Keberkesanan Modul IFitKids terhadap kekuatan memori, penumpuan dan kapsiti aerobik

<p>Modul IFitKids merupakan satu program latihan berpandukan latihan High Intensity</p><p>Interval Training (HIIT) digunakan bagi melihat kesannya terhadap kekuatan memori,</p><p>penumpuan dan kapasiti aerobik. Latihan HIIT ini ma...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Vadivelan Lohonathan
Format: thesis
Language:zsm
Published: 2023
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=10483
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:10483
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language zsm
topic GV Recreation Leisure
spellingShingle GV Recreation Leisure
Vadivelan Lohonathan
Keberkesanan Modul IFitKids terhadap kekuatan memori, penumpuan dan kapsiti aerobik
description <p>Modul IFitKids merupakan satu program latihan berpandukan latihan High Intensity</p><p>Interval Training (HIIT) digunakan bagi melihat kesannya terhadap kekuatan memori,</p><p>penumpuan dan kapasiti aerobik. Latihan HIIT ini mampu meningkatkan tahap</p><p>kecergasan dengan optimum dalam tempoh masa singkat. Kajian ini dijalankan secara</p><p>kuantitatif menggunakan reka bentuk ujian Pra Pasca kumpulan kawalan seimbang.</p><p>Subjek kajian terdiri daripada 64 orang pelajar sekolah rendah yang berumur 11 tahun</p><p>yang dibahagikan kepada dua kumpulan iaitu 32 peserta dalam kumpulan rawatan dan</p><p>32 dalam kumpulan kawalan. Intervensi dijalankan selama 12 minggu dengan</p><p>kekerapan latihan adalah 2 kali seminggu selama 20 minit setiap sesi. Kumpulan</p><p>kawalan menghadiri kelas Pendidikan jasmani dua kali seminggu seperti biasa. Hasil</p><p>dapatan menggunakan analisis ujian ANCOVA menunjukkan penyelarasan skor ujian</p><p>pra sebagai kovariat, skor pasca bagi tahap kekuatan memori, penumpuan dan kapasiti</p><p>aerobik kumpulan rawatan adalah lebih tinggi secara signifikan dengan skor dari</p><p>kumpulan kawalan. Di samping itu, dapatan kajian ini juga membuktikan bahawa skor</p><p>pasca bagi kekuatan memori, penumpuan dan kapasiti aerobik bagi pelajar lelaki lebih</p><p>tinggi. Hasil kajian ini membuktikan bahawa jangka masa latihan selama 6 minggu</p><p>sudah memadai bagi melihat kesannya terhadap aspek kekuatan memori, penumpuan</p><p>dan kapasiti aerobik berpandukan Modul IFitKids. Secara keseluruhan, dapatan kajian</p><p>ini menunjukkan latihan intervensi berpandukan Modul IFitKids selama 12 minggu</p><p>berkesan bagi meningkatkan kekuatan memori, penumpuan dan kapasiti aerobik dalam</p><p>pelajar sekolah berumur 11 tahun. Hasil dapatan kajian ini, mengesyorkan bahawa</p><p>Modul IFitKids ini boleh dijadikan sebagai salah satu program latihan bagi</p><p>meningkatkan fungsi kognitif dan kapasiti aerobik dalam kalangan kanak-kanak.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Vadivelan Lohonathan
author_facet Vadivelan Lohonathan
author_sort Vadivelan Lohonathan
title Keberkesanan Modul IFitKids terhadap kekuatan memori, penumpuan dan kapsiti aerobik
title_short Keberkesanan Modul IFitKids terhadap kekuatan memori, penumpuan dan kapsiti aerobik
title_full Keberkesanan Modul IFitKids terhadap kekuatan memori, penumpuan dan kapsiti aerobik
title_fullStr Keberkesanan Modul IFitKids terhadap kekuatan memori, penumpuan dan kapsiti aerobik
title_full_unstemmed Keberkesanan Modul IFitKids terhadap kekuatan memori, penumpuan dan kapsiti aerobik
title_sort keberkesanan modul ifitkids terhadap kekuatan memori, penumpuan dan kapsiti aerobik
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Kejurulatihan
publishDate 2023
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=10483
_version_ 1804890559800672256
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:104832024-06-24 Keberkesanan Modul IFitKids terhadap kekuatan memori, penumpuan dan kapsiti aerobik 2023 Vadivelan Lohonathan GV Recreation Leisure <p>Modul IFitKids merupakan satu program latihan berpandukan latihan High Intensity</p><p>Interval Training (HIIT) digunakan bagi melihat kesannya terhadap kekuatan memori,</p><p>penumpuan dan kapasiti aerobik. Latihan HIIT ini mampu meningkatkan tahap</p><p>kecergasan dengan optimum dalam tempoh masa singkat. Kajian ini dijalankan secara</p><p>kuantitatif menggunakan reka bentuk ujian Pra Pasca kumpulan kawalan seimbang.</p><p>Subjek kajian terdiri daripada 64 orang pelajar sekolah rendah yang berumur 11 tahun</p><p>yang dibahagikan kepada dua kumpulan iaitu 32 peserta dalam kumpulan rawatan dan</p><p>32 dalam kumpulan kawalan. Intervensi dijalankan selama 12 minggu dengan</p><p>kekerapan latihan adalah 2 kali seminggu selama 20 minit setiap sesi. Kumpulan</p><p>kawalan menghadiri kelas Pendidikan jasmani dua kali seminggu seperti biasa. Hasil</p><p>dapatan menggunakan analisis ujian ANCOVA menunjukkan penyelarasan skor ujian</p><p>pra sebagai kovariat, skor pasca bagi tahap kekuatan memori, penumpuan dan kapasiti</p><p>aerobik kumpulan rawatan adalah lebih tinggi secara signifikan dengan skor dari</p><p>kumpulan kawalan. Di samping itu, dapatan kajian ini juga membuktikan bahawa skor</p><p>pasca bagi kekuatan memori, penumpuan dan kapasiti aerobik bagi pelajar lelaki lebih</p><p>tinggi. Hasil kajian ini membuktikan bahawa jangka masa latihan selama 6 minggu</p><p>sudah memadai bagi melihat kesannya terhadap aspek kekuatan memori, penumpuan</p><p>dan kapasiti aerobik berpandukan Modul IFitKids. Secara keseluruhan, dapatan kajian</p><p>ini menunjukkan latihan intervensi berpandukan Modul IFitKids selama 12 minggu</p><p>berkesan bagi meningkatkan kekuatan memori, penumpuan dan kapasiti aerobik dalam</p><p>pelajar sekolah berumur 11 tahun. Hasil dapatan kajian ini, mengesyorkan bahawa</p><p>Modul IFitKids ini boleh dijadikan sebagai salah satu program latihan bagi</p><p>meningkatkan fungsi kognitif dan kapasiti aerobik dalam kalangan kanak-kanak.</p> 2023 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=10483 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=10483 text zsm closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Kejurulatihan <p>Aadland, K. N., Ommundsen, Y., Anderssen, S. A., Brnnick, K. S., Moe, V. F., Resaland, G. K., Skrede, T., Stavnsbo, M., & Aadland, E. (2019). Effects of the active smarter kids (ASK) physical activity school-based intervention on executive functions: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 63(2), 214228. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2017.1336477</p><p>Abdul Jalil, N. I., & Mahfar, M. (2016). The validity and reliability of rational emotive behavioural therapy module development for university support staff. Asian Social Science, 12(2), 129137. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n2p129</p><p>Abdul Rahim Mohd Saad. (1996). Merekabentuk teks pengajaran secara efisien dan</p><p>Abdullah Sani Yahya. (2003). Siri pentadbiran pendidikan. Mengurus sekolah. Pahang: PTS Publications.</p><p>Abraham, A., George, V. M., & Kunnath, S. (2016). Auditory Short Term Memory and Academic Achievement in Normal School Going Children. International Journal of Health Sciences & Research, 6(1), 480483.</p><p>Acharya, A. S., Prakash, A., Saxena, P., & Nigam, A. (2013). Sampling: why and how of it? Indian Journal of Medical Specialities, 4(2), 330333. https://doi.org/10.7713/ijms.2013.0032 efektif. Shah Alam: Penerbit Fajar Bakti</p><p>Ahmad Hashim. (2014).Panduan analisis data secara efisen. Panduan Lengkap Berajah Untuk Menganalisis Data. Bangi: Dubook Press Sdn Bhd</p><p>Ahmad Hashim. (2015). Pengujian, pengukurandan penilaian Pendidikan Jasmani. Edisi Pertama. Dubook Press Sdn Bhd</p><p>Ahmad Mahdzan Ayob. (1992). Kaedah Penyelidikan sosioekonomi. Edisi Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</p><p>Akbari, H., Abdoli, B., Shafizadeh, M., Khalaji, H., Hajihosseini, S. & Ziaee, V. 2009. The Effect of Traditional Games in Fundamental Motor Skill Development in 7-9Year-Old Boy. Iran Journal Pediatrick. 19(2): 123-129. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=140004</p><p>Alfieri, L., Brooks, P. J., Aldrich, N. J., & Tenenbaum, H. R. (2011). Does discovery-based instruction enhance learning? Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021017</p><p>Alesi, M., Bianco, A., Luppina, G., Palma, A., & Pepi, A. (2016). Improving Children's Coordinative Skills and Executive Functions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 122(1), 2746. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512515627527</p><p>Alesi, M., Bianco, A., Padulo, J., Vella, F. P., Petrucci, M., Paoli, A., Palma, A., & Pepi, A. (2014). Motor and cognitive development: The role of Karate. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal, 4(2), 114. https://doi.org/10.11138/mltj/2014.4.2.114</p><p>Alves, C. R., Tessaro, V. H., Teixeira, L. A., Murakava, K., Roschel, H., Gualano, B., & Takito, M. Y. (2014). Influence of Acute High-Intensity Aerobic Interval Exercise Bout on Selective Attention and Short-Term Memory Tasks. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 118(1), 6372. https://doi.org/10.2466/22.06.pms.118k10w4</p><p>Alosco, M. L., Brickman, A. M., Spitznagel, M. B., Griffith, E. Y., Narkhede, A., Raz, N., Cohen, R., Sweet, L. H., Colbert, L. H., Josephson, R., Hughes, J., Rosneck, J., & Gunstad, J. (2013). Poorer physical fitness is associated with reduced structural brain integrity in heart failure. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 328(1-2), 5157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2013.02.015</p><p>Alloway, T. P. (2006). How does working memory work in the classroom?. Educational Research and reviews, 1(4), 134-139.</p><p>Alloway, T. P., & Copello, E. (2013). Working memory: The what, the why, and the how. The Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 30(2), 105-118.</p><p>Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C. Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to research in education (6th ed.). New York: Wadsworth Group</p><p>Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 89195. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60422-3</p><p>Awang, Z. (2012). Strategi pengajaran mata pelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani yang berkesan. (Tesis sarjana tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Malaya, Malaysia.</p><p>Baddeley, A. D. (2002). Is working memory still working? European Psychologist, 7(2), 8597. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.7.2.85</p><p>Bae, S., & Masaki, H. (2019). Effects of acute aerobic exercise on cognitive flexibility required during task-switching paradigm. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00260</p><p>Baquet, G., Gamelin, F. .-X., Mucci, P., Thvenet, D., Van Praagh, E., & Berthoin, S. (2010). Continuous vs. Interval Aerobic Training in 8- to 11-Year-Old Children. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(5), 13811388. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181d1575a</p><p>Barker, A. R., Day, J., Smith, A., Bond, B., & Williams, C. A. (2014). The influence of 2 weeks of low-volume high-intensity interval training on health outcomes in adolescent boys. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(8), 757765. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.853132</p><p>Barnes, D. E., & Yaffe, K. (2011). The projected effect of risk factor reduction on alzheimer's disease prevalence. The Lancet Neurology, 10(9), 819828. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70072-2</p><p>Bass, R. W., Brown, D. D., Laurson, K. R., & Coleman, M. M. (2013). Physical fitness and academic performance in middle school students. Acta Paediatrica, 102(8), 832837. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.12278</p><p>Bartholomew, J. B., & Jowers, E. M. (2011). Physically active academic lessons in Elementary Children. Preventive Medicine, 52, S51S54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.017</p><p>Baumgartner, T. A., Jackson, A. S., Mahar, M. T., & Rowe, D. A. (2006). Measurement for evaluation in physical education & exercise science. 8th ed. New York: McGraw Hill</p><p>Bengoechea, E. G., Strean, W. B., & Williams, D. J. (2004). Understanding and promoting fun in youth sport: Coaches' perspectives. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 9(2), 197214. https://doi.org/10.1080/1740898042000294994</p><p>Berti, B., Momi, D., Sprugnoli, G., Neri, F., Bonifazi, M., Rossi, A., Muscettola, M. M., Benocci, R., Santarnecchi, E., & Rossi, S. (2019). Peculiarities of functional connectivityincluding cross-modal patternsin professional karate athletes: Correlations with cognitive and motor performances. Neural Plasticity, 2019, 114. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6807978</p><p>Best, J. R., Chiu, B. K., Liang Hsu, C., Nagamatsu, L. S., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2015). Long-term effects of resistance exercise training on cognition and brain volume in older women: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 21(10), 745756. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715000673</p><p>Bidzan-Bluma, I., & Lipowska, M. (2018). Physical activity and cognitive functioning of children: a systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(4), 800.</p><p>Biddle, S. J. H., & Batterham, A. M. (2015). High-intensity interval exercise training for public health: A big hit or shall we hit it on the head? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0254-9</p><p>Bhinnety, M. (2008). Struktur dan proses memori. Buletin Psikologi, 16(2).</p><p>Blair, C., & Raver, C. (2015). School readiness and self-regulation: A developmental psychobiological approach. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 711731. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015221</p><p>Bloom, B. S. 1956. Taxonomy of educational objectives - book 1 cognitive domain. London: Longman Group Limited</p><p>Bloom, B.S. (Ed.). Engelhart, M.D., Furst, E.J., Hill, W.H., Krathwohl, D.R. (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: The Cognitive Domain. New York: David McKay Co Inc.</p><p>Bloom, B. S., Krathwohl, D. R. & Masia, B. B. 1964. Taxonomy of educational objectives - book 2 affective domain. London: Longman Group Limited</p><p>Borras, P. A., Herrer, J., & Ponseti, F. J. (2017). Effects Of Crossfit Lessons In Physical Education On The Aerobic Capacity Of Young Students. Journal of Physical Education & Health, 6(10), 511.</p><p>Brusseau, T. A., Finkelstein, T., Kulinna, P. H., & Pangrazi, C. (2014). Health-related fitness of American Indian Youth. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 85(2), 257261. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2014.893050</p><p>Brisebois, M. F., Rigby, B. R., & Nichols, D. L. (2018). Physiological and fitness adaptations after eight weeks of high-intensity functional training in physically inactive adults. Sports, 6(4), 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6040146</p><p>Butcher, C., Davies, C., & Highton, M. (2020). Designing learning: from module outline to effective teaching (2nd ed.). Routledge.</p><p>Buchele Harris, H., Cortina, K. S., Templin, T., Colabianchi, N., & Chen, W. (2018). Impact of coordinated-bilateral physical activities on attention and concentration in school-aged children. BioMed Research International, 2018, 17. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2539748</p><p>Buchan, D. S., Ollis, S., Young, J. D., Cooper, S.-M., Shield, J. P. H., & Baker, J. S. (2013). High intensity interval running enhances measures of physical fitness but not metabolic measures of cardiovascular disease risk in healthy adolescents. BMC Public Health, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-498</p><p>Bugg, J. M., Shah, K., Villareal, D. T., & Head, D. (2012). Cognitive and neural correlates of aerobic fitness in obese older adults. Experimental Aging Research, 38(2), 131145. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073x.2012.659995</p><p>Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., Carty, C., Chaput, J.-P., Chastin, S., Chou, R., Dempsey, P. C., DiPietro, L., Ekelund, U., Firth, J., Friedenreich, C. M., Garcia, L., Gichu, M., Jago, R., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Willumsen, J. F. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(24), 14511462. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955</p><p>Cadenas-Snchez, C., Mora-Gonzlez, J., Migueles, J. H., Martn-Matillas, M., Gmez-Vida, J., Escolano-Margarit, M. V., Maldonado, J., Enriquez, G. M., Pastor-Villaescusa, B., de Teresa, C., Navarrete, S., Lozano, R. M., de Dios Beas-Jimnez, J., Estvez-Lpez, F., Mena-Molina, A., Heras, M. J., Chilln, P., Campoy, C., Muoz-Hernndez, V., Ortega, F. B. (2016). An exercise-based randomized controlled trial on brain, cognition, physical health and mental health in overweight/obese children (ActiveBrains project): Rationale, design and methods. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 47, 315324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2016.02.007</p><p>Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi- experimental design for research. Hope- well, NJ: Houghton Mifflin Company</p><p>Campbell, D. T. (1986). Relabeling internal and external validity for applied social scientists. New Directions for Program Evaluation, 1986(31), 67-77.</p><p>Campbell, D. T. & Stanley, J. C. (1966). Experimental & quasi- experimental design for research. Boston: Houghton Mifflin</p><p>Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (2011). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for Research. Wadsworth.</p><p>Canepa, P., Pedull, L., Bisio, A., Ruggeri, P., & Bove, M. (2020). Is the 12 minute-walk/run test a predictive index of cognitive fitness in young healthy individuals? A pilot study on aerobic capacity and working memory in a real-life scenario. Neuroscience Letters, 728, 134983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134983</p><p>Callahan, J. F., Clark, L.h. & Kellough, R. D. (1998). Teaching in the middleand secondary school. New Jersey: Prentice Hall</p><p>Castelli, D. M., Hillman, C. H., Buck, S. M., & Erwin, H. E. (2007). Physical Fitness and Academic Achievement in Third- and Fifth-Grade Students. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(2), 239252. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.2.239</p><p>Castillo-Garzn, M. J., Ruiz, J. R., Ortega, F. B., & Gutirrez, . (2006). Anti-aging therapy through fitness enhancement. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 1(3), 213220. https://doi.org/10.2147/ciia.2006.1.3.213</p><p>Caviness, V. S., Kennedy, D. N., Richelme, C., Rademacher, J., & Filipek, P. A. (1996). The Human Brain Age 711 Years: A Volumetric Analysis Based on Magnetic Resonance Images. Cerebral Cortex, 6(5), 726736. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/6.5.726</p><p>Caviola, S., Mammarella, I. C., Cornoldi, C., & Lucangeli, D. (2012). The involvement of working memory in childrens exact and approximate mental addition. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 112(2), 141160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.02.005</p><p>Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public health reports, 100(2), 126.</p><p>Colcombe, S. J., Erickson, K. I., Scalf, P. E., Kim, J. S., Prakash, R., McAuley, E., Elavsky, S., Marquez, D. X., Hu, L., & Kramer, A. F. (2006). Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 61(11), 11661170. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/61.11.1166</p><p>Colcombe, S., & Kramer, A. F. (2003). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults. Psychological Science, 14(2), 125130. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01430</p><p>Chaddock, L., Erickson, K. I., Prakash, R. S., Kim, J. S., Voss, M. W., VanPatter, M., Pontifex, M. B., Raine, L. B., Konkel, A., Hillman, C. H., Cohen, N. J., & Kramer, A. F. (2010). A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children. Brain Research, 1358, 172183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.049</p><p>Chaddock-Heyman, L., Erickson, K. I., Chappell, M. A., Johnson, C. L., Kienzler, C., Knecht, A., Drollette, E. S., Raine, L. B., Scudder, M. R., Kao, S.-C., Hillman, C. H., & Kramer, A. F. (2016). Aerobic fitness is associated with greater hippocampal cerebral blood flow in children. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 5258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2016.07.001</p><p>Chaddock, L., Voss, M. W., & Kramer, A. F. (2012). Physical Activity and Fitness Effects on Cognition and Brain Health in Children and Older Adults. Kinesiology Review, 1(1), 3745. https://doi.org/10.1123/krj.1.1.37</p><p>Chaire, A., Becke, A., & Dzel, E. (2020). Effects of physical exercise on working memory and attention-related neural oscillations. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 239. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00239</p><p>Chang, Y. K., Tsai, Y. J., Chen, T. T., & Hung, T. M. (2012). The impacts of coordinative exercise on executive function in kindergarten children: An ERP study. Experimental Brain Research, 225(2), 187196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-012-3360-9</p><p>Chang, Y. K., Labban, J. D., Gapin, J. I., & Etnier, J. L. (2012). The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis. Brain Research, 1453, 87101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.068</p><p>Chang, Y.-K., Pan, C.-Y., Chen, F.-T., Tsai, C.-L., & Huang, C.-C. (2012). Effect of resistance-exercise training on cognitive function in Healthy Older Adults: A Review. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 20(4), 497517. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.20.4.497</p><p>Chandler, R. M., & Stringer, A. J. (2020). A Comprehensive Exploration into Utilizing High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in Physical Education Classes. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 91(1), 1423. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2019.1679296</p><p>Chaddock-Heyman, L., Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Knecht, A. M., Pontifex, M. B., Castelli, D. M., Hillman, C. H., & Kramer, A. F. (2013). The effects of physical activity on functional MRI activation associated with cognitive control in children: A randomized controlled intervention. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 72. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00072</p><p>Chow, J. Y., Davids, K., Button, C., Shuttleworth, R., Renshaw, I., & Arajo, D. (2007). The role of nonlinear pedagogy in physical education. Review of Educational Research, 77(3), 251-278.</p><p>Chen, F.-T., Chen, S.-R., Chu, I.-H., Liu, J.-H., & Chang, Y.-K. (2017). Multicomponent Exercise Intervention and Metacognition in Obese Preadolescents: A Randomized Controlled Study. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 39(4), 302312. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2017-0013</p><p>Chen, C. C., & Lin, Y. C. (2012). Jumping rope intervention on health-related physical fitness in students with intellectual impairment. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 8(1), 56-62.</p><p>Chen, A.-G., Zhu, L.-N., Yan, J., & Yin, H.-C. (2016). Neural Basis of Working Memory Enhancement after Acute Aerobic Exercise: fMRI Study of Preadolescent Children. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01804</p><p>Chen, W., Cone, T. P., & Cone, S. L. (2007). A collaborative approach to developing an interdisciplinary unit. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 26(2), 103124. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.26.2.103</p><p>Cuthbert, B., & Standage, D. (2018). On the Short-Lived Nature of Working Memory: Drift and Decay in a Population-coding model. Journal of Neuroscience, 38(48), 10241-10243.</p><p>Cicciarella, C, F. (1997). Research In Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport: An Introduction. Scottsdale, Arizona: Gorsuch Scarisbrick</p><p>Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. SecondEdition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers</p><p>Cohen, J. (1990). Things I have to Leraned ( sor far). American psyologist, 45. 1304- 1313.</p><p>Corte de Araujo, A. C., Roschel, H., Picano, A. R., do Prado, D. M., Villares, S. M., de S Pinto, A. L., & Gualano, B. (2012). Similar Health Benefits of Endurance and High-Intensity Interval Training in Obese Children. PLoS ONE, 7(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042747</p><p>Costigan, S. A., Eather, N., Plotnikoff , R. C., Hillman, C. H., & Lubans, D. R. (2016). High-intensity interval training for cognitive and Mental Health in Adolescents. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(10), 19851993. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000993</p><p>Chua, Y. P. (2012). Asas statistik penyelidikan: kaedah statistik penyelidikan. Mc Graw Hill Education.