Mediating role of principal empowerment practices on the relationship between teacher quality and expected students academic performance

The objective of this study was to investigate the mediating role of Principal EmpowermentPractices on the relationship between Teacher Quality and Expected Students Academic Performancein Kwara State Public Secondary Schools, Nigeria. A quantitative exploratory research design wasutilized. A total...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Warrah, Saleman Mashood
Format:	thesis
Language:	eng
Published:	2018
Subjects:	LB Theory and practice of education
Online Access:	https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5208
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:5208
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection	UPSI Digital Repository
language	eng
topic	LB Theory and practice of education
spellingShingle	LB Theory and practice of education Warrah, Saleman Mashood Mediating role of principal empowerment practices on the relationship between teacher quality and expected students academic performance
description	The objective of this study was to investigate the mediating role of Principal EmpowermentPractices on the relationship between Teacher Quality and Expected Students Academic Performancein Kwara State Public Secondary Schools, Nigeria. A quantitative exploratory research design wasutilized. A total of 450 teachers were chosen as a sample through a stratified random samplingtechnique. Data analysis using the structural equation modeling indicated a strong relationshipbetween Teacher Quality and Expected Students Academic performance with standardized regressionweight of 0.817 and significant at p0.05. Further, it was found that Principal Empowerment Practicesacted as a partial mediator in the relationship between Teacher Quality and ExpectedStudents Academic Performance since total indirect effect of 0.56 (p>0.05) was less than adirect effect of 0.81 (p
format	thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Warrah, Saleman Mashood
author_facet	Warrah, Saleman Mashood
author_sort	Warrah, Saleman Mashood
title	Mediating role of principal empowerment practices on the relationship between teacher quality and expected students academic performance
title_short	Mediating role of principal empowerment practices on the relationship between teacher quality and expected students academic performance
title_full	Mediating role of principal empowerment practices on the relationship between teacher quality and expected students academic performance
title_fullStr	Mediating role of principal empowerment practices on the relationship between teacher quality and expected students academic performance
title_full_unstemmed	Mediating role of principal empowerment practices on the relationship between teacher quality and expected students academic performance
title_sort	mediating role of principal empowerment practices on the relationship between teacher quality and expected students academic performance
granting_institution	Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department	Fakulti Pengurusan dan Ekonomi
publishDate	2018
url	https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5208
_version_	1747833171284590592
spelling	oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:52082020-09-08 Mediating role of principal empowerment practices on the relationship between teacher quality and expected students academic performance 2018 Warrah, Saleman Mashood LB Theory and practice of education The objective of this study was to investigate the mediating role of Principal EmpowermentPractices on the relationship between Teacher Quality and Expected Students Academic Performancein Kwara State Public Secondary Schools, Nigeria. A quantitative exploratory research design wasutilized. A total of 450 teachers were chosen as a sample through a stratified random samplingtechnique. Data analysis using the structural equation modeling indicated a strong relationshipbetween Teacher Quality and Expected Students Academic performance with standardized regressionweight of 0.817 and significant at p0.05. Further, it was found that Principal Empowerment Practicesacted as a partial mediator in the relationship between Teacher Quality and ExpectedStudents Academic Performance since total indirect effect of 0.56 (p>0.05) was less than adirect effect of 0.81 (p 2018 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5208 