Analysis of teacher perception, understanding and challenges indeveloping the hots question: a case study in central Lombok, Indonesia

<p>This research was conducted to analyse teacher perception, understanding, and</p><p>challenges in developing High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) questions in Central</p><p>Lombok, Indonesia. A qualitative approach with a case stud...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Muhammad Khairul Wajedi Imami
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2023
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=11140
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:11140
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic LB Theory and practice of education
spellingShingle LB Theory and practice of education
Muhammad Khairul Wajedi Imami
Analysis of teacher perception, understanding and challenges indeveloping the hots question: a case study in central Lombok, Indonesia
description <p>This research was conducted to analyse teacher perception, understanding, and</p><p>challenges in developing High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) questions in Central</p><p>Lombok, Indonesia. A qualitative approach with a case study design was utilized,</p><p>involving interviews as the primary data collection method. The respondents were</p><p>selected using purposive sampling, involving seven teachers with more than five</p><p>years of teaching experience. The data analysis was carried out thematically.</p><p>According to the findings, 1) The teacher believes HOTS is important for students,</p><p>but students have low HOTS abilities. One of the causes is the teacher's teaching</p><p>strategy. Furthermore, they perceive that several teaching strategies to enhance</p><p>HOTS are ice breaking, grouping, and interactive interaction in the classroom. 2).</p><p>Teacher understanding of HOTS is sufficient but needs improvement. And 3). The</p><p>challenges for teachers in developing HOTS questions came from students' ability and</p><p>attitude, as well as their low skill and lack of motivation. This research contributes</p><p>by providing current information about teacher understanding, teacher perception,</p><p>and the challenges and solutions in the implementation of HOTS in central Lombok,</p><p>Indonesia.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Master's degree
author Muhammad Khairul Wajedi Imami
author_facet Muhammad Khairul Wajedi Imami
author_sort Muhammad Khairul Wajedi Imami
title Analysis of teacher perception, understanding and challenges indeveloping the hots question: a case study in central Lombok, Indonesia
title_short Analysis of teacher perception, understanding and challenges indeveloping the hots question: a case study in central Lombok, Indonesia
title_full Analysis of teacher perception, understanding and challenges indeveloping the hots question: a case study in central Lombok, Indonesia
title_fullStr Analysis of teacher perception, understanding and challenges indeveloping the hots question: a case study in central Lombok, Indonesia
title_full_unstemmed Analysis of teacher perception, understanding and challenges indeveloping the hots question: a case study in central Lombok, Indonesia
title_sort analysis of teacher perception, understanding and challenges indeveloping the hots question: a case study in central lombok, indonesia
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Pengurusan dan Ekonomi
publishDate 2023
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=11140
_version_ 1811774755356803072
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:111402024-07-22 Analysis of teacher perception, understanding and challenges indeveloping the hots question: a case study in central Lombok, Indonesia 2023 Muhammad Khairul Wajedi Imami LB Theory and practice of education <p>This research was conducted to analyse teacher perception, understanding, and</p><p>challenges in developing High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) questions in Central</p><p>Lombok, Indonesia. A qualitative approach with a case study design was utilized,</p><p>involving interviews as the primary data collection method. The respondents were</p><p>selected using purposive sampling, involving seven teachers with more than five</p><p>years of teaching experience. The data analysis was carried out thematically.</p><p>According to the findings, 1) The teacher believes HOTS is important for students,</p><p>but students have low HOTS abilities. One of the causes is the teacher's teaching</p><p>strategy. Furthermore, they perceive that several teaching strategies to enhance</p><p>HOTS are ice breaking, grouping, and interactive interaction in the classroom. 2).</p><p>Teacher understanding of HOTS is sufficient but needs improvement. And 3). The</p><p>challenges for teachers in developing HOTS questions came from students' ability and</p><p>attitude, as well as their low skill and lack of motivation. This research contributes</p><p>by providing current information about teacher understanding, teacher perception,</p><p>and the challenges and solutions in the implementation of HOTS in central Lombok,</p><p>Indonesia.</p> 2023 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=11140 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=11140 text eng openAccess Masters Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Pengurusan dan Ekonomi <p>Abdullah, A. H., Abidin, N. L. Z., & Ali, M. B. (2015). Analysis of students errors in solving higher Order Thinking skills (HOTS) problems for the topic of fraction. Asian Social Science, 11(21). https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n21p133</p><p></p><p>Abdullah, A. H., Mokhtar, M., Halim, N. D. A., Ali, D. F., Tahir, L. M., & Kohar, U. H. A. (2016). Mathematics Teachers level of knowledge and practice on the implementation of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00601a</p><p></p><p>Abkary, N. S., & Purnawarman, P. (2020). Indonesian EFL teachers challenges in Assessing Students Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (ICOLLITE 2020). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201215.076</p><p></p><p>Abosalem, Y. (2016). Assessment techniques and Students Higher-Order Thinking skills. International Journal of Secondary Education, 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsedu.20160401.11</p><p></p><p>Adhabi, E. a. R., & Anozie, C. B. L. (2017). Literature review for the type of interview in qualitative research. International Journal of Education, 9(3), 86. https://doi.org/10.5296/ije.v9i3.11483</p><p></p><p>Afrianto, A. (2017). Challenges of using portfolio assessment as an alternative assessment method for teaching English in Indonesian schools. IJEBP (International Journal of Educational Best Practices). https://doi.org/10.31258/ijebp.v1n2.p106-114</p><p></p><p>Akbar, A. N. (2022). High Order Thinking Skill (Hots) in Interrogative Sentence Concept: The Teachers Challenges. Linguistics Studies, 4(2), 7482.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.55215/jetli.v4i2.5843</p><p></p><p>Al-Ghadouni, A. B. M. (2020). Classification of Thinking Skills: a developmental vision. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education (INT-JECSE), 29(5), 2095. https://doi.org/10.24205/03276716.2020.1197</p><p></p><p>Almeida, L. S., Moreira, M. A., Caldeira, S. N., Soares, S. M., Van Hattum-Janssen, N., & Visser-Wijnveen, G. J. (2021). Teachers motivation for teaching in higher education: Portuguese validation of a questionnaire. Paidia, 31. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3104</p><p></p><p>Amalia, R., Widarti, H. R., & Utomo, Y. (2023). Teachers understanding of chemistry HOTs questions. Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0112174</p><p></p><p>Amodu, L. O. (2006). Perception: A Determinant for Effective Communication. An African Journal of Philosophy, 9(1), 148153.</p><p></p><p>Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing : a revision of Blooms taxonomy of educational objectives. In Longman eBooks. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA56711765</p><p></p><p>Anees, S. (2017). Analysis of Assessment Levels of Students Learning According to Cognitive Domain of Blooms Taxonomy. ERIC, 114.</p><p></p><p>Anggraeny, E., & Khongput, S. (2022). Teachers Perceptions and Practices of Critical Thinking Instruction in Indonesian Senior High Schools: A Case Study. TEFLIN Journal, 33(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v33i1/1-26</p><p></p><p>Anggraini, N., Budiyono, B., & Pratiwi, H. (2019). Analysis of higher order thinking skills students at junior high school in Surakarta. Journal of Physics, 1211, 012077. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1211/1/012077</p><p></p><p>Anugrah. (2020). Teachers Perception on The Use of Authentic Materials to Teach Listening [Thesis]. Makassar Muhammadiyah University.</p><p></p><p>Aprianto, D. (2017). The English Teacher Perception on the Implementation of Curriculum 2013 [Thesis]. Universitas Muhammadiah Purwokerto.</p><p></p><p>Archarya, N. H. (2021). Mathematics Teachers Perceptions on Higher Order Thinking Skills. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Higher Education, 6(2), 105125. https://ojed.org/jimphe</p><p></p><p>Ardini, S. N. (2018). Teachers Perception, knowledge and behaviour of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). Eternal English Teaching Journal. https://doi.org/10.26877/eternal.v8i2.3045</p><p></p><p>Ariska, R., Gustine, G. G., & Setyarini, S. (2021). Promoting Students Higher-Order Thinking Skills Through Teachers Feedback in an EFL Classroom. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Applied Linguistics (CONAPLIN 2020), 546. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210427.072</p><p></p><p>Asrafil, Retnawati, H., & Retnowati, E. (2020). The difficulties of students when solving HOTS problem and the description of students cognitive load after given worked example as a feedback. Journal of Physics, 1511(1), 012092. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1511/1/012092</p><p></p><p>Asrifan, A., Zita, C. T., Vargheese, K. J., Syamsu, T., & Amir, M. (2020). The Effects of Call (Computer Assisted Language Learning) Toward The Students English Achievement And Attitude. Journal of Advanced English Studies, 3(2), 94. https://doi.org/10.47354/jaes.v3i2.88</p><p></p><p>Azeem, M., & Salfi, N. A. (2012). Usage of Nvivo Software for Qualitative Data Analysis. Academic Research International, 2(1), 262266.</p><p></p><p>Aziz, M., Yusoff, N., & Aslamiah, A. (2020). Challenges in using authentic assessment in 21st century ESL classrooms. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 9(3), 759. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v9i3.20546</p><p></p><p>Bahtiar, B. (2018). Pengembangan bahan ajar Fisika Dasar berbasis model pembelajaran P3E untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis mahasiswa Program studi Tadris Fisika. JPFT (Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Dan Teknologi), 4(2), 176184. https://doi.org/10.29303/jpft.v4i2.780</p><p></p><p>Bakar, A. B. A., & Hamid, A. H. A. (2018). Issues And Challenges In Implementing High Order Thinking Skills (Hots) in Schools. The Malaysian Perspective. International Journal of Management and Applied Science, 5(6), 5560.</p><p></p><p>Ballakrishnan, K., & Mohamad, M. (2020). Teachers teaching methods in teaching Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) Comprehension questions. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v10-i2/6935</p><p></p><p>Barmby, P., Harries, T., Higgins, S., & Suggate, J. (2007, December). How can we assess mathematical understanding. In Proceedings of the 31st Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 41-48).</p><p></p><p>Barroso, C. (Ed.). (2013). Context, informations meaning, and perception. Conference of the European Society for Fuzzy Logic and Technology.</p><p></p><p>Beyer, B. K. (2008). What Research Tells Us about Teaching Thinking Skills. The Social Studies, 99(5), 223232. https://doi.org/10.3200/tsss.99.5.223-232</p><p></p><p>Bingolbali, E., & Binglbali, F. (2020). Divergent thinking and convergent thinking: Are they promoted in mathematics textbooks? International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 7(1), 240252.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.689555</p><p></p><p>Brinkman, S. (2007). Some thoughts about the concept of thinking. Journal of Anthropological Psychology, 18, 1820.