Investigating psychosocial factors and medication adherence among Malaysians with Coronary Heart Disease using mixed methods

Investigating psychosocial factors and medication adherence among Malaysians with Coronary Heart Disease using mixed methods

<p>Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in Malaysia, however,</p><p>adherence to medications remains the main issue in achieving optimal treatment</p><p>outcomes. This study was conducted to explore the psych...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Nor Firdous Mohamed
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2023
Subjects:
BF Psychology
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=10061
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:10061
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic BF Psychology
spellingShingle BF Psychology
Nor Firdous Mohamed
Investigating psychosocial factors and medication adherence among Malaysians with Coronary Heart Disease using mixed methods
description <p>Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in Malaysia, however,</p><p>adherence to medications remains the main issue in achieving optimal treatment</p><p>outcomes. This study was conducted to explore the psychosocial relationships model</p><p>on medication adherence among patients with CHD in Malaysia. The study involved</p><p>the sequential mixed method design; Firstly, it explores the psychosocial factors</p><p>associated with medication adherence through a qualitative interview on the CHD</p><p>patients treatment experiences (N=22, 88% males) as well as their family caregivers</p><p>(N=15). Secondly, questionnaires based on the qualitative findings were developed</p><p>and validated; and finally, the relationships between the psychosocial factors with</p><p>medication adherence among the CHD patients (N=235, 73.6% males) were</p><p>determined. Qualitative findings revealed five factors such as psychosocial beliefs,</p><p>doctor-patient relationship, seeking information behaviour, social support needs, and</p><p>lifestyle changes. Following the qualitative findings, two questionnaires were</p><p>developed and validated which were the CHD-specific modern medication use</p><p>questionnaire (CHD-MMUQ) and the CHD-specific complementary alternative</p><p>medication use questionnaire (CHD-CAMQ). Finally, the multivariate logistic</p><p>regression analysis was conducted and suggests psychosocial factors such as low</p><p>concern-specific beliefs on medications, gender, ethnicity, diet control, and</p><p>performing spiritual practices were statistically significant to predict adherence to</p><p>medication (2 = 61.6, df = 8, N = 235, P< 0.001). The diagnostic test suggested that</p><p>the Nagelkerke pseudo-R-square of the coefficient of determination indicated that</p><p>approximately 33% of the factors in CHD patients were related to medication</p><p>adherence, the model fits well with our data. Assessment of the possible moderating</p><p>influence of medication adherence suggested that CHD patients who controlled diet</p><p>based on ethnicity differences (such as Indian ethics) were associated with significant</p><p>medication adherence, but they were poorly associated with medication adherence if</p><p>an individual was not controlling their diets. Overall, the final results suggested that</p><p>besides the patients treatment psychosocial beliefs, differences based on ethnic</p><p>practices such as diet control are important factors to be considered for better</p><p>medication adherence outcomes.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Nor Firdous Mohamed
author_facet Nor Firdous Mohamed
author_sort Nor Firdous Mohamed
title Investigating psychosocial factors and medication adherence among Malaysians with Coronary Heart Disease using mixed methods
title_short Investigating psychosocial factors and medication adherence among Malaysians with Coronary Heart Disease using mixed methods
title_full Investigating psychosocial factors and medication adherence among Malaysians with Coronary Heart Disease using mixed methods
title_fullStr Investigating psychosocial factors and medication adherence among Malaysians with Coronary Heart Disease using mixed methods
title_full_unstemmed Investigating psychosocial factors and medication adherence among Malaysians with Coronary Heart Disease using mixed methods
title_sort investigating psychosocial factors and medication adherence among malaysians with coronary heart disease using mixed methods
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia
publishDate 2023
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=10061
_version_ 1804890515525599232
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:100612024-04-23 Investigating psychosocial factors and medication adherence among Malaysians with Coronary Heart Disease using mixed methods 2023 Nor Firdous Mohamed BF Psychology <p>Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in Malaysia, however,</p><p>adherence to medications remains the main issue in achieving optimal treatment</p><p>outcomes. This study was conducted to explore the psychosocial relationships model</p><p>on medication adherence among patients with CHD in Malaysia. The study involved</p><p>the sequential mixed method design; Firstly, it explores the psychosocial factors</p><p>associated with medication adherence through a qualitative interview on the CHD</p><p>patients treatment experiences (N=22, 88% males) as well as their family caregivers</p><p>(N=15). Secondly, questionnaires based on the qualitative findings were developed</p><p>and validated; and finally, the relationships between the psychosocial factors with</p><p>medication adherence among the CHD patients (N=235, 73.6% males) were</p><p>determined. Qualitative findings revealed five factors such as psychosocial beliefs,</p><p>doctor-patient relationship, seeking information behaviour, social support needs, and</p><p>lifestyle changes. Following the qualitative findings, two questionnaires were</p><p>developed and validated which were the CHD-specific modern medication use</p><p>questionnaire (CHD-MMUQ) and the CHD-specific complementary alternative</p><p>medication use questionnaire (CHD-CAMQ). Finally, the multivariate logistic</p><p>regression analysis was conducted and suggests psychosocial factors such as low</p><p>concern-specific beliefs on medications, gender, ethnicity, diet control, and</p><p>performing spiritual practices were statistically significant to predict adherence to</p><p>medication (2 = 61.6, df = 8, N = 235, P< 0.001). The diagnostic test suggested that</p><p>the Nagelkerke pseudo-R-square of the coefficient of determination indicated that</p><p>approximately 33% of the factors in CHD patients were related to medication</p><p>adherence, the model fits well with our data. Assessment of the possible moderating</p><p>influence of medication adherence suggested that CHD patients who controlled diet</p><p>based on ethnicity differences (such as Indian ethics) were associated with significant</p><p>medication adherence, but they were poorly associated with medication adherence if</p><p>an individual was not controlling their diets. Overall, the final results suggested that</p><p>besides the patients treatment psychosocial beliefs, differences based on ethnic</p><p>practices such as diet control are important factors to be considered for better</p><p>medication adherence outcomes.</p> 2023 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=10061 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=10061 text eng closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia <p>Abel, W. M., & Greer, D. B. (2017). Spiritual/Religious Beliefs & Medication Adherence in Black Women with Hypertension. Journal of Christian Nursing, 34(3), 164169. https://doi.org/10.1097/CNJ.0000000000000333</p><p>Adewuya, A. O., Owoeye, O. A., Erinfolami, A. R., Coker, A. O., Ogun, O. C., Okewole, A. O., Dada, M. U., Eze, C. N., Bello-Mojeed, M. A., Akindipe, T. O., Olagunju, A. T., & Etim, E. (2009). Prevalence and correlates of poor medication adherence amongst psychiatric outpatients in southwestern Nigeria. General Hospital Psychiatry, 31(2), 167174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.12.005</p><p>Agarwal, K. S., Bhimaraj, A., Xu, J., Bionat, S., Pudlo, M., Miranda, D., Campbell, C., & Taffet, G. E. (2020). Decreasing Heart Failure Readmissions Among Older Patients With Cognitive Impairment by Engaging Caregivers: The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 35(3), 253261. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000670</p><p>Agresti, A., & Finlay, B. (2009). Statistical methods for the social sciences (4th ed). Pearson.</p><p>Ahmed, S. T., Rehman, H., Akeroyd, J. M., Alam, M., Shah, T., Kalra, A., & Virani,</p><p>S. S. (2018). Premature Coronary Heart Disease in South Asians: Burden and Determinants. Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-018-0706-1</p><p>Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. Springer.</p><p>Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179211.</p><p>Ajzen, I. (2006). Constructing a theory of planned behavior questionnaire.</p><p>Albargawi, M., Snethen, J., Al Gannass, A., & Kelber, S. (2017). Relationship between persons health beliefs and diabetes self-care management regimen. Journal of Vascular Nursing, 35(4), 187192.</p><p>Al-Ganmi, A. H. A., Alotaibi, A., Gholizadeh, L., & Perry, L. (2020). Medication adherence and predictive factors in patients with cardiovascular disease: A cross-sectional study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 22(2), 454463.</p><p>Al-Ganmi, A. H., Perry, L., Gholizadeh, L., & Alotaibi, A. M. (2016). Cardiovascular medication adherence among patients with cardiac disease: A systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(12), 30013014.</p><p>Allemann, S. S., Nieuwlaat, R., Navarro, T., Haynes, B., Hersberger, K. E., & Arnet,</p><p>I. (2017). Congruence between patient characteristics and interventions may partly explain medication adherence intervention effectiveness: An analysis of 190 randomized controlled trials from a Cochrane systematic review. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 91, 7079.</p><p>Allmark, P. (2004). Should research samples reflect the diversity of the population? Journal of Medical Ethics, 30(2), 185189. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2003.004374</p><p>Al-Noumani, H., Wu, J.-R., Barksdale, D., Sherwood, G., AlKhasawneh, E., & Knafl,</p><p>G. (2019). Health beliefs and medication adherence in patients with hypertension: A systematic review of quantitative studies. Patient Education and Counseling, 102(6), 10451056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2019.02.022</p><p>Alshagga, M. A., Al-Dubai, S. A., Faiq, S. S. M., & Yusuf, A. A. (2011). Use of complementary and alternative medicine among asthmatic patients in primary care clinics in Malaysia. Annals of Thoracic Medicine, 6(3), 115. https://doi.org/10.4103/1817-1737.82438</p><p>Alwan, A. (2011). Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. World Health Organization.</p><p>Amal, N., Paramesarvathy, R., Tee, G., Gurpreet, K., & Karuthan, C. (2011). Prevalence of Chronic Illness and Health Seeking Behaviour in Malaysian Population: Results from the Third National Health Morbidity Survey (NHMS</p><p>III) 2006. The Medical Journal of Malaysia, 66(1), 3641.</p><p>Amin, A. M., Hamza, M., & Azmi, S. (2014). Factors associated with the general public knowledge and awareness of cardiovascular diseases and its risk factors in PenangMalaysia. ISOR Journal of Pharm, 4(6), 2127.</p><p>Anderson, L. J., & Taylor, R. S. (2014). Cardiac rehabilitation for people with heart disease: An overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. International Journal of Cardiology, 177(2), 348361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.011</p><p>Anderson, L., Sharp, G. A., Norton, R. J., Dalal, H., Dean, S. G., Jolly, K., Cowie, A., Zawada, A., & Taylor, R. S. (2017). Home-based versus centre-based cardiac rehabilitation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007130.pub4</p><p>Anderson, L., & Taylor, R. S. (2014). Cardiac rehabilitation for people with heart disease: An overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. In The Cochrane Collaboration (Ed.), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011273.pub2</p><p>Ang, C. S., & Chan, K. M. J. (2016). A Review of Coronary Artery Disease Research in Malaysia. The Medical Journal of Malaysia, 71(3), 4257.</p><p>Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2000). Social cognition models and health behaviour: A structured review. Psychology & Health, 15(2), 173189. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440008400299</p><p>Arnett, D. K., Blumenthal, R. S., Albert, M. A., Buroker, A. B., Goldberger, Z. D., Hahn, E. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., Khera, A., Lloyd-Jones, D., McEvoy, J. W., Michos, E. D., Miedema, M. D., Muoz, D., Smith, S. C., Virani, S. S., Williams, K. A., Yeboah, J., & Ziaeian, B. (2019). 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 140(11). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678</p><p>Arthur R, M., Carl J, L., Richard, V. M., Ross A, A., & Timothy, S. C. (2012). Cardiac rehabilitation and exercise therapy in the elderly: Should we invest in the aged?: Cardiac rehabilitation and exercise therapy in the elderly: Should we invest in the aged? Journal of Geriatric Cardiology, 9(1), 6875. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1263.2012.00068</p><p>Artinian, N. T., Fletcher, G. F., Mozaffarian, D., Kris-Etherton, P., Van Horn, L., Lichtenstein, A. H., Kumanyika, S., Kraus, W. E., Fleg, J. L., & Redeker, N.</p><p>S. (2010). Interventions to promote physical activity and dietary lifestyle changes for cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 122(4), 406441.</p><p>Ashur, S. T., Shah, S. A., Bosseri, S., Morisky, D. E., & Shamsuddin, K. (2015). Illness perceptions of Libyans with T2DM and their influence on medication adherence: A study in a diabetes center in Tripoli. Libyan Journal of Medicine, 10(1).</p><p>Aujla, N., Walker, M., Sprigg, N., Abrams, K., Massey, A., & Vedhara, K. (2016). Can illness beliefs, from the common-sense model, prospectively predict</p><p>adherence to self-management behaviours? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology & Health, 128.</p><p>Babar, M. G., Syed, S. H., Naing, C. M., & Hamzah, N. H. B. (2012). Perceptions and self-use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among Malaysian dental students. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 4(1), e63e69.</p><p>Badanta-Romero, B., de Diego-Cordero, R., & Rivilla-Garca, E. (2018). Influence of Religious and Spiritual Elements on Adherence to Pharmacological Treatment. Journal of Religion and Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943018-0606-2</p><p>Baena, C. P., Olandoski, M., Younge, J. O., Buitrago-Lopez, A., Darweesh, S. K., Campos, N., Sedaghat, S., Sajjad, A., van Herpt, T. T., & Freak-Poli, R. (2014). Effects of lifestyle-related interventions on blood pressure in low and middle-income countries: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Hypertension, 32(5), 961973.</p><p>Bahall, M. U. (2019). Medication non-adherence related to patients attitudes and knowledge rather than socio-cultural factors: A study of cardiac clinic attendees at a public healthcare institute. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 6(2), 480. https://doi.org/10.18203/23946040.ijcmph20190167</p><p>Bahrami, H., Kronmal, R., Bluemke, D. A., Olson, J., Shea, S., Liu, K., Burke, G. L., & Lima, J. A. C. (2008). Differences in the Incidence of Congestive Heart Failure by Ethnicity: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 168(19), 2138. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.19.2138</p><p>Bains, S. S., & Egede, L. E. (2011). Associations Between Health Literacy, Diabetes Knowledge, Self-Care Behaviors, and Glycemic Control in a Low Income Population with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 13(3), 335341. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2010.0160</p><p>Balarajan, R. (1991). Ethnic differences in mortality from ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in England and Wales. BMJ, 302(6776), 560564. https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.302.6776.560</p><p>Bane, C., Hughes, C. M., & McElnay, J. C. (2006). The impact of depressive symptoms and psychosocial factors on medication adherence in cardiovascular disease. Patient Education and Counseling, 60(2), 187193.</p><p>Banerjee, A. T., Grace, S. L., Thomas, S. G., & Faulkner, G. (2010). Cultural factors facilitating cardiac rehabilitation participation among Canadian South Asians: A qualitative study. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 39(6), 494503.</p><p>Bansilal, S., Castellano, J. M., & Fuster, V. (2015). Global burden of CVD: Focus on secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. International Journal of Cardiology, 201, S1S7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5273(15)31026-3</p><p>Barbour, R. S. (2001). Checklists for improving rigour in qualitative research: A case of the tail wagging the dog? Bmj, 322(7294), 11151117.</p><p>Barker, C., & Pistrang, N. (2015). Research methods in clinical psychology: An introduction for students and practitioners. John Wiley & Sons.</p><p>Barker, C., Pistrang, N., & Elliott, R. (2002). Research methods in clinical psychology: An introduction for students and practitioners (2nd ed). J. Wiley.</p><p>Barriball, K. L., & While, A. (1994). Collecting data using a semi-structured interview: A discussion paper. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19(2), 328335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01088.x</p><p>Barrios, V., Kaskens, L., Castellano, J. M., Cosin-Sales, J., Ruiz, J. E., Zsolt, I., Fuster, V., & Gracia, A. (2017). Usefulness of a Cardiovascular Polypill in the Treatment of Secondary Prevention Patients in Spain: A Cost-effectiveness Study. Revista Espaola de Cardiologa (English Edition), 70(1), 4249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2016.05.009</p><p>Barron, C. R., Foxall, M. J., Von Dollen, K., Jones, P. A., & Shull, K. A. (1994). Marital status, social support, and loneliness in visually impaired elderly people. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19(2), 272280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01081.x</p><p>Barth, J., Schneider, S., & von Knel, R. (2010). Lack of Social Support in the Etiology and the Prognosis of Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(3), 229238. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d01611</p><p>Bartlett, C., Doyal, L., Ebrahim, S., Davey, P., Bachmann, M., Egger, M., & Dieppe,</p><p>P. (2005). The causes and effects of socio-demographic exclusions from clinical trials. Health Technology Assessment, 9(38). https://doi.org/10.3310/hta9380</p><p>Batcagan-Abueg, A. P. M., Lee, J. J. M., Chan, P., Rebello, S. A., & Amarra, M. S. V. (2013). Salt intakes and salt reduction initiatives in Southeast Asia: A review. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 22(4), 490504.</p><p>Baum, A., Revenson, T. A., & Singer, J. E. (2012). Handbook of Health Psychology. Psychology Press.</p><p>Bauml, J. M., Chokshi, S., Schapira, M. M., Im, E., Li, S. Q., Langer, C. J., Ibrahim,</p><p>S. A., & Mao, J. J. (2015). Do attitudes and beliefs regarding complementary and alternative medicine impact its use among patients with cancer? A cross-sectional survey. Cancer, 121(14), 24312438.</p><p>Bazeley, P. (2015). Writing up multimethod and mixed methods research for diverse audiences. In S. N. Hesse-Biber & R. B. Johnson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Multimethod and Mixed Methods Research Inquiry (pp. 296 313). Oxford University Press.</p><p>Bazeley, P., & Jackson, K. (2013). Qualitative data analysis with NVivo (Second edition). SAGE.</p><p>Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures: Spine, 25(24), 31863191. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014</p><p>Belardinelli, R., Lacalaprice, F., Ventrella, C., Volpe, L., & Faccenda, E. (2008). Waltz dancing in patients with chronic heart failure new form of exercise training. Circulation: Heart Failure, 1(2), 107114.</p><p>Bennett, K., Kabir, Z., Unal, B., Shelley, E., Critchley, J., Perry, I., Feely, J., & Capewell, S. (2006). Explaining the recent decrease in coronary heart disease mortality rates in Ireland, 1985-2000. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60(4), 322327. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.038638</p><p>Berg, J., Bjrck, L., Lappas, G., OFlaherty, M., Capewell, S., & Rosengren, A. (2014). Continuing decrease in coronary heart disease mortality in Sweden. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 14(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-226114-9</p><p>Bhattacharyya, M., Stevenson, F., & Walters, K. (2016). Exploration of the psychological impact and adaptation to cardiac events in South Asians in the UK: A qualitative study. BMJ Open, 6(7), e010195. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010195</p><p>Bhopal, R. S., Bansal, N., Fischbacher, C. M., Brown, H., & Capewell, S. (2012). Ethnic variations in heart failure: Scottish Health and Ethnicity Linkage Study (SHELS): Table 1. Heart, 98(6), 468473. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl2011-301191</p><p>Bishop, F. L., Yardley, L., & Lewith, G. T. (2006). Why do people use different forms of complementary medicine? Multivariate associations between treatment and illness beliefs and complementary medicine use. Psychology & Health, 21(5), 683698. https://doi.org/10.1080/14768320500444216</p><p>Bishop, F. L., Yardley, L., & Lewith, G. T. (2007). A systematic review of beliefs involved in the use of complementary and alternative medicine. Journal of Health Psychology, 12(6), 851867.</p><p>Bloom, D. E., Cafiero, E., Jan-Llopis, E., Abrahams-Gessel, S., Bloom, L. R., Fathima, S., Feigl, A. B., Gaziano, T., Hamandi, A., Mowafi, M., OFarrell, D., Ozaltin, E., Pandya, A., Prettner, K., Rosenberg, L., Seligman, B., Stein,</p><p>A. Z., Weinstein, C., & Weiss, J. (2012). The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases (PGDA Working Paper No. 8712). Program on the Global Demography of Aging. http://ideas.repec.org/p/gdm/wpaper/8712.html</p><p>Boden, W. E., Franklin, B., Berra, K., Haskell, W. L., Calfas, K. J., Zimmerman, F. H., & Wenger, N. K. (2014). Exercise as a Therapeutic Intervention in Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: An Underfilled Prescription (narrative review). The American Journal of Medicine, 127(10), 905-911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.05.007</p><p>Boon, N., Boyle, R., Bradbury, K., Buckley, J., Connolly, S., Craig, S., Deanfield, J., Doherty, P., Feher, M., Fox, K., Goldsmith, D., Grant, P., Hingorani, A., Hobbs, R., Home, P., Jackson, S., Jennings, C., Keenan, J., Kirby, M., Wood, D. (2014). Joint British Societies consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3). Heart, 100(Suppl 2), ii1ii67. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305693</p><p>Bradley, C. K., Wang, T. Y., Li, S., Robinson, J. G., Roger, V. L., Goldberg, A. C., Virani, S. S., Louie, M. J., Lee, L. V., Peterson,E. D., & Navar, A. M. (2019). Patient-Reported Reasons for Declining or Discontinuing Statin Therapy: Insights From the PALM Registry. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.011765</p><p>Brandes, K., & Mullan, B. (2014). Can the common-sense model predict adherence in chronically ill patients? A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 8(2), 129153.</p><p>Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77101.</p><p>Braun, V., Clarke, V., Terry, G., Rohleder, P., & Lyons, A. (2014). Thematic analysis. In A. Lyons, & P. Rohleder (Eds.), Qualitative Research in Clinical and Health Psychology. Palgrave MacMillan.</p><p>Brinkmann, S., & Kvale, S. (2005). Confronting the ethics of qualitative research. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 18(2), 157181.</p><p>Broadbent, E., Ellis, C. J., Thomas, J., Gamble, G., & Petrie, K. (2009). Further development of an illness perception intervention for myocardial infarction patients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 67(1), 1723.</p><p>Brocki, J. M., & Wearden, A. J. (2006). A critical evaluation of the use of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) in health psychology. Psychology and Health, 21(1), 87108.</p><p>Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods. Oxford university press.</p><p>Buys, L., & Miller, E. (2012). Active Ageing: Developing a Quantitative Multidimensional Measure. In G. Boulton-Lewis & M. Tam (Eds.), Active Ageing, Active Learning (pp. 103118). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2111-1_7</p><p>Byrne, M., Walsh, J., & Murphy, A. W. (2005). Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: Patient beliefs and health-related behaviour. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58(5), 403415.</p><p>Cai, Q., Ye, L., Horne, R., Ye, X., Xu, Q., Jin, M., Li, X., & Lyu, Q. (2021). Medication adherence in adult Chinese patients with asthma: Role of illness perceptions and medication beliefs. Journal of Asthma, 17. https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2021.1924773</p><p>Calnan, M., Montaner,D., & Horne, R. (2005). How acceptable are innovative healthcare technologies? A survey of public beliefs and attitudes in England and Wales. Social Science & Medicine, 60(9), 19371948.</p><p>Cameron, J., Worrall-Carter, L., Riegel, B., Lo, S. K., & Stewart, S. (2009). Testing a model of patient characteristics, psychologic status, and cognitive function as</p><p>predictors of self-care in persons with chronic heart failure. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 38(5), 410418.</p><p>Cameron, L. D., & Moss-Morris, R. (2010). Illness-Related Cognition and Behaviour. In D. French, K. Vedhara, A. A. Kaptein, & J. Weinman (Eds.), Health Psychology (2nd ed, pp. 149161). Wiley-Blackwell.</p><p>Cameron, L., Wise, S. L., & Lottridge, S. M. (2007). The Development and Validation of the Information Literacy Test. College & Research Libraries, 68(3), 229237. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.68.3.229</p><p>Cappuccio, F. P., Cook, D. G., Atkinson, R. W., & Strazzullo, P. (1997). Prevalence, detection, and management of cardiovascular risk factors in different ethnic groups in south London. Heart, 78(6), 555563. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.78.6.555</p><p>Carlson, N. R. (Ed.). (2010). Psychology: The science of behavior (7th ed). Allyn & Bacon.</p><p>Carney, T. F. (1990). Collaborative Inquiring Methodology. SAGE.</p><p>Cavers, D., Hacking, B., Erridge, S. E., Kendall, M., Morris, P. G., & Murray, S. A. (2012). Social, psychological and existential well-being in patients with glioma and their caregivers: A qualitative study. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184(7), E373E382. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.111622</p><p>Cecchini, M., Sassi, F., Lauer, J. A., Lee, Y. Y., Guajardo-Barron, V., & Chisholm,</p><p>D. (2010). Tackling of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and obesity: Health effects and cost-effectiveness. The Lancet, 376(9754), 17751784.</p><p>Chai, L. S., Putit, Z., & Siop, S. (2016). Barriers to timely treatment-seeking in patients with acute myocardial infarction in Malaysia: A qualitative study. BMC Nursing, 15(1), 33.</p><p>Chang, C.-T., Ang, J.-Y., Islam, M. A., Chan, H.-K., Cheah, W.-K., & Gan, S. H. (2021). Prevalence of Drug-Related Problems and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in Malaysia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 37,249 Older Adults. Pharmaceuticals, 14(3), 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14030187</p><p>Chauhan, U., Baker, D., Edwards, R., & Hann, M. (2010). Improving care in cardiac rehabilitation for minority ethnic populations. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 9(4), 272277.</p><p>Chauke, G. D., Nakwafila, O., Chibi, B., Sartorius, B., & Mashamba-Thompson, T. (2022). Factors influencing poor medication adherence amongst patients with chronic disease in low-and-middle-income countries: A systematic scoping review. Heliyon, 8(6), e09716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09716</p><p>Cheiloudaki, E., & Alexopoulos, E. (2019). Adherence to Treatment in Stroke Patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2), 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020196</p><p>Chen, P. C. (1981). Traditional and modern medicine in Malaysia. Social Science & Medicine. Part A: Medical Psychology & Medical Sociology, 15(2), 127136.</p><p>Chen, P. C. Y. (1975). Medical systems in Malaysia: Cultural bases and differential use. Social Science & Medicine (1967), 9(3), 171180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-7856(75)90054-2</p><p>Cheng, J., Zhao, D., Zeng, Z., Critchley, J. A., Liu, J., Wang, W., Sun, J., & Capewell, S. (2009). The impact of demographic and risk factor changes on coronary heart disease deaths in Beijing, 19992010. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-30</p><p>Cheung, F. M., Knowles, M. C., Kyrios, M., Littlefield, L., Overmier, J. B., & Prieto,</p><p>J. M. (2011). John Weinman, Ronan OCarroll, and Keith J. Petrie. IAAP Handbook of Applied Psychology, 53.</p><p>Chiam, P., Abdullah, F., Chow, H., Adeeb, S., & Yousafzai, M. (2002). The ethnic characteristics and prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting in Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. The Medical Journal of Malaysia, 57(4), 460466.</p><p>Chong, P. N., Teh, C. P. W., Poh, B. K., & Noor, M. I. (2014). Etiology of Obesity Over the Life Span: Ecological and Genetic Highlights from Asian Countries. Current Obesity Reports, 3(1), 1637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-0130088-1</p><p>Choo, C., Chew, P., Lai, S.-M., Soo, S.-C., Ho, C., Ho, R., & Wong, R. (2018). Effect of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Quality of Life, Depression and Anxiety in Asian</p><p>Patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061095</p><p>Chow, C. K., Jolly, S., Rao-Melacini, P., Fox, K. A. A., Anand, S. S., & Yusuf, S. (2010). Association of Diet, Exercise, and Smoking ModificationWith Risk of Early Cardiovascular Events After Acute Coronary Syndromes. Circulation, 121(6), 750758. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.891523</p><p>Chow, J., & Senderovich, H. (2018). Its Time to Talk: Challenges in Providing Integrated Palliative Care in Advanced Congestive Heart Failure. A Narrative Review. Current Cardiology Reviews, 14(2), 128137. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403X14666180123165203</p><p>Cicolini, G., Comparcini, D., Flacco, M. E., Capasso, L., Masucci, C., & Simonetti,</p><p>V. (2016). Self-reported medication adherence and beliefs among elderly in multi-treatment: A cross-sectional study. Applied Nursing Research, 30, 131 136.</p><p>Clark, A. M., Haykowsky, M., Kryworuchko, J., MacClure, T., Scott, J., DesMeules, M., Luo, W., Liang, Y., & McAlister, F. A. (2010). A meta-analysis of randomized control trials of home-based secondary prevention programs for coronary artery disease. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 17(3), 261270.</p><p>Clark, A. M., King-Shier, K. M., Spaling, M. A., Duncan, A. S., Stone, J. A., Jaglal,</p><p>S. B., Thompson, D. R., & Angus, J. E. (2013). Factors influencing participation in cardiac rehabilitation programmes after referral and initial attendance: Qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis. Clinical Rehabilitation, 0269215513481046.</p><p>Clark, A. M., King-Shier, K. M., Thompson, D. R., Spaling, M. A., Duncan, A. S., Stone, J. A., Jaglal, S. B., & Angus, J. E. (2012). A qualitative systematic review of influences on attendance at cardiac rehabilitation programs after referral. American Heart Journal, 164(6), 835845.</p><p>Clarke, M. A., Moore, J. L., Steege, L. M., Koopman, R. J., Belden, J. L., Canfield, S. M., Meadows, S. E., Elliott, S. G., & Kim, M. S. (2016). Health information needs, sources, and barriers of primary care patients to achieve patient-centered care: A literature review. Health Informatics Journal, 22(4), 992 1016. https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458215602939</p><p></p><p>Cohen-Dar, M., & Obeid, S. (2017). Islamic Religious Leaders in Israel as Social Agents for Change on Health-Related Issues. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(6), 22852296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0409-x</p><p>Conner, M., & Sparks, P. (2005). Theory of planned behaviour and health behaviour. Predicting Health Behaviour, 2, 170222.</p><p>Coolican, H. (2017). Research methods and statistics in psychology. Psychology Press.</p><p>Cooper, A. F., Jackson, G., Weinman, J., & Horne, R. (2005). A qualitative study investigating patients beliefs about cardiac rehabilitation. Clinical Rehabilitation, 19(1), 8796.</p><p>Cooper, A. F., Lloyd, G., Weinman, J., & Jackson, G. (1999). Why patients do not attend cardiac rehabilitation: Role of intentions and illness beliefs. Heart, 82(2), 234236.</p><p>Cooper, V., Gellaitry, G., Hankins, M., Fisher, M., & Horne, R. (2009). The influence of symptom experiences and attributions on adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): A six-month prospective, follow-up study. AIDS Care, 21(4), 520528.</p><p>Coutu, M.-F., Dupuis, G., Dantono, B., & Rochon-Goyer, L. (2003). Illness representation and change in dietary habits in hypercholesterolemic patients. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26(2), 133152.</p><p>Coyne, J. C., Rohrbaugh, M. J., Shoham, V., Sonnega, J. S., Nicklas, J. M., & Cranford, J. A. (2001). Prognostic importance of marital quality for survival of congestive heart failure. The American Journal of Cardiology, 88(5), 526 529. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9149(01)01731-3</p><p>Crawshaw, J., Auyeung, V., Norton, S., & Weinman, J. (2016). Identifying psychosocial predictors of medication non-adherence following acute coronary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 90, 1032.</p><p>Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed). Sage Publications.</p><p>Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Sage Publications.</p><p></p><p>Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. SAGE Publications.</p><p>Cunningham, M. (2010). The role of psychological factors in relation to outcome in intermittent claudication [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Stirling.</p><p>Dalal, H. M., Zawada, A., Jolly, K., Moxham, T., & Taylor, R. S. (2010). Home based versus centre based cardiac rehabilitation: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj, 340, b5631.</p><p>Daniels, S. R. (2014). Promoting Cardiovascular Health. Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery and Intensive Care, 463480.</p><p>Darden, D., Richardson, C., & Jackson, E. A. (2013). Physical Activity and Exercise for Secondary Prevention among Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports, 7(6), 411416.</p><p>Darr, A., Astin, F., & Atkin, K. (2008). Causal attributions, lifestyle change, and coronary heart disease: Illness beliefs of patients of South Asian and European origin living in the United Kingdom. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 37(2), 91104.</p><p>Davidson, P. M., Abshire, M. A., Paull, G., & Szanton, S. L. (2018). Family caregivers: Important but often poorly understood. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(2324), 42424244. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14654</p><p>de Miranda Azevedo, R., Roest, A. M., Hoen, P. W., & de Jonge, P. (2014). Cognitive/affective and somatic/affective symptoms of depression in patients with heart disease and their association with cardiovascular prognosis: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 44(13), 26892703. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714000063</p><p>de Waure, C., Lauret, G.