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5208 text eng closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Pengurusan dan Ekonomi Abd Hamid, S. R., Hassan, S., Sariah, S., & Ismail, N. A. H. (2012). Teachingquality andperformance among experienced teachers in Malaysia. Australian Journal of Teacher Education,37(11), 85-103.Abdulkareem, A. Y. (2001). Nigerian universities and the development of human resources. In NANwagwu, ET Ehiametalor, MA Ogunu & Mon Nwadiam (Eds). Current Issues in EducationalManagement in Nigeria Benin: NAEAP.Abdullahi, D., & Abdullah, M. S. (2014). The political will and quality basic education in Nigeria.Journal of Power, Politics & Governance, 2(2), 75-100.Abdulrasheed, O., Hussin, F., & Kasa, M. D. (2016). Challenges of principal leadership styles andschool management: A Solution Oriented Approach. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts andSciences, 3(4), 61-48.Abe, T. O. (2014). The effect of teachers qualifications on students performance in mathematics.Sky Journal of Educational Research, 2(1), 10-14.Abidin, M. (2015). Higher Education quality: Perception differences among internal and externalstakeholders. International Education Studies, 8(12), 185-192.Adediwura, A. A., & Tayo, B. (2007). Perception of teachers' knowledge, attitude and teachingskills as predictor of academic performance in Nigerian secondary schools. EducationalResearch and Reviews, 2(7), 165-171.Adedoyin, O. O. (2011). The impact of teachers in-depth pedagogical mathematicalcontent knowledge on academic performance: As Perceived by Botswana Junior Secondary School Pupils.European Journal of Educational Studies, 3(2), 277-285.Adegbesan, S. O. (2010). Establishing quality assurance in Nigerian education system. Implicationfor Educational managers. Educational Research and Reviews, 5(7), 147-151.Adelson, J. L., & McCoach, D. B. (2010). Measuring the mathematical attitudes ofelementary students: The effects of a 4-point or 5-point Likert-type scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(5), 796-807.Adeosun, O. (2009). Teacher education programmes and the acquisition of 21st centuryskills:issues and challenges in Nigeria. Sosho, 42(9), 103-120Adeosun, O. (2012). Teacher education programmes and the acquisition of 21st centuryskills:issues and challenges in Nigeria. Available at http://hiroshima-u.ac.jpAdeyemo, S. A. (2012). The relationship between effective classroom management and studentsacademic Achievement. European Journal of Educational Studies, 4(3), 367-375.Adeyinka, A. A. (1988). Nigerian universities and the implementation of the objectives of highereducation in a 6-3-3-4 education system. Journal of Study in Education. Institute ofEducation, University of Ilorin, 1(1), 1-14.Adnot, M., Dee, T., Katz, V., & Wyckoff, J. (2017). Teacher turnover, teacher quality, and studentachievement in DCPS. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 39(1), 54-76.Adunola, O. (2011). An analysis of the relationship between class size and academic performance ofstudents. Nigeria: Ego Booster Books.Ahmad, F., & Aziz, J. (2009). Students' perception of the teachers' teaching ofliterature communicating and understanding through the eyes of the audience. European Journal ofsocial sciences, 7(3), 17-26.Ahn, S., & Choi, J. (2004). Teachers' subject matter knowledge as a teacherqualification: a synthesis of the quantitative literature on students' mathematicsachievement. Online Submission. Retrieve from http:// https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED490006Ajala, K. S., Lawal, R. A., & Oyelade, A. F. (2017). An analysis of secondary education in theNigerian and Indonesian educational systems. A Comparative Study, 4(1), 27-33.Ajeyalemi, D. (2013). The issues of quality & quantity in Nigerias teacher educationsystem.Retrieved from http://deta.up.ac.zaAkanni, A. A., & Adam, A. A. (2017). Complacency, religious mediocrity and poverty amongyouth: formidable threats to national security in Nigeria. AGOGO: Journal of Humanities, 2, 16-23.Akinfala, F. F., Akinbode, G. A., & Kemmer, I. (2014). Boko Haram and terrorism in NorthernNigeria: (A psychological analysis). British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 17(1), 115-136.Akinsolu, A. O. (2010). Teachers and Students' academic performance in Nigeriansecondary schools: implications for planning. Florida Journal of Educational Administration &Policy, 3(2), 