Hubungan Kepimpinan Teknologi Guru Besar dengan Penggunaan Whatsapp guru sekolah rendah Daerah Marang Terengganu

<p>Kajian ini bertujuan meneliti hubungan Kepimpinan Teknologi Guru Besar dengan</p><p>Penggunaan WhatsApp guru sekolah rendah Daerah Marang Terengganu. Kajian ini</p><p>menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan reka bentuk tinjau...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Mohd Haris Hashim@Hassan
Format: thesis
Language:zsm
Published: 2023
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=10014
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:10014
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language zsm
topic LB Theory and practice of education
spellingShingle LB Theory and practice of education
Mohd Haris Hashim@Hassan
Hubungan Kepimpinan Teknologi Guru Besar dengan Penggunaan Whatsapp guru sekolah rendah Daerah Marang Terengganu
description <p>Kajian ini bertujuan meneliti hubungan Kepimpinan Teknologi Guru Besar dengan</p><p>Penggunaan WhatsApp guru sekolah rendah Daerah Marang Terengganu. Kajian ini</p><p>menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan reka bentuk tinjauan. Kajian ini</p><p>melibatkan 292 sampel yang dipilih daripada kumpulan populasi seramai 1068 orang</p><p>guru. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan menerusi teknik persampelan rawak berstrata</p><p>dalam kalangan guru yang berkhidmat di lapan buah sekolah rendah Zon Bukit Payong</p><p>dan lapan buah di Zon Marang. Pengumpulan data adalah menerusi instrumen soal</p><p>selidik yang diadaptasi daripada Principal Technology Leadership Assessment [PTLA]</p><p>berasaskan National Educational Technology Standards for Administrators [NETS-A]</p><p>dan Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology [UTAUT]. Dapatan kajian</p><p>menunjukkan min bagi Kepimpinan Teknologi (4.09), Niat Tingkah Laku (3.79) dan</p><p>Tingkah Laku Penggunaan (3.74) adalah berada di tahap tinggi. Korelasi Pearson bagi</p><p>Kepimpinan Teknologi dengan Niat Tingkah Laku (r= 0.628) dan Kepimpinan</p><p>Teknologi dengan Tingkah Laku Penggunaan (r= 0.561) didapati masing-masing</p><p>mempunyai hubungan sederhana manakala Niat Tingkah Laku dengan Tingkah Laku</p><p>Penggunaan (r= 0.832) mempunyai hubungan kuat. Oleh itu dapatan kajian</p><p>menunjukkan Kepimpinan Teknologi Guru Besar mempunyai hubungan dengan Niat</p><p>Tingkah Laku dan Tingkah Laku Penggunaan WhatsApp guru sekolah rendah Daerah</p><p>Marang Terengganu. Implikasi kajian menggambarkan bahawa WhatsApp menjadi</p><p>pelantar perhubungan yang penting, berpenerimaan tinggi dan perlu diperkasakan</p><p>penggunaannya dalam mengendalikan tadbir urus sekolah.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Master's degree
author Mohd Haris Hashim@Hassan
author_facet Mohd Haris Hashim@Hassan
author_sort Mohd Haris Hashim@Hassan
title Hubungan Kepimpinan Teknologi Guru Besar dengan Penggunaan Whatsapp guru sekolah rendah Daerah Marang Terengganu
title_short Hubungan Kepimpinan Teknologi Guru Besar dengan Penggunaan Whatsapp guru sekolah rendah Daerah Marang Terengganu
title_full Hubungan Kepimpinan Teknologi Guru Besar dengan Penggunaan Whatsapp guru sekolah rendah Daerah Marang Terengganu
title_fullStr Hubungan Kepimpinan Teknologi Guru Besar dengan Penggunaan Whatsapp guru sekolah rendah Daerah Marang Terengganu
title_full_unstemmed Hubungan Kepimpinan Teknologi Guru Besar dengan Penggunaan Whatsapp guru sekolah rendah Daerah Marang Terengganu
title_sort hubungan kepimpinan teknologi guru besar dengan penggunaan whatsapp guru sekolah rendah daerah marang terengganu
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Pengurusan dan Ekonomi
publishDate 2023
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=10014
_version_ 1804890509271891968
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:100142024-04-08 Hubungan Kepimpinan Teknologi Guru Besar dengan Penggunaan Whatsapp guru sekolah rendah Daerah Marang Terengganu 2023 Mohd Haris Hashim@Hassan LB Theory and practice of education <p>Kajian ini bertujuan meneliti hubungan Kepimpinan Teknologi Guru Besar dengan</p><p>Penggunaan WhatsApp guru sekolah rendah Daerah Marang Terengganu. Kajian ini</p><p>menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan reka bentuk tinjauan. Kajian ini</p><p>melibatkan 292 sampel yang dipilih daripada kumpulan populasi seramai 1068 orang</p><p>guru. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan menerusi teknik persampelan rawak berstrata</p><p>dalam kalangan guru yang berkhidmat di lapan buah sekolah rendah Zon Bukit Payong</p><p>dan lapan buah di Zon Marang. Pengumpulan data adalah menerusi instrumen soal</p><p>selidik yang diadaptasi daripada Principal Technology Leadership Assessment [PTLA]</p><p>berasaskan National Educational Technology Standards for Administrators [NETS-A]</p><p>dan Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology [UTAUT]. Dapatan kajian</p><p>menunjukkan min bagi Kepimpinan Teknologi (4.09), Niat Tingkah Laku (3.79) dan</p><p>Tingkah Laku Penggunaan (3.74) adalah berada di tahap tinggi. Korelasi Pearson bagi</p><p>Kepimpinan Teknologi dengan Niat Tingkah Laku (r= 0.628) dan Kepimpinan</p><p>Teknologi dengan Tingkah Laku Penggunaan (r= 0.561) didapati masing-masing</p><p>mempunyai hubungan sederhana manakala Niat Tingkah Laku dengan Tingkah Laku</p><p>Penggunaan (r= 0.832) mempunyai hubungan kuat. Oleh itu dapatan kajian</p><p>menunjukkan Kepimpinan Teknologi Guru Besar mempunyai hubungan dengan Niat</p><p>Tingkah Laku dan Tingkah Laku Penggunaan WhatsApp guru sekolah rendah Daerah</p><p>Marang Terengganu. Implikasi kajian menggambarkan bahawa WhatsApp menjadi</p><p>pelantar perhubungan yang penting, berpenerimaan tinggi dan perlu diperkasakan</p><p>penggunaannya dalam mengendalikan tadbir urus sekolah.</p> 2023 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=10014 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=10014 text zsm closedAccess Masters Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Pengurusan dan Ekonomi <p>Abbad, M. M. M. (2021). Using the UTAUT model to understand students usageof e-learning systems in developing countries. Education and Information Technologies, 26(6), 7205-7224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10573-5</p><p></p><p>Abidin, Z., Mathrani, A., Hunter, R., & Parsons, D. (2017). Challenges of integrating mobile technology into mathematics instruction in secondary schools: An Indonesian context. Computers in the Schools, 34(3), 207-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/07380569.2017.1344056</p><p></p><p>Ahlam Abdul Aziz (2016). Peranan TeknologiKomunikasi dan Sumbangannyakearah Perkembangan Komunikasi dalam Organisasi yang Berkesan. Forum Komunikasi Universiti Teknologi Mara, 11(2), 51-64. https://bit.ly/3HFpFHN</p><p></p><p>Ahmad Fkrudin Mohamed Yusoff, & Ammar Badruddin Romli (2018). Kebolehgunaan aplikasi mudah alih (mobile apps) bagi kursus sains, teknologi dan kejuruteraan dalam Islam (M-Istech) di Politeknik Malaysia. Malaysian Online Journal of Education, 2(1), 18-28. https://bit.ly/3HUqSeC</p><p></p><p>Ahmad Shidki Mat Yusoff, & Ab. Hamid Ali (2018). Model penerimaan digital dalam kalangan guru di Malaysia. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 3(8), 65-77. http://www.ijepc.com/PDF/IJEPC-2018-08-03-06.pdf</p><p></p><p>Ahmad Zaki Amiruddin, Ahmed Thalal Hassan, Ahmad Abdul Rahman, Nor Abdul Rahman & Mohd Shahriman Abu Bakar (2014). Penggunaan aplikasi atas talian dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa ketiga: pengenalan kepada quizlet. com. Prosiding Seminar Antarabangsa Kelestarian Insan 2014 (INSAN2014). https://bit.ly/3gbTB2s</p><p></p><p>Ahmed, A. O. A. (2018). EFL teachers' and students' approaches in usingteaching aids: A case study. Arab World English Journal, 4, 109-124. https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/call4.8</p><p></p><p>Ajzen, I. (1985) From intentions to action: A Theory of Planned Behavior. In: Kuhl, J. & Beckmann, J., Eds., Action-Control: From Cognition to Behavior, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 11-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2</p><p></p><p>Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749</p><p>5978(91)90020-T</p><p></p><p>Ajzen, I. (2011). The Theory of Planned Behaviour: Reactions and Reflections. Psychology & Health, 26, 1113-1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.613995</p><p></p><p>Akcil, U., Aksal,F. A., Mukhametzyanova, F.S., & Gazi, Z. A. (2017). An examination of open and technology leadership in managerial practices of education system. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(1), 119131. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00607a</p><p></p><p>AlAjmi, M. K. (2022). The impact of digital leadership on teachers technology integration during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait. International Journal of Educational Research, 112, 101928, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.101928</p><p></p><p>Almaiah, M. A., Alamri, M. M., &Al-Rahmi, W. (2019). Applying the UTAUT Model to explain the students acceptanceof mobile learning system in highereducation. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Access, 7, 174673174686. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2957206.</p><p></p><p>Almisad, B., & Alsalim, M. (2020). Kuwaiti female university students acceptance of the integration of smartphones in their learning: An investigation guided by a modified version of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT).International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 12(1),1-19. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTEL.2020.103812</p><p></p><p>Alshehri, A., Rutter, M, & Smith, S. (2020). The effects of UTAUT and usability qualities on students use of learning management systems in Saudi tertiary education. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 19, 891-930. https://doi.org/10.28945/4659</p><p></p><p>Altinay, F., Altinay, M., Dagli, G., & Altinay, Z. (2018). Being leader in global citizenship at the information technology age. Quality & Quantity, 52(S1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0585-5</p><p></p><p>Amal, B. K. (2019). Pembelajaran blended learning melalui whatsapp group (wag). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Universitas Negeri Medan 2019. 3, 700-702. http://digilib.unimed.ac.id/id/eprint/37292</p><p></p><p>Amzaourou, O., & Oubaha, D. (2018). Investigating the cross-cultural dimensions of educational Web 2.0 acceptance: thecase of Moroccan and American university students. Research in Comparative and International Education, 13(2), 319-341. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499918775197</p><p></p><p>Anderson, R. E., & Dexter, S. (2005). School technology leadership: An empirical investigation of prevalence and effect. Educational Administration Quarterly, 41(1),49-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X04269517</p><p></p><p>Anealka Aziz Hussin (2018). Education 4.0 made simple: Ideas for teaching. International Conference of Economic and Management Processes, 6(3), 92-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.6n.3p.92</p><p></p><p>Ani Omar. (2016). Integrasi teknologi dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Kesusasteraan Melayu mempertingkatkan keyakinan dan keberhasilan guru semasa latihan mengajar. JPBU, 9, 13-25. https://bit.ly/3wu47JU</p><p></p><p>Arif, M., Ameen, K., & Rafiq, M. (2018). Factors affecting student use of Web-based services: Application of UTAUT in the Pakistani context. Electronic Library, 36(3), 518-534. https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-06-2016-0129</p><p></p><p>Asma Ahmad (2018). Leadership communication through Whatsapp Application in a primary school. Selangor Humaniora Review, 2(2), 95-106. https://bit.ly/367oZxs</p><p></p><p>Aten, B. M. (1996). An analysis of the nature of educational technology leadership in Californias SB 1274 restructuring schools, Doctoral dissertation, University of San Francisco. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://bit.ly/3KcvbCG</p><p></p><p>Aying, C., Mohd Mahzan Awang, & Abdul Razaq Ahmad (2019). The use of digital technology as a medium of teaching and learning history education. Global Conferences Series: Social Sciences, Education and Humanities, 2, 151-155. https://doi.org/10.32698/gcs.0188</p><p></p><p>AzZafi, A., Maroh, M. T., Siswanto, S., & Fathurrochman, I. (2021). Islamicreligious education teacher of learning strategy in implementing religious values through whatsapp. Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 4(3), 700-711. https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v4i3.1423</p><p></p><p>Azizi Yahaya, Voo, P., Ismail Maakip, Mohd Dahlan A. Malek (2020). Kaedah penyelidikan dalam pendidikan. Tanjong Malim, Perak: Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.</p><p>Bahagian Sumber dan Teknologi Pendidikan (2019). Penarafan kendiri Smart School Qualification Standards (SSQS) 2019. Facebook Rasmi Jabatan Pendidikan Pendidikan Negeri Johor (2020, Mac 25). https://bit.ly/3GaxsfN</p><p></p><p>Bailey, G. D., & Lumley, D. (1994). Technology staff development programs. A leadership sourcebook for school administrators. New York: Scholastic.</p><p>Baishya, D., & Maheshwari, S. (2020). WhatsApp groups in academic context: Exploring the academic uses of whatsapp groups among the students. Contemporary Educational Technology, 11(1), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.641765</p><p></p><p>Balasundran, K.,Jamal@Nordin Yunus, &Marinah Awang(2020).Penggabungjalinan faktor-faktor dan hubungannyadengan pengaplikasian Whatsapp dalam kalangan guru sekolah rendah di zon Chini, Pekan. Management Research Journal, 9(2), 46-58. https://ejournal.upsi.edu.my/index.php/MRJ/article/view/3446</p><p></p><p>Bandura A. (1988). Self-Regulation of motivation and action through goal systems. Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation. NATO ASI Series (Series D: Behavioural and Social Sciences), 44, 37-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94</p><p>009-2792-6_2</p><p></p><p>Bandura, A. (1989). Human Agency in Social Cognitive Theory. American Psychologist, 44(9), 1175-1184. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1175</p><p></p><p>Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 248-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90022-L</p><p></p><p>Bartlett II, J. E., Kotrlik, J. W., & Higgins, C. C. (2001). Organizational research: determining appropriatesamplesizein survey research. Information Technology, Learning and Performance Journal, 19 (1), pp. 43-50. https://bit.ly/3yYNWqS</p><p></p><p>Batubara, D. S. (2017). Kompetensi teknologi informasi dan komunikasi Guru SD/MI (Potret, Faktor-faktor, dan Upaya Meningkatkannya). Muallimuna Jurnal Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, 3(1), 48-65. https://bit.ly/3dFstaR</p><p></p><p>Beloglazova, E. V., Procenko, S. I.,Safonova, L. A., & Vasenina, S. I. (2020). Teacher Training for the Development and Application of Electronic Educational Resources in the Professional Activity. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 9(2), 149-156. https://bit.ly/31G5hqc</p><p></p><p>Berita Harian (2017, September 18). Teknologi memudahkan cara bekerja.</p><p>https://bit.ly/34Dtb73</p><p></p><p>Bikar, S. S., Rathakrishnan, B., Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin, Norruzeyati Che Mohd Nasir, & Mohd Azrin Mohd Nasir (2021). Social sustainability of post-disaster: How teachers enable primary school students to be resilient in times of ranau earthquake. Sustainability, 13(13), 7308, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137308</p><p></p><p>Bing, W. A., & Khairul Azhar Jamaludin (2021). Pembelajaran dalam talian (epembelajaran) semasa pandemik COVID-19. Jurnal Dunia Pendidikan, 3(3), 408-414. https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/jdpd/article/view/16078</p><p></p><p>Bond, T., &Fox, C. M.(2015). Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences. (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315814698</p><p></p><p>Buabeng-Andoh, C., & Baah, C. (2020). Pre-serviceteachersintention to uselearning management system: an integration of UTAUT and TAM. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 17(4), 455-474.https://doi.org/10.1108/ITSE</p><p>02-2020-0028</p><p></p><p>Buletin Anjakan Transformasi Pendidikan Malaysia (2016). Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2013-2025 Bil 4/2015. https://bit.ly/3olNSvG</p><p></p><p>Butcher, M. (2020, Mac 22). Heres a wrap of the main tech-related coronavirus news in the last 24 hours. TechCrunch. https://tcrn.ch/3Gi8ZFr</p><p></p><p>Chang, I. (2002). Assessing principals leadership in implementing educational technology policies: An application of structural equation modelling, Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://bit.ly/3sEOte7</p><p></p><p>Chang, I. (2003). Assessing the dimensions of principals' effective technology leadership: An application of structural equation modeling. Educational Policy Forum, 6(1): 111-141.</p><p></p><p>Chang, I. (2012). The effect of principals' technological leadership on teachers' technological literacy and teaching effectiveness in Taiwanese Elementary Schools. Educational Technology & Society, 15(2), 328-340.</p><p>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/jeductechsoci.15.2.328</p><p></p><p>Chang, I., Chin, J. M., & Hsu, C. (2008). Teachers perceptions of the dimensions and implementation of technology leadership of principals in Taiwanese Elementary Schools. Educational Technology & Society, 11(4), 229-245.