</p><p>Davis, C. L., Tomporowski, P. D., McDowell, J. E., Austin, B. P., Miller, P. H., Yanasak, N. E., Allison, J. D., & Naglieri, J. A. (2011). Exercise improves executive function and achievement and alters brain activation in overweight children: A randomized, controlled trial. Health Psychology, 30(1), 9198. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021766</p><p>Dauer, V. P., and Pangrazi, R. P. 1995. Dynamic Physical Education for Elementary School Children. 11th ed. Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon</p><p>Darst, P. W., & Pangrazi, R.P. (2006). Dynamic physical education for secondary school students (5th ed). San Francisco: Pearson Education.</p><p>de Jonge, M., Slot-Heijs, J. J., Prins, R. G., & Singh, A. S. (2020). The effect of the Daily Mile on primary school childrens aerobic fitness levels after 12 weeks: A controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072198</p><p>de Greeff, J. W., Bosker, R. J., Oosterlaan, J., Visscher, C., & Hartman, E. (2018). Effects of physical activity on executive functions, attention and academic performance in preadolescent children: A meta-analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(5), 501507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.09.595</p><p>Debray, P., Biswas, S., Biswas, P., Saha, T., & Pal, M. S. (2015). Effect of step up exercise on cognitive attention with stroop test in Bengali male college students. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 6(6), 6669. https://doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i6.12602</p><p>Diamond, A., & Ling, D. S. (2016). Conclusions about interventions, programs, and approaches for improving executive functions that appear justified and those that, despite much hype, do not. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 34-48.</p><p>Diamond, A. B. (2015). The cognitive benefits of exercise in youth. Current sports medicine reports, 14(4), 320-326. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000169</p><p>Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science (New York, N.Y.), 333(6045), 959964. doi:10.1126/science.1204529</p><p>Dogru, S. Y. (2014). The efficacy of attention training on upskilling the childrens ability to notice details and attention focusing skills. International Journal of Academic Research, 6(1), 143149. https://doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2014/6-1/b.20</p><p>Donnelly, J. E., Hillman, C. H., Castelli, D., Etnier, J. L., Lee, S., Tomporowski, P., Lambourne, K., & Szabo-Reed, A. N. (2016). Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(6), 11971222. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000901</p><p>Donnelly, J. E., & Lambourne, K. (2011). Classroom-based physical activity, cognition, and academic achievement. Preventive Medicine, 52, S36S42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.021</p><p>Douris, P., Douris, C., Balder, N., LaCasse, M., Rand, A., Tarapore, F., Zhuchkan, A., & Handrakis, J. (2015). Martial art training and cognitive performance in middle-aged adults. Journal of Human Kinetics, 47(1), 277283. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0083</p><p>Driscoll, M. P. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.</p><p>Drollette, E. S., Scudder, M. R., Raine, L. B., Moore, R. D., Saliba, B. J., Pontifex, M. B., & Hillman, C. H. (2014). Acute exercise facilitates brain function and cognition in children who need it most: An ERP study of individual differences in inhibitory control capacity. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 7, 5364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2013.11.001</p><p>Egger, F., Conzelmann, A., & Schmidt, M. (2018). Boost your brain, while having a break! How cognitively engaging physical activity breaks affect school childrens executive functions and academic achievement.</p><p>Eler, N., & Acar, H. (2018). The Effects of the Rope Jump Training Program in Physical Education Lessons on Strength, Speed and VO2 max in Children. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(2), 340345. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.060217</p><p>Emberts, T., Porcari, J., Dobers-Tein, S., Steffen, J., & Foster, C. (2013). Exercise intensity and energy expenditure of a tabata workout. Journal of sports science & medicine, 12(3), 612- 613.</p><p>Erickson, K. I., Hillman, C. H., & Kramer, A. F. (2015). Physical activity, brain, and cognition. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 4, 2732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.005</p><p>Ericsson, I. (2017). Effects of increased physical education and motor skills acquisition on scholastic performance. Idrottsforum.org, 120.</p><p>Ericsson, I., & Karlsson, M. K. (2014). Daily Physical Education Improves Motor Skills and School Performance A Nine-Year Prospective Intervention Study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24, 273-278.</p><p>Erickson, K. I., Prakash, R. S., Voss, M. W., Chaddock, L., Hu, L., Morris, K. S., White, S. M., Wjcicki, T. R., McAuley, E., & Kramer, A. F. (2009). Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans. Hippocampus, 19(10), 10301039. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20547</p><p>Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., Kim, J. S., Heo, S., Alves, H., White, S. M., Wojcicki, T. R., Mailey, E., Vieira, V. J., Martin, S. A., Pence, B. D., Woods, J. A., McAuley, E., & Kramer, A. F. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 30173022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015950108</p><p>Erickson, K., Leckie, R., & Weinstein, A. (2014). Physical activity, fitness, and Gray Matter Volume. Neurobiology of Aging, 35, S20S28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.034</p><p>Ericsson, I., & Karlsson, M. K. (2012). Motor skills and school performance in children with Daily Physical Education in school - A 9-year intervention study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(2), 273278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01458.x</p><p>Erickson, K. I., Raji, C. A., Lopez, O. L., Becker, J. T., Rosano, C., Newman, A. B., Gach, H. M., Thompson, P. M., Ho, A. J., & Kuller, L. H. (2010). Physical activity predicts gray matter volume in late adulthood: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Neurology, 75(16), 14151422. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181f88359</p><p>Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., Kim, J. S., Heo, S., Alves, H., White, S. M., Wojcicki, T. R., Mailey, E., Vieira, V. J., Martin, S. A., Pence, B. D., Woods, J. A., McAuley, E., & Kramer, A. F. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 30173022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015950108</p><p>Erickson, K. I., Leckie, R. L., & Weinstein, A. M. (2014). Physical activity, fitness, and Gray Matter Volume. Neurobiology of Aging, 35, S20S28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.034</p><p>Esteban-Cornejo, I., Tejero-Gonzalez, C. M., Sallis, J. F., & Veiga, O. L. (2015). Physical activity and cognition in adolescents: A systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(5), 534539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.07.007</p><p>Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Schuch, F., Lagopoulos, J., Rosenbaum, S., & Ward, P. B. (2018). Effect of aerobic exercise on hippocampal volume in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. NeuroImage, 166, 230238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.007</p><p>Fisher, M., DAcquisto, L., Roemer, K., DAcquisto, D., & Tesfaye, J. (2017). Cardiorespiratory responses to a 20-minute shallow water tabata style workout. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49(5S), 277. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000517615.39239.39 </p><p>Ferrer-Uris, B., Busquets, A., & Angulo-Barroso, R. (2018). Adaptation and Retention of a Perceptual-Motor Task in Children: Effects of a Single Bout of Intense Endurance Exercise. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 40(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2017-0044</p><p>Fernandes M. de Sousa, A., Medeiros, A. R., Del Rosso, S., Stults-Kolehmainen, M., & Boullosa, D. A. (2018). The influence of exercise and physical fitness status on attention: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(1), 202234. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2018.1455889</p><p>Felfe, C., Lechner, M., & Steinmayr, A. (2016). Sports and child development. PloS one, 11(5), e0151729</p><p>Foster, C., Farland, C. V., Guidotti, F., Harbin, M., Roberts, B., Schuette, J., Tuuri, A., Doberstein, S. T., & Porcari, J. P. (2015). The effects of high intensity interval training vs steady state training on aerobic and anaerobic capacity. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 14(4), 747+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A500969598/AONE?u=anon~976730ca&sid=googleScholar&xid=f2f74ba5</p><p>Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Rosenbaum, S., Vancampfort, D., Malchow, B., Schuch, F., Elliott, R., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Yung, A. R. (2016). Aerobic exercise improves cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 43(3), 546556. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw115</p><p>Freeman, R. (2001). Physical education and sport in a changing society (6th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin cummings.</p><p>Froeliger, B. E., Garland, E. L., Modlin, L. A., & McClernon, F. J. (2012). Neurocognitive correlates of the effects of yoga meditation practice on emotion and cognition: A pilot study. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6, 48. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2012.00048</p><p>Frberg, A., Raustorp, A., Pagels, P., Larsson, C., & Boldemann, C. (2016). Levels of physical activity during physical education lessons in Sweden. Acta Paediatrica, 106(1), 135141. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13551</p><p>Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education. New York: Mac Graw Hill.</p><p>Fu, H.J., & Sheu, F.R. The Effect of Moderate Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Flexibility. STUST J Humanit Soc Sci. 2016; 16:31-49</p><p>Fujiwara, H., Ueno, T., Yoshimura, S., Kobayashi, K., Miyagi, T., Oishi, N., & Murai, T. (2019). Martial Arts kendo and the motivation network during attention processing: An fmri study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, 170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00170</p><p>Fujimoto, E., Machida, S., Higuchi, M., & Tabata, I. (2010). Effects of nonexhaustive bouts of high-intensity intermittent swimming training on glut-4 expression in rat skeletal muscle. The Journal of Physiological Sciences, 60(2), 95101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12576-009-0072-4</p><p>Gallahue, D., & Ozmun, J. (2006). Understanding motor development: infants, children, adolescents, adults (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.</p><p>Gibala, M. J., Little, J. P., Van Essen, M., Wilkin, G. P., Burgomaster, K. A., Safdar, A., Raha, S., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2006). Short-term sprint intervalversustraditional endurance training: Similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. The Journal of Physiology, 575(3), 901911. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.112094</p><p>Gard, T., Taquet, M., Dixit, R., Hzel, B. K., de Montjoye, Y.-A., Brach, N., Salat, D. H., Dickerson, B. C., Gray, J. R., & Lazar, S. W. (2014). Fluid Intelligence and brain functional organization in aging yoga and meditation practitioners. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, 76. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2014.00076</p><p>Ghazali, D., & Sufean, H. (2016). Metodologi Penyelidikan dalam Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.</p><p>Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., Nugent, T. F., Herman, D. H., Clasen, L. S., Toga, A. W., Rapoport, J. L., & Thompson, P. M. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(21), 81748179. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402680101</p><p>Gordon, B. A., Rykhlevskaia, E. I., Brumback, C. R., Lee, Y., Elavsky, S., Konopack, J. F., McAuley, E., Kramer, A. F., Colcombe, S., Gratton, G., & Fabiani, M. (2008). Neuroanatomical correlates of aging, cardiopulmonary fitness level, and education. Psychophysiology, 45(5), 825838. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00676.x</p><p>Golden, C. J., & Freshwater, S. M. (1978). Stroop color and word test.</p><p>Golden, C. J., Freshwater, S. M., & Golden, Z. (2003). Stroop Color and Word Test, Childrens version for ages 514: A manual for clinical and experimental uses. Wood Dale, IL: Stoelting.</p><p>Goodway, J., Ozmun, J. C., & Gallahue, D. L. (2021). Understanding motor development: infants, children, adolescents, adults (8th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.</p><p>Gothe, N. P., Hayes, J. M., Temali, C., & Damoiseaux, J. S. (2018). Differences in brain structure and function among yoga practitioners and controls. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 12, 26. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2018.00026</p><p>Guiney, H., & Machado, L. (2012). Benefits of regular aerobic exercise for executive functioning in healthy populations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(1), 7386. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0345-4</p><p>Gratton, C., & Jones, I. (2009). Research methods for sports studies. Routledge.</p><p>Green, K. (2014). Mission impossible? Reflecting upon the relationship between physical education, youth sport and lifelong participation. Sport, education and society, 19(4), 357-375.</p><p>Grissom, J. B. (2005). Physical fitness and academic achievement. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 8(1).</p><p>Haraway, D. L. (2012). Monitoring students with ADHD within the RTI framework. The Behavior Analyst Today, 13(2), 17.</p><p>Harun, M.T. & Salamuddin, N. (2008). Modul program pendidikan sukan dan reakreasi UKM: Satu kesinambungan. Retrieved from www.ipbl.edu.my/portal/penyelidikan</p><p>Harveson, A. T., Hannon, J. C., Brusseau, T. A., Podlog, L., Papadopoulos, C., Durrant, L. H., Hall, M. S., & Kang, K.-doo. (2016). Acute Effects of 30 Minutes Resistance and Aerobic Exercise on Cognition in a High School Sample. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 87(2), 214220. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2016.1146943</p><p>Hashim, H. A., Golok, F., & Ali, R. (2011). Profiles of exercise motivation, physical activity, exercise habit, and academic performance in Malaysian adolescents: A cluster analysis. International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health, 3(6), 0-0.</p><p>Haeger, A., Costa, A. S., Schulz, J. B., & Reetz, K. (2019). Cerebral changes improved by physical activity during cognitive decline: A systematic review on MRI studies. NeuroImage: Clinical, 23, 101933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101933</p><p>Hastad, D. N., & Lacy, A. C. (1998). Measurement and evaluation in physical education and exercise science (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon</p><p>Heath, M., & Shukla, D. (2020). A single bout of aerobic exercise provides an immediate boost to cognitive flexibility. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1106). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01106</p><p>Herold, F., Behrendt, T., Trpel, A., Hamacher, D., Mller, N. G., & Schega, L. (2021). Cortical hemodynamics as a function of handgrip strength and cognitive performance: A cross-sectional fNIRS study in younger adults. BMC Neuroscience, 22(1), 116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-021-00615-6</p><p>Herodek, K., Simonovic, C., Pavlovic, V., & Stankovic, R. (2014). High intensity interval training. Activities in Physical Education and Sport, 4(2), 205-207.</p><p>Ho, A. J., Raji, C. A., Becker, J. T., Lopez, O. L., Kuller, L. H., Hua, X., Dinov, I. D., Stein, J. L., Rosano, C., Toga, A. W., & Thompson, P. M. (2010). The effects of physical activity, education, and body mass index on the aging brain. Human Brain Mapping, 32(9), 13711382. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21113</p><p>Hills, A. P., Dengel, D. R., & Lubans, D. R. (2015). Supporting public health priorities: Recommendations for physical education and physical activity promotion in schools. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 57(4), 368374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2014.09.010</p><p>Htting, K., & Rder, B. (2013). Beneficial effects of physical exercise on neuroplasticity and cognition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(9), 22432257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.005</p><p>Husen, T., & Postlethwaite, T.N. (1985). The Instructional Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.</p><p>Hill, W. F. (2002). Learning: A survey of psychological interpretations. (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.</p><p>Hill, L., Williams, J. H., Aucott, L., Milne, J., Thomson, J., Greig, J., & Munro, V., Williams, M. M. (2010). Exercising attention within the classroom. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 52(10), 929934. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03661.x</p><p>Hillman, C. H., Castelli, D. M., & Buck, S. M. (2005). Aerobic Fitness and Neurocognitive Function in Healthy Preadolescent Children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 37(11), 19671974. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000176680.79702.ce</p><p>Hillman, C. H., Erickson, K. I., & Hatfield, B. D. (2017). Run for Your Life! Childhood Physical Activity Effects on Brain and Cognition. Kinesiology Review, 6(1), 1221. https://doi.org/10.1123/kr.2016-0034</p><p>Hillman, C. H., Pontifex, M. B., Castelli, D. M., Khan, N. A., Raine, L. B., Scudder, M. R., Drollette, E. S., Moore, R. D., Wu, C.-T., & Kamijo, K. (2014). Effects of the FITKids Randomized Controlled Trial on Executive Control and Brain Function. PEDIATRICS, 134(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3219</p><p>Hillman, C. H., Pontifex, M. B., Castelli, D. M., Khan, N. A., Raine, L. B., Scudder, M. R., Drollette, E. S., Moore, R. D., Wu, C.-T., & Kamijo, K. (2014). Effects of the FITKids randomized controlled trial on executive control and brain function. Pediatrics, 134(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3219</p><p>Hulme, C., & Mackenzie, S. (2014). Working memory and severe learning difficulties (PLE: Memory). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315795737</p><p>Ikeda, Y., Okuzumi, H., & Kokubun, M. (2014). Dual Task Performance of the Stroop Color-Word Test and Stepping in Place. Motor Control, 18(1), 7687. https://doi.org/10.1123/mc.2012-0108</p><p>Muhammad Hifdil Islam (2015). Thorndike Theory and Its Application in Learning. At- Talim : Jurnal Pendidikan, 1(1), 37-47.</p><p>Mura, G., Vellante, M., Nardi, A., Machado, S., & Carta, M. (2015). Effects of school-based physical activity interventions on cognition and academic achievement: A systematic review. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, 14(9), 11941208. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527315666151111121536</p><p>Invernizzi, P. L., Crotti, M., Bosio, A., Cavaggioni, L., Alberti, G., & Scurati, R. (2019). Multi-teaching styles approach and active reflection: Effectiveness in improving fitness level, motor competence, enjoyment, amount of physical activity, and effects on the perception of physical education lessons in Primary School Children. Sustainability, 11(2), 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020405</p><p>Ishihara, T., Drollette, E. S., Ludyga, S., Hillman, C. H., & Kamijo, K. (2020). Baseline cognitive performance moderates the effects of physical activity on executive functions in children. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(7), 2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072071</p><p>Ito, S. (2019). High-intensity interval training for health benefits and care of cardiac diseases - The key to an efficient exercise protocol. World Journal of Cardiology, 11(7), 171188. https://doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v11.i7.171</p><p>James, W. (1890). Principles of psychology (Vol. 2). New York: Holt. Original work published.</p><p>Jaamat, M. A. (2010). Mengaplikasi teori Erikson, Piaget dan Super dalam pembinaan Modul Kesedaran Kerjaya untuk pelajar sekolah menengah rendah di Malaysia (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Putra Malaysia).</p><p>Jackson, S. L. (2006). Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach(2nd ed.). New York: Thompson Wadsworth</p><p>Jarraya, S., Wagner, M., Jarraya, M., & Engel, F. A. (2019). 12 weeks of kindergarten-based Yoga practice increases visual attention, visual-motor precision and decreases behavior of inattention and hyperactivity in 5-year-old children. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 796. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00796</p><p>Johnstone, A., & Mar-Beffa, P. (2018). The effects of martial arts training on attentional networks in typical adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(80). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00080</p><p>Jones, I. (2014). Research methods for sports studies. Routledge.</p><p>Junaedah, J., Thalib, S. B., & Ahmad, M. A. (2020). The outdoor learning modules based on traditional games in improving prosocial behavior of early childhood. International Education Studies, 13(10), 88. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v13n10p88</p><p>Julismah Jani. (2007). Pengenalan ilmu konten pedagogi dalam Pendidikan Jasmani dan Sains Sukan. Tanjung Malim: Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.</p><p>Kao, S. C., Westfall, D. R., Parks, A. C., Pontifex, M. B., & Hillman, C. H. (2017).Muscular and aerobic fitness, working memory, and academic achievement in children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49(3), 500-508.</p><p>Karnoven& Vuorimaa (1988). Heart rate and exercise intensity during sports activities. Practical application. Sports Medicine. 5 (5); 303- 11).</p><p>Kemp, J. E., Morrison, G. R., & Ross, S. M. (1998). Designing effective instruction. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall</p><p>Kellett, G. (2008). A Cognitive Neuroscience Researcher At SFSU And UCSF, And Science Writer For Lumos Labs.</p><p>Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia. (2007). Laporan pemantauan Pendidikan Jasmani dan Sains Sukan di sekolah-sekolah negeri Kelantan (27-29 Ogos, 2007). Unit Pendidikan Jasmani dan Sains Sukan, Bidang Kesenian dan Kesihatan, Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.</p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2018). Dokumen Standard Kurikulum Dan Pentaksiran Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Kesihatan, Tahun 4. Pusat Pembangunan Kurikulum</p><p>Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia. (2012). Buku Panduan Kemahiran menaakul. Kuala Lumpur: Bahagian Perkembangan Kurikulum</p><p>Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. (2019). Laporan Kajian Kesihatan Morbiditi Kebangsaan, (NHMS 2019)</p><p>Khan, N. A., & Hillman, C. H. (2014). The relation of childhood physical activity and aerobic fitness to brain function and Cognition: A Review. Pediatric Exercise Science, 26(2), 138146. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2013-0125</p><p>Kim, Y. J., Cha, E. J., Kim, S. M., Kang, K. D., & Han, D. H. (2015). The effects of taekwondo training on brain connectivity and body intelligence. Psychiatry Investigation, 12(3), 335. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2015.12.3.335</p><p>Kim, H. B., & So, W. Y. (2015). Effect of sixteen weeks of combined exercise on body composition, physical fitness and cognitive function in Korean children. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 37(1), 4757.</p><p>Kim, H.-Y. (2015). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: A one-way repeated measures ANOVA for data with repeated observations. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 40(1), 9195. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2015.40.1.91</p><p>Kleemeyer, M. M., Khn, S., Prindle, J., Bodammer, N. C., Brechtel, L., Garthe, A., Kempermann, G., Schaefer, S., & Lindenberger, U. (2016). Changes in fitness are associated with changes in hippocampal microstructure and hippocampal volume among older adults. Neuroimage, 131, 155161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.026</p><p>Klingstedt, J. L. 1973. Learning Modules For Competency- based Education. New Jersey: Educational Technology Publications Englewood Cliffs.