-J., Ricciardi, W., Ferket, B., Teijink, J., Spronk, S., & Myriam Hunink, M. G. (2013). Lifestyle Interventions in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45(2), 207216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.03.020</p><p>Deek, H., Chang, S., Newton, P. J., Noureddine, S., Inglis, S. C., Arab, G. A., Kabbani, S., Chalak, W., Timani, N., Macdonald, P. S., & Davidson, P. M. (2017). An evaluation of involving family caregivers in the self-care of heart failure patients on hospital readmission: Randomised controlled trial (the FAMILY study). International Journal of Nursing Studies, 75, 101111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.07.015</p><p></p><p>Demidenko, E. (2008). Sample size and optimal design for logistic regression with binary interaction. Statistics in Medicine, 27(1), 3646.</p><p>Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). Paradigms and perspectives in contention. The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, 183190.</p><p>Department of Statistics. (2021). Department of Statistics Malaysia (2022). https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=401&b ul_id=R3VrRUhwSXZDN2k4SGN6akRhTStwQT09&menu_id=L0pheU43N WJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09</p><p>Department of Statistics, M. (2008). Statistics on Causes of Death. Statistics on Causes of Death, Malaysia. http://statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&i d=945&lang=en</p><p>Department of Statistics, M. (2017). Statistics on Causes of Death, Malaysia. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=Y3psYUI2Vj U0ZzRhZU1kcVFMMThGUT09</p><p>Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2018). Statistics on causes of death. Department of Statistics Malaysia. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=401&b ul_id=aWg2VjJkZHhYcDdEM3JQSGloeTVlZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJ wRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09</p><p>Deswal, A., Petersen, N. J., Urbauer, D. L., Wright, S. M., & Beyth, R. (2006). Racial variations in quality of care and outcomes in an ambulatory heart failure cohort. American Heart Journal, 152(2), 348354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2005.12.004</p><p>Devaraj, N. K. (2017). Prevalence, Factors Influencing, and Knowledge About Adherence to Lipid-Lowering Therapy Among Hyperlipidemia Patients. International Journal of Cardiology, 249, S7S8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.09.047</p><p>DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications (Vol. 26). Sage publications.</p><p></p><p>Devkota, S., Dhungana, R. R., Pandey, A. R., Bista, B., Panthi, S., Thakur, K. K., & Gajurel, R. M. (2016). Barriers to Treatment and control of hypertension among hypertensive Participants: A community-Based cross-sectional Mixed Method study in Municipalities of Kathmandu, nepal. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 3.https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcvm.2016.00026</p><p>DeVon, H. A., Block, M. E., Moyle-Wright, P., Ernst, D. M., Hayden, S. J., Lazzara,</p><p>D. J., Savoy, S. M., & Kostas-Polston, E. (2007). A psychometric toolbox for testing validity and reliability. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 39(2), 155 164.</p><p>Deyo, R. A., Diehr, P., & Patrick, D. L. (1991). Reproducibility and responsiveness of health status measures statistics and strategies for evaluation. Controlled Clinical Trials, 12(4), S142S158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S01972456(05)80019-4</p><p>Dhar, L., Dantas, J., & Ali, M. (2017). A Systematic Review of Factors Influencing Medication Adherence to Hypertension Treatment in Developing Countries. Open Journal of Epidemiology, 07(03), 211250. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojepi.2017.73018</p><p>Di Martino, M., Alagna, M., Cappai, G., Mataloni, F., Lallo, A., Perucci, C. A., Davoli, M., & Fusco, D. (2016). Adherence to evidence-based drug therapies after myocardial infarction: Is geographic variation related to hospital of discharge or primary care providers? A cross-classified multilevel design. BMJ Open, 6(4), e010926.</p><p>Dias, A., Pereira, C., Monteiro, M. J., & Santos, C. (2014). Patients beliefs about medicines and adherence to medication in ischemic heart disease. Atencion Primaria, 46, 101106.</p><p>DiMatteo, M. R. (2004). Social support and patient adherence to medical treatment:A meta-analysis. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 23(2), 207218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.23.2.207</p><p>DiMatteo, M. R., Haskard, K. B., & Williams, S. L. (2007). Health beliefs, disease severity, and patient adherence: A meta-analysis. Medical Care, 45(6), 521 528.</p><p>Dunderdale, K., Thompson, D. R., Beer, S. F., Furze, G., & Miles, J. N. V. (2008). Development and Validation of a Patient-Centered Health-Related Quality-oflife Measure: The Chronic Heart Failure Assessment Tool. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 23(4), 364370. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JCN.0000317439.82704.e8</p><p></p><p>Durante, A., Paturzo, M., Mottola, A., Alvaro, R., Vaughan Dickson, V., & Vellone,</p><p>E. (2019). Caregiver Contribution to Self-care in Patients With Heart Failure: A Qualitative Descriptive Study. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 34(2), E28E35. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000560</p><p>Ebrahim, S., Taylor, F., Ward, K., Beswick, A., Burke, M., & Davey Smith, G. (2011). Multiple risk factor interventions for primary prevention of coronary heart disease. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd001561.pub3</p><p>Eckel, R. H., Jakicic, J. M., Ard, J. D., de Jesus, J. M., Miller, N. H., Hubbard, V. S., Lee, I.-M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Loria, C. M., Millen, B. E., Nonas, C. A., Sacks, F. M., Smith, S. C., Svetkey, L. P., Wadden, T. A., & Yanovski, S. Z. (2014). 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on Lifestyle Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 129(25 suppl 2), S76S99. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000437740.48606.d1</p><p>Ellis, J. J., Erickson, S. R., Stevenson, J. G., Bernstein, S. J., Stiles, R. A., & Fendrick,</p><p>A. M. (2004). Suboptimal statin adherence and discontinuation in primary and secondary prevention populations: Should we target patients with the most to gain? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 19(6), 638645. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30516.x</p><p>Elwell, L., Povey, R., Grogan, S., Allen, C., & Prestwich, A. (2013). Patients and practitioners views on health behaviour change: A qualitative study. Psychology & Health, 28(6), 653674. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2012.744008</p><p>Ens, T. A., Seneviratne, C. C., Jones, C., Green, T. L., & King-Shier, K. M. (2014). South Asians cardiac medication adherence. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 13(4), 357368. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515113498187</p><p>Eyholzer, S., Perrenoud, B., & Dwyer, A. A. (2019). Patient perceptions of peripheral artery disease: A cross-sectional study of hospitalized adults. Journal of Vascular Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2019.04.001</p><p></p><p>Fabbri, M., Murad, M. H., Wennberg, A. M., Turcano, P., Erwin, P. J., Alahdab, F., Berti, A., Manemann, S. M., Yost, K. J., Finney Rutten, L. J., & Roger, V. L. (2020). Health Literacy and Outcomes Among Patients With Heart Failure. JACC: Heart Failure, 8(6), 451460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2019.11.007</p><p>Fakeye, T. O., Adisa, R., & Musa, I. E. (2009). Attitude and use of herbal medicines among pregnant women in Nigeria. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 9(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-9-53</p><p>Farooqui, M., Hassali, M. A., Shatar, A. K. A., Farooqui, M. A., Saleem, F., ul Haq, N., & Othman, C. N. (2016). Use of complementary and alternative medicines among Malaysian cancer patients: A descriptive study. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 6(4), 321326.</p><p>Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 11491160.</p><p>Fernandez-Lazaro, C. I., Garca-Gonzlez, J. M., Adams, D. P., Fernandez-Lazaro, D., Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Caballero-Garcia, A., Moreno Racionero, F., Crdova, A., & Miron-Canelo, J. A. (2019). Adherence to treatment and related factors among patients with chronic conditions in primary care: A cross-sectional study. BMC Family Practice, 20(1), 132. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-0191019-3</p><p>Ferrell, B., Grant, M., Padilla, G., Vemuri, S., & Rhiner, M. (1991). The experience of pain and perceptions of quality of life: Validation of a conceptual model. The Hospice Journal, 7(3), 924.</p><p>Figueiras, M. J., & Neto, D. D. (2019). Challenges in Tailoring Adjustment: New Ways of Improving the Response to Chronic Conditions. European Psychologist, 24(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000348</p><p>Fleig, L., Lippke, S., Pomp, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2011a). Exercise maintenance after rehabilitation: How experience can make a difference. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(3), 293299.</p><p>Fleig, L., Lippke, S., Pomp, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2011b). Intervention effects of exercise self-regulation on physical exercise and eating fruits and vegetables: A longitudinal study in orthopedic and cardiac rehabilitation. Preventive Medicine, 53(3), 182187.</p><p></p><p>Fleig, L., Pomp, S., Parschau, L., Barz, M., Lange, D., Schwarzer, R., & Lippke, S. (2013). From intentions via planning and behavior to physical exercise habits. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(5), 632639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.03.006</p><p>Flinders, D. (1996). Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing Steinar Kvale.</p><p>Foot, H., La Caze, A., Gujral, G., & Cottrell, N. (2016). The necessityconcern framework predicts adherence to medication in multiple illness conditions: A meta-analysis. Patient Education and Counseling, 99(5), 706717.</p><p>Ford, E. S., Ajani, U. A., Croft, J. B., Critchley, J. A., Labarthe, D. R., Kottke, T. E., Giles, W. H., & Capewell, S. (2007). Explaining the decrease in U.S. deaths from coronary disease, 1980-2000. The New England Journal of Medicine, 356(23), 23882398. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa053935</p><p>Foxwell, R., Morley, C., & Frizelle, D. (2013). Illness perceptions, mood and quality of life: A systematic review of coronary heart disease patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75(3), 211222.</p><p>French, D. P., Cooke, R., McLean, N., Williams, M., & Sutton, S. (2007). What do people think about when they answer theory of planned behaviour questionnaires? A think aloud study. Journal of Health Psychology, 12(4), 672687. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105307078174</p><p>Furnham, A., & Kirkcaldy, B. (1996). The health beliefs and behaviours of orthodox and complementary medicine clients. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35 ( Pt 1), 4961.</p><p>Furuya, R. K., Arantes, E. C., Dessotte, C. A. M., Ciol, M. A., Hoffman, J. M., Schmidt, A.,Dantas, R. A. S., & Rossi, L. A. (2015). A randomized controlled trial of an educational programme to improve self-care in Brazilian patients following percutaneous coronary intervention. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(4), 895908. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12568</p><p>Ganasegeran, K., & Rashid, A. (2017). The prevalenceof medication nonadherence in post-myocardial infarction survivors and its perceived barriers and psychological correlates: A cross-sectional study in a cardiac health facility in Malaysia. Patient Preference and Adherence, Volume 11, 19751985. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S151053</p><p></p><p>Gay, L., Mills, G., & Airasian, P. (2012). Overview of qualitative research. Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications.</p><p>Gellad, W. F., Grenard, J. L., & Marcum, Z. A. (2011). A systematic review of barriers to medication adherence in the elderly: Looking beyond cost and regimen complexity. The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, 9(1), 1123.</p><p>Gerber, B. S., Cho, Y. I., Arozullah, A. M., & Lee, S.-Y. D. (2010). Racial differences in medication adherence: A cross-sectional study of Medicare enrollees. The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, 8(2), 136145.</p><p>Ghisi, G. L. de M., Abdallah, F., Grace, S. L., Thomas, S., & Oh, P. (2014). A systematic review of patient education in cardiac patients: Do they increase knowledge and promote health behavior change? Patient Education and Counseling, 95(2), 160174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2014.01.012</p><p>Gholap, N., Davies, M., Patel, K., Sattar, N., & Khunti, K. (2011). Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in South Asians. Primary Care Diabetes, 5(1), 45 56.</p><p>Giesen, D., Meertens, V., Vis-Visschers, R., & Beukenhorst, D. (2012). Questionnaire development. Statistics Netherlands.</p><p>Godin, G., & Shephard, R. J. (1985). A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences. Journal Canadien Des Sciences Appliquees Au Sport, 10(3), 141146.</p><p>Goodwin, L., Ostuzzi, G., Khan, N., Hotopf, M. H., & Moss-Morris, R. (2016). Can We Identify the Active Ingredients of Behaviour Change Interventions for Coronary Heart Disease Patients? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE, 11(4), e0153271. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153271</p><p>Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504 528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1</p><p>Gtzsche, P. C., Jrgensen, K. J., & Krogsbll, L. T. (2014). General health checks dont work. BMJ, 348, g3680.</p><p></p><p>Grant, J. S., & Graven, L. J. (2018). Problems experienced by informal caregivers of individuals with heart failure: An integrative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 80, 4166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.12.016</p><p>Grant, S. J., Bin, Y. S., Kiat, H., & Chang, D. H.-T. (2012). The use of complementary and alternative medicine by people with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 1.</p><p>Grenard, J. L., Munjas, B. A., Adams, J. L., Suttorp, M., Maglione, M., McGlynn, E. A., & Gellad, W. F. (2011). Depression and medication adherence in the treatment of chronic diseases in the United States: A meta-analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26(10), 11751182.</p><p>Grigorovich, A., Lee, A., Ross, H., Woodend, A. K., Forde, S., & Cameron, J. I. (2017). A longitudinal view of factors that influence the emotional well-being of family caregivers to individuals with heart failure. Aging & Mental Health, 21(8), 844850. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1168361</p><p>Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 5982.</p><p>Gupta, A., Mackay, J.,Whitehouse, A., Godec, T., Collier, T., Pocock, S., Poulter, N., & Sever, P. (2018). Long-term mortality after blood pressure-lowering and lipid-lowering treatment in patients with hypertension in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT) Legacy study: 16-year follow-up results of a randomised factorial trial. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31776-8</p><p>Gupta, M., & Brister, S. (2006). Is South Asian ethnicity an independent cardiovascular risk factor? The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 22(3), 193 197. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0828-282x(06)70895-9</p><p>Gupta, M., Brister, S., & Verma, S. (2006). Is South Asian ethnicity an independent cardiovascular risk factor? The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 22(3), 193 197.</p><p>Hagedoorn, E., Schans, C. P. van der, & Jaarsma, T. (2019). Collaborative partnership between family caregivers and nurses in the care of older hospitalized persons.</p><p>Hahn-Goldberg, S., Jeffs, L., Troup, A., Kubba, R., & Okrainec, K. (2018). We are doing it together; The integral role of caregivers in a patients transition home</p><p></p><p>from the medicine unit. PLOS ONE, 13(5), e0197831. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197831</p><p>Haines, K. J., Beesley, S. J., Hopkins, R. O., McPeake, J., Quasim, T., Ritchie, K., & Iwashyna, T. J. (2018). Peer Support in Critical Care: A Systematic Review. Critical Care Medicine, 46(9), 15221531. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003293</p><p>Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Pearson Education International; Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: 2010. Multivariate Data Analysis (7th Ed.)[Google Scholar].</p><p>Hakimzadeh, Z. (2022). The Effects of a Health Literacy Training Intervention on Self-Care Behaviors andTreatment Adherence in Patients with IschemicHeart Diseases. Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology. https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2021.61673</p><p>Hkonsen, H., & Toverud, E.-L. (2011). Cultural influences on medicine use among first-generation Pakistani immigrants in Norway. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 68(2), 171178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-0111111-7</p><p>Hamood, H., Hamood, R., Green, M. S., & Almog, R. (2015). Effect of adherence to evidence-based therapy after acute myocardial infarction on all-cause mortality. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 24(10), 10931104.</p><p>Hamood, H., Hamood, R., Green, M. S., & Almog, R. (2016). Determinants of adherence to evidence-based therapy after acute myocardial infarction. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 23(9), 975985.</p><p>Hasan, S. S., Ahmed, S. I., Bukhari, N. I., & Loon, W. C. W. (2009). Use of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with chronic diseases at outpatient clinics. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(3), 152157.</p><p>Hassali, M. A., Saleem, F., Shafie, A. A., Al-Qazaz, H. K., Farooqui, M., Aljadhey, H., Atif, M., & Masood, I. (2012). Assessment of general public perceptions toward traditional medicines used for aphrodisiac purpose in state of Penang, Malaysia. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 18(4), 257260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2012.06.001</p><p>Hatah, E., Lim, K. P., Ali, A. M., Shah, N. M., & Islahudin, F. (2015, April 24). The influence of cultural and religious orientations on social support and its</p><p></p><p>potential impact on medication adherence. Patient Preference and Adherence. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S79477</p><p>Hedenrud, T., Jonsson, P., & Linde, M. (2008). Beliefs about medicines and adherence among Swedish migraineurs. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 42(1), 3945.</p><p>Heggenhougen, H. K. (1980). Bomohs, doctors and sinsehsMedical pluralism in Malaysia. Social Science & Medicine. Part B: Medical Anthropology, 14(4), 235244. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7987(80)90049-6</p><p>Heiat, A., Gross, C. P., & Krumholz, H. M. (2002). Representation of the Elderly, Women, and Minorities in Heart Failure Clinical Trials. Archives of Internal Medicine, 162(15). https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.15.1682</p><p>Heidari Gorji, M. A., Fatahian, A., & Farsavian, A. (2019). The impact of perceived and objective social isolation on hospital readmission in patients with heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. General Hospital Psychiatry, 60, 2736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.07.002</p><p>Hertzog, M. A. (2008). Considerations in determining sample size for pilot studies. Research in Nursing & Health, 31(2), 180191. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20247</p><p>Hillyer, G. C., Schmitt, K. M., Lizardo, M., Reyes, A., Bazan, M., Alvarez, M. C., Sandoval, R., Abdul, K., & Orjuela, M. A. (2017). Electronic Communication Channel Use and Health Information Source Preferences Among Latinos in Northern Manhattan. Journal of Community Health, 42(2), 349357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0261-z</p><p>Hirani, S. P., & Newman, S. P. (2005). Patients beliefs about their cardiovascular disease. Heart, 91(9), 12351239.</p><p>Ho, P. M., Bryson, C. L., & Rumsfeld, J. S. (2009). Medication Adherence: Its Importance in Cardiovascular Outcomes. Circulation, 119(23), 30283035. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.768986</p><p>Ho, P. M., Magid, D. J., Shetterly, S. M., Olson, K. L., Maddox, T. M., Peterson, P. N., Masoudi, F. A., & Rumsfeld, J. S. (2008). Medication nonadherence is associated with a broad range of adverse outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. American Heart Journal, 155(4), 772779.</p><p></p><p>Hodes, R. (1997). Cross-cultural medicine and diverse health beliefs. Ethiopians abroad. Western Journal of Medicine, 166(1), 29.</p><p>Hodson, A. R., Peacock, S., & Holtslander, L. (2019). Family caregiving for persons with advanced heart failure: An integrative review. Palliative and Supportive Care, 17(6), 720734. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951519000245</p><p>Holmes, E. A., Hughes, D. A., & Morrison, V. L. (2014). Predicting adherence to medications using health psychology theories: A systematic review of 20 years of empirical research. Value in Health, 17(8), 863876.</p><p>Horne, R. (2006). Compliance, adherence, and concordance: Implications for asthma treatment. Chest, 130(1), 65S-72S.</p><p>Horne, R., Chapman, S. C. E., Parham, R., Freemantle, N., Forbes, A., & Cooper, V. (2013). Understanding Patients Adherence-Related Beliefs about Medicines Prescribed for Long-Term Conditions: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Necessity-Concern Framework. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e80633. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080633</p><p>Horne, R., & Clatworthy, J. (2010). Adherence to Advice and Treatment. In D. French, K. Vedhara, A. A. Kaptein, & J. Weinman (Eds.), Health Psychology (2nd ed, pp. 175188). Wiley-Blackwell.</p><p>Horne, R., Cooper, V., Wileman, V., & Chan, A. (2019). Supporting Adherence to Medicines for Long-Term Conditions: A Perceptions and Practicalities Approach Based on an Extended Common-Sense Model. European Psychologist, 24(1), 8296. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000353</p><p>Horne, R., Graupner, L., Frost, S., Weinman, J., Wright, S. M., & Hankins, M. (2004). Medicine in a multi-cultural society: The effect of cultural background on beliefs about medications. Social Science & Medicine, 59(6), 13071313.</p><p>Horne, R., & Weinman, J. (1999). Patients beliefs about prescribed medicines and their role in adherence to treatment in chronic physical illness. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 47(6), 555567. https://doi.org/10.1016/S00223999(99)00057-4</p><p>Horne, R., & Weinman, J. (2002). Self-regulation and self-management in asthma: Exploring the role of illness perceptions and treatment beliefs in explaining non-adherence to preventermedication. Psychology and Health, 17(1), 1732.</p><p></p><p>Horne, R., Weinman, J., & Hankins, M. (1999). The beliefs about medicines questionnaire: The development and evaluation of a new method for assessing the cognitive representation of medication. Psychology & Health, 14(1), 124. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449908407311</p><p>Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied logistic regression (2nd ed). Wiley.</p><p>Huang, Y., Kypridemos, C., Liu, J., Lee, Y., Pearson-Stuttard, J., Collins, B., Bandosz, P., Capewell, S., Whitsel, L., Wilde, P., Mozaffarian, D., OFlaherty, M., Micha, R., & Food-PRICE (Policy Review and Intervention Cost-Effectiveness) Project. (2019). Cost-Effectiveness of the US Food and Drug Administration Added Sugar Labeling Policy for Improving Diet and Health. Circulation, 139(23), 26132624. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036751</p><p>Hughes, J. W., Serber, E. R., &Kuhn, T. (2022). Psychosocial management in cardiac rehabilitation: Current practices, recommendations, and opportunities. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, S0033062021001389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2021.12.006</p><p>Hugtenburg, J. G., Timmers, L., Elders, P. J., Vervloet, M., & van Dijk, L. (2013). Definitions, variants, and causes of nonadherence with medication: A challenge for tailored interventions. Patient Preference and Adherence, 7, 675.</p><p>Hulland, J., Baumgartner, H., & Smith, K. M. (2018). Marketing survey research best practices: Evidence and recommendations from a review of JAMS articles. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 46(1), 92108.</p><p>Huri, H. Z., Lian, G. T. P., Hussain, S., Pendek, R., & Widodo, R. T. (2009). A survey amongst complementary alternative medicine (CAM) users with type 2 diabetes. Int J Diabetes & Metabolism, 17, 915.</p><p>Hussain-Gambles, M., Atkin, K., & Leese, B. (2004). Why ethnic minority groups are under-represented in clinical trials: A review of the literature. Health and Social Care in the Community, 12(5), 382388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13652524.2004.00507.x</p><p>Ibrahim, I., Hassali, M., Saleem, F., & Al Tukmagi, H. (2016). A qualitative insight on complementary and alternative medicines used by hypertensive patients. Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences, 8(4), 284. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.199349</p><p></p><p>Ingersgaard, M. V., Helms Andersen, T., Norgaard, O., Grabowski, D., & Olesen, K. (2020). Reasons for Nonadherence to Statins A Systematic Review of Reviews. Patient Preference and Adherence, Volume 14, 675691. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S245365</p><p>Inkster, M., Donnan, P., MacDonald, T., Sullivan, F., & Fahey, T. (2006). Adherence to antihypertensive medication and association with patient and practice factors. Journal of Human Hypertension, 20(4), 295.</p><p>Inoue, Y., & Umezaki, M. (2016). Medical Pluralism and Traditional/Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Older People: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Rural Mountainous Village in Japan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 31(1), 5772.</p><p>Iskandarsyah, A., Klerk, C., Suardi, D. R., Sadarjoen, S. S., & Passchier, J. (2014). Consulting a traditional healer and negative illness perceptions are associated with non-adherence to treatment in Indonesian women with breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 23(10), 11181124.</p><p>Jaarsma, T., Cameron, J.,Riegel, B., & Stromberg, A. (2017). Factors Related to Self-Care in Heart Failure Patients According to the Middle-Range Theory of Self-Care of Chronic Illness: A Literature Update. Current Heart Failure Reports, 14(2), 7177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11897-017-0324-1</p><p>Jackson, C., & Furnham, A. (2000). Designing and Analysis Questionnaires and Surveys: A Manual for Health Professionals and Administrators. Wiley.</p><p>Jalal, Z., Antoniou, S., Taylor, D., Paudyal, V., Finlay, K., & Smith, F. (2019). South Asians living in the UK and adherence to coronary heart disease medication: A mixed-method study. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 41(1), 122130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-018-0760-3</p><p>James, P. A., Oparil, S., Carter, B. L., Cushman, W. C., Dennison-Himmelfarb, C., Handler, J., Lackland, D. T., LeFevre, M. L., MacKenzie, T. D., & Ogedegbe,</p><p>O. (2014). 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: Report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). Jama, 311(5), 507520.</p><p>Janssen, V., Gucht, V. D., Dusseldorp, E., & Maes, S. (2013). Lifestyle modification programmes for patients with coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 20(4), 620640. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487312462824</p><p></p><p>Jarab, A. S., Rababah, A. M., Almousa, A., Mukattash, T. L., & Bsoul, R. (2020). Non-adherence to pharmacotherapy and its associated factors among patients with angina in Jordan. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, 11(1), 6165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphs.12341</p><p>Jin, J., Sklar, G. E., Oh, V. M. S., & Li, S. C. (2008). Factors affecting therapeutic compliance: A review from the patients perspective. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 4(1), 269.</p><p>Johnson, K. S., Elbert-Avila, K. I., & Tulsky, J. A. (2005). The influence of spiritual beliefs and practices on the treatment preferences of African Americans: A review of the literature. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 711719.</p><p>Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33(7), 1426.</p><p>Johnson, R. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Turner, L. A. (2007). Toward a definition of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112133.</p><p>Jolly,K., Greenfield, S. M., &Hare, R. (2004). Attendance of ethnic minoritypatients in cardiac rehabilitation. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, 24(5), 308312.</p><p>Jolly, K., Taylor, R. S., Lip, G., Greenfield, S., Raftery, J., Mant, J., Lane, D., Jones, M., Lee, K., & Stevens, A. (2007). The Birmingham Rehabilitation Uptake Maximisation Study (BRUM). Home-based compared with hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation in a multi-ethnic population: Cost-effectiveness and patient adherence. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England), 11(35), 1.</p><p>Jolly, K., Taylor, R. S., Lip, G. Y. H., & Stevens, A. (2006). Home-based cardiac rehabilitation compared with centre-based rehabilitation and usual care: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology, 111(3), 343351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.11.002</p><p>K Murray, M.-I., Thalmann, I. N., Mossialos, E. A., & Zeiher, A. M. (2018). Comorbidities of Coronary Heart Disease and the Impact on Healthcare Usage and Productivity Loss in a Nationally-Based Study. Epidemiology: Open Access, 08(03). https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1165.1000347</p><p>Khknen, O., Saaranen, T., Kankkunen, P., Lamidi, M.-L., Kyngs, H., & Miettinen,</p><p>H. (2018). Predictors of adherence totreatment by patients with coronary heart disease after percutaneous coronary intervention. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(56), 9891003. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14153</p><p></p><p>Kaliyaperumal, K. (2004). Guideline for conducting a knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) study. Community Ophthalmology, 4(1), 79.</p><p>Kamil, M. A., & Khoo, S. B. (2006). Cultural health beliefs in a rural family practice: A Malaysian perspective. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 14(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2006.00747.x</p><p>Kandula, N. R., Patel, Y., Dave, S., Seguil, P., Kumar, S., Baker, D. W., Spring, B., & Siddique, J. (2013). The South Asian Heart Lifestyle Intervention (SAHELI) study to improve cardiovascular risk factors in a community setting: Design and methods. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 36(2), 479487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2013.09.007</p><p>Kandula, N. R., Tirodkar, M. A., Lauderdale, D. S., Khurana, N. R., Makoul, G., & Baker, D. W. (2010). Knowledge gaps and misconceptions about coronary heart disease among US South Asians. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38(4), 439442.</p><p>Karamanidou, C., Clatworthy, J., Weinman, J., & Horne, R. (2008). A systematic review of the prevalence and determinants of nonadherence to phosphate binding medication in patients with end-stage renal disease. BMC Nephrology, 9, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2369-9-2</p><p>Kardas, P., Lewek, P., & Matyjaszczyk, M. (2013). Determinants of patient adherence: A review ofsystematic reviews. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 4, 91.</p><p>Karim, N. A., Mohd Yusof, S., Hashim, J. K., Din, M., Haslinda, S., Harun, Z., Saleh Hudin, R., Salim, F., Ngadikin, M., & Norazlin, S. (2008). Food consumption patterns: Findings from the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS). Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 14(1), 2539.</p><p>Karimi, E., Akbari, A., Sayadi, A. R., Safarpour, H., & Khodadadizadeh, A. (2019). Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Dietary Adherence of Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease: A Randomised Controlled Trial [Preprint]. In Review. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.12081/v1</p><p>Karimi, M., & Clark, A. M. (2016). How do patients values influence heart failure self-care decision-making?: A mixed-methods systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 59, 89104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.03.010</p><p></p><p>Kassab, Y., Hassan, Y., Abd Aziz, N., Akram, H., & Ismail, O. (2013). Use of evidence-based therapy for the secondary prevention of acute coronary syndromes in Malaysian practice. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 19(4), 658663. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2012.01894.x</p><p>Kassab, Y., Hassan, Y., Abd Aziz, N., Ismail, O., & AbdulRazzaq, H. (2013a). Patients adherence to secondary prevention pharmacotherapy after acute coronary syndromes. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 35(2), 275 280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-012-9735-y</p><p>Kassab, Y. W., Hassan, Y., Aziz, N. A., Zulkifly, H. H., & Iqbal, M. S. (2015). Report: Trends in adherence to secondary prevention medications in post-acute coronary syndrome patients. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28(2), 641646.</p><p>Katigbak, C., Flaherty, E., Chao, Y.-Y., Nguyen, T., Cheung, D., & Yiu-Cho Kwan,</p><p>R. (2018). A Systematic Review of Culturally Specific Interventions to Increase Physical Activity for Older Asian Americans: The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 1. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000459</p><p>Kato, N. P., Kinugawa, K., Sano, M., Kogure, A., Sakuragi, F., Kobukata, K., Ohtsu, H., Wakita, S., Jaarsma, T., & Kazuma, K. (2016). How effective is an in-hospital heart failure self-care program in a Japanese setting? Lessons from a randomized controlled pilot study. Patient Preference and Adherence, 171. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S100203</p><p>Katschnig, H., Freeman, H. L., & Sartorius, N. (Eds.). (2006). Quality of life in depression. In Quality of life in mental disorders (2nd ed, pp. 129140). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p><p>Kaul, P., McAlister, F. A., Ezekowitz, J. A., Grover, V. K., & Quan, H. (2011). Ethnic differences in 1-year mortality among patients hospitalised with heart failure. Heart, 97(13), 10481053. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2010.217869</p><p>Keenan, J. (2017). Improving adherence to medication for secondary cardiovascular disease prevention. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 24(3_suppl), 2935. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487317708145</p><p>Kew, Y., Chia, Y. L., Lai, S. M., Chong, K. Y., Ho, X. L., Liew, D. W., Moy, F. M., & Selvarajah, S. (2015). Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM) among Study Population with Cardiovascular Risk; use and Substitution for Conventional Medicinein Pahang, Malaysia. Med J Malaysia, 70(2), 8692.</p><p></p><p>Khalifa, N., & Hardie, T. (2005). Possession and jinn. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 98(8), 351353. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.98.8.351</p><p>Khambalia, A. Z., & Seen, L. S. (2010). Trends in overweight and obese adults in Malaysia (19962009): A systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 11(6), 403 412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00728.x</p><p>Khan, M. S., Jafary, F. H., Jafar, T. H., Faruqui, A. M., Rasool, S. I., Hatcher, J., & Chaturvedi, N. (2006). Knowledge of modifiable risk factors of heart disease among patients with acute myocardial infarction in Karachi, Pakistan: A cross sectional study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 6(1), 18.