</p><p>https://bit.ly/3pDaGr6</p><p></p><p>Chao, C. M. (2019). Factors determining the behavioral intention to use mobile learning: An application and extension of the UTAUT model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(July). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01652</p><p></p><p>Chen, L. da, Gillenson, M. L., & Sherrell, D. L. (2002). Enticing onlineconsumers: An extended technology acceptance perspective. Information and Management, 39(8), 705-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00127-6</p><p></p><p>Ching, N. L., Hazura Abdul Rahim, & Zubaidah Salamat (2020) Tahap amalan Pembelajaran Abad Ke-21 (PAK21): Satu Kajian Kes. Jurnal Pengurusan Dan Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 33(1), 43-56.</p><p>http://eprints.iab.edu.my/v2/id/eprint/1110</p><p></p><p>Cholik, C. A., (2021). Perkembangan teknologi informasi komunikasi / ICT dalam berbagai bidang. Jurnal Fakultas Teknik, 2(2). 39-46.</p><p>https://jurnal.unisa.ac.id/index.php/jft/article/view/83/68</p><p></p><p>Chua, Y. P. (2012). Kaedah dan statistik penyelidikan. Asas statistik penyelidikan (Buku 2, Edisi Kedua). Shah Alam, Selangor: McGraw-Hill Education (Malaysia).</p><p></p><p>Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K., (2018). Research methods in education (8th ed.). New York: Routledge.</p><p></p><p>Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2014). Business research methods (12th ed.). New York: McGraw/Irwin.</p><p></p><p>Cory, S. (1990). Can your district become an instructional technology leader? School Administrator Special Issue, Computer Technology Report, 17-19.</p><p>Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.</p><p></p><p>Dagdilelis, V. (2018). Preparing teachers for the use of digital technologies in their teaching practice. Research in Social Sciences and Technology, 3(1), 109-121.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.46303/ressat.03.01.7</p><p></p><p>Davies, P. M. (2010). On school educational technology leadership. Management in Education, 24(2), 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892020610363089</p><p></p><p>Davis, F. D (1985). A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems: Theory and results. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15192</p><p></p><p>Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems, 13(3), 319-339. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008</p><p></p><p>Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1992). Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation to use computers in the workplace. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22(14), 1111-1132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559</p><p>1816.1992.tb00945.x</p><p></p><p>Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from your panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research, 5(4), 194-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0897</p><p>1897(05)80008-4</p><p></p><p>Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801</p><p></p><p>Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (2017). Maksud niat menurut Kamus Bahasa Melayu. Diakses pada 2022, Jun 05. https://bit.ly/3OT9iLc</p><p></p><p>Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (2017). Maksud penggunaan menurut Kamus Bahasa Melayu. Diakses pada 2022, Jun 05. https://bit.ly/3ad9sy2</p><p></p><p>Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (2017). Maksud tingkah laku menurut Kamus Bahasa Melayu. Diakses pada 2022, Jun 05. https://bit.ly/3NzM5MM</p><p></p><p>Digital Malaysia (2017). We Are Social & Hootsuites Digital Report.</p><p>https://bit.ly/3rFtCY1</p><p></p><p>Digital Malaysia (2018). We Are Social & Hootsuites Digital Report.</p><p>https://bit.ly/3lDgCyj</p><p></p><p>Digital Malaysia (2019). We Are Social & Hootsuites Digital Report.</p><p>https://bit.ly/3lHyEPX</p><p></p><p>Digital Malaysia (2020). We Are Social & Hootsuites Digital Report.</p><p>https://bit.ly/3Dh7yFi</p><p></p><p>Digital Malaysia (2021). We Are Social & Hootsuites Digital Report.</p><p>https://bit.ly/3jpX4f7</p><p></p><p>Dillon, A., & Morris, M. G. (1996). User acceptance of information technology: Theories and Models. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST), 31, 3-32. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/82513/</p><p></p><p>Esplin, N. L., Stewart, C., & Thurston, T. N. (2018). Technology leadership perceptions of Utah elementary school principals. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 50(4), 305-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2018.1487351</p><p></p><p>Fariza Khalid, Md Yusoff Daud, & Mohd Khalid Mohamad Nasir (2016). Perbandingan penggunaan telefon pintar untuk tujuan umum dan pembelajaran dalam kalangan pelajar universiti. International Conference on Education and Regional Development 2016 (ICERD 2016). 173-182. https://bit.ly/2ZZjBcO</p><p></p><p>Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA. United States of America: Addison-Wesley. https://people.umass.edu/aizen/f&a1975.html</p><p></p><p>Flanagan, L., & Jacobsen, M. (2003). Technology leadership for the twenty-first century principal. Journal of Educational Administration, 41(2), 124-142. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230310464648</p><p></p><p>Ford, J. I. (2000). Identifying technology leadership competencies for Nebraskas K-12 technology leaders, Doctoral dissertation, University of Nebraska, United States of America. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://bit.ly/3vENHQ0</p><p></p><p>Garone, A., Pynoo, B., Tondeur, J., Cocquyt, C., Vanslambrouck, S., Bruggeman, B., & Struyven, K. (2019). Clustering university teaching staff through UTAUT: Implications for the acceptance of a new learning management system. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(5), 2466-2483. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12867</p><p></p><p>Gay, L. R., Mills,G. E., & Airasian, P. W. (2012). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and application (10th ed.). New York: Pearson.</p><p></p><p>Ghazali Darulsalam, & Sufean Hussin (2016). Metodologi penyelidikan dalam pendidikan: Amalan dan analisis kajian. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.</p><p></p><p>Gonzales, A. L. M., Bernal Jr, H. L., Reyes, J. M. R., Reyes, J. R., & Tan, M. M. O. (2018). Technology initiatives: A shared leadership of digital natives and digital immigrants. Higher Education Research, 3(4), 66-74. https://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.her.20180304.12</p><p></p><p>Grnlund, ., Wiklund, M., & B, R. (2018). No name, no game: Challenges to use of collaborative digital textbooks. Education and Information Technologies, 23(3), 1359-1375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-017-9669-z</p><p></p><p>Grnmo, S. (2020). Social research methods: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). London: SAGE Publications, Inc.</p><p></p><p>Gunawan, G., Suranti, N. M. Y., & Fathoroni, F. (2020). Variations of models and learning platforms for prospective teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Indonesian Journal of Teacher Education, 1(2), 61-70. https://journal.publication-center.com/index.php/ijte/article/view/95</p><p></p><p>Habibah Abdul Rahim (2021) dalam Adjah Naqkiah Mazlan, & Fatin Aliah Phang (2021, Januari 18). Berita Harian. Lahirkan lebih ramai Guru Cemerlang, tingkatkan PdPR. https://bit.ly/32VCw9n</p><p></p><p>Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). United Kingdom: Cengage Learning, EMEA.</p><p></p><p>Hamedoglu, M. A. (2019). The use of information and communication technologies in classroom management in primary schools. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 7(4), 145-154. https://doi.org/10.17220/mojet.2019.04.010</p><p></p><p>Hamidah Yusof (2021). Modul kaedah penyelidikan pengurusan pendidikan. Tanjong Malim, Perak: Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.</p><p></p><p>Hamidah Yusof, Jamal Yunus, & Khalip Musa (2019). Kaedah penyelidikan pengurusan pendidikan. Tanjong Malim, Perak: Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.</p><p></p><p>Handayani, F., Sepyanda, M., Dwiputri, R., Permata, R., & Zulfariati (2021). Optimalisasi penggunaan WhatsApp Group sebagai sarana komunikasi dan media pembelajaran online selama masa pandemi COVID-19 bagi guru SD Negeri 10 Pianggu. Jurnal Puan Indonesia, 3(1), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.37296/jpi.v3i1.53</p><p></p><p>Handayani, T., & Sudiana, S. (2015). Analisis Penerapan Model UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) Terhadap Perilaku Pengguna Sistem Informasi (Studi Kasus: Sistem Informasi Akademik pada STTNAS Yogyakarta). Prosiding Seminar Nasional ReTII ke-10.</p><p></p><p>Hapini Awang, Zahurin Aji, Wan Rozaini Sheik Osman & Mohd Sobhi Ishak (2018). Examining Virtual Learning Environment Success using DeLone and McLean IS Success Model". PACIS 2018 Proceedings. 