</p><p>Klika, B., & Jordan, C. (2013). High-intensity circuit training using body weight. ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 17(3), 813. https://doi.org/10.1249/fit.0b013e31828cb1e8</p><p>Koutsandre'ou, F., Wegner, M., Niemann, C., & Budde, H. (2016). Effects of Motor versus Cardiovascular Exercise Training on Children's Working Memory. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(6), 11141152. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000869</p><p>Krafft, C. E., Schwarz, N. F., Chi, L., Weinberger, A. L., Schaeffer, D. J., Pierce, J. E., Rodrigue, A. L., Yanasak, N. E., Miller, P. H., Tomporowski, P. D., Davis, C. L., & McDowell, J. E. (2013). An 8-month randomized controlled exercise trial alters brain activation during cognitive tasks in overweight children. Obesity, 22(1), 232242. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20518</p><p>Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., Cohen, N. J., Banich, M. T., McAuley, E., Harrison, C. R., Chason, J., Vakil, E., Bardell, L., Boileau, R. A., & Colcombe, A. (1999). Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function. Nature, 400(6743), 418419. https://doi.org/10.1038/22682</p><p>Krawczyk, D. C. (2012). The Cognition and neuroscience of Relational Reasoning. Brain Research, 1428, 1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.080</p><p>Kriemler, S., Meyer, U., Martin, E., van Sluijs, E. M., Andersen, L. B., & Martin, B. W. (2011). Effect of school-based interventions on physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents: A review of reviews and Systematic Update. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(11), 923930. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090186</p><p>Krathwohl, D. R. 2002. A revision of Blooms taxonomy. Theory into Practice. 41(4): 212-218</p><p>Kuan, G., Rizal, H., Hajar, M. S., Chin, M.-K., & Mok, M. M. (2019). Bright sports, physical activity investments that work: implementing brain breaks in Malaysian primary schools. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(14), 905906. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100146</p><p>Kval, S. E., Bru, E., Brnnick, K., & Dyrstad, S. M. (2017). Does increased physical activity in school affect children's executive function and aerobic fitness? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 27(12), 18331841. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12856</p><p>Lachman, M. E., Agrigoroaei, S., Murphy, C., & Tun, P. A. (2010). Frequent Cognitive Activity Compensates for Education Differences in Episodic Memory. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(1), 410. https://doi.org/10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181ab8b62</p><p>Langer, J., & Killen, M. (1998). Piaget, evolution, and development. Mahwah, New Jersey London.</p><p>Lakes, K. D., Bryars, T., Sirisinahal, S., Salim, N., Arastoo, S., Emmerson, N., Kang, D., Shim, L., Wong, D., & Kang, C. J. (2013). The healthy for Life Taekwondo Pilot Study: A preliminary evaluation of effects on executive function and BMI, feasibility, and acceptability. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 6(3), 181188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2013.07.002</p><p>Lambrick, D., Stoner, L., Grigg, R., & Faulkner, J. (2016). Effects of continuous and intermittent exercise on executive function in children aged 8-10 years. Psychophysiology, 53(9), 13351342. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12688</p><p>Lambrick, D., Westrupp, N., Kaufmann, S., Stoner, L., & Faulkner, J. (2015). The effectiveness of a high-intensity games intervention on improving indices of health in young children. Journal of sports sciences, 34(3), 190-198. Doi: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1048521</p><p>Lawrence, J. C. (2018). Teaching primary physical education. SAGE.</p><p>Lechuga, J. R., Molina, J. J. M., Snchez, J. M., Muoz, C. S., Marzo, P. F., & Daz, M. Z. (2012). [Effect of an 8-week aerobic training program during physical education lessons on aerobic fitness in adolescents]. Nutricion hospitalaria. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23114939/.</p><p>Lee, V. R., & DuMont, M. (2010). An exploration into how physical activity data-recording devices could be used in computer-supported data investigations. International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning, 15(3), 167189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-010-9172-8</p><p>Lima, R. A., Larsen, L. R., Bugge, A., & Andersen, L. B. (2018). Physical Fitness Is Longitudinally Associated With Academic Performance During Childhood and Adolescence, and Waist Circumference Mediated the Relationship. Pediatric Exercise Science, 30(3), 317325. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2017-0206</p><p>Logan, G. R., Harris, N., Duncan, S., Plank, L. D., Merien, F., & Schofield, G. (2016). Low-active male adolescents. Medicine& Science in Sports& Exercise, 48(3), 481490. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000799</p><p>Lonsdale, C., Rosenkranz, R. R., Peralta, L. R., Bennie, A., Fahey, P., & Lubans, D. R. (2013). A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions designed to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in school physical education lessons. Preventive Medicine, 56(2), 152161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.12.004</p><p>Lopes Filho, B. J., Oliveira, C. R., & Gottlieb, M. G. (2019). Effects of karate-d training in older adults cognition: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Physical Education, 30(1), 3030. https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v30i1.3030</p><p>Ludyga, S., Gerber, M., Brand, S., Phse, U., & Colledge, F. (2018). Effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive performance among young adults in a higher education setting. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 89(2), 164-172.</p><p>Ludyga, S., Gerber, M., Brand, S., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Phse, U. (2016). Acute effects of moderate aerobic exercise on specific aspects of executive function in different age and fitness groups: A meta-analysis. Psychophysiology, 53(11), 16111626. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12736</p><p>Ludyga, S., Gerber, M., Kamijo, K., Brand, S., & Phse, U. (2018). The effects of a school-based exercise program on neurophysiological indices of working memory operations in adolescents. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(8), 833838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.01.001</p><p>Li, L., Men, W.-W., Chang, Y.-K., Fan, M.-X., Ji, L., & Wei, G.-X. (2014). Acute aerobic exercise increases cortical activity during working memory: A functional MRI study in female college students. PLoS ONE, 9(6), e99222. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099222</p><p>Liukkonen, J., Barkoukis, V., Watt, A., & Jaakkola, T. (2010). Motivational Climate and Students Emotional Experiences and Effort in Physical Education. The Journal of Educational Research, 103(5), 295308. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220670903383044</p><p>Ma, J. K., Le Mare, L., & Gurd, B. J. (2015). Four minutes of in-class high-intensity interval activity improves selective attention in 9- to 11-year olds. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 40(3), 238244. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0309</p><p>MacIntosh, B. J., Crane, D. E., Sage, M. D., Rajab, A. S., Donahue, M. J., McIlroy, W. E., & Middleton, L. E. (2014). Impact of a single bout of aerobic exercise on regional brain perfusion and activation responses in Healthy Young Adults. PLoS ONE, 9(1), e85163. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085163</p><p>Maeo, S., Yoshitake, Y., Takai, Y., Fukunaga, T., & Kanehisa, H. (2014). Neuromuscular adaptations following 12-week maximal voluntary co-contraction training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(4), 663673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2801-x</p><p>Mahmud, M. I., Noah, S. M., Ahmad, J., & Ahmad, W. M. W. (2017). Modul kesediaan kerjaya berdasarkan teori Cognitive Information Processing (CIP). JuKu: Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 4(3), 59-76.</p><p>Mahar, M. T., Murphy, S. K., Rowe, D. A., Golden, J., Shields, A. T., & Raedeke, T. D. (2006). Effects of a classroom-based program on physical activity and on-task behavior. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 38(12), 2086. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000235359.16685.a3</p><p>Mandigo, J., Butler, J., & Hopper, T. (2007). What is Teaching Games for Understanding? A Canadian perspective. Physical & Health Education Journal, 73(2), 1420</p><p>Mandigout, S., Melin, A., Lecoq, A. M., Courteix, D., & Obert, P. (2007). Effect of two aerobic training regimens on the cardiorespiratory response of prepubertal boys and girls. Acta Paediatrica, 91(4), 403408. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01662.x</p><p>Marttinen, R. H., McLoughlin, G., Fredrick, R., & Novak, D. (2016). Integration and Physical Education: A Review of Research. Quest, 69(1), 3749. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2016.1150864</p><p>Marques, A., Hillman, C., & Sardinha, L. (2018). Physical activity, aerobic fitness and academic achievement. Health and Academic Achievement. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71284</p><p>Maryland State Board of Education (2012). Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education. Baltimore: Maryland State Board of Education</p><p>Maud, P. J., & Foster, C. (2006). Physiological assessment of human fitness. Human Kinetics.</p><p>Mayalagu, G., Jaafar, M., Choy, L. K., & Mahmud, M. I. (2019). Keberkesanan Geographic Information System (GIS) dalam mencungkil minat pelajar terhadap mata pelajaran Geografi di sekolah menengah (The effectiveness of Geographic Information System (GIS) in fostering student interest in Geography subject in secondary school). Geografia, 15(4).</p><p>Mavilidi, M.-F., Okely, A. D., Chandler, P., & Paas, F. (2017). Effects of integrating physical activities into a science lesson on preschool children's learning and enjoyment. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 31(3), 281290. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3325</p><p>McRae, G., Payne, A., Zelt, J. G. E., Scribbans, T. D., Jung, M. E., Little, J. P., & Gurd, B. J. (2012). Extremely low volume, whole-body aerobicresistance training improves aerobic fitness and muscular endurance in females. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 37(6), 11241131. https://doi.org/10.1139/h2012-093</p><p>McIntyre, D. J. (1984). A Response to the Critics of Field Experience Supervision. Journal of Teacher Education, 35(3), 4245. https://doi.org/10.1177/002248718403500309</p><p>McPherson, S. L., & French, K. E. (1991). Changes in cognitive strategies and motor skill in tennis. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 26-41</p><p>Mayesky, M. (2001). Creative activities for young children, Delmar Cengage Learning Publisher.</p><p>Myer, G. D., Faigenbaum, A. D., Edwards, N. M., Clark, J. F., Best, T. M., & Sallis, R. E. (2015). Sixty minutes of what? A developing brain perspective for activating children with an integrative exercise approach. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(23), 15101516. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093661</p><p>Metzler, M. W. (2000). Tactical games: Teaching Games for Understanding. In Metzler, M. W., (Eds). Instructional models for physical education. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.</p><p>Miller, D. K. (1998). Measurement by the physical educator. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown.</p><p>Miller, L. J., D'Acquisto, L. J., D'Acquisto, D. M., Roemer, K., & Fisher, M. G. (2015). Cardiorespiratory responses to a 20-minutes shallow water tabata-style workout. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 9(3), 6. https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.09.03.06 </p><p>Mohd Ismail Noor, Chee, S. S., Nawai, H., Yusoff K., Lim, T. O & James, P. T. (2002). Obesity in Malaysia. Obesity Reviews, 3, 203-208.