</p><p></p><p>Brookhart, S. M. (2010). Higher Order Thinking Skill in Your Classroom. ASDC. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://www.ascd.org</p><p></p><p>Burgh, G. (2014). Creative and Lateral Thinking: Edward de Bono. Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483346229.n86</p><p></p><p>Butterworth, J., & Thwaites, G. (2013). Thinking Skills: Critical Thinking and Problem Solving. Cambridge University Press.</p><p></p><p>Chiew, W. M. (2016). Reflection in Thinking. Jurnal Pendidikan Tingkatan Enam Jabatan Pendidikan Selangor.</p><p></p><p>Chinedu, C. C., Olabiyi, O., & Kamin, Y. (2015). Strategies for improving higher order thinking skills in teaching and learning of design and technology education. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 7(2). http://penerbit.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/JTET/article/downloa d/1081/795</p><p></p><p>Chusni, M. M., Saputro, S., Suranto, & Rahardjo, S. B. (2020). Review Of Critical Thinking Skill in Indonesia: Preparation Of The 21st Century Learner. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(09), 12301235. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.09.223</p><p></p><p>Chusni, M. M., Saputro, S., Suranto, & Rahardjo, S. B. (2020). Review of Critical Thinking Skill in Indonesia: Preparation of The 21st Century Learner. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(09). https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.09.223</p><p></p><p>Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2004). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. John Wiley & Sons.</p><p>Clandinin, D. J., & Cornelly, F. M. (1999). Narrative Inquiry: Experience and Story in Qualitative Research. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 31(3).</p><p></p><p>Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. http://www.revistacomunicacion.org/pdf/n3/resenas/research_design_qualitative_quantitative_and_mixed_methods_approaches.pdf</p><p></p><p>Crompton, H., Burke, D., & Lin, Y. (2018). Mobile learning and student cognition: A systematic review of PK-12 research using Blooms Taxonomy. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(2), 684701. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12674</p><p></p><p>Cropley, A. J. (2006). In praise of convergent thinking. Creativity Research Journal, 18(3), 391404. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1803_13</p><p></p><p>Dahlan, D., Permana, L., & Oktariani, M. (2020). Teacher Competence and Difficulties in Constructing Hots Instruments in Economics Subject. Cakrawala Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 39(1), 111119. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v39i1.28869</p><p></p><p>De Mello, G. D. J. P., Omar, N. H., Esa, I. I. M., & Ariffin, K. (2021). An Analysis of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in Malaysian University English Test Report writing. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i4/9837</p><p></p><p>DeJonckheere, M., & Vaughn, L. M. (2019). Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: a balance of relationship and rigour. Family Medicine and Community Health, 7(2), e000057. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2018-000057</p><p></p><p>Demuth, A. (2013). Perception Theories. Faculty of Philosophy and Arts. Tranava University.</p><p>Dewey, J. (2011). The sources of a science of education. Read Books Ltd.</p><p></p><p>Dharma, I. P. S., & Adiwijaya, P. A. (2019). The analysis on the readiness of english teachers in implementing authentic assessment in senior high schools. Lingua Scientia, 26(1), 48-52.</p><p></p><p>Dhibba, B. E. (2019). Assessing the Challenges and Strategies of Teaching Speaking Skill in Large Classes: The Case of Mettu Preparotory School. International Journal of Current Research, 11(2), 1229 1238. https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.34340.02.2019</p><p></p><p>Dima, M. L. B., Daflizar, D., & Ahmadi, A. (2021). The Implementation of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in English Language Teaching: The Case of Indonesian Senior High School EFL Teachers. Journal of English Language Teaching, 8(2), 255268. https://doi.org/10.26858/eltww.v8i2.20468</p><p></p><p>Djami, C. B. N., & Kuswandono, P. (2020). Teachers Strategies to Implement Higher-Order Thinking Skills in English instruction. Metathesis. https://doi.org/10.31002/metathesis.v4i1.2048</p><p></p><p>Driana, E., & Ernawati, E. (2019). Teachers Understanding and Practices in Assessing Higher Order Thinking Skills at Primary Schools. Acitya : Journal of Teaching and Education, 1(2), 110118. https://doi.org/10.30650/ajte.v1i2.233</p><p></p><p>Effendi, T., & Suyudi, I. (2017). The Impacts of English National Examination in Indonesia. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Applied Linguistics (CONAPLIN 9). https://doi.org/10.2991/conaplin-16.2017.52</p><p></p><p>Ekawati, Y. N. (2017). English Teachers Problems in Applying The 2013 Curriculum. English Review: Journal of English Education. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v6i1.769</p><p></p><p>Ernawati, E., & Baharullah, B. (2020). Analysis Of Higher Order Thinking Skills (Hots) In Mathematical Problem Solving Based on Revised Blooms Taxonomy Viewed From Gender Equality. MaPan, 8(2), 315328. https://doi.org/10.24252/mapan.2020v8n2a10</p><p></p><p>Fairweather, A. (2014). Virtue epistemology naturalized. In Springer eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04672-3</p><p></p><p>Fakhomah, D. N., & Utami, M. S. (2019). Pre-Service English Teacher Perception About Higher Order Thinking Skills (Hots) In The 21st Century Learning. IJIET (International Journal of Indonesian Education and Teaching), 3(1), 4149. https://doi.org/10.24071/ijiet.v3i1.1676</p><p></p><p>Febrina, F., Usman, B., & Muslem, A. (2019). Analysis of reading Comprehension questions by using Revised Blooms Taxonomy on Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS). English Education Journal, 10(1), 115. http://e-repository.unsyiah.ac.id/EEJ/article/download/13253/10123</p><p></p><p>Fernndez-Gmez, E., Martn-Salvador, A., Luque-Vara, T., Snchez-Ojeda, M. A., Navarro-Prado, S., & Enrique-Mirn, C. (2020). Content Validation through Expert Judgement of an Instrument on the Nutritional Knowledge, Beliefs, and Habits of Pregnant Women. Nutrients, 12(4), 1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041136</p><p></p><p>Fitriani, D. (2019). Assessment practices: Challenges and opportunities faced by EFL teachers. LINGUA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra, 20(1), 77-83.