the Turkish-Syrian relations.” Master’s Thesis, Al-Azhar University- Gaza, College of Arts, 2012. Bakheet, HaiderNimaa. “Arab waters: Reality and Challenges.” Al-Ghari for Economic and Administrative Sciences 2, no.12 (2009), http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=issueTOC&isId=636&uiLanguage=en. (accessed February 27, 2014). Baskent University Center for strategic research. “Treaty of Peace with Turkey.” Signed at Lausanne. July 24, 1923. http://sam.baskent.edu.tr/belge/Lausanne_ENG.pdf, (accessed May 16, 2014). BBC Arabic. "Iraqi Marshlands: What Does It Mean To Be Included In The List Of World Heritage? -BBC Arabic". BBC Arabic. Last modified 2016. http://www.bbc.com/arabic/artandculture/2016/07/160718_iraq_marshes_unesco_ world_heritage. (accessed October 7, 2016). Centre, UNESCO. "The Ahwar Of Southern Iraq: Refuge Of Biodiversity And The Relict Landscape Of The Mesopotamian Cities". Whc.Unesco.Org. Last modified 2016. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1481. (accessed October 7, 2016). Dawood, Adnan. ‘Lecturer’, interview by Omar Ahmed, in person (Diyala University- College of Law and Political science, March 2, 2015). Diab, Khalid Ahmed. “Some science kills: The climate is the bullet of New America in the heart of the world.” Digital Ahram, December, 2009, http://digital.ahram.org.eg/articles.aspx?Serial=48620&eid=233. (accessed January 9, 2014). Ebiary, Ibrahim. Keys of Science for Al-Khawarizmi Mohammed bin Ahmed bin Yousef. Beirut: Arab Book House, 1989. Erden, Mete. “The Tigris-Euphrates Rivers controversy and the role of International Law.”Sam.January 2012, http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Mete-Erdem.pdf, (accessed February 2, 2014). Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nation,. Irrigation In The Middle East Region In Figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2008, Fao Water Reports 34. Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nation, Rome., 2009. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i0936e.pdf. (accessed October 2, 2016). Food and Agriculture Organization. "Aquastat - FAO's Information System On Water And Agriculture". Fao.Org.Last modified 2009. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/basins/euphrates-tigris/print1.stm. (accessed October 10, 2016). Fouzi, Salahalddin, Methodology in Conducting Theses and Legal Research. Cairo: Al- Nahdha Al-Arabia Press, 2006-2007. Fuehr, Alexander. "The Neutrality Of Belgium". Talleyrand.Org. http://talleyrand.org/TalleyrandBe/neutrality_of_belgium.htm. (accessed October 3, 2016). GAP. “GuneydoguAnadoluProjesi.” Southeastern Anatolia Project, Http://www.gap.gov.tr/english. (accessed January 3, 2014). General Assembly, United Nations. “ International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.” The Organization of the United Nations, December 16, 1966. General Assembly, United Nations. “Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States.” December 12, 1974. 2315th plenary meeting. 2281(D-29). 52. United Nations. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=a/res/3281%28XXIX%29&re ferer=http://search.un.org/?query=3281&Lang=E, (accessed May 3, 2014). General Assembly, United Nations. “The Convention of the Law of the non- navigational uses of international watercourses.” The Organization of the United Nations, July 8, 1997. General Assembly,United Nations. “Declaration on the Right to Development.” The Organization of the United Nation, December 4, 1986. General Assembly,United Nations.“United Nation Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa.”The Organization of the United Nations, September 12, 1994. Ghunawi, Basim. ‘Lecturer’, interview by Omar Ahmed, in person (Diyala University- College of Law and Political science, March 2, 2015). Gorga, Carmine. “Toword the Definition of Economic Rights.” Markets &Morality 2, no.1 (Spring 1999), http://www.marketsandmorality.com/index.php/mandm/article/viewFile/641/631, (accessed June 17, 2014). Hadeethi, Hala Salah. “Rivers and their legal nature: The Euphrates River as an example.” http://www.fcdrs.com/a-r/ar-2.html. (accessed January 30, 2014). Hmedan, Adnan Abbas and Khalaf MuttarJarad.”Arab water security and the issue of water in the Arab world: An economic, statistical, demographic and political study of the reality of water development and its reflections on the Arab water security.”Damascus University of Economic and Legal Sciences 22, no.20 (2006), http://www.damascusuniversity.edu.sy/mag/law/images/stories/2-20006/a/7- 39.pdf. (accessed January 18, 2014). Hornby, A S. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. Edited by Joanna Turnbull, Diana Lea, Dilys Parkinson, Patrick Pillips, Ben Francis, Suzanne Webb, Victoria Bull, and Michael Ashby. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Hussein, Hassan Faleh ‘Engineer Expert’. Interviewed by Omar Ahmed. in person. Ministry of Electricity, March 24, 2015. Ibrahim, Ali. Law of Rivers and International Watercourses. Cairo: Arab Renaissance Press, 1995. Ilisu Consortium. Ilisu Dam and HEPP: Environmental Impact Assessment Report (July 31, 2005). Hydrosen Research Center. http://www2.dsi.gov.tr/ilisu/ilisu_ced_eng_ek1.PDF (accessed August 3, 2015). International Court of Justice. "Case Concerning Gabcíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) Judgment". Www.Icj-Cij.Org. Last modified 1997. http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?pr=267&p1=3&p2=1&case=92&p3=6. (accessed November 4, 2016). International Court of Justice. "North Sea Continental Shelf Cases". Www.Icj-Cij.Org. Last modified 2016. http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/51/5537.pdf. (accessed November 3, 2016). International Court of Justice. "Permanent Court of International Justice, The Diversion of Water from the Meuse, Series A. /B. Judgments, Orders and Advisory opinions Fascicule No. 70". Icj-Cij.Org. http://www.icj- cij.org/pcij/serie_AB/AB_70/01_Meuse_Arret.pdf. (accessed November 3, 2016). International Court of Justice. Chapter II Competence of the Court. http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/?p1=4&p2=2, (accessed September 13, 2015). International Court of Justice. Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay. Argentina v. Uruguay. Summary of the Judgment of 20 April 2010. http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/135/15895.pdf. (accessed October 23, 2015). International Law Association. “The Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rives.” August 1966, International Law Association, conference 52. Iraq Office, United Nations. “Climate change In Iraq Fact sheet,” United Nations, June 2012, http://iq.one.un.org/documents/468/Climate%20change%20In%20Iraq%20Fact%2 0sheet%20-%20Arabic%20.pdf, (accessed July 11, 2014). Jamalo, Ali. Euphrates: The Struggle for Water in the Middle East. London-Beirut: Riad El-Rayyes Books Ltd, 1996. Memorandum Embassy of the Republic of Turkey- Baghdad, 6600/17/96. Jamil, Shaukat Saeb ‘Agricultural Expert’. interview by Omar Ahmed, in person, (Ministry of Agriculture, March 22, 2015). Jasim, Iyad Hameed. “Hanging Gardens as the first irrigation engineering in the world and one of the Seven Wonders.” Journal of the Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources, no. 87, (September 2014), 16-17. Kaya, Ibrahim. “The Euphrates-Tigris Basin: An overview and opportunities for cooperation under the international law.” Paper presented at the water resource outlook for the 21st Century, Montreal, Canada, September 1-6, 1997. Khaddam, Minthir. Arab Water Security: Reality and Challenges. Beirut: Centre of Arab Unity Studies, 2003. Khayoun, Thaer Sharif and Iyad Slaibi Mustafa. Water crisis in Iraq: Reality, challenges and treatments. International Journal of Environment and Water 1, no.4 (2012). http://ijew.ewdr.org/component/k2/item/180 (accessed November 11, 2014). Kubba, Ibrahim Salam Atoof. Water in Iraq: reality and treatments. Last modified 2008, http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=134920 (accessed May 9, 2014). Mansour, Abdul Aziz. The issue of water in the Syrian policy towards Turkey. Beirut: Center of Arab Unity Studies, 2000. McCaffrey, Stephen and Mpazi Sinjela. "Current Development: The 1997 United