</p><p>Khanderia, U., Townsend, K. A., Erickson, S. R., Vlasnik, J., Prager, R. L., & Eagle,</p><p>K. A. (2008). Medication adherence following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Assessment of beliefs and attitudes. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 42(2), 192199.</p><p>Khazaee-pool, M., Moridi, M., Ponnet, K., Turner, N., & Pashaei, T. (2016). Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Time to Relapse Questionnaire (TRQ) in substance use disorder. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 42(6), 682688. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2016.1172593</p><p>Khor, G.-L. (2012). Food availability and the rising obesity prevalence in Malaysia. IeJSME, 6(suppl 1), S61S68.</p><p>Khor, G.-L., Hsu-Hage, B. H., & Wahlqvist, M. L. (1998). Dietary practices in nutritional transition: The case of Malaysian urban Chinese. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 36(6), 463489. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1998.9991532</p><p>Kini, V., & Ho, P. M. (2018). Interventions to Improve Medication Adherence: A Review. JAMA, 320(23), 2461. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.19271</p><p>Kirchmayer,U., Agabiti, N., Belleudi, V., Davoli, M., Fusco, D., Stafoggia, M., Arc, M., Barone, A. P., & Perucci, C. A. (2012). Socio-demographic differences in adherence to evidence-based drug therapy after hospital discharge from acute myocardial infarction: A population-based cohort study in Rome, Italy. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 37(1), 3744. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.2010.01242.x</p><p>Knox, S., & Burkard, A. W. (2009). Qualitative research interviews. Psychotherapy Research, 19(45), 566575.</p><p></p><p>Koh, A. S., Khin, L. W., Choi, L. M., Sim, L. L., Chua, T. S., Koh, T. H., Tan, J. W., & Chia, S. (2011). Percutaneous coronary intervention in asians-are there differences in clinical outcome? BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 11(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-11-22</p><p>Kohler, J. C., & Baghdadi-Sabeti, G. (2011). The world medicines situation 2011. World Health Organization [Meeting report].</p><p>Kokab, F., Greenfield, S., Lindenmeyer, A., Sidhu, M., Tait, L., & Gill, P. (2018). The experience and influence of social support and social dynamics on cardiovascular disease prevention in migrant Pakistani communities: A qualitative synthesis. Patient Education and Counseling, 101(4), 619630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2017.10.003</p><p>Krauskopf, K., Federman, A. D., Kale, M. S., Sigel, K. M., Martynenko, M., OConor, R., Wolf, M. S., Leventhal, H., & Wisnivesky, J. P. (2015). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Illness and Medication Beliefs are Associated with Medication Adherence. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 12(2), 151164. https://doi.org/10.3109/15412555.2014.922067</p><p>Kretchy, I. A., Okere, H. A., Osafo, J., Afrane, B., Sarkodie, J., & Debrah, P. (2016). Perceptions of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine among conventional healthcare practitioners in Accra, Ghana: Implications for integrative healthcare. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 14(5), 380388. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(16)60273-X</p><p>Kretchy, I., Owusu-Daaku, F., & Danquah, S. (2013). Spiritual and religious beliefs: Do they matter in the medication adherence behaviour of hypertensive patients? BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 7(1), 15.</p><p>Kripalani, S., Goggins, K., Nwosu, S., Schildcrout, J., Mixon, A. S., McNaughton, C., McDougald Scott, A. M., & Wallston, Kenneth. A. (2015). Medication Non-Adherence before Hospitalizationfor Acute Cardiac Events. Journal of Health Communication, 20(0), 3442. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1080331</p><p>Krogsbll, L. T., Jrgensen, K. J., Grnhj Larsen, C., & Gtzsche, P. C. (2012). General health checks in adults for reducing morbidity and mortality from disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 345.</p><p></p><p>Kronish, I. M., & Ye, S. (2013). Adherence to Cardiovascular Medications: Lessons Learned and Future Directions. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 55(6), 590600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2013.02.001</p><p>Kulkarni, S. P., Alexander, K. P., Lytle, B., Heiss, G., & Peterson, E. D. (2006). Long-term adherence with cardiovascular drug regimens. American Heart Journal, 151(1), 185191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2005.02.038</p><p>Kumar, K., Greenfield, S., Raza, K., Gill, P., & Stack, R. (2016). Understanding adherence-related beliefs about medicine amongst patients of South Asian origin with diabetes and cardiovascular disease patients: A qualitative synthesis. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902016-0103-0</p><p>Kumbhani, D. J., Fonarow, G. C., Cannon, C. P., Hernandez, A. F., Peterson, E. D., Peacock, W. F., Laskey, W. K., Pan, W., Schwamm, L. H., & Bhatt, D. L. (2013). Predictors of adherence to performance measures in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The American Journal of Medicine, 126(1), 74e1.</p><p>Langebeek, N., Gisolf, E. H., Reiss, P., Vervoort, S. C., Hafsteinsdttir, T. B., Richter, C., Sprangers, M. A., & Nieuwkerk, P. T. (2014). Predictors and correlates of adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) for chronic HIV infection: A meta-analysis. BMC Medicine, 12(1), 142.</p><p>LaPointe, N. M. A., Ou, F.-S., Calvert, S. B., Melloni, C., Stafford, J. A., Harding, T., Peterson, E. D., & Alexander, K. P. (2011). Association between patient beliefs and medication adherence following hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome. American Heart Journal, 161(5), 855863.</p><p>Lee, G. (2004). Complementary and alternative medicine use in patients with chronic diseases in primary care is associated with perceived quality of care and cultural beliefs. Family Practice, 21(6), 654660. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmh613</p><p>Lee, K., Halimatun, H. M., Steven, E. K., & Ong, B. K. (2012). Understanding the perception concerning medication and types of adherence behaviour in hypertensive patients. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 20(3), 211392.</p><p>Lee, K., Mokhtar, H. H., Krauss, S. E., & Ong, B. K. (2014). Hypertensive patients preferences for complementary and alternative medicine and the influence of</p><p></p><p>these preferences on the adherence to prescribed medication. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 20(2), 99105.</p><p>Lee, M. K. O., Cheung, C. M. K., Lim, K. H., & Ling Sia, C. (2006). Understanding customer knowledge sharing in web-based discussion boards: An exploratory study. Internet Research, 16(3), 289303. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662240610673709</p><p>Lee, W. L., Abdullah, K. L., Bulgiba, A. M., & Abidin, I. Z. (2013). Prevalence and predictors of patient adherence to health recommendations after acute coronary syndrome: Data for targeted interventions? European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 12(6), 512520. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515112470056</p><p>Leigh, J. A., Alvarez, M., & Rodriguez, C. J. (2016). Ethnic Minorities and Coronary Heart Disease: An Update and Future Directions. Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-016-0559-4</p><p>Leslie, K. H., McCowan, C., & Pell, J. P. (2019). Adherence to cardiovascular medication: A review of systematic reviews. Journal of Public Health, 41(1), e84e94. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy088</p><p>Lett, H. S., Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Strauman, T. J., Robins, C., & Sherwood, A. (2005). Social Support and Coronary Heart Disease: Epidemiologic Evidence and Implications for Treatment. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(6), 869878. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000188393.73571.0a</p><p>Leventhal, H., Diefenbach, M., & Leventhal, E. A. (1992). Illness cognition: Using common sense to understand treatment adherence and affect cognition interactions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(2), 143163.</p><p>Leventhal, H., & Ian, B. (2012). The common-sense model of self-regulation of health and illness. In The self-regulation of health and illness behaviour (pp. 5679). Routledge.</p><p>Leventhal, H., Leventhal, E. A., & Cameron, L. D. (2001). Representations, Procedures and Affect in Illness Self-Regulation: A Perceptual-Cognitive Model. In A. Baum, T. A. Revenson, & J. E. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of Health Psychology (pp. 1947). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.</p><p>Leventhal, H., Meyer, D., & Nerenz, D. (1980). The common sense representation of illness danger. Contributions to Medical Psychology, 2, 730.</p><p></p><p>Leventhal, H., Nerenz, D. R., & Steele, D. J. (1984). Illness representations and coping with health threats. In A. Baum & J. E. Singer (Eds.), A Handbook of Psychology and Health (Vol. 4, pp. 219252). Erlbaum.</p><p>Levy, A. E., Huang, C., Huang, A., & Michael Ho, P. (2018). Recent Approaches to Improve Medication Adherence in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: Progress Towards a Learning Healthcare System. Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 20(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-018-0707-0</p><p>Lewis, L. M. (2012). Factors associated with medication adherence in hypertensive blacks: A review of the literature. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 27(3), 208219.</p><p>Lichtman, J. H., Froelicher, E. S., Blumenthal, J. A., Carney, R. M., Doering, L. V., Frasure-Smith, N., Freedland, K. E., Jaffe, A. S., Leifheit-Limson, E. C., Sheps, D. S., Vaccarino, V., & Wulsin, L. (2014). Depression as a Risk Factor for Poor Prognosis Among Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: Systematic Review and Recommendations A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation, CIR.0000000000000019. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000019</p><p>Lim, S. S. (2014). Obesity and dining out: An exploration of dietary trends in urban Malaysia [Unpublished master's thesis].University of South Florida.</p><p>Ling, R. Z. Q., Jiao, N., Hassan, N. B., He, H., & Wang, W. (2020). Adherence to diet and medication and the associated factors among patient with chronic heart failure in a multi-ethnic society. Heart & Lung, 49(2), 144150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2019.11.003</p><p>Litwin, M. S. (2003). How to assess and interpret survey psychometrics (Vol. 8). Sage.</p><p>Liu, R. T., Hernandez, E. M., Trout, Z. M., Kleiman, E. M., & Bozzay, M. L. (2017). Depression, social support, and long-term risk for coronary heart disease in a 13-year longitudinal epidemiological study. Psychiatry Research, 251, 3640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.010</p><p>Llewellyn, C. D., Miners, A. H., Lee, C. A., Harrington, C., & Weinman, J. (2003). The illness perceptions and treatment beliefs of individuals with severe haemophilia and their role in adherence to home treatment. Psychology and Health, 18(2), 185200.</p><p></p><p>Lloyd-Jones, D., Adams, R. J., Brown, T. M., Carnethon, M., Dai, S., De Simone, G., Ferguson, T. B., Ford, E., Furie, K., & Gillespie, C. (2010). Heart disease and stroke statistics2010 update A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 121(7), e46e215.</p><p>Look, M. A., Kaholokula, J. K., Carvahlo, A., Seto, T. B., & de Silva, M. (2012). Developing a culturally based cardiac rehabilitation program: The HELA study. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, 6(1), 103.</p><p>Lu, H. T., & Nordin, R. B. (2013). Ethnic differences in the occurrence of acute coronarysyndrome: Results of the Malaysian National CardiovascularDisease (NCVD) Database Registry (March 2006 -February 2010). BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-13-97</p><p>Lu, X., Zhang, R., Wu, W., Shang, X., & Liu, M. (2018). Relationship Between Internet Health Information and Patient Compliance Based on Trust: Empirical Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(8), e253. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.9364</p><p>Lua, P. L. (2011). The Role of Complementary Indigenous Malay Therapies: Perspectives from Palliative Care Patients. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1553-3840.1369</p><p>Lua, P. L., Salek, S., & Finlay, I. (2006). The Malay McGill Quality Of Life Questionnaire (MMQOL): Adaptation and validation. University Publication Centre (UPENA).</p><p>Lucas, A., Murray, E., & Kinra, S. (2013). Heath beliefs of UK South Asians related to lifestyle diseases: A review of qualitative literature. Journal of Obesity, 2013.https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/827674</p><p>Lutz, B. J., Young, M. E., Creasy, K. R., Martz, C., Eisenbrandt, L., Brunny, J. N., & Cook, C. (2016). Improving Stroke Caregiver Readiness for Transition From Inpatient Rehabilitation to Home. The Gerontologist, gnw135. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw135</p><p>Macdonald, G. G., Townsend, A. F., Adam, P., Li, L. C., Kerr, S., McDonald, M., & Backman, C. L. (2018). eHealth Technologies, Multimorbidity, and the Office Visit: Qualitative Interview Study on the Perspectives of Physicians and Nurses. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(1), e31. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8983</p><p></p><p>MacInnes, J. (2011). Illness representations, treatment beliefs and the relationship to self-care in heart failure [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Canterbury Christ Church University</p><p>Magadza, C., Radloff, S., & Srinivas, S. (2009). The effect of an educational intervention on patients knowledge about hypertension, beliefs about medicines, and adherence. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 5(4), 363375.</p><p>Magnani, J. W., Mujahid, M. S., Aronow, H. D., Cen, C. W., Dickson, V. V., Havranek, E., Morgenstern, L. B., Paasche-Orlow, M. K., Pollak, A., Willey,</p><p>J. Z., & On behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research; and Stroke Council. (2018). Health Literacy and Cardiovascular Disease: Fundamental Relevance to Primary and Secondary Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 138(2). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000579</p><p>Mahmoudian, A., Zamani, A., Tavakoli, N., Farajzadegan, Z., & Fathollahi-Dehkordi,</p><p>F. (2017). Medication adherence in patients with hypertension: Does satisfaction with doctor-patient relationship work? Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 22(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.4103/jrms.JRMS_205_16</p><p>Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2014). Designing qualitative research. Sage publications.</p><p>Marshall, I. J., Wolfe, C. D. A., & McKevitt, C. (2012). Lay perspectives on hypertension and drug adherence: Systematic review of qualitative research. BMJ, 345(jul09 1), e3953e3953. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e3953</p><p>Martin, R., Johnsen, E. L., Bunde, J., Bellman, S. B., Rothrock, N. E., Weinrib, A., & Lemos, K. (2005). Gender differences in patients attributions for myocardial infarction: Implications for adaptive health behaviors. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12(1), 3945.</p><p>Martire, L. M., Lustig, A. P., Schulz, R., Miller, G. E., & Helgeson, V. S. (2004). Is it beneficial to involve a family member? A meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions for chronic illness. Health Psychology, 23(6), 599.</p><p>Martire,L., & Schulz, R. (2001). Informal caregiving toolderadults: Health effects of providing and receiving care. Handbook of Health Psychology, 477493.</p><p></p><p>Mathers, C. D. (2020). History of global burden of disease assessment at the World Health Organization. Archives of Public Health, 78(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-020-00458-3</p><p>Mathers, C., Fat, D. M., & Boerma, J. (2008). The global burden of disease: 2004 update. World Health Organization.</p><p>Mathews, R., Wang, T. Y., Honeycutt, E., Henry, T. D., Zettler, M., Chang, M., Fonarow, G. C., & Peterson, E. D. (2015). Persistence with secondary prevention medications after acute myocardial infarction: Insights from the TRANSLATE-ACS study. American Heart Journal, 170(1), 6269.</p><p>Matthews, L., Kirk, A., & Mutrie, N. (2014). Insight from health professionals on physical activity promotion within routine diabetes care. Practical Diabetes, 31(3), 111116e.</p><p>May, C. R., Cummings, A., Myall, M., Harvey, J., Pope, C., Griffiths, P., Roderick, P., Arber, M., Boehmer, K., Mair,F. S., & Richardson, A. (2016). Experiences of long-term life-limiting conditions among patients and carers: What can we learn from a meta-review of systematic reviews of qualitative studies of chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic kidney disease? BMJ Open, 6(10), e011694. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen2016-011694</p><p>Mayer-Berger, W., Simic, D., Mahmoodzad, J., Burtscher, R., Kohlmeyer, M., Schwitalla, B., & Redalli, M. (2014). Efficacy of a long-term secondary prevention programme following inpatient cardiovascular rehabilitation on risk and health-related quality of life in a low-education cohort: A randomized controlled study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 21(2), 145152. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487312465526</p><p>McDermott, R. J., & Sarvela, P. D. (1999). Health education evaluation and measurement: A practitioners perspective (2nd ed). WCB/McGraw-Hill.</p><p>McDowell, I., & Newell, C. (1996). Measuring health: A guide to rating scales and questionnaires (2nd ed). Oxford University Press.</p><p>McEachan, R. R. C., Conner, M., Taylor, N. J., & Lawton, R. J. (2011). Prospective prediction of health-related behaviours with the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5(2), 97144.