</p><p></p><p>Gardner, J., & Galanouli, D. (2016). Teachers perceptions of assessment. In SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks (pp. 710723). https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473921405.n44</p><p></p><p>Ginting, A. A., & Kuswandono, P. (2020). Challenges faced by English teachers: Implementation of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in designing</p><p>assignments in East Indonesia. Pedagogy : Journal of English Language Teaching, 8(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.32332/pedagogy.v8i1.1688</p><p></p><p>Giri, P. a. L. P. N. (2021). Teachers perception of HOTS-Based learning in EFL classroom. The Art of Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TATEFL), 2(2), 103108. https://doi.org/10.36663/tatefl.v2i2.122</p><p></p><p>Gozali, I., Lie, A., Tamah, S. M., & Jemadi, F. (2021). Hots Questioning Ability and Hots Perception of Language Teachers in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v11i1.34583</p><p></p><p>Gupta, T., & Mishra, L. (2021). Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Shaping the Future of Students. Psychology and Education, 58(2), 93059311.</p><p></p><p>Hadi, W., & Faradillah, A. (2019). The Algebraic Thinking Process in Solving Hots Questions Reviewed from Student Achievement Motivation. Al-Jabar: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 10(2), 327337. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajpm.v10i2.5331</p><p></p><p>Halim, A., Mastura, I., Soewarno, Elisa, Mahzum, E., Farhan, A., & Irwandi, I. (2021). Analysis of students ability in completing HOTS-based Basic Physics questions. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1882(1), 012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1882/1/012024</p><p></p><p>Hamdan, N., Kiong, T. T., Heong, Y. M., Masran, S. H., Yunos, J. M., Mohamad, M. M., Azid, N., Othman, W., Hanapi, Z., Azman, M. N. A., Haris, M. H. M., & Shafei, S. (2019). An Effectiveness of High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) SelfInstructional Manual for Students Assignment Achievement. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2019.11.01.008</p><p></p><p>Hamdi, S., Suganda, I. A., & Hayati, N. (2018). Developing higher-order thinking skill (HOTS) test instrument using Lombok local cultures as contexts for</p><p>junior secondary school mathematics. Research and Evaluation in Education, 4(2), 126135. https://doi.org/10.21831/reid.v4i2.22089</p><p></p><p>Harta, J., Rasuh, N. T., & Seriang, A. (2020). Using HOTS-Based Chemistry National Exam questions to map the analytical abilities of senior high school students. Journal of Science Learning, 3(3), 143148. https://doi.org/10.17509/jsl.v3i3.22387</p><p></p><p>Hashim, H., Ali, M. N., & Shamsudin, M. A. (2017). Infusing High Order Thinking Skills (HOTs) through Thinking Based Learning (TBL) during ECA to enhance students interest in STEM. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 7(11). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v7-i11/3557</p><p></p><p>Hassan, Z. A., Schattner, P., & Mazza, D. (2006). Doing a pilot study: why is it essential?. Malaysian family physician: the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia, 1(2-3), 70.</p><p></p><p>Helmstad, G. (1999). Understandings of understanding: An inquiry concerning experiential conditions for developmental learning (Vol. 134). https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/10511/1/gupea_2077_10511_1.pdf</p><p></p><p>Hidayati, A. U., & Ratnawati, H. (2016). Effectiveness problem based learning and scientific approach to improve higher order thinking skills. In Proceeding of 3rd International Conference On Research, Implementation And Education Of Mathematics And Science (pp. 55-60).</p><p></p><p>Hikayat, S. (2021). Problematika penilaian autentik kompetensi sikap pada guru Pendidikan Agama Islam di SMP Negeri 3 Panyabungan Kabupaten Mandailing Natal (Doctoral dissertation, IAIN Padangsidimpuan).</p><p></p><p>Holmes, G. (2002). What is called thinking. Journal of critical psychology, counselling and psychotherapy, 2, 33-39.</p><p>Hyder, I., & Bhamani, S. (2016). Blooms Taxonomy (cognitive domain) in higher education settings: Reflection brief. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 3(2).</p><p></p><p>Indriyana, B. S., & Kuswandono, P. (2019). Developing Students Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in reading: English Teachers Strategies in selected Junior High schools. Journal of English Teaching, 5(3), 204. https://doi.org/10.33541/jet.v5i3.1313</p><p></p><p>Irmayanti, A. D. (2022). An Analysis of Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) in English National Examination Question at Junior High School in Indonesia (Doctoral dissertation, UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SULTAN SYARIF KASIM RIAU).</p><p></p><p>Jaedun, A., Haryanto, V. L., & Rahardjo, N. E. (2014). An evaluation of the implementation of Curriculum 2013 at the building construction department of vocational high schoos in Yogyakarta. Journal of Education, 7(1).</p><p></p><p>Jamaluddin, N. S., Kadir, S. A., Abdullah, A., & Alias, S. N. (2019). Learning strategy and higher order thinking skills of students in accounting Studies: correlation and regression analysis. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v8-i4/6670</p><p></p><p>Jamian, A. R., Jaafar, W. N. W., Othman, S., & Sabil, A. M. (2018). High-Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) of the students in aspect of understanding modern poetry and prose of Malay language. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i12/5152</p><p></p><p>Jena, R. K. (2020). Measuring the impact of business management Students attitude towards entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention: A case study. Computers in Human Behavior, 107, 106275.