50. https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2018/50</p><p></p><p>Hapini Awang, Zahurin Mat Aji, Wan Rozaini Sheik Osman, Abdulrazak F. Shahatha Al-Mashhadani & Mazzlida Mat Deli (2020). Exploring teachers satisfaction toward virtual learning environment: Malaysian Perspective. Solid State Technology, 63(3). 3023-3035. https://bit.ly/3GgRKnP</p><p></p><p>Harmaniza Ishak (2017). Hubungan antara Penerimaan dengan Sikap terhadap Penggunaan Sistem Pengurusan Pembelajaran Maya. Disertasi Ijazah Sarjana Pendidikan (TeknologiMaklumat dan Komunikasi). Fakulti Seni, Komputerdan Industri Kreatif. Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.</p><p></p><p>Helaluddin, H. (2019). Peningkatan kemampuan literasi teknologi dalam upaya mengembangkan inovasi pendidikan di perguruan tinggi. PENDAIS, 1(01), 4455. https://uit.e-journal.id/JPAIs/article/view/218</p><p></p><p>Hershkovitz, A., Abu Elhija, M., & Zedan, D. (2019). Whatsapp is the message: Outof-class communication, student-teacher relationship, and classroom environment. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 18, 7395. https://doi.org/10.28945/4183</p><p></p><p>Holzmann, P., Schwarz, E. J., & Audretsch, D. B. (2018). Understanding the determinants of novel technology adoption among teachers: the case of 3D printing. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 45(1), 259-275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9693-1</p><p></p><p>Hughes, O. (2020, Mei 13). Zoom vs Microsoft Teams, Google Meet, Cisco Webex and Skype: Choosing the right videoconferencing apps for you. TechRepublic. https://bit.ly/3Er89Wb</p><p></p><p>Inkster, C. D. (1998). Technology leadership in elementary school principals: A comparative case study, Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, USA. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://bit.ly/3MjsvoV</p><p></p><p>Intan Nur Syuhada Hamzah, & Zamri Mahamod (2021). Strategi pengajaran dalam talian yang digunakan oleh guru BahasaMelayu dalam meningkatkan kemahiran membaca murid sekolah rendah. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu, 11(2), 5467. https://spaj.ukm.my/jpbm/index.php/jpbm/article/view/267/202</p><p></p><p>International Society for Technology in Education [ISTE] (1998). Curriculum guidelines for accreditation of educational computing and technology progress: A polio preparation manual. Eugene: International Society for Technology in Education.</p><p></p><p>International Society for Technology in Education [ISTE] (2001). Technology standards for school administrators [TSSA]. https://bit.ly/3vwEA3L</p><p></p><p>International Society for Technology in Education [ISTE] (2002). National Education Technology Standards for Administrators [NETS-A]. https://bit.ly/3rWCkk0</p><p></p><p>International Society for Technology in Education [ISTE] (2009). National Education Technology Standards for Administrators [NETS-A]. https://bit.ly/3MvB5jF</p><p></p><p>Isaac, O., Abdullah, Z., Aldholay, A. H., & Ameen, A. A. (2019). Antecedents and outcomes of internet usage within organisations in Yemen: An extension of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. Asia Pacific Management Review, 24(4), 335-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2018.12.003</p><p></p><p>Isiyaku, D. D., Ayub, M. A. F. & AbdulKadir, S. (2018). Antecedents to teachers perceptions of the usefulness of ICTs for business education classroom instructions in Nigerian tertiary institutions. Asia Pacific Education Review, 19, 337-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-018-9525-x</p><p></p><p>Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia (2019). Laporan Penyiasatan Penggunaan dan Capaian ICT oleh Individu dan Isi Rumah, Malaysia 2018. Bahagian Perangkaan Komunikasi Strategik dan Antarabangsa. https://bit.ly/3dkY4OM</p><p></p><p>Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia (2020). Laporan Survei Penggunaan dan Capaian ICT oleh Individu dan Isi Rumah 2019. Bahagian Perangkaan Komunikasi Strategik dan Antarabangsa. https://bit.ly/3pkmFc2</p><p></p><p>Jabatan Perdana Menteri (1991). Rancangan Malaysia Keenam 1991-1995. Unit Perancang Ekonomi. https://bit.ly/3x3MRLn</p><p></p><p>Jabatan Perdana Menteri (2001). Rancangan Malaysia Kelapan 2001-2005. Unit Perancang Ekonomi. https://bit.ly/3oNeXqw</p><p></p><p>Jabatan Perdana Menteri (2006). Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan 2006-2010. Unit Perancang Ekonomi. https://bit.ly/3x6vxWo</p><p></p><p>Jabatan Perdana Menteri (2016). Rancangan Malaysia Kesebelas 2016-2020. Unit Perancang Ekonomi. https://bit.ly/3oHhSRz</p><p></p><p>Jabatan PerdanaMenteri (2021). Dasar Revolusi Perindustrian Keempat (4IR) Negara. Unit Perancang Ekonomi. https://www.epu.gov.my/sites/default/files/2021</p><p>10/4IR_BM_0.pdf</p><p></p><p>Jamil Shaari, Syahril Izwan Abdul Yamin, & Mohd Izham Ahmad (2021). Impak penggunaan aplikasi terhadap proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran pelajar politeknik dalam kursuselectrical technology. ANP Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 2(1), 55-59. https://doi.org/10.53797/anpjssh.v2i1.7.2021</p><p></p><p>Jewell, M. J. (1998). Theart and craft of technology leadership. Learning and Leading with Technology, 26(4), 46-47.</p><p>Kairul Naharawi, Aida Hanim A. Hamid, & Mohd Izham Mohd Hamzah (2020). Kesediaan pentadbir terhadap amalan mengurus perubahan dalam organisasi sekolah. Prosiding Seminar Nasional FIP 2020. 1(1), 295-304.</p><p>https://bit.ly/3FDaJZ7</p><p></p><p>Kamlin, M., & Keong, T. (2020). Kemampuan ICT WhatsApp sebagai medium komunikasi berkesan. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(10), 178-183. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v5i10.509</p><p></p><p>Kapur, R. (2018). Barriers to effective communication. https://bit.ly/3dnWqf6</p><p></p><p>Karahanna, E., Straub, D. W., & Chervany, N. L. (1999). Information technology adoption across time: a cross-sectional comparison of pre-adoption and post-adoption beliefs. MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems, 23(2) 183213. https://doi.org/10.2307/249751</p><p></p><p>Kartini, D., & Kristiawan, M. (2019). Pengaruh tunjangan profesi dan motivasi kerja terhadap kinerja guru. Kelola Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 6(1)1, 25-33.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.24246/j.jk.2019.v6.i1.p25-33</p><p></p><p>Katyal, M. (2017). Factors affecting smartphone purchasedecision: An empirical study. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 5(11), 14. https://bit.ly/3xZPMp8</p><p></p><p>Kaur, D. J., Saraswat, N.,& Alvi, I. (2021).Exploring the Effectsof Blended Learning using WhatsApp on Language Learners' Lexical Competence. Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 13(4), 1-17.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v13n4.60</p><p></p><p>Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia (2020). Infografik belanjawan 2021.</p><p>https://bit.ly/3ppvZve</p><p></p><p>KementerianPelajaran Malaysia(2006).Pelan Induk Pembangunan Pendidikan (PIPP) 2006-2010. https://bit.ly/3xR90PG</p><p></p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2012). Dasar Pendidikan Kebangsaan. Bahagian Perancangan dan Penyelidikan Dasar Pendidikan.</p><p>https://www.moe.gov.my/dasar/1196-buku-dasar-kpm/file</p><p></p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2012). Pelan Strategik Interim 2011-2020. Bahagian Perancangan dan Penyelidikan Dasar Pendidikan.</p><p>https://bit.ly/3seJP4V</p><p></p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2013). Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2013-2025. Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum. https://bit.ly/3Fw5nPx</p><p></p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2016). Dokumen Awal Deskripsi Tugas Pegawai Perkhidmatan Pendidikan (Laluan Pengajaran & Pembelajaran dan Kepimpinan). Bahagian Pendidikan Guru. 1-65. https://bit.ly/3uBBhIu</p><p></p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia(2017). Panduan Pelaksanaan Pendidikan Abad Ke</p><p>21. Institut Aminuddin Baki. http://eprints.iab.edu.my/v2/id/eprint/592</p><p></p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2019). Smart School Qualification Standards (SSQS) 2019. Bahagian Sumber dan Teknologi Pendidikan.</p><p>https://bit.ly/3GaxsfN</p><p></p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2022, April 09). Statistik bilangan sekolah, murid dan guru. Data e-operasi 31 Julai 2020. https://bit.ly/3xib5E2</p><p></p><p>Khalilzadeh, J., Ozturk, A. B., & Bilgihan, A. (2017). Security-related factors in extended UTAUT model for NFC based mobile payment in the restaurant industry. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 460-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.001</p><p></p><p>Khasanah, U., Kristiawan, M., & Tobari (2019). The implementation of principals academicsupervision in improving teachersprofessionalism in the stateprimary schools. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 8(8), 11071115. https://bit.ly/3djvfCg</p><p></p><p>Khodijah Abdul Rahman, Siti Zaharah Mohid dan Roslinda Ramli (2018). Kesediaan guru menggunakan teknologi multimedia dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran di sekolah rendah agama di Selangor. Proceeding of IC-ITS. 4th International Conference on Information Technology & Society, 1-9. https://bit.ly/3rQLU7T</p><p></p><p>Kim, J., & Lee,K. SS. (2020).Conceptual model to predict Filipino teachers adoption of ICT-based instruction in class: Using the UTAUTmodel. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1776213</p><p></p><p>Kline, J. J. (1993). A comparative analysis of selected educational technology competencies regarded as important for the integration of technology in the public schools of Pennsylvania, Doctoral dissertation, Lehigh University, USA. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://bit.ly/3ttWRfC</p><p></p><p>Knig, J., Jger-Biela, D. J., & Glutsch, N. (2020). Adapting to online teaching during COVID-19 school closure: teacher education and teacher competence effects among early career teachers in Germany. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 608-622. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1809650</p><p></p><p>Krejcie, R. V, & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining samplesizeforresearchactivities. Education and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610. http://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308</p><p></p><p>Krishnamurthy, S. (2020). The future of business education: A commentary in the shadow of the Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Business Research. 117(2020), 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.034</p><p></p><p>Kristanto, A. (2016). Aplikasi teknologi pendidikan di sekolah. Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 4(1), 13-16. https://bit.ly/3M56mtX</p><p></p><p>Kristina, M., Sari, R. N., & Nagara, E. S. (2020). Model pelaksanaan pembelajaran daring pada masa pandemi covid 19 di Provinsi Lampung. Jurnal Idaarah, 4(2), 200-209. https://bit.ly/38ALHPN</p><p></p><p>Kropf, D. C. (2018). Applying UTAUT to determine intent to use cloud computing in K-12 classrooms. Doctoral dissertation, Walden University. https://bit.ly/3gBgpJ6</p><p></p><p>Kuo, B. C. H., Roldan-Bau, A., & Lowinger, R. (2015). Psychological help-seeking among Latin American Immigrants in Canada: Testing a culturally-expanded model of the Theory of Reasoned Action Using Path Analysis. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 37(2), 179-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-015-9236-5</p><p></p><p>Lase, D. (2019). Pendidikan di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0. Sundermann: Jurnal Ilmiah Teologi, Pendidikan, Sains, Humaniora Dan Kebudayaan, 12(2), 28-43. https://doi.org/10.36588/sundermann.v1i1.18</p><p></p><p>Lawrence, J. E., & Tar, U. A. (2018). Factors that influence teachers adoption and integration of ICT in teaching/learning process. Educational Media International, 55(1), 79-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2018.1439712</p><p></p><p>Leavy, P. (2017). Research design: Quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, arts-based, and community-based participatory research approaches.New York: The Guilford Press.</p><p></p><p>Leong, M. W. (2017). Principal technology leadership practices, teacher ICT competency, and teacher acceptance of School Management System (SMS) in Negeri Sembilan secondary schools. PhD thesis, University of Malaya. http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/7362/</p><p></p><p>Leong, M. W., Chua, Y. P., Kannan, S., & Shafinaz A. Moulod (2016). Relationship between teacher ICT competency and teacher acceptance and use of School Management System (SMS). Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 4(4), 36-52. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1116214</p><p></p><p>Leong, M. W., Kannan, S., & Shafinaz A. Moulod (2016). Principal technology leadership practices and teacher acceptance of school management system (SMS). Educational Leader (Pemimpin Pendidikan), 4, 89-103. https://bit.ly/37yfVCF</p><p></p><p>Lily Hanefarezan Asbulah, Maimun AqshaLubis,AshinidaAladdin, & Musab Sahrim (2018). Kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan instrumen strategi pembelajaran kolokasi BahasaArab: Analisismenggunakan Model Rasch. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 43(1SI), 131-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JPEN-2018-43.03-14</p><p></p><p>Lim, C. H., & Teoh, A. P. (2021). Predicting the Influence of Digital Leadership on Performance of Private Higher Education Institutions: Evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, 10(1), 1-38. http://www.scientificia.com/index.php/JEBE/article/view/161</p><p></p><p>Lumban Gaol,N. T.,& Siburian, P. (2018).Peran kepala sekolah dalam meningkatkan kinerja guru. Kelola: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 5(1), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.24246/j.jk.2018.v5.i1.p66-73</p><p></p><p>Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35(6), 382-385. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-198611000-00017</p><p></p><p>Mahalingam, S. (2021). Leveraging ICT for learning among newly appointed school leaders and technology leadership practices. International Conference on Business Studies and Education (ICBE), 94-101. https://www.icbe.my/wp</p><p>content/uploads/2021/11/12.pdf</p><p></p><p>Maican, C. I., Cazan, A. M., Lixandroiu, R. C., & Dovleac, L. (2019). A study on academic staff personality and technology acceptance: The case of communication and collaboration applications. Computers and Education, 128, 113-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.010</p><p></p><p>Malaysiaaktif (2018, Disember 11). Sebanyak 10,190 sekolah dibekal perkhidmatan capaian internet. BERNAMA. https://malaysiaaktif.my/48837</p><p></p><p>Manan, N. A. (2017). Whatsapp mobile tool in second language learning. Indonesian EFL Journal, 3(1), 87-92. https://doi.org/10.25134/ieflj.v3i1.657</p><p></p><p>Mandailina, V., Saddam, S., Ibrahim, M., & Syaharuddin, S. (2019). UTAUT: Analysis of usage level of Android Applications as learning media in Indonesian Educational Institutions. IJECA (International Journal of Education and Curriculum Application), 2(3), 16. https://doi.org/10.31764/ijeca.v2i3.2080</p><p></p><p>Mansoori, K. A. A., Sarabdeen, J., & Tchantchane, A. L. (2018). Investigating Emirati citizens adoption of e-government services in Abu Dhabi using modified UTAUT model. Information Technology and People, 31(2), 455-481. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-12-2016-0290</p><p></p><p>Marchewka, J. T., & Kostiwa, K. (2007). An application of the UTAUT Model for understanding student perceptions using course management software. Communications of the IIMA, 7(2), 93-104. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/ciima/vol7/iss2/10</p><p></p><p>Maszlee Malik (2018, Oktober 17). 12 inisiatif terbaru peringkat sekolah. Xpresi.</p><p>https://bit.ly/3LzPnA3</p><p></p><p>Mat Rahimi Yusof, Mohd Faiz Mohd Yaakob, & Mohd Yusri Ibrahim (2019). Digital leadership among school leaders in Malaysia. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(9), 1481-1485. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.i8221.078919</p><p></p><p>Mat Rahimi Yusof, Mohd Yusri Ibrahim, Noor Lela Ahmad, Nor Hanani Ahamad Rapani, Zuriadah Ismail, Anis Suriati Ahmad, & Mohd Nasrun Mohd Nawi (2020). Investigating behaviour of virtual instructional leadership among principals of secondary school Malaysia. Elementary Education Online, 19(3), 40-47. https://bit.ly/3JFPloa</p><p></p><p>Mat Rahimi Yusof, Nurul Fakhri Daud, Fauzi Hussin, Hapini Awang, Ramlan Mustapha, & Pang, L. C. (2021). The influence of headmasters technology leadership on teachers performance: A quantitative study. Journal of Contemporary Social Science and Education Studies (JOCSSES), 1(2), 19-28. http://www.jocss.com/index.php/multidiscipline/article/view/48</p><p></p><p>Mat Rahimi Yusof, Yahya Don, Mohd Faiz Mohd Yaakob, M.S. Omar-Fauzee, Pang,</p><p>L.C. (2021).Biasakanyang baharu: Analisisgayakepimpinan pemimpin sekolah semasapandemik Covid-19.International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 6 (42), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/IJEPC.642001</p><p></p><p>Mazni Muhammad, RosleeTalip, & Muhammad Suhaimi Taat (2019).Pengaruh kualiti pengajaran dan pembelajaran terhadap kepuasan belajar pelajar kolej-kolej swasta di Sabah. Jurnal ILMI, 9(1), 102-119. http://www.kuim.edu.my/journal/index.php/JILMI/article/view/621</p><p></p><p>Mendenhall, M., Skinner, M., Collas, S., & French, S. (2018). Expanding teacher support through Mobile mentoring in Kakuma refugee camp: Benefits and challenges. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 20(2), 9-23. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1205676.pdf</p><p></p><p>Microsoft Malaysia News Center (2020, Jun 15). Kementerian Pendidikan lancar pelantar pendidikan digital baharu dengan kerjasama Google, Microsoft dan Apple. Microsoft Malaysia. https://bit.ly/3rAUSqs</p><p></p><p>Miriam, L. M., Lorien, A., & Cynthia, B. (2016). Soft skills: A phrase in search of meaning. Libraries and the Academy, 16(1), 71-88. https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2016.0009</p><p></p><p>Mirzajani, H., & Bayekolaei, M. D. (2019). Factors influencing utilization of ICT among pre-serviceteachers: A reviewof the literature. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 5(4), 420-427. https://bit.ly/338BMxT</p><p></p><p>Mistirine Radin, & M. Al-Muz-zammil Yasin (2018). Perlaksanaan Pendidikan Abad Ke-21 di Malaysia: Satu tinjauan awal. Sains Humanika, 10(3-2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v10n3-2.1481</p><p></p><p>Mohammad Taufiq Abdul Ghani, Wan Ab AzizWan Daud, & Mohammad Najib Jaffar (2019). Penerimaan pelajar kursus BahasaArab di Universiti Malaysia Kelantan terhadap pembelajaran teradun berteraskan Model Penerimaan Teknologi (TAM). Asian People Journal (APJ), 2(1), 84-94. https://bit.ly/3ptXS5m</p><p></p><p>Mohammed Afandi Zainal, Mohd Effendi Ewan Mohd Matore, Wan Norshuhadah W Musa, & Noor Hashimah Hashim (2020). Kesahan kandungan instrumen pengukuran tingkah laku inovatif guru menggunakan kaedah nisbah kesahan kandungan (CVR). Akademika 90(Isu khas 3), 43-54. http://journalarticle.ukm.my/17320/</p><p></p><p>Mohd Norakmar Omar, & Siti Noor Ismail (2021). Empowering teacher self-efficacy on ICT: Howdoestechnology leadership play arole?MOJEM: Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management. 9(3), 1-22. https://bit.ly/39GBEt8</p><p></p><p>Mohd Norakmar Omar, Siti Noor Ismail, & Abd Latif Kasim (2019). Hubungan kepimpinan teknologi pengetua dan efikasi kendiri guru. JuPiDi: Jurnal kepimpinan pendidikan, 6(4), 1-21. https://bit.ly/3EyNe4r</p><p></p><p>Mohd Norakmar Omar, Siti Noor Ismail, & Abd Latif Kasim (2020). Karakter kepimpinan teknologi pengetua dalam pengintegrasian ICT di sekolah menengah. JuPiDi: Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 7(1), 28-46. https://bit.ly/3iMBCkt</p><p></p><p>Mohd Norakmar Omar, Siti Noor Ismail, & Rathakrishnan, M. (2022). Penggunaan teknologi mudah alih bagi menjana pembelajaran digital semasa Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan (PKP). International Journal of Education, Islamic Studies and Social Science Research, 6(1), 71-85. https://bit.ly/3QvoW0Z</p><p></p><p>Montoya S., & Barbosa A. (2020, Mei 15). The importance of monitoring and improving ICT use in education post-confinement. UNESCO. https://bit.ly/3xTeozG</p><p></p><p>Moore, G. C., & Benbasat, I. (1991). Development of an instrument to measure the perceptions of adopting an information technology innovation. Information Systems Research, 2, 192-222. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2.3.192</p><p></p><p>Moreira, M. A., Rivero, V. M. H., & Alonso, J. J. S. (2019). Leadership and school integration of ICT. Teachers perceptions in Spain. Education and Information Technologies, 24(1), 549-565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-018-9789-0</p><p></p><p>Moreno-Guerrero, A-J., Rodrguez-Jimnez, C., Ramos-Navas-Parejo, M., Soler-Costa, R., & Lpez-Belmonte, J. (2020) WhatsApp and Google Drive Influence on Pre-service Students Learning. Frontiers in Education, 5:152, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00152</p><p></p><p>Motteram, G., & Dawson, S. (2019). Resilience and language teacher development in challenging contexts: Supporting teachers through social media. London: The British Council. https://bit.ly/3LN8G8j</p><p></p><p>Motteram, G., Dawson, S. & Al-Masri, N. (2020). WhatsApp supported language teacher development:A casestudyin theZataari refugeecamp. Educ Inf Technol 25, 5731-5751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10233-0</p><p></p><p>Muhammad Ismail Omar (2016). Analisis penyumbang terhadap amalan pengintegrasian ICT dalam kalangan guru sekolah rendah, Disertasi Ijazah Sarjana (Pendidikan Sekolah Rendah). Fakulti Pendidikan dan Pembangunan Manusia. Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. https://bit.ly/38pMimZ</p><p></p><p>Munirah Madzlan, & Kamariah Abu Bakar (2022). Kemahiran dan motivasi guru serta keberkesanan terhadap penggunaan telegram dan whatsapp dalam pembelajaran dan pemudahcaraan. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 7(9), e001761. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i9.1761</p><p></p><p>Murtiningsih, Kristiawan, M., & Lian, B. (2019). Thecorrelation between supervision of headmaster and interpersonal communication with work ethos of the teacher. European Journal of Education Studies, 6(1), 246-256. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2649535</p><p></p><p>Mutaqin, K. A., & Sutoyo, E. (2020). Analysis of citizens acceptancefor e-government services in Bandung, Indonesia: The use of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Model. Bulletin of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, 1(1), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.25008/bcsee.v1i1.3</p><p></p><p>Nambiar, D. (2020). The impact of online learning during COVID19: Students' and teachersperspective. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 8(2), 783-793. https://bit.ly/3LFd1v5</p><p></p><p>Narcisi, G., & Alspach, K. (2020, Oktober 5). Confronting Covid-19: How partners made Zoom, Microsoft Teams and Cisco Webex essential viewing. CRN: News, Analysis and Perspective for Solution Providers and Technology Integrator. https://bit.ly/3lvUGVx</p><p></p><p>NorZanira Abd Manan, & Hafizul Fahri Hanafi (2019). Google Classroom: Students acceptance using UTAUT Model. JAPPA Journal-Journal of Applied Art, 1(1), 64-72. https://bit.ly/3Ji0dZj</p><p></p><p>Norlaila Che Murat, Rosseni Din, & Mohammed Huzaimi Alias (2020). Kesediaan pelajar tingkatan 6 menggunakan aplikasi mudah alih pendidikan. Journal of Personalized Learning, 3(1), 79-86. https://bit.ly/3xVIxOJ</p><p></p><p>Normah Husin, Nor Azhan Norul Azmi, & Mariam Mat Daud. (2017). Pembelajaran kolaboratif melalui aplikasi telefon pintar dalam pembelajaran Nahu. E-Jurnal Penyelidikan dan Inovasi, 4(1), 43-63. https://bit.ly/3oTGUhj</p><p></p><p>Normazaini Saleh, Alawiyah Tengah, & Wawarah Saidpudin (2018). Penggunaan whatsapp sebagai alat komunikasi formal dalam organisasi: Satu tinjauan awal. Proceeding of the 5th International Conference on Management and Muamalah 2018 (ICoMM 2018). 44-56. https://bit.ly/3sql85Q</p><p></p><p>NurAmirah Ahmadol Marzuki, Zurinah Tahir, & Nurfaradilla Mohamad Nasri (2020). Penguasaan kemahiran teknologi komunikasi dan maklumat (ICT) terhadap kecekapan kerja. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 17(9), 140-157. https://bit.ly/3L8wrIt</p><p></p><p>NurHafizah Razali, & FarizaKhalid (2021). Penggunaan aplikasi pembelajaran mudah alih dalam pembelajaran matematik bagi pelajar sekolah menengah. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(6), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i6.812</p><p></p><p>Nur Hanisah Mohamad Azam, & Mohamed Yusoff Mohd Nor (2021). Amalan kepimpinan teknologi pengetua dalam pengintegrasian ICT di sekolah menengah Daerah Pekan, Pahang. Jurnal Dunia Pendidikan, 3(3), 1-12. https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/jdpd/article/view/15118</p><p></p><p>O'Donnell, B. (2020, September 7). Zoom, the office and the future: What will work look like after coronavirus? USA Today. https://bit.ly/31uhIFt</p><p></p><p>Okeke, N. L., & Dike, H. I. (2019). Head Teachers technology leadership competencies and ICT integration in Model Primary Schools in Rivers State. International Journal of Innovative Information Systems, 7(1), 14-21.</p><p>https://bit.ly/37ZM5H3</p><p></p><p>zkan, T., Tokel, A., elik, M., & znacar, B. (2017). Evaluation of technology leadership in the context of vocational school administrators. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Supported Education, 1(FOLSC), 727-731. https://doi.org/10.5220/0006384107270731</p><p></p><p>Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.</p><p></p><p>Parlimen Malaysia (2020). Pemberitahuan pertanyaan lisan dewan rakyat mesyuarat kedua, penggal ketiga, parlimen keempat belas. No. soalan: 469.</p><p>https://bit.ly/3Gdkdem</p><p></p><p>Patience, B. A., Chukwudi, O. C., & Abdulhakim, O. (2020). Thedegreeofconfidence to the use of virtual classroom apps by teachers of Nigerian Public and Private Secondary Schools. African Scholars Journal of Contemporary Education Research (JCER-8), 18(8), 247-261. https://bit.ly/3FUC8ax</p><p></p><p>Perez, S. (2020, Mac 27). Report: WhatsApp has seen a 40% increase in usage due to COVID-19 pandemic. TechCrunch. https://tcrn.ch/3pJwZuz</p><p></p><p>Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). The content validity index: Are you sure you know whats being reported? Critique and recommendations. Research in Nursing & Health, 29(5), 489-497. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20147</p><p></p><p>Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T., & Owen, S. V. (2007). Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Research in Nursing and Health, 30, 459-467. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20199</p><p></p><p>Politano, P. M., Walton, R. O., & Roberts, D. L. (2017). Introduction to the process of research: Methodology considerations. Google Books https://bit.ly/3qVTOgz</p><p></p><p>Prescott, M. B., & Conger, S. A. (1995). Information technology innovations. ACM SIGMIS Database, 26(2-3), 20-41. https://doi.org/10.1145/217278.217284</p><p></p><p>Ra, S., Chin, B., & Lim, C. P. (2016). A holistic approach towards Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for addressing education challenges in Asia and the Pacific. Educational Media International, 53(2), 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2016.1211334</p><p></p><p>Rahi, S., Mansour, M. M. O., Alghizzawi, M., & Alnaser, F. M. (2019). Integration of UTAUT model in internet banking adoption context: The mediating role of performance expectancy and effort expectancy. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 13(3), 411-435. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-02-2018</p><p>0032</p><p></p><p>Rahi, S., Mazuri Abd. Ghani, Feras Alnaser, & Abdul HafazNgah (2018). Investigating the role of unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) in internet banking adoption context. Management Science Letters, 8(3), 173-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2018.1.001</p><p></p><p>Raman, A & Thannimalai, R (2019). Importance of Technology Leadership for Technology Integration: Gender and Professional Development Perspective. SAGEOpen, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019893707</p><p></p><p>Raman, A., & Rathakrishnan, M. (2018). Frog VLE: Teachers technology acceptance using UTAUT Model. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(3), 529-538. https://bit.ly/3HDtnBO</p><p></p><p>Raman, A., Thannimalai, R., & Siti Noor Ismail (2019). Principals technology leadership and its effect on teachers technology integration in 21st century classrooms. International Journal of Instruction, 12(4), 423-442. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12428a</p><p></p><p>Ramlee Ismail, Jamal@Nordin Yunus, & Marinah Awang (2020). Analisis data dan pelaporan dalam penyelidikan pendidikan. Tanjong Malim, Perak: Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.</p><p></p><p>Raosoft (2004). Raosoft Sample Size Calculator. www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html</p><p></p><p>Ravendran, D. R., &, Md Yusoff Daud (2020). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi guru matematik sekolah rendah dalam mengintegrasikan penggunaan teknologi dalam PdPc. Jurnal Dunia Pendidikan, 1(3), 24-33. https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/jdpd/article/view/8307</p><p></p><p>Renata, Wardiah, D., & Kristiawan, M. (2018). The influence of headmasters supervision and achievement motivation on effective teachers. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 7(4), 44-49.https://bit.ly/3EpGo0o</p><p></p><p>Ridwan, M., AM, S., Ulum, B., & Muhammad, F. (2021). Pentingnya penerapan literature review pada penelitian ilmiah. Jurnal Masohi, 2(1), 42-51. http://www.journal.fdi.or.id/index.php/jmas/article/view/427</p><p></p><p>Robles, H., Guerrero, J., Llins, H., & Montero, P. (2019). Online teacher-students interactions usingWhatsApp in alawcourse. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 18, 231-252. https://doi.org/10.28945/4321</p><p></p><p>Rogers, E. M. (1983). Diffusion of innovations (3rd ed.). New York: TheFree Press.</p><p></p><p>Rogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations (4th ed.). New York: TheFree Press</p><p></p><p>Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations (5th ed.). New York: TheFree Press</p><p></p><p>Rosenberg, H., & Asterhan, C. S. C. (2018). WhatsApp, Teacher? -Student perspectives on teacherstudent WhatsApp interactions in secondary schools. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 17, 205-226. https://doi.org/10.28945/4081</p><p></p><p>Roslan Yasnain, & Mohd Khalid Mohamad Nasir (2019). Amalan kepimpinan teknologi pengetua sekolah berasrama penuh berstatus sekolah berprestasi tinggi dari perspektif guru. e-Prosiding Persidangan Antarabangsa Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, 62-70. https://bit.ly/3a8SjoR</p><p></p><p>Rosnani Jusoh, & Nor Mashila Idris (2017). Kajian terhadap pengajaran dan pembelajaran berasaskan teknologi kursus pengurusan perniagaan di kolej vokasional. International Research Journal of Education and Sciences (IRJES), 1(Special Issue), 71-82. http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/62250</p><p></p><p>RosninawatiHussin, SuriaHani A. Rahman, SofiaHayatiYusoff, RosidayuSabran, & Fauziah Hassan (2019). Barakah ilmu melaluipenggunaan teknologi komunikasi, ipad dan keberkesanannya. Journal of Islamic Social Sciences and Humanities, 20(2), 131-144. https://bit.ly/3GsFNM5</p><p></p><p>Ross, P. T., & Zaidi, N. L. B. (2019). Limited by our limitations. Perspect Med Educ, 8(4), 261-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-019-00530-x</p><p></p><p>Salina Mokhtar, & Rahimi Che Aman (2017). Kesahan dan Kebolehpercayaan Instrumen Kesejahteraan Psikologi Versi BahasaMelayu. Seminar Serantau, 2732. https://bit.ly/3GUMvtX</p><p></p><p>Snchez-Prieto, J. C., Huang, F., Olmos-Miguelez, S., Garca-Pealvo, F. J., & Teo,</p><p>T. (2019). Exploring the unknown: The effect of resistance to change and attachment on mobile adoption among secondary pre-service teachers. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(5), 2433-2449.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12822</p><p></p><p>Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach (7th ed.). United Kingdom: Wiley.</p><p></p><p>Setiawan, I., & WP, M. A. (2017). Analisis user acceptance e-skripsi menggunakan Metode UTAUT di STMIK Amikom Purwokerto. Jurnal Komputer Terapan, 3(2), 159-168. https://jurnal.pcr.ac.id/index.php/jkt/article/view/1502</p><p></p><p>Shah, S. N. A., Khan, A. U., Khan, B. U., Khan, T., & Xuehe, Z. (2020). Framework for teachers' acceptance of information and communication technology in Pakistan: Application of the extended UTAUT model. Jurnal of Public Affairs, 21(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2090</p><p></p><p>Sheppard, B. H., Hartwick, J., & Warshaw, P. R. (1988). The Theory of Reasoned Action: A Meta-Analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(3), 325. https://doi.org/10.1086/209170</p><p></p><p>Sheridan, M. (2018). Genius Loci: Introducing a place-conscious approach to management education. e-Journal of Business Education & Scholarship of Teaching, 12(2), 63-77. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1193333.pdf</p><p></p><p>Sincar, M. (2013). Challenges school principals facing in the context of technology leadership. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 13(2), 1273-1284. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/154383/.</p><p></p><p>Singh, C. K. S., Singh, T. S. M., Nadiah Yan Abdullah, Moneyam, S., Mohd Ridhuan Ismail, Eng, T. O., Karupayah, T., Chenderan, T., Singh, M. K. R., & Singh, J.</p><p></p><p>K. S. (2020). Rethinking english languageteaching through telegram, whatsapp, google classroom and zoom. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(11), 45-54.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.31838/srp.2020.11.9</p><p></p><p>Siti Nurhamiyah Mail, & Laili Farhana Md Ibharim (2020). Pengaruh sikap terhadap pelajar di UPSI apabila menggunakan aplikasi permainan atas talian. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(3), 82-87. https://doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.jhass-0203.139</p><p></p><p>Siti Zaharah Mohid, Roslinda Ramli, Khodijah Abdul Rahman, & Nurul Nadhirah Shahabudin (2018). Teknologi multimedia dalam pendidikan abad 21. In 5th International Research Management & Innovation Conference, Putrajaya, Malaysia. https://bit.ly/3HiGKY6</p><p></p><p>Sparks, P., & Shepherd, R. (1992). Self-identity and the theory of planned behavior: Assessing the roleof identification with"green consumerism". Social psychology quarterly, 388-399. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2786955</p><p></p><p>Subramaniam, R., & Mohd Izham Mohd Hamzah (2020). Amalan kepimpinan teknologi guru besar serta cabaran dan cadangan penambahbaikan di sekolah. Prosiding Seminar Nasional FIP 2020, 1(1), 281-294. https://bit.ly/3wa3GpD</p><p></p><p>umak, B., & orgo, A. (2016). The acceptance and use of interactive whiteboards among teachers: differences in UTAUT determinants between pre-and post-adopters. Computers in Human Behavior. 64, 602-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.07.037</p><p></p><p>umak, B., Punik, M., Hericko, M., & orgo, A. (2017). Differences between prospective, existing, and former users of interactive whiteboards on external factors affecting their adoption, usage and abandonment. Computers in Human Behavior. 72, 733-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.006</p><p></p><p>Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia (2018). Internet Users Survey 2018. Pocket Book of Statistics. MCMC Statistics Department. https://bit.ly/3DnEnjN</p><p></p><p>Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia (2019). Komunikasi dan Multimedia. Buku Maklumat Statistik. Jabatan Statistik dan Risikan Data MCMC. https://bit.ly/32SEcQZ</p><p></p><p>Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia (2020). Internet Users Survey 2020. Pocket Book of Statistics. MCMC Statistics and Data Intelligence Department. https://bit.ly/3omOEZu</p><p></p><p>Suzlina Hilwani Baharuddin, & Jamaludin Badusah (2016). Tahap pengetahuan, kemahiran dan sikap guru sekolah menengah terhadap penggunaan Web 2.0 dalam pengajaran Bahasa Melayu. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu; Malay Language Education (MyLEJ), 6(2), 33-43. http://journalarticle.ukm.my/10193/</p><p></p><p>Syamsul Abdul Hamid, Aziah Ismail, & Rozniza Zaharudin (2021). Kepimpinan teknologi guru besar sekolah rendah harian: Satu kajian rintis di Kedah. JuPiDi: Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 8(3), 38-54. https://bit.ly/3qqqb60</p><p></p><p>Taherdoost, H. (2018). A review of technology acceptance and adoption models and theories. In Procedia Manufacturing, 22, 960-967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.137</p><p></p><p>Taylor, S., & Todd, P. A. (1995). Understanding information technology usage: A test of competing models. Information Systems Research, 6(2), 144-176. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23011007</p><p></p><p>Techopedia (2022). Apakah aplikasi mudah alih? Dalam berita -2022.</p><p>https://ms.theastrologypage.com/mobile-application</p><p></p><p>Thannimalai, R., & Raman, A. (2018a). Principals technology leadership and teachers technology integration in the 21st century classroom. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(2), 177-187. https://bit.ly/3JxxH6R</p><p></p><p>Thannimalai, R., & Raman, A. (2018b). The influence of principals technology leadership and professional development on teachers technology integration in secondary schools. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 15(1), 203228. https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2018.15.1.8</p><p></p><p>Thompson, R. L., Higgins, C. A., & Howell, J. M. (1991). Personal Computing:Toward a conceptual model of utilization. MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems, 15(1), 125-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/249443</p><p></p><p>Thongsri, N., Shen, L., Bao, Y., & Alharbi, I. M. (2018). Integrating UTAUT and UGT to explain behavioural intention to use M-learning: A developing countrys perspective. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 20(3), 278-297. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSIT-11-2017-0107</p><p></p><p>Tiop, T., & Roslee Talip (2020). Hubungan Kepimpinan Teknologi Pengetua dalam Pengurusan Kurikulum dan Efikasi Kendiri Guru. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(4), 71-83. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v5i4.383</p><p></p><p>Tiwari, P. (2020). Measuring the Impact of Students Attitude towards Adoption of Online Classes during COVID 19: Integrating UTAUT Model with Perceived Cost. Test Engineering and Management, 83(1), 8374-8382. https://bit.ly/3OvTixS</p><p></p><p>Triandis, H. C. (1971). Attitude and Attitude Change (Foundations of Social Psychology).</p><p>Truong, Y. (2009). An Evaluation of the Theory of Planned Behaviour in Consumer Acceptance of Online Video and Television Services. The Electronic Journal Information System Evaluation, 12(2), 177-186. https://bit.ly/3or3s9e</p><p></p><p>Tseng, T. H., Lin, S., Wang, Y. S., & Liu, H. X. (2019).Investigating teachersadoption of MOOCs: The perspective of UTAUT2. Interactive Learning Environments, 30(4), 635-650. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2019.1674888</p><p></p><p>Ugur, N. G., & Ko, T. (2019). Leading and teaching with technology: School principals perspective. International Journal of Educational Leadership and Management, 7(1), 42-71. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijelm.2019.3758</p><p></p><p>Varanasi, R.A., Vashistha, A., & Dell, N. (2021). Tag a teacher: A qalitative analysis of whatsapp-based teacher networks in low-income indian schools. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 560, 116. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445221</p><p></p><p>Venkatesh, V., & Bala, H. (2008). Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions. Decision sciences, 39(2), 273-315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.2008.00192.x</p><p></p><p>Venkatesh, V., & Brown, S. A. (2001). A longitudinal investigation of personal computers in homes: Adoption determinants and emerging challenges. MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems, 25(1), 71-102. https://doi.org/10.2307/3250959</p><p></p><p>Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (1996). A model of theantecedents of perceived easeof use: Development and test. Decision Sciences, 27(3), 451-481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1996.tb00860.x</p><p></p><p>Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). Theoretical extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186-204. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.46.2.186.11926</p><p></p><p>Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User Acceptanceof Information Technology: Toward a Unified View. MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems, 27(3), 425-478. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540</p><p></p><p>Williams, M. L., Saunderson, I. P., & Dhoest, A. (2021). Students perceptions of the adoption and use of social media in academic libraries: A UTAUT study. South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research, 47, 76-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/02500167.2021.1876123</p><p></p><p>Williams, M., Rana, N., Dwivedi, Y., & Lal, B. (2011). Association for information systems AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Is UTAUT really used or just cited for the sake of it? European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), 231. http://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2011/231</p><p></p><p>Wong, A. Y., & Khadijah Daud. (2017). Headmaster technology leadership in Malaysia elementary schools. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 11(2), 154164. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v11i2.5573</p><p></p><p>Wright, D., Hammond, N., Thomas, G., MacLeod, B., & Abbott, L. K. (2018). The provision of pest and disease information using Information Communication Tools (ICT); an Australian example. Crop Protection, 103, 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.08.023</p><p></p><p>Yeo, J. Y., & Bity Salwana Alias (2021). Headmasters technology leadership and teachersmotivation in integrating technology in the teaching and learning process. International Research Journal of Education and Sciences (IRJES), 5(4), 25-34. https://bit.ly/3xMESEY</p><p></p><p>Yilmazsoy, B., Kahraman, M. & Kse, U. (2020). Negative aspects of using social networks in education: A brief review on whatsapp example. Journal of Educational Technology & Online Learning, 3(1), 69-90. https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.662746</p><p></p><p>Yu, C., & Durrington, V. A. (2006). Technology standards for school administrators: An analysis of practicing and aspiring administrators perceived ability to perform the standards. National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP) Bulletin, 90(4), 301-317. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192636506295392</p><p></p><p>Yusup Hashim (2013). Kepimpinan teknologi pendidikan dalam kurun ke 21: Cabaran untuk pemimpin dan pentadbir sekolah. Kolokium ICT dalam Pendidikan, 1-29. http://eprints.iab.edu.my/v2/990/</p><p></p><p>Zaini, M. F., &Siregar,I. M. P. (2021). Thesocialization headmasterto learning Covid19 at Madrasah Darussalam Foundation Gunung Tua. Journal of Education and Teaching Learning (JETL), 3(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.51178/jetl.v3i3.263</p><p></p><p></p>