</p><p></p><p>McFadden, K. L., Hernndez, T. D., & Ito, T. A. (2010). Attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine influence its use. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing, 6(6), 380388.</p><p>McLaren, H., Patmisari, E., Hamiduzzaman, M., Jones, M., & Taylor, R. (2021). Respect for Religiosity: Review of Faith Integration in Health and Wellbeing Interventions with Muslim Minorities. Religions, 12(9), 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12090692</p><p>McPeake, J., Hirshberg, E. L., Christie, L. M., Drumright, K., Haines, K., Hough, C. L., Meyer, J., Wade, D., Andrews, A., Bakhru, R., Bates, S., Barwise, J. A., Bastarache, J., Beesley, S. J., Boehm, L. M., Brown, S., Clay, A. S., Firshman, P., Greenberg, S., Iwashyna, T. J. (2019). Models of Peer Support to Remediate Post-Intensive Care Syndrome: A Report Developed by the Society of Critical Care Medicine Thrive International Peer Support Collaborative*. Critical Care Medicine, 47(1), e21e27. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003497</p><p>McQuaid, E. L., & Landier, W. (2018). Cultural issues in medication adherence: Disparities and directions. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 33(2), 200 206.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-017-4199-3</p><p>Mendez, R. D. R., Rodrigues, R. C. M., Cornlio, M. E., Gallani, M. C. B. J., & Godin, G. (2010). Development of an instrument to measure psychosocial determinants of physical activity behavior among coronary heart disease patients. Revista Da Escola de Enfermagem Da USP, 44(3), 584596. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62342010000300006</p><p>Mendis, S., Al Bashir, I., Dissanayake, L., Varghese, C., Fadhil, I., Marhe, E., Sambo, B., Mehta, F., Elsayad, H., & Sow, I. (2012). Gaps in capacity in primary care in low-resource settings for implementation of essential noncommunicable disease interventions. International Journal of Hypertension, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/584041</p><p>Mendis, S., & Chestnov, O. (2014). The GlobalBurden of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Challenge to Improve. Current Cardiology Reports, 16(5), 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-014-0486-3</p><p>Merriam, S. B. (2014). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.</p><p>Michie, S., Ashford, S., Sniehotta, F. F., Dombrowski, S. U., Bishop, A., & French,</p><p>D. P. (2011). A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: The CALO-RE taxonomy. Psychology & Health, 26(11), 14791498. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2010.540664</p><p></p><p>Mika, J. (2016). Outcomes of psychological interventions designed to change unhelpful illness perceptions in people with coronary heart disease (CHD): A Meta-analysis [Unpublished doctoralthesis].University of East Anglia.</p><p>Mikkelsen, M. E., Jackson, J. C., Hopkins, R. O., Thompson, C., Andrews, A., Netzer, G., Bates, D. M., Bunnell, A. E., Christie, L. M., Greenberg, S. B., Lamas, D. J., Sevin, C. M., Weinhouse, G., & Iwashyna, T. J. (2016). Peer Support as a Novel Strategy to Mitigate Post-Intensive Care Syndrome. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 27(2), 221229. https://doi.org/10.4037/aacnacc2016667</p><p>Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook, 2nd ed. Sage Publications, Inc.</p><p>Miller, T. A. (2016). Health literacy and adherence to medical treatment in chronic and acute illness: A meta-analysis. Patient Education and Counseling, 99(7), 10791086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.01.020</p><p>Ming, L. C., Hassali, M. A., Shafie, A. A., Awaisu, A., Hadi, M. A., & Al-Haddad,</p><p>M. (2011). Perspectives of heart failure patients in Malaysia towards medications and disease state management: Findings from a qualitative study. Journal of Public Health, 19(6), 569577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10389-011-0415-5</p><p>Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2007). Malaysia Clinical Practice Guidelines Management of Heart Failure. www.moh.gov.my/attachments/3894.pdf</p><p>Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2019). Institute for Public HealthNHMS 2019. https://iku.gov.my/nhms-2019</p><p>Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2020). NCDsNon-Communicable Diseases: Risk Factors and Other Health Problems. Ministry of Health Malaysia. https://iku.moh.gov.my/images/IKU/Document/REPORT/NHMS2019/Report _NHMS2019-NCD_v2.pdf</p><p>Mitha, S., Nagarajan, V., Babar, M. G., Siddiqui, M. J. A., & Jamshed, S. Q. (2013). Reasons of using complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) among elderly Malaysians of Kuala Lumpur and Selangor states: An exploratory study. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 5(2), 5053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jyp.2013.05.002</p><p></p><p>Mohamed, N. F., Ghazali, S. R., Yaacob, N. A., Rahim, A. A. A., & Maskon, O. (2019). Development and Validation of a Cross-Cultural Heart Failure-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ], 18(4), 494. https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2018.18.04.011</p><p>Mohamed, N. F., Shahadan, M. A., Wahab, R. K. A., Maskon, O., & Rahim, A. A. A. (2019). Exploration of the Factors in Treatment Adherence to Coronary Heart Diseases Diagnosis Among the Multi-Ethnic Patients: A Qualitative Study. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 15(3), 117-125.</p><p>Mohammad Nor, N. S., Khor, G.-L., Shahar, S., Kee, C. C., Haniff, J., Appannah, G., Rasat, R., Wong, N. F., Zainuddin, A. A., Ab Rahman, J., Abd Talib, R., & Yusoff, A. F. (2008). The Third National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) 2006: Nutritional status of adults aged 18 years and above. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 14(2), 187.</p><p>Molloy, G. J., Perkins-Porras, L., Bhattacharyya, M. R., Strike, P. C., & Steptoe, A. (2008). Practical support predicts medication adherence and attendance at cardiac rehabilitation following acute coronary syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 65(6), 581586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.07.002</p><p>Mondesir, F. L., Carson, A. P., Durant, R. W., Lewis, M. W., Safford, M. M., & Levitan, E. B. (2018). Association of functional and structural social support with medication adherence among individuals treated for coronary heart disease risk factors: Findings from the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. PLOS ONE, 13(6), e0198578. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198578</p><p>Morgan, D. L. (2013). Integrating qualitative and quantitative methods: A pragmatic approach. Sage publications.</p><p>Mosca, L., Barrett-Connor, E., & Wenger, N. K. (2011). Sex/gender differences in cardiovascular disease prevention: What a difference a decade makes. Circulation, 124(19), 21452154. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.110.968792</p><p>Mosleh, S. M., Bond, C. M., Lee, A. J., Kiger, A., & Campbell, N. C. (2014). Effectiveness of theory-based invitations to improve attendance at cardiac rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 13(3), 201210. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515113491348</p><p></p><p>Mullick, M. S. I., Khalifa, N., Nahar, J. S., & Walker, D.-M. (2013). Beliefs about Jinn, black magic and evil eye in Bangladesh: The effects of gender and level of education. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 16(7), 719729. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2012.717918</p><p>Muncan, B. (2018). Cardiovascular disease in racial/ethnic minority populations: Illness burden and overview of community-based interventions. Public Health Reviews, 39(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-018-0109-4</p><p>Murphy, A. W., Cupples, M. E., Smith, S. M., Byrne, M., Byrne, M. C., & Newell, J. (2009). Effect of tailored practice and patient care plans on secondary prevention of heart disease in general practice: Cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ : British Medical Journal, 339. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b4220</p><p>Murray, C. J. L., Vos, T., Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Flaxman, A. D., Michaud, C., Ezzati, M., Shibuya, K., Salomon, J. A., Abdalla, S., Aboyans, V., Abraham, J., Ackerman, I., Aggarwal, R., Ahn, S. Y., Ali, M. K., AlMazroa, M. A., Alvarado, M., Anderson, H. R., Lopez, A. D. (2012). Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 19902010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet, 380(9859), 21972223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4</p><p>Murray, J., Fenton, G., Honey, S., Bara, A. C., Hill, K. M., & House, A. (2013). A qualitative synthesis of factors influencing maintenance of lifestyle behaviour change in individuals with high cardiovascular risk. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 13(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-13-48</p><p>Nagashekhara, M., Murthy, V., Mruthyunjaya, A. T., & Ann, L. L. (2015). An empirical study on traditional, complementary and alternative medicine usage among malaysian cancer patients. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 16(15), 6237-6241.https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.15.6237</p><p>Naing, N. N., DEste, C., Isa, A. R., Salleh, R., Bakar, N., & Mahmod, M. R. (2001). Factors contributing to poor compliance with anti-TB treatment among tuberculosis patients. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 32(2), 369-382.</p><p>Neame, R., & Hammond, A. (2005). Beliefs about medications: A questionnaire survey of people with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology, 44(6), 762767. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keh587</p><p></p><p>Neoh, C. F., Long, C. M., Lim, S. M., Ramasamy, K., Shahar, S., & Majeed, A. B. A. (2016). Medication use and adherence among multi-ethnic community-dwelling older adults in Malaysia. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 17(8), 1214-1220.https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12849</p><p>Netto, G., Bhopal, R., Lederle, N., Khatoon, J., & Jackson, A. (2010). Howcan health promotion interventions be adapted for minority ethnic communities? Five principles for guiding the development of behavioural interventions. Health Promotion International, 25(2), 248257. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daq012</p><p>Neubeck, L., Freedman, S. B., Clark, A. M., Briffa, T., Bauman, A., & Redfern, J. (2012). Participating in cardiac rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative data. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 19(3), 494503.https://doi.org/10.1177/1741826711409326</p><p>Neubeck, L., ulie Redfern, J., Fernandez, R., Briffa, T., Bauman, A., & Freedman, S.</p><p>B. (2009). Telehealth interventions for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: A systematic review. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 16(3), 281289. https://doi.org/10.1097/hjr.0b013e32832a4e7a</p><p>Newman, S. P., Hirani, S. P., Stygall, J., & Fteropoulli, T. (2012). Treatment in Cardiovascular Disease. In A. Baum, T. A. Revenson, & J. E. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of Health Psychology (2nd ed, pp. 663684). Psychology Press.</p><p>Nguyen, T., Cao, H. T. K., Pham, S. T., Le, T. T. C., Ho, N. L. B., Tran, T. T. N., Nguyen, T. H., & Pham, T. T. (2021). Prevalence and determinants of medication adherence among patients with acute coronary syndrome in Vietnam. Pharmaceutical Sciences Asia, 48(3), 247254. https://doi.org/10.29090/psa.2021.03.20.036</p><p>Nicholas Dionne-Odom, J., Bekelman, D., Ejem, D., McGhan, G., Kitko, L., Strmberg, A., Wells, R., Astin, M., Metin, Z. G., Mancarella, G., Pamboukian, S. V., Evangelista, L., Buck, H. G., & Bakitas, M. A. (2017). Family caregiving for persons with heart failure at the intersection of heart failure and palliative care: A state-of-the-science review. Heart Failure Reviews, 22(5), 543557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-017-9597-4</p><p>Nicolai, J., Mller, N., Noest, S., Wilke, S., Schultz, J.-H., Gleiner, C. A., Eich, W., & Bieber, C. (2018). To change or not to change That is the question: A qualitative study of lifestyle changes following acute myocardial infarction. Chronic Illness, 14(1), 2541. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742395317694700</p><p></p><p>Nieminen, M. S., Dickstein, K., Fonseca, C., Serrano, J. M., Parissis, J., Fedele, F., Wikstrm, G., Agostoni, P., Atar, S., & Baholli, L. (2015). The patient perspective: Quality of life in advanced heart failure with frequent hospitalisations. International Journal of Cardiology, 191, 256264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.235</p><p>Nieuwlaat, R., Wilczynski, N., Navarro, T., Hobson, N., Jeffery, R., Keepanasseril, A., Agoritsas, T., Mistry, N., Iorio, A., & Jack, S. (2014). Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11.https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd000011.pub4</p><p>Noonan, M. C., Wingham, J., & Taylor, R. S. (2018). Who Cares? The experiences of caregivers of adults living with heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and coronaryartery disease: A mixed methods systematic review. BMJ Open, 8(7), e020927. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020927</p><p>Norman, G. R., & Streiner, D. L. (2008). Biostatistics: The bare essentials (3rd ed).</p><p>B.C. Decker Inc.</p><p>Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometric theory (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill.</p><p>Nunnally, J. C. (1970). Introduction to psychological measurement. McGraw-Hill.</p><p>OCallaghan, F. V., & Jordan, N. (2003). Postmodern values, attitudes and the use of complementary medicine. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 11(1), 28 32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-2299(02)00109-7</p><p>Ofori-Asenso, R., Jakhu, A., Curtis, A. J., Zomer, E., Gambhir, M., Jaana Korhonen, M., Nelson, M., Tonkin, A., Liew, D., & Zoungas, S. (2018). A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Factors Associated With Nonadherence and Discontinuation of Statins Among People Aged =65 Years. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 73(6), 798805. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx256</p><p>Olisa, N. S., & Oyelola, F. T. (2009). Evaluation of use of herbal medicines among ambulatory hypertensive patients attending a secondary health care facility in Nigeria. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 17(2), 101105.</p><p>ONeil, A., & Sanderson, K. (2011). The use of cognitive behavioral therapy for secondary prevention in patients with coronary heart disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 171(16), 15061507. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.388</p><p></p><p>Orbell, S., Hagger, M., Brown, V., & Tidy, J. (2006). Comparing two theories of health behavior: A prospective study of noncompletion of treatment following cervical cancer screening. Health Psychology, 25(5), 604. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.25.5.604</p><p>Osamor, P. E., & Owumi, B. E. (2010). Complementary and alternative medicine in the management of hypertension in an urban Nigerian community. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 10(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-10-36</p><p>Osokpo, O., & Riegel, B. (2019). Cultural factors influencing self-care by persons with cardiovascular disease: An integrative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 103383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.06.014</p><p>Ozair, M. M., Baharuddin, K. A., Mohamed, S. A., Esa, W., & Yusoff, M. S. B. (2017). Development and Validation of the Knowledge and Clinical Reasoning of Acute Asthma Management in Emergency Department (KCRAMED). Education in Medicine Journal, 9(2), 117. https://doi.org/10.21315/eimj2017.9.2.1</p><p>Pags-Puigdemont, N., Mangues, M. A., Masip, M., Gabriele, G., Fernndez-Maldonado, L., Blancafort, S., & Tuneu, L. (2016). Patients Perspective of Medication Adherence in Chronic Conditions: A Qualitative Study. Advances in Therapy, 33(10), 17401754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-016-0394-6</p><p>Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS survival manual, 4th. England: McGraw-Hill Education.</p><p>Palmieri, L., Bennett, K., Giampaoli, S., & Capewell, S. (2010). Explaining the Decrease in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in Italy Between 1980 and 2000. American Journal of Public Health, 100(4), 684692. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147173</p><p>Palmquist, A. E. L., Wilkinson, A. V., Sandoval, J.-M., & Koehly, L. M. (2012). Age-Related Differences in Biomedical and Folk Beliefs as Causes for Diabetes and Heart Disease Among Mexican Origin Adults. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 14(4), 596601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-011-9522-1</p><p>Pan, X., Wang, H., Hong, X., Zheng, C., Wan, Y., Buys, N., Zhang, Y., & Sun, J. (2020). A Group-Based Community Reinforcement Approach of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program to Improve Self-Care Behavior of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 719. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00719</p><p></p><p>Park, J., Moser, D. K., Griffith, K., Harring, J. R., & Johantgen, M. (2019). Exploring Symptom Clusters in People With Heart Failure. Clinical Nursing Research, 28(2), 165181. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773817729606</p><p>Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 531. https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0016059</p><p>Patel, M., Phillips-Caesar, E., & Boutin-Foster, C. (2012). Barriers to Lifestyle Behavioral Change in Migrant South Asian Populations. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 14(5), 774785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-0119550-x</p><p>Patel, M. R., Kruger, D. J., Cupal, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2016). Effect of Financial Stress and Positive Financial Behaviors on Cost-Related Nonadherence to Health Regimens Among Adults in a Community-Based Setting. Preventing Chronic Disease, 13, 160005. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd13.160005</p><p>Patel, N., Ferrer, H. B., Tyrer, F., Wray, P., Farooqi, A., Davies, M. J., & Khunti, K. (2017). Barriers and Facilitators to Healthy Lifestyle Changes in Minority Ethnic Populations in the UK: A Narrative Review. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 4(6), 11071119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615016-0316-y</p><p>Pereira Gray, D. J., Sidaway-Lee, K., White, E., Thorne, A., & Evans, P. H. (2018). Continuity of care with doctorsa matter of life and death? A systematic review of continuity of care and mortality. BMJ Open, 8(6), e021161. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021161</p><p>Perk, J., De Backer, G., Gohlke, H., Graham, I., Reiner, ., Verschuren, M., Albus, C., Benlian, P., Boysen, G., & Cifkova, R. (2012). European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012) The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). European Heart Journal, 33(13), 16351701.https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092</p><p>Perk, J., Graham, I., & De Backer, G. (2014). Prevention of cardiovascular disease: New guidelines, new tools, but challenges remain. Heart (British Cardiac Society), 100(9), 675-677. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305650</p><p></p><p>Perkins-Porras, L., Whitehead, D. L., & Steptoe, A. (2006). Patients beliefs about the causes of heart disease: Relationships with risk factors, sex and socioeconomic status. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 13(5), 724730. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000216551.81882.11</p><p>Petrie, K., Cameron, L. D., Ellis, C. J., Buick, D., & Weinman, J. (2002). Changing illness perceptions after myocardial infarction: An early intervention randomized controlled trial. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(4), 580586. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200207000-00007</p><p>Petrie, K., Weinman, J., Sharpe, N., & Buckley, J. (1996). Role of patients view of their illness in predicting return to work and functioning after myocardial infarction: Longitudinal study. BMJ : British Medical Journal, 312(7040), 11911194.https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7040.1191</p><p>Piepoli, M. F., Corra, U., Benzer, W., Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., Dendale, P., Gaita, D., McGee, H., Mendes, M., Niebauer, J., & Zwisler, A.-D. O. (2010). Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: From knowledge to implementation. A position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 17(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.1097/hjr.0b013e3283313592</p><p>Piepoli, M. F., Corr, U., Dendale, P., Frederix, I., Prescott, E., Schmid, J. P., Cupples, M., Deaton, C., Doherty, P., Giannuzzi, P., Graham, I., Hansen, T. B., Jennings, C., Landmesser, U., Marques-Vidal, P., Vrints, C., Walker, D., Bueno, H., Fitzsimons, D., & Pelliccia, A. (2017). Challenges in secondary prevention after acute myocardial infarction: A call for action. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 16(5), 369380. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515117702594</p><p>Pietrzykowski, L., Michalski, P., Kosobucka, A., Kasprzak, M., Fabiszak, T., Stolarek, W., Siller-Matula, J. M., & Kubica, A. (2020). Medication adherence and its determinants in patients after myocardial infarction. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 12028. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68915-1</p><p>Poh Jr, B., Safiah, M., Tahir, A., Siti, H. M., Siti, N. N., Norimah, A., Wan, M. W., Mirnalini, K., Zalilah, M., & Azmi, M. (2010). Physical Activity Pattern and Energy Expenditure of Malaysian Adults: Findings from the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS). Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 16(1), 1337.</p><p></p><p>Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). The content validity index: Are you sure you know whats being reported? critique and recommendations. Research in Nursing & Health, 29(5), 489497. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20147</p><p>Pope, C., & Mays, N. (2013). Qualitative research in health care. John Wiley & Sons.</p><p>Pound, P., Britten, N., Morgan, M., Yardley, L., Pope, C., Daker-White, G., & Campbell,R. (2005). Resisting medicines: A synthesis of qualitative studies of medicine taking. Social Science & Medicine, 61(1), 133155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.063</p><p>Pressler, S. J., Gradus-Pizlo, I., Chubinski, S. D., Smith, G., Wheeler, S., Sloan, R., & Jung, M. (2013). Family Caregivers of Patients With Heart Failure: A Longitudinal Study. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 28(5), 417428. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0b013e3182563877</p><p>Putignano, D., Bruzzese, D., Orlando, V., Fiorentino, D., Tettamanti, A., & Menditto,</p><p>E. (2017). Differences in drug use between men and women: An Italian cross sectional study. BMC Womens Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905017-0424-9</p><p>Rafaeli, E., & Gleason, M. E. (2009). Skilled support within intimate relationships. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 1(1), 2037. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2009.00003.x</p><p>Raghavan, R., Ferlic-Stark, L., Clarke, C., Rungta, M., & Goodgame, R. (2013). The role of patient religiosity in the evaluation and treatment outcomes for chronic HCV Infection. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(1), 7990. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-011-9455-y</p><p>Ramli, A., Ahmad, N. S., & Paraidathathu, T. (2012). Medication adherence among hypertensive patients of primary health clinics in Malaysia. Patient Preference and Adherence, 6, 613.https://doi.org/10.2147/ppa.s34704</p><p>Rana, A., de Souza, R. J., Kandasamy, S., Lear, S. A., & Anand, S. S. (2014). Cardiovascular risk among South Asians living in Canada: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ Open, 2(3), E183E191. https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20130064</p><p>Raparelli, V., Proietti, M., Romiti, G. F., Lenzi, A., Basili, S., & The EVA Collaborative Group. (2019). The Sex-Specific Detrimental Effect of Diabetes and Gender-Related Factors on Pre-admission Medication Adherence Among Patients Hospitalized for Ischemic Heart Disease: Insights From EVA Study. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00107</p><p></p><p>Rashid, M. A., Edwards, D., Walter, F. M., & Mant, J. (2014). Medication Taking in Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Qualitative Synthesis. The Annals of Family Medicine, 12(3), 224232. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1620</p><p>Rashidi, A., Kaistha, P., Whitehead, L., & Robinson, S. (2020). Factors that influence adherence to treatment plans amongst people living with cardiovascular disease: A review of published qualitative research studies. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 110, 103727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103727</p><p>Rasmussen, J. N., Chong, A., & Alter, D. A. (2007). Relationship BetweenAdherence to Evidence-Based Pharmacotherapy and Long-term Mortality After Acute Myocardial Infarction. JAMA, 297(2), 177186. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.2.177</p><p>Rattray, J., & Jones, M. C. (2007). Essential elements of questionnaire design and development. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16(2), 234243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01573.x</p><p>Raubenheimer, J. (2004). An item selection procedure to maximise scale reliability and validity. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v30i4.168</p><p>Reinhardt, J. P., Boerner, K., & Horowitz, A. (2006). Good to have but not to use: Differential impact of perceived and received support on well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23(1), 117129. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407506060182</p><p>Rich, A., Brandes, K., Mullan, B., & Hagger, M. S. (2015). Theory of planned behavior and adherence in chronic illness: A meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38(4), 673688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-0159644-3</p><p>Rideout, A., Tolmie, E., & Lindsay, G. (2017). Health locus of control in patients undergoing coronary artery surgerychanges and associated outcomes: A seven-year cohort study. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 16(1), 4656.https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515116636501</p><p></p><p>Riegel, B., Dickson, V. V., Kuhn, L., Page, K., & Worrall-Carter, L. (2010). Gender-specific barriers and facilitators to heart failure self-care: A mixed methods study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(7), 888895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.12.011</p><p>Riegel, B., Moser, D. K., Buck, H. G., Dickson, V. V., Dunbar, S. B., Lee, C. S., Lennie, T. A., Lindenfeld, J., Mitchell, J. E., Treat-Jacobson, D. J., Webber,</p><p>D. E., & on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. (2017). Self-Care for the Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association. Journal of the American Heart Association, 6(9). https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.006997</p><p>Roger, V. L., Go, A. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Adams, R. J., Berry, J. D., Brown, T. M., Carnethon, M. R., Dai, S., de Simone, G., Ford, E. S., Fox, C. S., Fullerton, H. J., Gillespie, C., Greenlund, K. J., Hailpern, S. M., Heit, J. A., Ho, P. M., Howard, V. J., Kissela, B. M., Wylie-Rosett, J. (2011). Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics2011 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 123(4), e18e209. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182009701</p><p>Roncella, A. (2019). Psychosocial Risk Factors and Ischemic Heart Disease: A New Perspective. Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials, 14(2), 8085. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574887114666190301141628</p><p>Rosen, O., Fridman, R., Rosen, B., Shane, R., & Pevnick, J. (2017). Medication adherence as a predictor of 30-day hospital readmissions. Patient Preference and Adherence, Volume 11, 801810. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S125672</p><p>Roth, G. A., Johnson, C., Abajobir, A., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S. F., Abyu, G., Ahmed, M., Aksut, B., Alam, T., Alam, K., Alla, F., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amrock, S., Ansari, H., rnlv, J., Asayesh, H., Atey, T. M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awasthi, A., Murray, C. (2017). Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 70(1), 125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.052</p><p>Rouleau, C. R., King-Shier, K. M., Tomfohr-Madsen, L. M., Aggarwal, S. G., Arena, R., & Campbell, T. S. (2018). A qualitative study exploring factors that influence enrollment in outpatient cardiac rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 40(4), 469478. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2016.1261417</p><p></p><p>Rugulies, R. (2002). Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease: A review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23(1), 5161. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00439-7</p><p>Ruksakulpiwat, S., Liu, Z., Yue, S., & Fan, Y. (2020). The Association Among Medication Beliefs, Perception of Illness and Medication Adherence in Ischemic Stroke Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in China. Patient Preference and Adherence, Volume 14, 235247. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S235107</p><p>Saarti, S., Hajj, A., Karam, L., Jabbour, H., Sarkis, A., El Osta, N., & Khabbaz, L. R. (2016). Association between adherence, treatment satisfaction and illness perception in hypertensive patients. Journal of Human Hypertension, 30(5), 341345.https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2015.86</p><p>Sabat, E. (2003). Adherence to long-term therapies: Evidence for action. World Health Organization.</p><p>Saldaa, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage.</p><p>Sanchis-Gomar, F., Perez-Quilis, C., Leischik, R., & Lucia, A. (2016). Epidemiology of coronary heart disease and acute coronary syndrome. Annals of Translational Medicine, 4(13), 256256. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2016.06.33</p><p>Savarese, G., & Lund, L. H. (2017). Global Public Health Burden of Heart Failure. Cardiac Failure Review, 03(01), 7. https://doi.org/10.15420/cfr.2016:25:2</p><p>Sazlina, S., Zaiton, A., Afiah, M. N., & Hayati, K. (2012). Predictors of health related quality of life in older people with non-communicable diseases attending three primary care clinics in Malaysia. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 16(5), 498502.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0038-8</p><p>Schwalm, J. D., McKee, M., Huffman, M. D., & Yusuf, S. (2016). Resource Effective Strategies to Prevent and Treat Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation, 133(8), 742755. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.008721</p><p>Seddon, P. B., & Scheepers, R. (2012). Towards the improved treatment of generalization of knowledge claims in IS research: Drawing general conclusions from samples. European Journal of Information Systems, 21(1), 621.https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2011.9</p><p></p><p>Selvarajah, S., Haniff, J., Kaur, G., Hiong, T. G., Bujang, A., Cheong, K. C., & Bots,</p><p>M. L. (2013). Identification of effective screening strategies for cardiovascular disease prevention in a developing country: Using cardiovascular risk-estimation and risk-reduction tools for policy recommendations. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 13(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-1310</p><p>Shafiq, N., Gupta, M., Kumari, S., & Pandhi, P. (2003). Prevalence and pattern of use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in hypertensive patients of a tertiary care center in India. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 41(7), 294298.https://doi.org/10.5414/cpp41294</p><p>Shahin, W., Kennedy, G. A., & Stupans, I. (2019). The impact of personal and cultural beliefs on medication adherence of patients with chronic illnesses: A systematic review. Patient Preference and Adherence, Volume 13, 10191035. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S212046</p><p>Shahin, W., Kennedy, G. A., & Stupans, I. (2020). The Consequences of General Medication Beliefs Measured by the Beliefs about Medicine Questionnaire on Medication Adherence: A Systematic Review. Pharmacy, 8(3), 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8030147</p><p>Shakeri Nia, I. (2009). Relationship between doctorpatient satisfaction and its role in the process of treating patients. J Med Ethics, 3(2), 3141.</p><p>Shen, M. J., Peterson, E. B., Costas-Muiz, R., Hernandez, M. H., Jewell, S. T., Matsoukas, K., & Bylund, C. L. (2018). The Effects of Race and Racial Concordance on Patient-Physician Communication: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 5(1), 117140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-017-0350-4</p><p>Sherbourne, C. D., & Hays, R. D. (1990). Marital status, social support, and health transitions in chronic disease patients. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 31(4), 328343.</p><p>Shin, C.-N., Keller, C., An, K., & Sim, J. (2018). Cardiovascular Disease in Korean Americans: A Systematic Review. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 33(1), 8293. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000417</p><p>Shroufi, A., Chowdhury, R., Anchala, R., Stevens, S., Blanco, P., Han, T., Niessen, L., & Franco, O. H. (2013). Cost effective interventions for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in low and middle income countries: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 13, 285. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13285</p><p></p><p>Silvanathan, S., & Low, B. S. (2015). Current public awareness on the safety of traditional and complementary medicines (T&CM) in Malaysia. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 7(2), 184189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2014.12.003</p><p>Simoni, J. M., Frick, P. A., & Huang, B. (2006). A longitudinal evaluation of a social support model of medication adherence among HIV-positive men and women on antiretroviral therapy. Health Psychology, 25(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0278-6133.25.1.74</p><p>Singh, K., Crossan, C., Laba, T.-L., Roy, A., Hayes, A., Salam, A., Jan, S., Lord, J., Tandon, N., Rodgers, A., Patel, A., Thom, S., & Prabhakaran, D. (2018). Cost-effectiveness of a fixed dose combination (polypill) in secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in India: Within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis of the UMPIRE trial. International Journal of Cardiology, 262, 7178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.03.082</p><p>Siouta, N., Clement, P., Aertgeerts, B., Van Beek, K., & Menten, J. (2018). Professionals perceptions and current practices of integrated palliative care in chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A qualitative study in Belgium. BMC Palliative Care, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-018-0356-7</p><p>Sjlander, M., Eriksson, M., & Glader, E.-L. (2013). The association between patients beliefs about medicines and adherence to drug treatment after stroke: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. BMJ Open, 3(9), e003551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003551</p><p>Ski, C. F., & Thompson, D. R. (2011). Cardiac rehabilitation in multicultural populations. International Journal of Cardiology, 148(2), 129130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.12.031</p><p>Smith, J. A. (Ed.). (2015). Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. SAGE Publications.