Nations Convention On International Watercourses". Www.Lexisnexis.Com.Eserv.Uum.Edu.My. Last modified 1998. http://www.lexisnexis.com.eserv.uum.edu.my. (accessed November 3, 2016). McCaffrey, Stephen C. “Convention of the Law of using the international watercourses for the non-navigational purposes.” The United Nations.2010. www.un.gov/law/avl. (accessed January 21, 2014). McCaffrey, Stephen. "Dr. Stephen Mccaffrey: The Entry Into Force Of The 1997 Watercourses Convention". International Water Law Project Blog. Last modified 2014. http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/blog/2014/05/25/dr-stephen-mccaffrey-the-entry-into-force-of-the-1997-watercourses-convention/. (accessed November 5, 2016). McCaffrey, Stephen. “The Harmon Doctrine One Hundred Years Later: Buried.” Natural Resources Journal 36, (1996): 549-590. Ministry of Foreigen Affairs-Turkey. " Water Issues Between Turkey, Syria and Iraq: A Study by the Turkish Ministry of Foreigen Affairs, Department of Regional and Transboundary Waters ". Sam.Gov.Tr. http://sam.gov.tr/wp- content/uploads/2012/01/WATER-ISSUES-BETWEEN-TURKEY-SYRIA-AND-IRAQ.pdf. (accessed October 6, 2016). Ministry of Water resources-Syria, General Commision of Water Resources. "Tigris Irrigation Project". Gcwr.Gov.Sy. Last modified 2016. http://gcwr.gov.sy/print_details.php?page=show_det&id=11. (accessed October 10, 2016). Mohammad Ali, Abdulmutallab ‘Agricultural Expert’. Interview by Omar Ahmed. in person. (Ministry of Agriculture, March 22, 2015). Mohammed, Dalia Ismail. Water and International Relations: A Study in the impact of the water crisis on the nature and pattern of Arab-Turkish relations. Cairo: Madbouli Library, 2006. Mohammed, ManarEzzat and Wafaa Abdul Karim Mohammed.“The economic resources available for economic development in the Nile Basin countries and the possibility of a joint cooperation between them.”Journal of Agricultural Sciences 58, no.2 (2013), http://www.agr.alexu.edu.eg/alexjar/volumes/2013/2.aspx. (accessed February 1, 2014). Mufti, Ahmed. “A study on the convention of the law of using the international watercourses for the non-navigational purposes.”Encyclopedia of Sudanese precedentsand judicial rulings. 1997. http://sjsudan.org/details.php?. (accessed September 22, 2013). Mukhaimar, Samer, and Khaled Hijazi. Water crisis in the Arab region, the facts and possible alternatives. Kuwait: the world of knowledge, 1996. Noon news reporting agency. “Baghdad is witnessing an international scientific conference to discuss the problems of desertification and water shortages.” 2009. http://www.non14.net/6739/. (accessed January 3, 2014). Oguz, Selami. Cross-border waters and Turkey: Cross-borders Turkish waterways and the Tigris- Euphrates basin. Papers delivered in the symposium about the Turkish attitude towards the issues of water in the Middle East and the world. Muhammed Carbozko (ed.) Mert Dr. Gul and Seneem Bayar. Ahmed Khalis Al-Shaalan (trans.). http://www.watersexpert.se/Turkia.htm (accessed April 17, 2014). Olivier Pauchard, swissinfo.ch. "The Day Switzerland Became Neutral - SWI Swissinfo.Ch". SWI Swissinfo.Ch. Last modified 2015. http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/congress-of-vienna_the-day-switzerland-became- neutral/41335520. (accessed October 3, 2016) On 1 / January / 1993 Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic got independence after the dissolution of the Republic of Czechoslovakia. Organization of Syria Arab Radio and tv-Syria. "Tigris Dragged Into Hasaka Project Tells 200 Thousand Hectares, Up 14% On The Total Area". Rtv.Gov.Sy. Last modified 2011. http://rtv.gov.sy/index.php?p=100003&id=70369. (accessed October 9, 2016). Ozish, Unal and Elsen Ozdemir. Cross-border waters and Turkey: Cross-borders Turkish waterways and the Tigris- Euphrates basin. Papers delivered in the symposium about the Turkish attitude towards the issues of water in the Middle East and the world. Muhammed Carbozko (ed.) Mert Dr.Gul and Seneem Bayar. Ahmed Khalis Al-Shaalan (trans.). http://www.watersexpert.se/Turkia.htm (accessed April 17, 2014). Permanent Court of International Justice. Judicial