</p><p>Mohd Majid Konting (2000). Kaedah Penyelidikan Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</p><p>Mohd, S., & Ahmad, J. (2005). Pembinaan modul: Bagaimana membina modul latihan dan modul akademik. Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia.</p><p>Morrison, G. R., Ross, S. M., Morrison, J. R., & Kalman, H. K. (2019). Designing effective instruction. Wiley.</p><p>Moreau, D., Kirk, I. J., & Waldie, K. E. (2017). High-intensity training enhances executive function in children in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. ELife, 6, 226. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.25062</p><p>Morrow, J. R., Jackson, A. W., Disch, J. G., & Mood, D. P. (2000). Measurement and evaluation in human performance (5th ed.). Human Kinetics.</p><p>Muntaner-Mas, A., & Palou P. (2017). Effects of High Intensity Interval Training (Hiit) Intervention Amongst School Adolescents. Journal of Physical Education & Health, 6(10), 1925. http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-5fd0dacb-9d04-4120-a9d0-c2b1e3f323ba/c/3._A._Muntaner-Mas__P._Palou_s._19-25.pdf</p><p>Mulvey, K. L., Taunton, S., Pennell, A., & Brian, A. (2018). Head, Toes, Knees, SKIP! Improving Preschool Childrens Executive Function Through a Motor Competence Intervention. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 40(5), 233239. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2018-0007</p><p>National Association for Sport and Physical Education, NASPE. (2001). Physical education is critical to a complete education. Retrieved from http://www.mauikinesiology.com/advocacy/pe_critical.pdf</p><p>Nathan, S. (2008, January). The effects and sustainability of training programmers using Teaching Games for Understanding (TGFU) with different teaching style on students with varying hockey skill levels. In A paper presented at the 1st Asia Pacific Sport in Education Conference, Adelaide, South Australia (Vol. 21).</p><p>Nathan, S. (2015). Coaching school hockey in Malaysia: A exploratory analysis and effect of improvised TGfU pedagogical model on small sided game play. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 15(4), 712.</p><p>Nieman, D. C. (1994). Exercise, upper respiratory tract infection, and the immune system. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(2), 128139. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199402000-00002</p><p>Niemann, C., Godde, B., Staudinger, U. M., & Voelcker-Rehage, C. (2014). Exercise-induced changes in basal ganglia volume and cognition in older adults. Neuroscience, 281, 147163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.033</p><p>N Chrinn, D., Fletcher, T., & OSullivan, M. (2017). Pedagogical principles of learning to teach meaningful physical education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 23(2), 117133. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2017.1342789</p><p>Noordhof, D. A., Vink, A. M., de Koning, J. J., & Foster, C. (2011). Anaerobic capacity: Effect of computational method. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(06), 422428. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1271676</p><p>Noor, M. I. (2002). The nutrition and health transition in Malaysia. Public Health Nutrition, 5(1a), 191195. https://doi.org/10.1079/phn2001293</p><p>Ogita, F., Hara, M., & Tabata, I. (1996). Anaerobic capacity and maximal oxygen uptake during arm stroke, leg kicking and whole body swimming. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 157(4), 435441. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201x.1996.490237000.x</p><p>Olson, M. (2013). Tabata interval exercise: energy expenditure and post-exercise responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 45, S420.</p><p>Olson, M. (2014). Tabata. ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 18(5), 1724. https://doi.org/10.1249/fit.0000000000000065</p><p>Ornstein, A. C. & Hunskin, F. P. (2004). Curriculum: Foundation principles and issues. USA: Pearson Educaton.</p><p>Talib, O. (2013). Asas penulisan tesis, penyelidikan & statistik. Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia.</p><p>Pahliwandari, R. (2016). Penerapan Teori Pembelajaran Kognitif Dalam Pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Kesehatan. Jurnal Pendidikan Olahraga, 5(2), 154164.</p><p>Pajonk, F.-G., Wobrock, T., Gruber, O., Scherk, H., Berner, D., Kaizl, I., Kierer, A., Mller, S., Oest, M., Meyer, T., Backens, M., Schneider-Axmann, T., Thornton, A. E., Honer, W. G., & Falkai, P. (2010). Hippocampal plasticity in response to exercise in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 133143. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.193</p><p>Pallant, J. (2011). Survival manual. A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (4th ed.). New South Wales: Everbest Printing Co</p><p>Palmer, K. K., Miller, M. W., & Robinson, L. E. (2013). Acute exercise enhances preschoolers ability to sustain attention. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(4), 433437. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.4.433</p><p>Partavi, S. 2013. Effects of 7 Weeks of Rope-Jump Training on Cardiovascular Endurance, Speed, and Agility in Middle Schooll Student Boy. Sport Science. 6(2): 40-43.</p><p>Podewils, L. J., Guallar, E., Kuller, L. H., Fried, L. P., Lopez, O. L., Carlson, M., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2005). Physical activity, APOE genotype, and dementia risk: Findings from the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 161(7), 639651. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi092</p><p>Pereira, A. C., Huddleston, D. E., Brickman, A. M., Sosunov, A. A., Hen, R., McKhann, G. M., Sloan, R., Gage, F. H., Brown, T. R., & Small, S. A. (2007). An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(13), 56385643. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611721104</p><p>Pertzov, Y., Manohar, S., & Husain, M. (2017). Rapid forgetting results from competition over time between items in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43(4), 528536. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000328</p><p>Piaw, C. Y. (2006). Asas Statistik Penyelidikan. Shah Alam Mc Graw Hill Education.</p><p>Piaw, C. Y. (2009). Asas Statistik Penyelidikan Shah Alam: Mc Graw Hill Education.</p><p>Pilch, W., Tota, L., Sadowska-Krepa, E., Piotrowska, A., Kepinska, M., Palka, T., & Maszczyk, A. (2017). The effect of a 12-week health training program on selected anthropometric and biochemical variables in middle-aged women. BioMed Research International, 2017, 17. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9569513</p><p>Pinto-Escalona, T., Gobbi, E., Valenzuela, P. L., Bennett, S. J., Aschieri, P., Martin-Loeches, M., Paoli, A., & Martinez-de-Quel, O. (2021). Effects of a school-based karate intervention on academic achievement, psychosocial functioning, and Physical Fitness: A multi-country cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.10.006</p><p>Pontifex, M. B., Saliba, B. J., Raine, L. B., Picchietti, D. L., & Hillman, C. H. (2013). Exercise Improves Behavioral, Neurocognitive, and Scholastic Performance in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. The Journal of Pediatrics, 162(3), 543551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.08.036</p><p>Posner, M. I., & Fan, J. (2001). Attention as an organ system. National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Predovan, D., Fraser, S.A., Renaud, M. & Bherer, L. 2012. The Effect of Three Months of Aerobic Training on Stroop Performance in Older Adults. Journal of Aging Research. Doi: 10.1155/2012/269815</p><p>Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum. (2018). Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur</p><p>Puteh, S. N., & Ali, A. (2016). Pendekatan bermain dalam pengajaran bahasa dan literasi bagi pendidikan prasekolah. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu, 1(2), 16.</p><p>Putri, R. I. A., Handoyo, R., & Wijayahadi, N. (2018). Pengaruh Latihan Aerobik Akut Terhadap Peningkatan Fungsi Eksekutif Yang Diukur Dengan Stroop Colour Word Test Dan Trail Making Test Part B Pada Anak Sekolah Dasar. Media Medika Muda, 2(3). Retrieved from https://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/mmm/article/view/2641</p><p>Raine, L.B., Scudder, M.R., Saliba, B.R., Kramer, A.F. & Hillman, C. 2016. Aerobic Fitness and Context Processing in Preadolescent Children. Journal Of Physical Activity and Health. 13: 94-101.</p><p>Raine, L. B., Biggan, J. R., Baym, C. L., Saliba, B. J., Cohen, N. J., & Hillman, C. H. (2018). Adolescent changes in aerobic fitness are related to changes in academic achievement. Pediatric exercise science, 30(1), 106-114.</p><p>Ravier, G., Dugu, B., Grappe, F., & Rouillon, J. D. (2009). Impressive anaerobic adaptations in elite karate athletes due to few intensive intermittent sessions added to regular karate training. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 19(5), 687694. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00807.x</p><p>Raju, S., Rengasamy, S., Sia Seng Lee, W. A., Varatharajoo, C., & Sukumaran, S. D. (2014). The effect of an after school intervention program on selected health-related physical fitness components among secondary school boys.</p><p>Ram, A., Marcos, L., Jones, M. D., Morey, R., Hakansson, S., Clark, T., Ristov, M., Franklin, A., McCarthy, C., De Carli, L., Ward, R., & Keech, A. (2020). The effect of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on aerobic fitness and body composition in males with overweight or obesity: A randomized trial. Obesity Medicine, 17, 100187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100187</p><p>Ramlah Jantan & Mahani Razali. (2002). Psikologi Pendidikan. Pendekatan Kontemporori. McGraw-Hill (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd</p><p>Ramrez-Marrero, F. A., Trinidad, J., Pollock, J., Casul, ., & Bayrn, F. E. (2014). Testing tabata high-intensity interval training protocol in Hispanic obese women. Journal of Women's Health Physical Therapy, 38(3), 99103. https://doi.org/10.1097/jwh.0000000000000017</p><p>Rasberry, C. N., Lee, S. M., Robin, L., Laris, B. A., Russell, L. A., Coyle, K. K., & Nihiser, A. J. (2011). The association between school-based physical activity, including physical education, and academic performance: A systematic review of the literature. Preventive Medicine, 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.027</p><p>Ratey, J. J. (2008). Spark: The revolutionary new science of exercise and the brain. Little, Brown Spark.</p><p>Ratey, J. J., & Hagerman, E. (Collaborator). (2008). Spark: The revolutionary new science of exercise and the brain. Little, Brown and Co.</p><p>Rebold, M. J., Kobak, M. S., & Otterstetter, R. (2013). The influence of a Tabata interval training program using an aquatic underwater treadmill on various performance variables. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(12), 34193425. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182908a09</p><p>Reed, J. A., Einstein, G., Hahn, E., Hooker, S. P., Gross, V. P., & Kravitz, J. (2010). Examining the impact of integrating physical activity on fluid intelligence and academic performance in an elementary school setting: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 7(3), 343351. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.3.343</p><p>Rehfeld, K., Lders, A., Hkelmann, A., Lessmann, V., Kaufmann, J., Brigadski, T., Mller, P., & Mller, N. G. (2018). Dance training is superior to repetitive physical exercise in inducing brain plasticity in the elderly. PLOS ONE, 13(7), e0196636. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196636</p><p>Richardson, J. T. (2007). Measures of short-term memory: a historical review. Cortex, 43(5), 635-650.</p><p>Riggs, L., Piscione, J., Laughlin, S., Cunningham, T., Timmons, B. W., Courneya, K. S., Bartels, U., Skocic, J., de Medeiros, C., Liu, F., Persadie, N., Scheinemann, K., Scantlebury, N., Szulc, K. U., Bouffet, E., & Mabbott, D. J. (2016). Exercise training for neural recovery in a restricted sample of Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors: A controlled clinical trial with crossover of training versus no training. Neuro-Oncology, 19(3), 440450. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/now177</p><p>Richey, R. C., & Klein, J. D. (2014). Design and development research. In Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (pp. 141-150). Springer, New York, NY.