</p><p>Smith, S. C., Benjamin, E. J., Bonow, R. O., Braun, L. T., Creager, M. A., Franklin,</p><p>B. A., Gibbons, R. J., Grundy, S. M., Hiratzka, L. F., & Jones, D. W. (2011). AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients With Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 UpdateA Guideline From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation Endorsed by the World Heart Federation and the Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 58(23), 24322446. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0b013e318235eb4d</p><p></p><p>Smith, S. C., Chen, D., Collins, A., Harold, J. G., Jessup, M., Josephson, S., Logstrup, S., Sacco, R. L., Vardas, P. E., Wood, D. A., & Zoghbi, W. A. (2013). Moving From Political Declaration to Action on Reducing the Global Burden of Cardiovascular DiseasesA Statement From the Global Cardiovascular Disease Taskforce. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 62(22), 2151 2153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.722</p><p>Smolina, K., Ball, L., Humphries, K. H., Khan, N., & Morgan, S. G. (2015). Sex disparities in post-acute myocardial infarction pharmacologic treatment</p><p>initiation and adherence: Problem for young women. Circulation:</p><p>Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 8(6), 586592.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1161/circoutcomes.115.001987</p><p></p><p>Sokoreli, I., de Vries, J. J. G., Pauws, S. C., & Steyerberg, E. W. (2016). Depression and anxiety as predictors of mortality among heart failure patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Failure Reviews, 21(1), 4963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-015-9517-4</p><p>Spector, P. E. (2019). Do Not Cross Me: Optimizing the Use of Cross-Sectional Designs. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(2), 125137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-018-09613-8</p><p>Stafford, L., Jackson, H. J., & Berk, M. (2009). Cognitive-personality style as vulnerability to depression in patients with coronary artery disease: Roles of sociotropy and autonomy. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(1), 6369. https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0b013e318187c023</p><p>Stake, R. E. (2013). Multiple case study analysis. The Guilford Press.</p><p>Stavri, Z., &Michie, S.(2012). Classification systemsinbehavioural science: Current systems and lessons from the natural, medical and social sciences. Health Psychology Review, 6(1), 113140. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2011.641101</p><p>Stavropoulou, C. (2011). Non-adherence to medication and doctorpatient relationship: Evidence from a European survey. Patient Education and Counseling, 83(1), 713.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2010.04.039</p><p></p><p>Strachan, P. H., Currie, K., Harkness, K., Spaling, M., & Clark, A. M. (2014). Context Matters in Heart Failure Self-Care: A Qualitative Systematic Review. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 20(6), 448455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2014.03.010</p><p>Sud, A., Kline-Rogers, E. M., Eagle, K. A., Fang, J., Armstrong, D. F., Rangarajan, K., Otten, R. F., Stafkey-Mailey, D. R., Taylor, S. D., & Erickson, S. R. (2005). Adherence to medications by patients after acute coronary syndromes. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 39(11), 17921797.</p><p>Suk Choo Chang. (1972). INDIGENOUS MALAY PSYCHOTHERAPY by P. C. Y. CHEN. Tropical Geographical Medicine 22 (I970): 409-I5. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 9(1), 2528. https://doi.org/10.1177/136346157200900107</p><p>Sun, X.-G. (2015). Rehabilitation Practice Patterns for Patients with Heart Failure. Heart Failure Clinics, 11(1), 95104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2014.09.001</p><p>Sutton, S. (2010). Using social cognition models to develop health behaviour interventions. Health Psychology, 122.</p><p>Swain, L., & Barclay, L. (2013). Theyve given me that many tablets, Im bushed. I dont know where Im going. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 21(4), 216 219.https://doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12053</p><p>Sweileh, W. M., Saed, H. Z., Naba, R. J. A., Deleq, M. I., Enaia, M. I., Sanaa, M. N., & Al-Jabi, S. W. (2014). Influence of patients disease knowledge and beliefs about medicines on medication adherence: Findings from a cross-sectional survey among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Palestine. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 94.https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-94</p><p>Syed Bidin, S. (2011). Ayat-ayat Al-Quran sebagai terapi kerasukan Jin: Analisis dari ayat-ayat Ruqyah Syariyyah. QURANICA -International Journal of Quranic Research, 1(1), 107138.</p><p>Syed, I. A., Sulaiman, S. A. S., Hassali, M. A., Thiruchelvam, K., Syed, S. H., & Lee,</p><p>C. K. C. (2016). Beliefs and practices of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among HIV/AIDS patients: A qualitative exploration. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 8(1), 4147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2015.09.135</p><p></p><p>Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed). Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.</p><p>Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2010). Sage handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research. Sage.</p><p>Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbachs alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 5355. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd</p><p>Taylor, G. H., Wilson, S. L., & Sharp, J. (2011). Medical, Psychological, and Sociodemographic Factors Associated With Adherence to Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs: A Systematic Review. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 26(3), 202209. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0b013e3181ef6b04</p><p>Taylor, R. S., Dalal, H. M., & McDonagh, S. T. J. (2022). The role of cardiac rehabilitation in improving cardiovascular outcomes. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 19(3), 180194. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-021-00611-7</p><p>Temple, N. J. (2020). A Comparison of Strategies to Improve Population Diets: Government Policy versus Education and Advice. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2020, 16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5932516</p><p>Teo, K., Lear, S., Islam, S., Mony, P., Dehghan, M., Li, W., Rosengren, A., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Diaz, R., Oliveira, G., Miskan, M., Rangarajan, S., Iqbal, R., Ilow, R., Puone, T., Bahonar, A., Gulec, S., Darwish, E. A., Lanas, F., PURE Investigators, on behalf of the. (2013). Prevalence of a Healthy Lifestyle Among Individuals With Cardiovascular Disease in High-, Middle-and Low-Income Countries: The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study. JAMA, 309(15), 1613. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.3519</p><p>Than, M., Anam, A., Nurfarahi, K., Asma, A., & Hayati, M. (2019). Knowledge, use of complementary alternative medicine and health-related quality of life among cardiovascular disease patients. Food Research, 3(5), 604616.</p><p>Thomson, P., Rushworth, G. F., Andreis, F., Angus, N. J., Mohan, A. R., & Leslie, S.</p><p>J. (2020). Longitudinal study of the relationship between patients medication adherence and quality of life outcomes and illness perceptions and beliefs about cardiac rehabilitation. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 20(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-020-01378-4</p><p></p><p>Ting, X., Yong, B., Yin, L., & Mi, T. (2016). Patient perception and the barriers to practicing patient-centered communication: A survey and in-depth interview of Chinese patients and physicians. Patient Education and Counseling, 99(3), 364369.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2015.07.019</p><p>Tohar, M., Azhani, S. N., Deuraseh, N., & Muhammad, Z. (2011). Acceptance of Kuala Lumpur Malays residents towards Rukyah (incantation). Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 19(2), 305317.</p><p>Trivedi, R. B., Ayotte, B., Edelman, D., & Bosworth, H. B. (2008). Theassociation of emotional well-being and marital status with treatment adherence among patients with hypertension. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31(6), 489497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-008-9173-4</p><p>Tulchinsky, T. H., & Varavikova, E. A. (2014). The new public health: An introduction for the 21st century. Academic Press.</p><p>Unal, B., Critchley, J. A., & Capewell, S. (2004). Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in England and Wales between 1981 and 2000. Circulation, 109(9), 11011107. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000118498.35499.b2</p><p>Valtorta, N. K., Kanaan, M., Gilbody, S., Ronzi, S., & Hanratty, B. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart, 102(13), 10091016. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2015308790</p><p>Vervloet, M., Korevaar, J. C., Leemrijse, C. J., Paget, J., Zullig, L. L., & van Dijk, L. (2020). Interventions to Improve Adherence to Cardiovascular Medication: What About Gender Differences? A Systematic Literature Review. Patient Preference and Adherence, 14, 2055-2070. https://doi.org/10.2147/ppa.s260562</p><p>Wann-Hansson, C., & Wennick, A. (2016). How do patients with peripheral arterial disease communicate their knowledge about their illness and treatments? A qualitative descriptive study. BMC Nursing, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-016-0151-9</p><p>Wanyama, J., Castelnuovo, B., Wandera, B., Mwebaze, P., Kambugu, A., Bangsberg,</p><p>D. R., & Kamya, M. R. (2007). Belief in divine healing can be a barrier to antiretroviral therapy adherence in Uganda: AIDS, 21(11), 14861487. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32823ecf7f</p><p></p><p>Wei, L., Champman, S., Li, X., Li, X., Li, S., Chen, R., Bo, N., Chater, A., & Horne,</p><p>R. (2017). Beliefs about medicines and non-adherence in patients with stroke, diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis: A cross-sectional study in China. BMJ Open, 7(10), e017293. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017293</p><p>Weinmann, J., OCarroll, R., & Petrie, K. J. (2011). Clinical Health Psychology. In P.</p><p>R. Martin, F. M. Cheung, M. C. Knowles, M. Kyrios, J. B. Overmier, & J. M. Prieto (Eds.), IAAP Handbook of Applied Psychology: Martin/IAAP Handbook of Applied Psychology (1st ed., pp. 5382). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444395150</p><p>Willig, C. (2013). Introducing qualitative research in psychology. McGraw-Hill International.</p><p>Wolff, J. L., Mulcahy, J., Huang, J., Roth, D. L., Covinsky, K., & Kasper, J. D. (2018). Family Caregivers of Older Adults, 19992015: Trends in Characteristics, Circumstances, and Role-Related Appraisal. The Gerontologist, 58(6), 10211032. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx093</p><p>Wolff, R. (1965). Modern Medicine and Traditional Culture: Confrontation on the Malay Peninsula. Human Organization, 24(4), 339345. https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.24.4.k20xg05h3qq10q20</p><p>Wong, E. L., Yam, C. H., Cheung, A. W., Leung, M. C., Chan, F. W., Wong, F. Y., & Yeoh, E.-K. (2011). Barriers to effective discharge planning: A qualitative study investigating the perspectives of frontline healthcare professionals. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 242. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-11242</p><p>Woodruffe, S., Neubeck, L., Clark, R. A., Gray, K., Ferry, C., Finan, J., Sanderson, S., & Briffa, T. G. (2015). Australian Cardiovascular Health and Rehabilitation Association (ACRA) Core Components of Cardiovascular Disease Secondary Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation 2014. Heart, Lung and Circulation, 24(5), 430-441.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2014.12.008</p><p>World Health Organization (Ed.). (2003). The World Health Report 2003: Shaping The Future. World Health Organization.</p><p>World Health Organization (Ed.). (2007). Prevention of cardiovascular disease: Guidelines for assessment and management of cardiovascular risk. World Health Organization.</p><p></p><p>World Health Organization. (2008). The World Health Report 2003: Shaping the future. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003. Chapter, 5, 7182.</p><p>World Health Organization. (2014). World Health Organization (WHO). Malaysia Country Profiles. http://www.who.int/gho/countries/mys/country_profiles/en/</p><p>Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806838. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/0011000006288127</p><p>Wroth, T. H., & Pathman, D. E. (2006). Primary medication adherence in a rural population: The role of the patient-physician relationship and satisfaction with care. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 19(5), 478486. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.19.5.478</p><p>Wu, J.-R., Lennie, T. A., Chung, M. L., Frazier,S. K., Dekker, R. L., Biddle, M. J., & Moser, D. K. (2012). Medication adherence mediates the relationship between marital status and cardiac event-free survival in patients with heart failure. Heart & Lung, 41(2), 107114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2011.09.009</p><p>Wu, J.-R., Lennie, T. A., De Jong, M. J., Frazier, S. K., Heo, S., Chung, M. L., & Moser, D. K. (2010). Medication Adherence is a Mediator of the Relationship Between Ethnicity and Event-Free Survival in Patients With Heart Failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 16(2), 142149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.10.017</p><p>Wu, Y., Zhu, B., Chen, Z., Duan, J., Luo, A., Yang, L., & Yang, C. (2021). New Insights Into the Comorbidity of Coronary Heart Disease and Depression. Current Problems in Cardiology, 46(3), 100413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2019.03.002</p><p>Wyer, S., Joseph, S., & Earll, L. (2001). Predicting attendance at cardiac rehabilitation: A review and recommendations. Coronary Health Care, 5(4), 171177.https://doi.org/10.1054/chec.2001.0139</p><p>Yasin, S., Chan, C. K., Reidpath, D. D., & Allotey, P. (2012). Contextualizing chronicity: A perspective from Malaysia. Globalization and Health, 8(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-8-4</p><p>Ye, S., & Kronish, I. M. (2018). To Persist or Not to Persist: Learning From Precision Medicine to Optimize Statin Adherence. Revista Espaola de Cardiologa (English Edition), 71(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2017.06.023</p><p></p><p>Yeh, G. Y., McCarthy, E. P., Wayne, P. M., Stevenson, L. W., Wood, M. J., Forman, D., Davis, R. B., & Phillips, R. S. (2011). Tai Chi Exercise in Patients With Chronic Heart FailureA Randomized Clinical TrialTai Chi in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. Archives of Internal Medicine, 171(8), 750757. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.150</p><p>Yong, C. M., Ungar, L., Abnousi, F., Asch, S. M., & Heidenreich, P. A. (2018). Racial Differences in Quality of Care and Outcomes After Acute Coronary Syndrome. The American Journal of Cardiology, 121(12), 14891495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.02.036</p><p>Yusuf, S., Islam, S., Chow, C. K., Rangarajan, S., Dagenais, G., Diaz, R., Gupta, R., Kelishadi, R., Iqbal, R., Avezum, A., Kruger, A., Kutty, R., Lanas, F., Liu, L., Wei, L., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Oguz, A., Rahman, O., Swidan, H., Teo, K.</p><p>K. (2011). Use of secondary prevention drugs for cardiovascular disease in the community in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (the PURE Study): A prospective epidemiological survey. The Lancet, 378(9798), 12311243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61215-4</p><p>Zhan, X., Wenchung, W., Lin, H., Jingran, L., Li, B., Li, M. T., Fu, R. T., Wu, Y., Wu, X., Shi, X., Lee, A. J., & Shengxiao, X. (2021). Coping with multiple morbidities: Asian perspectives to inform culturally appropriate caregiving. Evidence-Based Nursing, 24(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-2019103211</p><p>Zhang, N. J., Terry, A., & McHorney, C. A. (2014). Impact of health literacy on medication adherence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 48(6), 741751. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028014526562</p><p>Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., & Ma, L. (2018). Depression and cardiovascular disease in elderly: Current understanding. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 47, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2017.09.022</p><p>Zolnierek, K. B. H., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2009). Physician communication and patient adherence to treatment: A meta-analysis. Medical Care, 47(8), 826. https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMLR.0b013e31819a5acc</p><p>Zullig, L. L., Blalock, D., Dougherty, S., Henderson, R., Ha, C. C., Oakes, M., & Bosworth, H. B. (2018). The new landscape of medication adherence improvement: Where population health science meets precision medicine. Patient Preference and Adherence, Volume 12, 12251230. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S165404</p><p></p><p>Zullig, L. L., Shaw, R. J., Crowley, M. J., Lindquist, J., Grambow, S. C., Peterson, E., Shah, B. R., & Bosworth, H. B. (2013). Association between perceived life chaos and medication adherence in a postmyocardial infarction population. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 6(6), 619625. https://doi.org/10.1161/circoutcomes.113.000435</p><p>Zullig, L. L., Shaw, R. J., Shah, B. R., Peterson, E. D., Lindquist, J. H., Crowley, M. J., Grambow, S. C., & Bosworth, H. B. (2015). Patientprovider communication, self-reported medication adherence, and race in a postmyocardial infarction population. Patient Preference and Adherence, 9, 311.https://doi.org/10.2147%2FPPA.S75393</p><p></p>

Similar Items