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106275</p><p></p><p>Joshi, D., Gokhale, A. A., & Acharya, A. (2012). Students response and behavior in the classroom environment. International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary Subjects in Education, 2(Special 1), 926934. https://doi.org/10.20533/ijcdse.2042.6364.2012.0132</p><p></p><p>Kakilla, C. E. (2021). Strengths and Weaknesses of Semi-Structured Interviews in Qualitative Research: A Critical Essay. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202106.0491.v1</p><p></p><p>Kallio, H., Pietil, A., Johnson, M., & Kangasniemi, M. (2016). Systematic methodological review: developing a framework for a qualitative semi-structured interview guide. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(12), 29542965. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13031</p><p></p><p>Kamiludin, K., & Suryaman, M. (2017). Problematika pada pelaksanaan penilaian pembelajaran Kurikulum 2013. Jurnal Prima Edukasia, 5(1), 5867. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpe.v5i1.8391</p><p></p><p>Kapoor, R., & Madichie, N. (2012). Consumer Behaviour. Tata McGraw-Hill: Noida, India.</p><p></p><p>Kareem, A. (2022). Higher-Order thinking skills and scientific attitudes components as predictors of scientific creativity among preservice biology teachers. International Journal of Progressive Education, 18(4), 2130. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2022.459.2</p><p></p><p>Khun-InKeeree, H., Yaakob, M. F. M., Maruf, I. R., Wahab, N. M. A., & Khan, F. (2022). Learning and training Higher Order Thinking Skills (PDPC HOTs) and teacher learning competency. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 10(6), 418426. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2022.100606</p><p></p><p>Kim, Y. (2010). The pilot study in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Social Work, 10(2), 190206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325010362001</p><p></p><p>Kumar, L., & Kumari, P. (2016). A Study of Convergent Thinking and Divergent Thinking among Secondary School Students in relation to Ethnicity, Locale, Types of Institutions and Sex. Editors Note 3 Culturally Designed Pedagogy in India 5, 41(4), 111.</p><p></p><p>Lawrence, A. S. A., & Xavier, S. A. (2013). Lateral Thinking of Prospective Teachers. Journal of Educational Reflection, 1(1), 2832. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED545802.pdf</p><p></p><p>Linneberg, M. S., & Korsgaard, S. (2019). Coding qualitative data: a synthesis guiding the novice. Qualitative Research Journal, 19(3), 259270. https://doi.org/10.1108/qrj-12-2018-0012</p><p></p><p>Lubart, T. (2016). Creativity And Convergent Thinking: Reflections, Connections and Practical Considerations. Vestnik Rossijskogo Universiteta Druby Narodov, 4, 715. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-1683-2016-4-7-15</p><p></p><p>Lukitasari, M., Handhika, J., & Murtafiah, W. (2018). Higher order thinking skills: using e-portfolio in project-based learning. Journal of Physics, 983, 012047. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/983/1/012047</p><p></p><p>Maba, W. (2017). Teachers perception on the implementation of the assessment process in 2013 curriculum. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (IJSSH), 1(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.21744/ijssh.v1i2.26</p><p></p><p>Mahanani, P., Muchtar, Sutarno, Rachmawati, N. A., Agustina, R. T., & Siddiq, I. H. A. (2020). Optimize Education by Teachers Perception of Higher Order Thinking Skill at Primary School. Proceedings of the 1 St International Conference on Information Technology and Education (ICITE 2020).</p><p>https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201214.244</p><p></p><p>Mahmud, M. M., Yaacob, Y., Ramachandiran, C. R., Wong, S. C., & Ismail, O. (2018). Theories into Practices: Blooms Taxonomy, Comprehensive Learning Theories (CLT) and E-Assessments. Proceeding Book of 1st International Conference on Educational Assessment and Policy. https://doi.org/10.26499/iceap.v2i1.91</p><p></p><p>Malterud, K., Siersma, V., & Guassora, A. D. (2016). Sample size in qualitative interview studies. Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 17531760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315617444</p><p></p><p>Mariani, L. (1997). Teacher support and teacher challenge in promoting learner autonomy. Perspectives: A Journal of TESOL Italy, XXIII (2). Retrieved from http://www. learningpaths. org/papers/papersupport. htm.</p><p></p><p>Martin, S. (2014). A comparative study in how others perceive me and how I perceive myself. [Thesis]. Linnaeus University.</p><p></p><p>Mathers, N. J., Fox, N. J., & Hunn, A. (1998). Using interviews in a research project. NHS Executive, Trent.</p><p></p><p>Mayring, P. (2007). On generalization in qualitatively oriented research. Forum Qualitative Social Research, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-8.3.291</p><p></p><p>Mazana, M. Y., Montero, C. S., & Casmir, R. (2018). Investigating Students Attitude towards Learning Mathematics. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.29333/iejme/3997</p><p></p><p>McGuinness, C. (1999). From thinking skills to thinking classrooms: A review and evaluation of approaches for developing pupils' thinking. London: Department for Education and Employment.</p><p></p><p>Merta Dhewa, K., Rosidin, U., Abdurrahman, A., & Suyatna, A. (2017). The development of Higher Order Thinking Skill (Hots) instrument assessment in physics study. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), 7(1), 26-32.</p><p></p><p>Moulida, I. (2019). Students challenges in English public speaking program at Dayah Darul Ihsan (Doctoral dissertation, UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh).</p><p></p><p>Muchiri, D. K., & Njenga, M. C. W. (2020). Investigating Various Grouping Strategies in Teaching and Learning of Mathematics. International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering, 06(03), 227232. https://doi.org/10.31695/ijasre.2020.33774</p><p></p><p>Muhassanah, N., & Hayati, A. (2022). Workshop Penyusunan Soal Hots (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Berdasarkan Kisi-Kisi Ujian Nasional Matematika Sd. ADI Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 2(2), 5663. https://doi.org/10.34306/adimas.v2i2.636</p><p></p><p>Musa, H. M., & Yamat, H. (2021). Exploring primary school teachers challenges in incorporating Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in English classroom. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v10-i2/9970</p><p></p><p>Musliha, S., Sudana, D., & Wirza, Y. (2021, November). The analysis of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTs) in the test questions constructed by English teachers. In Fifth International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (ICOLLITE 2021) (pp. 610-617). Atlantis Press.</p><p></p><p>Mustika, N., Nurkamto, J., & Azizah, A. N. (2019). Exploring the Indonesian English Teachers Perceptions Towards Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in the 21st Century Learning. International Conference on Future of Education, 4651. https://doi.org/10.17501/26307413.2019.2105</p><p></p><p>Nachiappan, S., Damahuri, A. A., Ganaprakasam, C., & Suffian, S. (2018). Application of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in teaching and learning through communication component and spiritual, attitudes and values component in preschool. International Journal of Early Childhood Education and Care, 7, 2432. https://doi.org/10.37134/saecj.vol7.3.2018</p><p></p><p>Nes, A., Sundberg, K., & Watzl, S. (2021). The perception/cognition distinction. Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy, 66(2), 165195. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020174x.2021.1926317</p><p></p><p>Nickerson, R. S. (1985). Understanding understanding. American Journal of Education, 93(2), 201239. https://doi.org/10.1086/443791</p><p></p><p>Ningsih, I. D. A. (2015). Problematika Guru Dalam Penilaian Pembelajaran Kurikulum 2013 Di SD Muhammadiyah 24 Surakarta Tahun 2016/2017 [Thesis]. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.</p><p></p><p>Norwani, N. M., Yusof, R., Yahya, R., & Ismail, Z. (2019). Teaching Methods, Achievement and High Order Thinking Skills (Hots) Among Accounting Students in Secondary Schools in Malaysia. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.4330011</p><p></p><p>Pahdi, R., Mailizar, M., & Abidin, Z. (2020). Indonesian junior high school students higher order thinking skills in solving mathematics problems. Journal of Physics, 1460, 012031. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1460/1/012031</p><p></p><p>Pamungkas, H. P., & Rafsanjani, M. A. (2019). Keefektifan Ice Breaking dan Problem Based Learning Dalam Pembelajaran Dikelas. Utility: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dan Ekonomi. https://doi.org/10.30599/utility.v3i2.621</p><p></p><p>Pardjono. (2003). BERPIKIR LATERAL: WAHANA DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF. Cakrawala</p><p>Pendidikan, 1(2), 315324.</p><p></p><p>Parimaladevi, P., & Ahmad, A. (2019). The implementation of Higher-Level Thinking Skills (HOTS) in History Education. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Development &Amp; Multi-Ethnic Society - ICOSH2 2019. https://doi.org/10.32698/gcs.01100</p><p>Patel, D. K., & Chaudhari, P. (2018). Difficulties, Managements and Benefits of Large Classes. Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences (BPAS) Journal of Education, 1(1), 36-43.</p><p></p><p>Prasetyo, A. H., Supian, Emqi, M. F., & Nasihin, I. (Eds.). (2021). Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) and Bloom Taxonomy Revised. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management. IEOM Society International.</p><p></p><p>Puad, L. M. a. Z., & Ashton, K. (2020). Teachers views on classroom-based assessment: an exploratory study at an Islamic boarding school in Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 41(2), 253265. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1761775</p><p></p><p>Putra, T. K., & Abdullah, D. F. (2019). Higher-Order Thinking Skill (Hots) Questions in English National Examination in Indonesia. Lingua Scientia: Jurnal Bahasa. https://doi.org/10.21274/ls.2019.11.1.145-160</p><p></p><p>Qiong, O. (2017). A brief introduction to perception. Studies in Literature and Language, 15(4), 1828. https://doi.org/10.3968/10055</p><p></p><p>Rabadi, W. M. A., & Salem, R. K. (2018). The Level of High-Order Thinking and Its Relation to Quality of Life among Students at Ajloun University College. International Education Studies, 11(6), 8. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v11n6p8</p><p></p><p>Rachmawati, D. L., Purwati, O., & Anam, S. U. (2022). ESP teachers sociocultural challenges in online formative assessment: voices of teachers, learners, and</p><p>coordinators. Computer Assisted Language Learning Electronic Journal (CALL-EJ), 23(1), 150-167.</p><p></p><p>Rahman, M. M. (2018). Teachers Perceptions and Practices of classroom assessment in secondary school science classes in Bangladesh. International Journal of Science and Research, 7(6), 254263. https://doi.org/10.21275/art20183034</p><p></p><p>Rahmayanti, H., Ichsan, I. Z., Azwar, S. A., Purwandari, D. A., Pertiwi, N., Singh, C. K. S., & Gomes, P. W. P. (2020). Difmol: Indonesian Students Hots and Environmental Education Model During Covid-19. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 15(7), 1019. https://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2020.10.002</p><p></p><p>Rai, N., & Thapa, B. (2015). A study on purposive sampling method in research. Kathmandu: Kathmandu School of Law, 5.</p><p></p><p>Ramadhan, S., Mardapi, D., Prasetyo, Z. K., & Utomo, H. (2019). The development of an instrument to measure the higher order thinking skill in physics. European Journal of Educational Research, 8(3), 743751. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.8.3.743</p><p></p><p>Retnawati, H., Djidu, H., Kartianom, K., Apino, E., & Anazifa, R. D. (2018). Teachers Knowledge About Higher-Order Thinking Skills and Its Learning Strategy. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 76(2), 215230. https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/18.76.215</p><p></p><p>Retnawati, H., Hadi, S., & Nugraha, A. C. (2016). Vocational High school teachers Difficulties in implementing the Assessment in Curriculum 2013 in Yogyakarta Province of Indonesia. International Journal of Instruction, 9(1), 3348. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2016.914a</p><p></p><p></p><p>Rouadi, N. E., Anouti, M. F., & Mchiek, M. (2020). The Effect of Motivation on Teachers Performance and the Role of Leadership in Between, a Case Study in Lebanon. International Journal of Advanced Research In Science, Engineering, And Technology, 7(11), 15782-15800.</p><p></p><p>Safitri, I., Sumardi, S., & Supriyadi, S. (2018). Learning strategies used by the students in performance assessment in EFL classroom. Humaniora. https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v9i3.5025</p><p></p><p>Sagala, P. N., & Andriani, A. (2019). Development of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions of Probability Theory subject based on Blooms Taxonomy. Journal of Physics. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1188/1/012025</p><p></p><p>Saiyad, S., Mishra, S. K., Rimal, H. S., George, C., & Kaur, G. (2018). Teaching and Learning through Large and Small Groups. Journal of Research in Medical Education & Ethics, 8(si), 24. https://doi.org/10.5958/2231-6728.2018.00048.3</p><p></p><p>Saldaa, J. (2009). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB20067005</p><p></p><p>Saleh, H. (2019). Convergent and divergent thinking in problem solving (Case study on junior high school students). International Journal of Insights for Mathematics Teaching (IJOIMT), 2(1), 11-21.</p><p></p><p>Sari, A., Daulay, S., Putri, Y. Y., & Epriani, P. (2021). Penghapusan ujian nasional tahun 2021 dalam perspektif guru sma di kota tebing tinggi. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pembelajaran Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia (SemNas PBSI)-3 (pp. 213-220). FBS Unimed Press.</p><p></p><p>Sawan, F., Sofiawati, E. T., Suryadi, S., & Fuad, N. (2020, March). Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS): One of the Competencies Which Becomes the</p><p>Purpose of Implementing the 2013 Curriculum (An Analysis of the Relationship between Philosophy, Policy, and Implementation). In International Conference on Elementary Education (Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 592-597).</p><p></p><p>Schwandt, T. A. (1999). On understanding understanding. Qualitative inquiry, 5(4), 451-464.</p><p></p><p>Seman, S. C., Yusoff, W. M. W., & Embong, R. (2017). Teachers Challenges in teaching and learning for Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in Primary school. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 7(7), 534545. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.1.2017.77.534.545</p><p></p><p>Serevina, V., Sari, Y., & Maynastiti, D. (2019). Developing high order thinking skills (HOTS) assessment instrument for fluid static at senior high school. Journal of Physics. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1185/1/012034</p><p></p><p>Setyarini, S. (2020). Teachers Understanding in Constructing Higher Order Thinking-Based Assessments: Voice from English Teachers Experience. Voice From English Teachers Experience. Proceedings of the 4th Asian Education Symposium (AES 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200513.009</p><p></p><p>Shafeei, K. N., Hassan, H., Ismail, F., & Aziz, A. A. (2018). Incorporating Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) questions in ESL classroom contexts. LSP International Journal. https://doi.org/10.11113/lspi.v4n1.49</p><p></p><p>Sherman, T., & Kurshan, B. (2005). Teaching for Understanding. Learning & Leading with Technology, 32(4), 6-11.</p><p></p><p>Shukla, D. (2016). Students Perceived Level and Teachers Teaching Strategies of Higher Order Thinking Skills; A Study on Higher Educational Institutions in Thailand. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(12), 211219.</p><p>Singh, C. K. S., & Marappan, P. (2020). A Review of Research on The Importance of Higher Order Thinking Skills (Hots) in Teaching English Language. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(08). https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.08.161</p><p></p><p>Singh, C. K. S., Muhammad, M. M., Mostafa, N. A., & Nooreen. (2022). Challenges and needs of ESL teachers in implementing portfolio assessment as alternative assessment in Teaching English. Asian Journal of University Education, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v18i3.18955</p><p></p><p>Snyder, L. G., & Snyder, M. J. (2008). Teaching critical thinking and problem solving skills. The Delta Pi Epsilon Journal, 50(2), 9099. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ826495</p><p></p><p>St Clair, K. L., & Hackett, P. M. W. (2016). Academic Challenge: Its Meaning for College Students and Faculty. Journal on Centers for Teaching and Learning, 4. https://openjournal.lib.miamioh.edu/index.php/jctl/article/download/127/57</p><p></p><p>Starman, A. B. (2013). The case study as a type of qualitative research. Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies/Sodobna Pedagogika, 64(1).</p><p></p><p>Sudana, I. M., Oktarina, N., Apriyani, D., & Achmadi, T. A. (2020). An Implementation of HOTS Based Learning Strategy in Vocational High Schools. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity, and Change, 13(12), 1327-1340.</p><p></p><p>Sulaiman, T., Muniyan, V., Madhvan, D., Hasan, R., & Rahim, S. S. A. (2017). Implementation of higher order thinking skills in teaching of science: a case study in Malaysia. International Research Journal of Education and Sciences. http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/59384/</p><p></p><p>Suratmi, S., Laihat, L., Asnimar, A., & Handini, E. O. (2020, March). Teachers Understanding of HOTS Based Assessment in Elementary Schools. In International Conference on Elementary Education (Vol. 2, No. 1, pp.</p><p>1157-1164).</p><p></p><p>Suryadi, R. (2015). The Implementation of Assessment in Curriculum 2013 in English subject of SMPN Bulukumba. Journal of English and Education, 1(2), 111117. https://doi.org/10.31327/jee.v1i2.71</p><p></p><p>Syafryadin, S., Harahap, A., Haryani, H., & Astrid, A. (2021). Boosting Classroom Interaction Based on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in English Learning for Beginners. International Journal of Language Education, 477489. https://doi.org/10.26858/ijole.v5i1.15211</p><p></p><p>Syahputra, E., & Nasution, A. A. (2018). The Concept of HOTS and Relevant Learning Model. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL). https://doi.org/10.2991/aisteel-18.2018.108</p><p></p><p>Tanudjaya, C. P., & Doorman, M. (2020). Examining Higher Order Thinking in Indonesian Lower Secondary Mathematics Classrooms. Journal on Mathematics Education, 11(2), 277300. https://doi.org/10.22342/jme.11.2.11000.277-300</p><p></p><p>Tanujaya, B., Mumu, J., & Margono, G. (2017). The Relationship between Higher Order Thinking Skills and Academic Performance of Student in Mathematics Instruction. International Education Studies, 10(11), 78. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n11p78</p><p></p><p>Thrisson, K. R., Kremelberg, D., Steunebrink, B. R., & Nivel, E. (2016). About understanding. In Artificial General Intelligence: 9th International Conference, AGI 2016, New York, NY, USA, July 16-19, 2016, Proceedings 9 (pp. 106-117). Springer International Publishing.</p><p></p><p></p><p>Tongco, M. D. C. (2007). Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 5, 147. https://doi.org/10.17348/era.5.0.147-158</p><p></p><p>Tracy, S. J. (2012). Qualitative research methods: collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB14409512?l=en</p><p></p><p>Trigueros, R., Juan, M., & Sandoval, F. (2017). Qualitative and quantitative research instruments: Research tools. Handbook of research methods and applications in political science, 2.</p><p></p><p>Tyas, M. A., Nurkamto, J., Marmanto, S., & Laksani, H. (2019). Developing Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Based Questions: Indonesian EFL Teachers Challenges. International Conference on Future of Education. https://doi.org/10.17501/26307413.2019.2106</p><p></p><p>Umam, A., & Handini, T. (2021). Students Perspective on Project-Based Assessment in Writing Classroom. Journal of English Education and Teaching, 5(4), 504-513.</p><p></p><p>Utomo, H. B. (2018). Teacher Motivation Behavior: The Importance Of Personal Expectations, Need Satisfaction, And Work Climate. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 2(2), 333. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v2i2.24036</p><p></p><p>Wadesango, N. (2021). Challenges of teaching large classes. African Perspectives of Research in Teaching and Learning, 5(2), 127-135.</p><p></p><p>Wahid, A., & Karimah, R. A. (2018). Integrasi Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) dengan Model Creative Problem Solving. Modeling: Jurnal Program Studi PGMI, 5(1), 8298. https://doi.org/10.36835/modeling.v5i1.161</p><p></p><p></p><p>Warmadewi, P. S., Agustini, D. a. E., & Wedhanti, N. K. (2019). Analysis of Learning Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) toward English subject. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Sains & Humaniora. https://doi.org/10.23887/jppsh.v3i2.21278</p><p></p><p>Webb, M. E., Little, D. R., Cropper, S. J., & Roze, K. (2017). The contributions of convergent thinking, divergent thinking, and schizotypy to solving insight and non-insight problems. Thinking & Reasoning, 23(3), 235258. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2017.1295105</p><p></p><p>Welford, A. T. (1970). Perceptual selection and integration. Ergonomics. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140137008931115</p><p></p><p>Widana, I. W. (2017). Higher Order Thinking Skills Assessment (HOTS). JISAE (Journal of Indonesian Student Assessment and Evaluation), 3(1), 3244. https://doi.org/10.21009/jisae.031.04</p><p></p><p>Wiggins, G., & McTighe, J. (2017). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development ASCD. Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal, 19(1), 140. https://doi.org/10.14483/calj.v19n1.11490</p><p></p><p>Willingham, D. T. (2007). Critical thinking: Why it is so hard to teach?. American federation of teachers summer 2007, p. 8-19.</p><p></p><p>Wilson, D., & Narasuman, S. (2020). Investigating teachers implementation and strategies on higher order thinking skills in school based assessment instruments. Asian Journal of University Education, 16(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v16i1.8991</p><p></p><p>Wisudaningrum, A. (2013). Problematika Dalam Penerapan Penilaian Kurikulum 2013 Bagi Guru di Sd Muhammadiyah 24 Surakarta [Thesis]. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.</p><p></p><p>Yelkpieri, D., Namale, M. K., Esia-Donkoh, K., & Ofosu-Dwamena, E. (2012). Effects of large class size on effective teaching and learning at the Winneba Campus of the UEW (University of Education, Winneba), Ghana. US-China Education Review. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED532900.pdf</p><p></p><p>Yen, T. S., & Halili, S. H. (2015). Effective teaching of higher order thinking (HOT) in education. The Online Journal of Distance Education and e-Learning, 3(2), 41-47.</p><p></p><p>Yin, R. K. (2017). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and methods. http://cds.cern.ch/record/2634179</p><p></p><p>Yulia, Y., & Budiharti, F. R. (2019). HOTS in teacher classroom interaction: A case study. Edulite: Journal of English Education, Literature, and Culture, 4(2), 132. https://doi.org/10.30659/e.4.2.132-141</p><p></p><p>Yulianto, T., Pramudya, I., & Slamet, I. (2019). Effects of the 21st Century Learning Model and Problem-Based Models on Higher Order Thinking skill. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 4, 749755. https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.629084</p><p></p><p>Yuliati, S. R., & Lestari, I. (2018). Higher-Order Thinking Skills (Hots) Analysis of Students in Solving Hots Question in Higher Education. Perspektif Ilmu Pendidikan, 32(2), 181188. https://doi.org/10.21009/pip.322.10</p><p></p><p>Yusuf. (2020). Keterampilan berfikir Tingkat Tinggi dan Karakter (Pengukuran Terhadap Dampak Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah) (1st ed.). Retrieved from www.Sanabis.web.id</p><p></p><p>Yusuf. (2020). Keterampilan berfikir Tingkat Tinggi dan Karakter (Pengukuran Terhadap Dampak Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah) (1st ed.). Sanabil.</p><p></p><p></p><p>Zhang, J. (2019). Cognitive functions of the brain: perception, attention and memory. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.02863.</p><p></p><p></p>