</p><p>Rink, J. E. (2000). Investigating the assumptions of pedagogy. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education and Sport, 20(2), 112-128</p><p>Rodrguez Macas, M., Abad Robles, M. T., & Gimnez Fuentes-Guerra, F. J. (2021). Effects of sport teaching on students' enjoyment and fun: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708155</p><p>Rosano, C., Venkatraman, V. K., Guralnik, J., Newman, A. B., Glynn, N. W., Launer, L., Taylor, C. A., Williamson, J., Studenski, S., Pahor, M., & Aizenstein, H. (2010). Psychomotor speed and functional brain MRI 2 years after completing a physical activity treatment. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 65(6), 639647. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glq038</p><p>Russell, J. D. (1974). Modular Instruction: A Guide To The Design, Selection, Utilization, And Evaluation Of Modular Materials. Burgess Pub. Co.</p><p>Safrit, M. J. & Wood, T. M. (1995). Introduction to measurement in physical education and exercise science (3rd ed.) St. Louis: Times Mirror/ Mosby</p><p>Saudo, B., Abdi, E., Bernardo-Filho, M., & Taiar, R. (2020). Aerobic Exercise with Superimposed Virtual Reality Improves Cognitive Flexibility and Selective Attention in Young Males. Applied Sciences, 10(22), 8029. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228029</p><p>Salleh M. R. (2012). Meningkatkan Kemahiran Mengingat Di Kalangan Murid Tahun 6. IPG: Kota Bharu</p><p>Samuel, R. D., Zavdy, O., Levav, M., Reuveny, R., Katz, U., & Dubnov-Raz, G. (2017). The Effects of Maximal Intensity Exercise on Cognitive Performance in Children. Journal of Human Kinetics, 57(1), 8596. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0050</p><p>Sang, M. S. (2010). Literatur dan kaedah penyelidikan (ed. kedua). Ipoh: Penerbitan Multimedia Sdn Bhd.</p><p>Saygin, ., & ztrk, M. A. (2011). The effect of twelve week aerobic exercise programme on health related physical fitness components and blood lipids in obese girls. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 5(12), 14411445. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp11.114</p><p>Seo, M.-W., Lee, J.-M., Jung, H. C., Jung, S. W., & Song, J. K. (2019). Effects of Various Work-to-rest Ratios during High-intensity Interval Training on Athletic Performance in Adolescents. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(08), 503510. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0927-6884</p><p>Sejnoha Minsterova, A., Klobusiakova, P., Kropacova, S., Novakova, L., Brabenec, L., Balazova, Z., Grmela, R., Skotakova, A., Svobodova, L., & Rektorova, I. (2020). Multishell diffusion MRI reflects improved physical fitness induced by dance intervention. Neural Plasticity, 2020, 19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8836925</p><p>Sejpal, K. (2013). Modular method of teaching. International Journal for Research in Education, 2(2).</p><p>Segovia, Y., & Gutierrez, D. (2020). Effect of a game-based high intensity interval training program on body composition in primary education: comparison of the Sport Education model and traditional methodology. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 2020(02), 791799. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.02113</p><p>Sibley, B. A., & Etnier, J. L. (2003). The Relationship between Physical Activity and Cognition in Children: A Meta-Analysis. Pediatric Exercise Science, 15(3), 243256. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.15.3.243</p><p>Sidek Mohd Noah & Jamaluddin Ahmad. (2005). Pembinaan Modul: Bagaimana membina modul latihan dan modul akademik. Serdang, Selangor: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia</p><p>Sofi, F., Valecchi, D., Bacci, D., Abbate, R., Gensini, G. F., Casini, A., & Macchi, C. (2010). Physical activity and risk of cognitive decline: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Journal of Internal Medicine, 269(1), 107117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02281.x</p><p>Sosic-Vasic, Z., Hille, K., Krner, J., Spitzer, M., & Kornmeier, J. (2018). When Learning Disturbs Memory Temporal Profile of Retroactive Interference of Learning on Memory Formation. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00082</p><p>Schmidt, M., Jger, K., Egger, F., Roebers, C., & Conzelmann, A. (2015). Cognitively Engaging Chronic Physical Activity, But Not Aerobic Exercise, Affects Executive Functions in Primary School Children: A Group-Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. 37. 575-591. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0069</p><p>Scott, C., Nelson, E., Martin, S., & Ligotti, B. (2015). Total energy costs of 3 Tabata-type calisthenic squatting routines: isometric, isotonic and jump. European Journal of Human Movement, 35, 34-40.</p><p>Sharif Ishak, S. I., Chin, Y. S., Mohd. Taib, M. N., & Mohd. Shariff, Z. (2016). School-based intervention to prevent overweight and disordered eating in secondary school malaysian adolescents: A study protocol. BMC Public Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3773-7</p><p>Sharifah Alwiah Alsagoff (1981). Pengenalan Pengajaran Individu dengan Tumpuan Khas Kepada Modul Pengajaran dan Modul Pembelajaran. Jurnal Pendidik dan Pendidikan 3(1); 54-62. Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia</p><p>Sharifah Alwiah Algoff. 1981. Pengenalan Pengajaran individu dengan tumpuan khas kepada modul pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Jurnal Pendidik dan Pendidikan 3(1): 54-62. Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia.</p><p>Shahrom Noordin & Yap, K.C. (1991). Ke arah mengindividukan pengajaran menerusi pengajaran bermodul. Jurnal Pendidikan Guru, 7, 89-107</p><p>Shen, B., Chen, A., & Guan, J. (2007). Using Achievement Goals and Interest to Predict Learning in Physical Education. The Journal of Experimental Education, 75(2), 89108. https://doi.org/10.3200/jexe.75.2.89-108</p><p>Schneider, W., Schumann-Hengsteler, R., & Sodian, B. (2014). Young Children's cognitive development: Interrelationships among executive functioning, working memory, verbal ability, and theory of mind. Taylor and Francis.</p><p>Scarpina, F., & Tagini, S. (2017). The Stroop Color and Word Test. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(557), 18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00557</p><p>Schunk, D. H. (2004). Learning Theories: An educational perspective (4th ed.). Columbus, Oh: Merril/ Prentice- hall</p><p>Schunk, D. H. (2012). Learning Theories: An educational perspective (8th ed.). Columbus, Oh: Merril/ Prentice- hall</p><p>Schwarb, H., Johnson, C. L., Daugherty, A. M., Hillman, C. H., Kramer, A. F., Cohen, N. J., & Barbey, A. K. (2017). Aerobic fitness, hippocampal viscoelasticity, and relational memory performance. NeuroImage, 153, 179188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.061</p><p>Slavin, R. E. (2012). Classroom applications of cooperative learning. APA Educational Psychology Handbook, Vol 3: Application to Learning and Teaching., 359378. https://doi.org/10.1037/13275-014</p><p>Smart, J. E., Cumming, S. P., Sherar, L. B., Standage, M., Neville, H., & Malina, R. M. (2012). Maturity Associated Variance in Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescent Females: A Mediated Effects Model. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 9(1), 8695. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.9.1.86</p><p>Smith, J. C., Nielson, K. A., Antuono, P., Lyons, J.-A., Hanson, R. J., Butts, A. M., Hantke, N. C., & Verber, M. D. (2013). Semantic memory functional MRI and cognitive function after exercise intervention in mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 37(1), 197215. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-130467</p><p>Smith, P. J., Blumenthal, J. A., Hoffman, B. M., Cooper, H., Strauman, T. A., Welsh-Bohmer, K., Browndyke, J. N., & Sherwood, A. (2010). Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: A meta-analytic review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(3), 239252. https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0b013e3181d14633</p><p>Smith, J. C., Nielson, K. A., Woodard, J. L., Seidenberg, M., Durgerian, S., Antuono, P., Butts, A. M., Hantke, N. C., Lancaster, M. A., & Rao, S. M. (2011). Interactive effects of physical activity and Apoe-e4 on bold semantic memory activation in healthy elders. Neuroimage, 54(1), 635644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.070</p><p>Solis-Urra, P., Olivares-Arancibia, J., Suarez-Cadenas, E., Sanchez-Martinez, J., Rodrguez-Rodrguez, F., Ortega, F. B., Esteban-Cornejo, I., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Castro-Piero, J., Veloz, A., Chabert, S., Sadarangani, K. P., Zavala-Crichton, J. P., Migueles, J. H., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Quiroz-Escobar, M., Almonte-Espinoza, D., Urza, A., Dragicevic, C. D., Cristi-Montero, C. (2019). Study protocol and rationale of the cogni-action project a cross-sectional and randomized controlled trial about physical activity, brain health, cognition, and educational achievement in schoolchildren. BMC Pediatrics, 19(1), 116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1639-8</p><p>Sow, L. S. (2007). Penghasilan modul pembelajaran berasaskan teori beban kognitif untuk subjek teknologi maklumat dan komunikasi (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Education</p><p>Suo, C., Singh, M. F., Gates, N., Wen, W., Sachdev, P., Brodaty, H., Saigal, N., Wilson, G. C., Meiklejohn, J., Singh, N., Baune, B. T., Baker, M., Foroughi, N., Wang, Y., Mavros, Y., Lampit, A., Leung, I., & Valenzuela, M. J. (2016). Erratum: Therapeutically relevant structural and functional mechanisms triggered by physical and cognitive exercise. Molecular Psychiatry, 21(11), 16331642. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2016.57</p><p>Spector, J. M., Merrill, M. D., Elen, J., & Bishop, M. J. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (pp. 1-1005). New York: Springer.</p><p>Srinivas, N. S., Vimalan, V., Padmanabhan, P., & Gulys, B. (2021). An overview on cognitive function enhancement through physical exercises. Brain Sciences, 11(10), 1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101289</p><p>Stanton, R., Happell, B., & Reaburn, P. (2014). The mental health benefits of regular physical activity, and its role in preventing future depressive illness. Nursing: Research and Reviews, 4(1), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.2147/nrr.s41956</p><p>Steele, A., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Cornish, K., & Scerif, G. (2012). The Multiple Subfunctions of Attention: Differential Developmental Gateways to Literacy and Numeracy. Child Development, 83(6), 20282041. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01809.x</p><p>Steinmayr, R., Ziegler, M., & Truble, B. (2010). Do intelligence and sustained attention interact in predicting academic achievement? Learning and Individual Differences, 20(1), 1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2009.10.009</p><p>Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643662. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054651</p><p>Subramaniam, P. R. (2009). Motivational effects of interest on student engagement and learning in physical education: A review. International Journal of Physical Education, 46(2), 11-19.</p><p>Sujatha, B., Alagesan, J., Pavithra, B., Pavithra, P., & Rayna, A. B. S. (2020). Effectiveness of Aerobic Exercise on Short-Term Memory and Sustained Attention among School Students. Biomedicine, 40(2), 246250.</p><p>Suppiah Nachiappan. (2015). Panduan Pendidikan Awal Kanak-Kanak: Teori, Model, Kaedah dan Aktiviti ke Arah Perkembangan Kognisi.Tanjong Malim:Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris</p><p>Syvoja, H. J., Kankaanp, A., Kallio, J., Hakonen, H., Kulmala, J., Hillman, C. H., Pesonen, A.-K., & Tammelin, T. H. (2018). The Relation of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors, and Academic Achievement Is Mediated by Fitness and Bedtime. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 15(2), 135143. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0135</p><p>Tabata, I., Irisawa, K., Kouzaki, M., Nishimura, K., Ogita, F., & Miyachi, M. (1997). Metabolic profile of high intensity intermittent exercises. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 29(3), 390395. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199703000-00015</p><p>Tabata, I., Nishimura, K., Kouzaki, M., Hirai, Y., Ogita, F., Miyachi, M., & Yamamoto, K. (1996). Effects of moderate-intensity endurance and high-intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and ??vo2max. Medicine &Amp Science in Sports &Amp Exercise, 28(10), 13271330. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199610000-00018</p><p>Tabata, I. (2019). Tabata training: One of the most energetically effective high-intensity intermittent training methods. The Journal of Physiological Sciences, 69(4), 559572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12576-019-00676-7</p><p>Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson Educational, Inc.</p><p>Tan, X.-Y., Pi, Y.-L., Wang, J., Li, X.-P., Zhang, L.-L., Dai, W., Zhu, H., Ni, Z., Zhang, J., & Wu, Y. (2017). Morphological and functional differences between athletes and novices in cortical neuronal networks. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 660. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00660</p><p>Tarman, B., & Tarman, I. (2011). Teachers' Involvement in Children's Play and Social Interaction. Ilkogretim Online, 10(1).</p><p>Taylor, H. L., Buskirk, E., & Henschel, A. (1955). maximal oxygen intake as an objective measure of cardio-respiratory performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 8(1), 7380. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1955.8.1.73</p><p>Tee, J. Y., Gan, W. Y., Tan, K.-A., & Chin, Y. S. (2018). Obesity and unhealthy lifestyle associated with poor executive function among Malaysian adolescents. PLOS ONE, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195934</p><p>Tomporowski, P. D., Lambourne, K., & Okumura, M. S. (2011). Physical activity interventions and children's mental function: an introduction and overview. Preventive medicine, 52, S3-S9.</p><p>Tomporowski, P. D., McCullick, B., Pendleton, D. M., & Pesce, C. (2015). Exercise and children's cognition: The role of exercise characteristics and a place for metacognition. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(1), 4755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.09.003</p><p>Tong, T. B. (2001). Pendidikan Jasmani dan Pendidikan Kesihatan. Petaling Jaya: Pearson Education Malaysia.</p><p>Tottori, N., Morita, N., Ueta, K., & Fujita, S. (2019). Effects of High Intensity Interval Training on Executive Function in Children Aged 812 Years. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 4127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214127</p><p>Thomas, J. R. & Nelson, J. K. (2001). Research methods in physical activity (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics</p><p>Thompson, W. R. (2016). Worldwide survey of fitness trends for 2017. ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 20(6), 817. https://doi.org/10.1249/fit.0000000000000252</p><p>Thompson, W. R. (2019). Worldwide survey of fitness trends for 2020. ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal, 23(6), 1018. https://doi.org/10.1249/fit.0000000000000526</p><p>Thorndike, R., L. dan E. Hagen. 1997. Measurement and Evaluation in Psychology and Education. Edisi Keenam. New York: Prentice Hall.</p><p>Thorndike, E. L. (1970). Animal intelligence: Experimental studies. Transaction Publishers.</p><p>Trecroci, A., Cavaggioni, L., Caccia, R., & Alberti, G. (2015). Jump Rope Training: Balance and Motor Coordination in Preadolescent Soccer Players. Journal of sports science & medicine, 14(4), 792798.</p><p>Wislff, U., Stylen, A., Loennechen, J. P., Bruvold, M., Rognmo, ., Haram, P. M., Tjnna, A. E., Helgerud, J., Slrdahl, S. A., Lee, S. J., Videm, V., Bye, A., Smith, G. L., Najjar, S. M., Ellingsen, ., & Skjrpe, T. (2007). Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients. Circulation, 115(24), 30863094. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.106.675041</p><p>van der Niet, A. G., Smith, J., Oosterlaan, J., Scherder, E. J. A., Hartman, E., & Visscher, C. (2016). Effects of a Cognitively Demanding Aerobic Intervention During Recess on Childrens Physical Fitness and Executive Functioning. Pediatric Exercise Science, 28(1), 6470. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0084</p><p>van den Berg, V., Saliasi, E., de Groot, R. H., Chinapaw, M. J., & Singh, A. S. (2019). Improving cognitive performance of 912 years old children: Just dance? A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(174). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00174</p><p>VanBergeijk, E. (2014). John J. Ratey (2008): Spark: The revolutionary new science of exercise and the brain. Unabridged, 9 hours, 28 minutes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(4), 990991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2044-7</p><p>Vazou, S., Pesce, C., Lakes, K., & Smiley-Oyen, A. (2016). More than one road leads to Rome: A narrative review and meta-analysis of physical activity Intervention effects on cognition in youth. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(2), 153178. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2016.1223423</p><p>Verstynen, T. D., Lynch, B., Miller, D. L., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Chaddock, L., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Olson, E. A., Wojcicki, T. R., Fanning, J., Gothe, N. P., McAuley, E., Kramer, A. F., & Erickson, K. I. (2012). Caudate nucleus volume mediates the link between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive flexibility in older adults. Journal of Aging Research, 2012, 111. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/939285</p><p>Viana, R. B., de Lira, C. A., Naves, J. P., Coswig, V. S., Del Vecchio, F. B., & Gentil, P. (2018). Tabata protocol: A review of its application, variations and outcomes. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 39(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12513</p><p>Visek, A. J., Achrati, S. M., Mannix, H. M., McDonnell, K., Harris, B. S., & DiPietro, L. (2015). The Fun Integration Theory: Toward sustaining children and adolescents sport participation. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 12(3), 424433. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2013-0180</p><p>Voss, M. W., Heo, S., Prakash, R. S., Erickson, K. I., Alves, H., Chaddock, L., Szabo, A. N., Mailey, E. L., Wjcicki, T. R., White, S. M., Gothe, N., McAuley, E., Sutton, B. P., & Kramer, A. F. (2012). The influence of aerobic fitness on cerebral white matter integrity and cognitive function in older adults: Results of a one-year exercise intervention. Human Brain Mapping, 34(11), 29722985. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22119</p><p>Wahab, A. (2017). Pengembangan Modul Pembelajaran Literasi Statistika (Analisis Regresi Linear Sederhana dengan R). (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Negeri Makassar).</p><p>Walker, H. (2014). What Causes The Brain To Have Slow Processing Speed, And How Can The Rate Be Improved? Scientific American Mind, 25(2), 7070. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind0314-70b</p><p>Wambach, D., Lamar, M., Swenson, R., Penney, D. L., Kaplan, E., & Libon, D. J. (2011). Digit span. Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology, 844-849.</p><p>Warren, R. E. (1972). Stimulus encoding and memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1972,94,90-100.</p><p>Wadsworth, B. J. (2003). Piaget's Theory of Cognitive and Affective Development: (5th ed.) Foundations of Constructivism, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Allyn & Bacon, 2003.</p><p>Wassenaar, T. M., Wheatley, C. M., Beale, N., Salvan, P., Meaney, A., Possee, J. B., Atherton, K. E., Duda, J. L., Dawes, H., & Johansen-Berg, H. (2019). Effects of a programme of vigorous physical activity during secondary school physical education on academic performance, fitness, cognition, mental health and the brain of adolescents (fit to study): Study protocol for a cluster-randomised trial. Trials, 20(1), 114. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3279-6</p><p>Weinstein, A. M., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Chaddock, L., Szabo, A., White, S. M., Wojcicki, T. R., Mailey, E., McAuley, E., Kramer, A. F., & Erickson, K. I. (2012). The association between Aerobic Fitness and executive function is mediated by prefrontal cortex volume. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 26(5), 811819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2011.11.008</p><p>Weston, K. L., Azevedo, L. B., Bock, S., Weston, M., George, K. P., & Batterham, A. M. (2016). Effect of Novel, School-Based High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) on Cardiometabolic Health in Adolescents: Project FFAB (Fun Fast Activity Blasts) - An Exploratory Controlled Before-And-After Trial. PLOS ONE, 11(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159116</p><p>Wislff, U., Stylen, A., Loennechen, J. P., Bruvold, M., Rognmo, ., Haram, P. M., Tjnna, A. E., Helgerud, J., Slrdahl, S. A., Lee, S. J., Videm, V., Bye, A., Smith, G. L., Najjar, S. M., Ellingsen, ., & Skjrpe, T. (2007). Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients. Circulation, 115(24), 30863094. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.106.675041</p><p>Wilson, L. O. (2016). Anderson and KrathwohlBlooms taxonomy revised. Understanding the New Version of Bloom's Taxonomy.</p><p>Woods, D. L., Kishiyama, M. M., Yund, E. W., Herron, T. J., Edwards, B., Poliva, O., & Reed, B. (2011). Improving digit span assessment of short-term verbal memory. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 33(1), 101-111.</p><p>World Health Organization. (2020). WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour: web annex: evidence profiles.</p><p>Whyte, L. J., Gill, J. M. R., & Cathcart, A. J. (2010). Effect of 2 weeks of sprint interval training on health-related outcomes in sedentary overweight/obese men. Metabolism, 59(10), 14211428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2010.01.002</p><p>Xue, Y., Yang, Y., & Huang, T. (2019). Effects of chronic exercise interventions on executive function among children and adolescents: a systematic review with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(22), 13971404. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099825</p><p>Yang, X., Lee, J., Gu, X., Zhang, X., & Zhang, T. (2020). Physical Fitness Promotion among Adolescents: Effects of a Jump Rope-Based Physical Activity Afterschool Program. Children, 7(8), 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7080095</p><p>Youngjohn, J. R., Larrabee, G. J., & Crook, T. H. (1992). Test-retest reliability of computerized, everyday memory measures and traditional memory tests. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6(3), 276286. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854049208404129</p><p>Yusof Boon, Halijah Ibrahim & Asha Hasnimy Mohd Hashim (2008). Kajian berkaitan kecergasan fizikal dan kemahiran motor. Skudai: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia</p><p>Yli-Piipari, S. (2014). Physical education curriculum reform in Finland. Quest, 66(4), 468-484.</p><p>Zach, S., & Shalom, E. (2016). The Influence of Acute Physical Activity on Working Memory. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 122(2), 365374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516631066</p><p>Zhang, Y., Shi, W., Wang, H., Liu, M., & Tang, D. (2021). The impact of acute exercise on implicit cognitive reappraisal in association with left Dorsolateral Prefronta Activation: A FNIRS study. Behavioural Brain Research, 406, 113233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113233</p><p>Ziereis, S., & Jansen, P. (2015). Effects of physical activity on executive function and motor performance in children with ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 38, 181191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.005</p><p>Zimmermann, N., Cardoso, C. de, Trentini, C. M., Grassi-Oliveira, R., & Fonseca, R. P. (2015). Brazilian preliminary norms and investigation of age and education effects on the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Color and Word test and Digit Span test in adults. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 9(2), 120127. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642015dn92000006</p><p></p><p></p><p></p>