year 1937. The Diversion of Water from the Meuse, General list no. 69, Judgment no. 25, 28/June/1937. http://www.worldcourts.com/pcij/eng/decisions/1937.06.28_meuse.htm, (accessed September 19, 2015). Permanent Representative of the Republic of Iraq to the Arab League. International legal development to regulate the use of international rivers. Rababa'a, Ghazi Ismail. “Dilemma of water in the Middle East.” A lecture presented in the Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, February 7, 2001. Radhwan, Waleed. Water problem between Syria and Turkey. Beirut: Prints Company for Distributions and Publishing, 2006. Rashid, Abdul Latif. Senior Advisor to the Iraqi President, Former Minister of Water Resources, “Dams, Barrages and Regulater in Iraq.” http://latifrashid.iq, (accessed July 7, 2015). Rashid, Abdul Latif. Senior Advisor to the Iraqi President, Former Minister of Water Resources, “the water situation in Iraq.” http://latifrashid.iq, (accessed July 7, 2015). Rashid, Abdul Latif. Senior Advisor to the Iraqi President, Former Minister of Water Resources, “Water scarcity, reasons and processors.” 2, http://latifrashid.iq, (accessed July 7, 2015). Rayan, Adel Mohammed. “The use of qualitative and quantitative entrances in research: A pilot study of the reality of the literature of the Arabic management.” Paper presented in the Third Arab Conference, the Arab Organization for Administrative Development, League of Arab States, Cairo, Egypt, June 14-15, 2003. Republic of Iraq -Kurdistan Regional Government. The General Directorate for the Kurdish areas outside the region administration. “Diyala: Water Resources calls for Iran secured the quota of Al-wand River.” http://krg- kagb.org/arabic/print.php?art_id=7587 (accessed December 17, 2014). Republic of Iraq Ministry of Justice. Iraqi Proceedings-laws. No. 3876 dated on 30 / April / 2001. “Law No. 39 of 2001 Joining the Convention on the Law of the Non- navigational Uses of International Watercourses.”. Republic of Iraq. “Treaty of International Borders and good neighboring between Iraq and Iran.” March 6, 1975, Republic of Iraq-Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Legal Department, Department of International Water. Republic of Iraq. “Convention of setting up a Syrian pumping station on the Tigris River.” April 9, 2002. Republic of Iraq-Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Legal Department, Department of International Water. Republic of Iraq. “The Protocol of Technical and Economic Cooperation between Iraq and Turkey.” December 25, 1980. Republic of Iraq-Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Legal Department. Republic of Iraq. Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. Department of Planning and follow-up. Department of Studies. Water resources in Iraq: Reality and future in light of the projects of the high joint rivers countries, November 1992. Republic of Iraq. Ministry of Agriculture. Department of desertification and forests. Desertification in the Republic of Iraq. Republic of Iraq. Ministry of Planning. Central Statistical Organization. Agricultural statistics directorate August 2013, Water resources Report for 2012. http://www.cosit.gov.iq/documents%5Cstatistics_ar/Agricultural%5Cagre_anim% 5CFull%20Report/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8% A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9%202012.pdf, (accessed August 14, 2015). Republic of Iraq. The Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation. Agricultural planning department. The plan of developing the agricultural sector 2010-2014. Republic of Iraq. The National Committee for Marshes and Wet Lands. Report of Environmental Threats in Iraq for 2011, 17-18. Republic of Iraq-Kurdistan Regional Government. The General Directorate for the Kurdish areas outside the region administration. “Experts: Iran’s cut of Al-Wand River destroyed 6600 dunam of farms and orchards in Diyala.” http://krg- kagb.org/arabic/art_detail.php?art_id=9180 (accessed December 17, 2014). Republic of Iraq-Ministry of Water Resources,. National Center for Water Resources Management-Department of Water Control and hydrological analysis, n.d. Republic of Turkey, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Work. Turkey Water Report 2009. http://www2.dsi.gov.tr/english/pdf_files/TurkeyWaterReport.pdf (accessed July 20, 2015). Republic of Turkey. Ministry of development. Southeastern Anatolia Project. Regional Development Administration. “What is GAP.”, http://www.gap.gov.tr/en/what-is-gap-page-1.html (accessed April 23, 2016). Republic of Turkey. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “ILISU DAM.” Http://www.mfa.gov.tr/ilisu-dam.en.mfa (accessed August 2, 2015). Republic of Turkey. Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. General Directorate of State Hydraulic Work. “The General Directorate of State Hydraulic Work.,” http://en.dsi.gov.tr/ (accessed July 22, 2015). Republic of Turkey. Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. General Directorate of State Hydraulic Work. Keban Dam. Http://www2.dsi.gov.tr/baraj/detayeng.cfm?BarajID=54 (accessed July 22, 2015). Republic of Turkey. Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. General Directorate of State Hydraulic Work. Karakaya Dam. Http://www2.dsi.gov.tr/baraj/detayeng.cfm?BarajID=104 (accessed July 22, 2015). Republic of Turkey. Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. General Directorate of State Hydraulic Work. Ataturk Dam. Http://www2.dsi.gov.tr/baraj/detayeng.cfm?BarajID=149 (accessed July 22, 2015). Republic of Turkey. Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. General Directorate of State Hydraulic Work. Batman Dam. Http://www2.dsi.gov.tr/baraj/detayeng.cfm?BarajID=188 (accessed August 2, 2015). Republic of Turkey-Ministry of Development. "GAP Regional Development Administration". Gap.Gov.Tr. http://www.gap.gov.tr/en/action-plan-page-5.html. (accessed October 9, 2016). Republic of Turkey-Ministry of Development. "GAP Regional Development Administration". Gap.Gov.Tr. Last modified 2016. http://www.gap.gov.tr/en/gap- finance-page-27.html. (accessed October 9, 2016). Republic of Turkey-Ministry of Development. "Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) Regional Development Administration". Gap. Last modified 2016. http://www.gap.gov.tr/en/upload/dosyalar/pdfler/GAP_ENG.pdf. (accessed October 9, 2016). Sadiq, Ali Hussein. “Iraq’s acquired rights in the waters of the Euphrates.” Master’s thesis, Baghdad University, College of Low and Politics, 1976. Sadoff, Claudia W., and David Gray. “Cooperation on International Rivers A Continuum for Securing and Sharing Benefits.” Water International 30, no.4 (December 2005), Http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060508691886. (accessed October 19, 2013). Sahaf, Mahdi. Iraq's water resources and their maintenance of pollution. Baghdad: Dar Al-Hurriya Print, 1976. Salman, Salman M. A. "Entry Into Force Of The UN Watercourses Convention: Why Should It Matter?". Www.Salmanmasalman.Org. Last modified 2014. http://www.salmanmasalman.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/UNwatercoursesConventionIJWRDarticlePublished.pdf. (accessed December 13, 2014). Salman, Salman Muhammed Ahmed. “Arab Countries and the UN Convention on the InternationalWatercourses.” Arab Future Journal, Issue no.433, March 2015, http://www.caus.org.lb/PDF/EmagazineArticles/mustaqbal_433_salman_mhmd.pdf, (accessed December 11, 2015). Shanair. Gavoshan Dam Inaugurated. Last modified 2005. http://www.shana.ir/en/newsagency/45226/Gavoshan-Dam-Inaugurated (accessed July 2, 2015). Shiltagh, Walid. ‘ambassador and Legal Department Director’, interview by Omar Ahmed, in person (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, May 18, 2015). Shtewi, Musaaed Abdul Ati. “Legal controls governing the creation of water projects on international rivers: An Empirical Study on the Nile River Basin.” African Perspectives 11, no. 39 (2013), http://www.sis.gov.eg/Ar/Templates/Articles/tmpArticles.aspx?CatID=4807#.Uy047IXIlK5. (accessed February 12, 2014). Shtewi, Musaaed Abdul Ati. “The legal rules that govern the use of international rivers in the Non-Navigational Affairs with Applied Study on the Nile River.” PhD diss., University of Cairo- College of Law, 2012. Sources Of International Water Law. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1998. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/005/w9549E/w9549E00.pdf, (accessed October 2, 2016). Southeastern Anatolia Project Regional Development Administration. Project R & d programme for sustainable Agricultural water Management in South eastern Anatolia Turkey. IPTRID Secretariat. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. 2003. ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/iptrid/gap_turkey.pdf (accessed August 3, 2015). Stockholm International Water Institute. "Water And Energy Linkages In The Middle East – Regional Collaboration Opportunities". Stockholm International Water Institute. Last modified 2010. http://www.siwi.org/publications/water-and-energy-linkages-in-the-middle-east-regional-collaboration-opportunities/. (accessed October 26, 2014). Tamimi, Abdul Malik. The Arab water: Challenge and response. Beirut: Center of Arab Unity Studies, 1999. Taweel, RawaaZaki. Arab water security risks and options of water development for the twenty first century. Amman: Dar Zahran for Publishing and Distribution, 2013. The French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “The entry into force of the UN Convention on the Use of International Watercourses non-navigational purposes 1997.” www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/ar/politique-etrangere-de-la-france/ai. (accessed January 8, 2015). The Ministry of Electricity, Republic of Iraq.“Ministry of Electricity.”http://www.moelc.gov.iq/ar/index.php?name=Pages&op=page&pid=129. (accessed February 3, 2014). The Ministry of Elictricity, Republic of Iraq. Hemrin Hydroelectric Station. The Ministry of Planing, Republic of Iraq. Agricultural Planning Directorate. A study of the management and development of water resources in Iraq 2007. The Ministry of Planing, Republic of Iraq. Central Statistical Organization. Industrial Statistics Directorate. Electricity Statistics 2012. The Republic of Iraq. Permanent Representative to the Arab League. Synopsis of studying the water resources in Iraq in the light of the projects of the high joint rivers countries. The Republic of Iraq. Permanent Representative to the Arab League. Arab water resources: A study on the basins of the Tigris and Euphrates. Ubaidi, Qais Hamadai. Issues of the Arabic and Regional Waters: Reality and Future Visions. Mosil: Shimilah for Print and Distribution, 2012. UNESCO, United Nations. “National framework for the integrated management of the risk of drought in Iraq.” Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization-Iraq Office, March 2014. United Nations- Office of Iraq. World Environment Day 2013: The environmental damage and its role in food insecurity in Iraq (June, 2013). United Nations. http://www.iau-iraq.org/documents/1886/Factsheet-WorldEnvironment-Arabic.pdf (accessed March 8, 2014). United Nations, economic and social commission for Western Asia. "Member States". United Nations Economic And Social Commission For Western Asia. Last modified 2015. https://www.unescwa.org/about-escwa/overview/member-states. (accessed July 1, 2016). United Nations. "22nd March - World Water Day 2009". Unwater.Org. Last modified 2009. http://www.unwater.org/wwd09/faqs.html. (accessed October 21, 2016). United Nations. "United Nations, Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1987, volume II part 1, Documents of the thirty-ninth session, A/CN.4/SER.A/1987/Add.l (Part 1)". New York, 1989. United Nations. http://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1987_v2_p1.pdf. (accessed October 6, 2015). United Nations. "Yearbook Of The International Law Commission 1986 Volume II Part One Documents Of The Thirty-Eighth Session, A/CN.4/SER.A/1986/Add.L (Part 1)". United Nations Orgnazation. Last modified 1988. http://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_1986_v2_p1.pdf. (accessed October 3, 2016). United Nations. “UNTC.” Treaties.Un.Org. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII- 12&chapter=27&lang=en, (accessed October 16, 2015). United Nations. “Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties 1978 Done.” United Nations. http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/3_2_1978.pdf, (accessed August 12, 2015). United Nations. “Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969.” United Nations. https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201155/volume-1155-1-18232-English.pdf, (accessed August 12, 2015). United Nations. New York 2005. Summary of judgments and orders issued by the International Court of Justice in 1997. 2002ST/LEG/SER.F/1/Add.2. United Nations. 'Preliminary Studies On The Legal Problems Relating To The Utilization And Use Of International Rivers, 1401(14).'. United Nations. http:////www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/1401%28XIV%29. (accessed October 13, 2014). United Nations. 'Progressive Development And Codification Of The Rules Of International Law Relating To International Watercourses, 2669(25).'. United Nations. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/2669%28XXV%29. (accessed October 3, 2014). United Nations. Report Of The International Law Commission On The Work Of Its Forty-Sixth Session, 2 May - 22 July 1994, Official Records Of The General Assembly, Forty-Ninth Session, Supplement No. 10. Document: A/40/10. United Nations, 1994. http://legal.un.org/ilc/reports/. (accessed October 10, 2015). United Nations. Report Of The International Law Commission On The Work Of Its Forty-Fifth Session, 3 May - 23 July 1993, Official Records Of The General Assembly, Forty-Eighth Session, Supplement No. 10, Document A/48/10. United Nations, 1993. 2015. http://legal.un.org/ilc/reports/. (accessed October 10). Waheed, Karim. September 11, 2013, “What is the reality of the power crisis in Iraq? 3- Water Resources and its impact on the policy of the establishment of the stations.” kitabat.com. http://www.kitabat.com/ar/page/11/09/2013/16598.html, (accessed November 9, 2014). Warner, Jeroen. “The Struggle over Turkeys Ilisu Dam: Domestic and international security linkages.”Springer 12, no.3 (September 2012), http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10784-012-9178-x. (accessed March 1, 2014). Worldbank. "The Indus Waters Treaty 1960". Worldbank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497- 1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf. (accessed October 2, 2016). Yakar, Funda. "Turkey’s Transboundary Water Policy: Dominance of the Realist Paradigm?". The Degree of Master of Science in Middle East Studies, The Graduate School of Social Science of Middle East Technical University, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12616161/index.pdf. (accessed October 7, 2016). Yakeesh, Yeshar. Cross-border waters and Turkey: Cross-borders Turkish waterways and the Tigris- Euphrates basin. Papers delivered in the symposium about the Turkish attitude towards the issues of water in the Middle East and the world. Muhammed Carbozko (ed.) Mert Dr. Gul and Seneem Bayar. Ahmed Khalis Al- Shaalan (trans.). http://www.watersexpert.se/Turkia.htm (accessed April 17, 2014). Yaqin, Anwarul. Legal Research and Writing. Malaysia: Malayan Law Journal SDN BHD, 2007. Zahraa, Mahdi. Research Methods for Law Postgraduate Overseas Students.Malaysia: Univision press, 1998. Zanbuaa, Mahmoud. “Arab water security.”Damascus University Journal of Economic and Legal Sciences 32, no.1 (2007), http://damasuniv.edu.sy/mag/law/old/economics/2007/ 23-1/7-%20zanbouah.pdf. (accessed January 18, 2014). Zuhair, Jamal. and Mohammed Amin Brbinar. “Cross-border water in Turkey and around: historical development, and legal dimensions of the proposed solutions.” in Cross-Border Waters And Turkey, n.d., Papers delivered in the symposium about the Turkish attitude towards the issues of water in the Middle East and the world. Muhammed Carbozko (ed.), Mert Dr. Gul and Seneem Bayar, Ahmed Khalis Al-Shaalan (trans.). http://www.watersexpert.se/Turkia.htm. (accessed April 17, 2014).

Projects constructed on the Tigris and Euphrates international watercourses and their impacts on Iraqi's water utilization: an international law approach

Similar Items