86-103.Akiri, A. A., & Ugborugbo, N. M. (2009). Teachers effectiveness and students academicperformance in public secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria. Studies on Home andCommunity Science, 3(2), 107-113.Aliakbari, M., & Bozorgmanesh, B. (2015). Assertive classroom management strategies andstudents performance: The case of EFL classroom. Cogent Education, 2(1), 1-12.Alonzo, A. C., & Kim, J. (2016). Declarative and dynamic pedagogical content knowledgeas elicited through two video?based interview methods. Journal of Research in ScienceTeaching, 53(8), 1259-1286.Althouse, L. A., Ware, W. B., & Ferron, J. M. (1998). Detecting departures from normality: A montecarlo simulation of a new omnibus test based on moments. A paper presented at the annual meeting ofthe American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.Al-Zu'bi, Z. H. (2013). Classroom management problems among teacher students training atHashemite University. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2(3), 140-149.Ameen, S.M. (2012). Teacher supply, capacity building strategies and students academicperformance in Kwara State junior secondary schools. Unpublished Masters Thesis.University of Ilorin, Ilorin.Anagnostopoulos, I., Zeadally, S., & Exposito, E. (2016). Handling big data: research challengesand future directions. The Journal of Supercomputing, 72(4), 1494-1516.Anderson, J. C., and Gerbing, D.W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: a review andrecommended two step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 100(3), 411-423.Anyieni, A. (2014). Relationship between performance appraisal and teacher commitment inKenya. Case study of public schools in Nakuru University Doctoral dissertation.Araujo, M. C., Carneiro, P., Cruz-Aguayo, Y., & Schady, N. (2016). Teacher quality and learningoutcomes in kindergarten. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(3), 1415-1453.Aregbeyen, O. (2010). Students perceptions of effective teaching and effective lecturer characteristics at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences,7(2), 62-69.Arinde, M. R. (2010). Educational services, teacher quality and students academic performance inPublic Senior Secondary Schools, North Central Zone, Nigeria (Doctoral Dissertation, Department ofEducational Management, Faculty of Education, University of Ilorin, Ilorin).Arnold, J. A., Arad, S., Rhoades, J. A., & Drasgow, F. (2000). The empoweringleadership questionnaire: The construction and validation of a new scale for measuringleader behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(3), 249-269.Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Sorensen, C. K., & Walker, D. (2013). Introduction to research education.NJ: Pearson Education Inc.Ashoro, S., Daniel, W., & Benson, M. (2012). Effect of teacher empowerment on public secondaryschool performance in Nakuru Town East Constituency, Kenya. International Journal of SRience andresearch, 3(5), 1517-1522Asiyai, R. I. (2015). Improving quality higher education in Nigeria: the roles ofstakeholders.International Journal of Higher Education, 4(1), 61-70.Aurier, P., & Sr de Lanauze, G. (2012). Impacts of perceived brand relationship orientation onattitudinal loyalty: An application to strong brands in the packaged goods sector. European Journalof Marketing, 46(11/12), 1602-1627.Avidov-Ungar, O. (2018). Empowerment among teachers in leadership positions involving ICTimplementation in schools. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 17(1), 138-163.Awang, Z. (2012). Structural equation modeling using AMOS Graphic. Malaysia: UITM Press.Ayeni, M. A., & Adeleye, J. O. (2014). Teacher education and social ethics. International Journalof Education and Literacy Studies, 2(2), 1-3.Ayuba, B., & Mohammed, N. (2014). Investigating the factors affecting performance of businessmanagement students in Nigerian Universities. IOSR Journal of Business Management, 16(8),11-20.Babbie, E. and Mouton, J.M. (2001). The practice of social research. Cape Town: OxfordUniversity Press.Back, L. T., Polk, E., Keys, C & McMahon, S. D. (2016). Classroom management, school staffrelations, school climate, and academic achievement: testing a model with urban highschools. Learning Environments Research, 19(3), 397-410.Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (2012). Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structuralequation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(1), 8-34.Baker, T. L. (1994). Doing social research. New York: McGraw-HillBalkar, B. (2015). Defining an empowering school culture (ESC): teacher perceptions. Issues inEducational Research, 25(3), 205-224.Ball, B. (2003). Teaching and learning mathematics with an interactive whiteboard. Micromath,19(1), 4-7.Ball, D. L., & Bass, H. (2000). Interweaving content and pedagogy in teaching and learning toteach: Knowing and using mathematics. In J. Boaler (Ed), multiple perspectives on the Teachingand Learning of Mathematics, 83-104. Westport, CT: Alex.Ball, D. L., & McDiarmid, G. W. (1989). The subject matter preparation of teachers. Issue Paper89-4.Barksdale, C. J. (2017). Examining the relationship between classroom climate andstudentachievement of middle school students. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, university ofHouston-Clarke Lake)Barsi, M., Ziglari, F., & Abadi, M. N. A. (2013). Study effective factors onemployees empowerment by a model based on conger & kanungo model; case study: social securityorganization of Bandar Abbas (Iran). International Journal of Academic Research inAccounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(4), 308-318.Bartram, T., & Casimir, G. (2007). The relationship between leadership and followerin-role performance and satisfaction with the leader: the mediating effects of empowerment andtrust in the leader. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 28(1), 4-19.Bartlett, J., Kotrlik, J., Higgins, C., & Williams, H. (2001). Exploring factorsassociated with research productivity of business faculty at National Association ofBusiness Teacher Education. Published Report.Bartlett, L. (2014). Pilot test for reliability and validity of a new assessment toolmeasuring relationships between individual health and environmental sustainability.(Doctoral dissertation).Bartlett, M.S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various chi squareapproximation.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 16(2), 296-298.Begley, T. M., & Czajka, J. M. (1993). Panel analysis of the moderating effects of commitment onjob satisfaction, intent to quit, and health following organizational change. Journal ofApplied Psychology, 78(4), 552-556.Bell, L. (2002). Strategic planning and school management: full of sound and fury,signifying nothing? Journal of Educational Administration, 40(5), 407-424.Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis ofcovariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606.Bernard, H. R. (2017). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. London, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.Berraies, S., Chaher, M., & Yahia, K. B. (2014). Employee empowerment and its importance for trust,innovation and organizational performance. Business Management and Strategy, 5(2),82-103.Berry, A., Loughran, J., & VanDriel, J. H. (2008). Revisiting the roots of pedagogicalcontentknowledge. International Journal of Educational Research, 30(10), 1271-1279.Berry, B., Johnson, D., & Montgomery, D. (2005). The power of teacher leadership. EducationalLeadership, 62(5), 56-60.Bhattacherjee, A. (2012). Social science research: Principles, methods, and practices. Retrievedfrom http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/oa_textbooks/3Bingham, J. B., Mitchell, B. W., Bishop, D. G., & Allen, N. J. (2013). Working for a higherpurpose: A theoretical framework for commitment to organization-sponsored causes. HumanResource Management Review, 23(2), 174-189.Blase, J., & Blase. (2001). Empowering principals: What successful principals do.California: Corwin Press.Boakye-Amponsah, A., Enninful, E. K., Anin, E. K., & Vanderpuye, P. (2015). Achieving qualityeducation in Ghana: The spotlight on primary education within the Kumasi metropolis. Journal ofEducation and Practice, 6(17), 9-22.Boey, E. K. (2010). Teacher empowerment in secondary schools: A case study inMalaysia.Germany: Herbert Utz Verlag.Bogler, R., & Somech, A. (2004). Influence of teacher empowerment on teachers organizationalcommitment, professional commitment and organizational citizenship behavior in schools. Teachingand Teacher Education, 20(3), 277-289.Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Boston: GuilfordPublications.Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods. United Kingdom: Oxford UniversityPress.Bullock, H. E., Harlow, L. L., & Mulaik, S. A. (1994). Causation issues in structuralequationmodeling research. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 1(3), 253- 267.Burdenski Jr, T. K. (2000). Evaluating univariate, bivariate, and multivariate normalityusinggraphical procedures. Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints, 26(2), 15-28.Burgess, T. A. (2006). A framework for examining teacher knowledge as used in actionwhileteaching statistics. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on TeachingStatistics. New Zealand.Business, D. (2016). Measuring regulatory quality and efficiency. World Bank Group FlagshipReport.Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, andprogramming. Canada: Routledge Publication.Calabrese, A., & Corb, M. (2015). Design and blueprinting for total quality managementimplementation in service organizations. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 26(7-8),719-732.Callingham, R., Carmichael, C., & Watson, J. M. (2016). Explaining student achievement: Theinfluence of teachers pedagogical content knowledge in statistics. International Journal ofScience and Mathematics Education, 14(7), 1339-1357.Campbell, P. F., Nishio, M., Smith, T. M., Clark, L. M., Conant, D. L., Rust, A. H., & Choi, Y.(2014). The relationship between teachers' mathematical content and pedagogicalknowledge, teachers' perceptions, and student achievement. Journal for Research inMathematics Education, 45(4), 419-459.Carbonneau, N., Vallerand, R. J., Fernet, C., & Guay, F. (2008). The role of passion for teachingin intrapersonal and interpersonal outcomes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(4), 977- 987.Carr, N., & Chambers, D. P. (2006). Teacher professional learning in an online community: Theexperiences of the national quality schooling framework pilot project. Technology,Pedagogy and Education, 15(2), 143-157.Casey, C., & Childs, R. (2007). Teacher education program admission criteria and what beginningteachers need to know to be successful teachers. Canadian Journal of EducationalAdministration and Policy, (67), 1-24.Casimir, G., Waldman, D. A., Bartram, T., & Yang, S. (2006). Trust and the relationship betweenleadership and follower performance: Opening the black box in Australia and China.Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 12(3), 68-84.Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research,1(2), 245-276.Cavalluzzo, L. C. (2004). Is national board certification an effective signal of teacher quality?.oration. Retrieved from http://www.cna.orgCelep, C., & Yilmazturk, O. E. (2012). The relationship among organizational trust,multidimensional organizational commitment and perceived organizational support ineducational organizations. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 5763-5776.Chamundeswari, S. (2013). Teacher management styles and their influence on performance andleadership development among students at the secondary level. International journal OfAcademic Development in Progressive Education and Development, 2(1), 367-418.Chebet, R. (2013). Empowerment of teachers and performance of private secondary schoolsin Bomet County in Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(39), 175-183.Child, D. (1990). The Essentials of factor analysis. Cassell Educational. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.orgChinwe Chikwem, F., & Chikwendu Duru, J. (2018). The Resurgence of the Niger Delta Militants andthe Survival of the Nigerian State. The Round Table, 107(1), 45-55.Choi, P.L. & Tang, S.Y.F. (2009). Teacher commitment trends: Cases of Hong Kong teachers from 1997to 2007. Teaching and Teacher Education Journal, 25 (5), 767-777.Chong, S. (2014). Academic quality management in teacher education: A Singapore perspective.Quality Assurance in Education, 22(1), 53-64.Chonjo, P. N. (2018). The quality of education in Tanzanian primary schools: An assessment ofphysical facilities and teaching learning materials. Utafiti Journal, 1(1), 36-46.Chory, R. M., & McCroskey, J. C. (1999). The relationship between teacher managementcommunication style and affective learning. Communication Quarterly, 47(1), 1-11.Coakes, S. J., Steed, L. G., Coakes, S. J., & Steed, L. G. (2003). Multiple response and multipledichotomy analysis. SPSS: Analysis without Anguish: Version 11.0 for Windows, 215-224. Milton, QLD:John Wiley & SonsCohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theoryand practice. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471-482.Courtenay, B. C., & Weidemann, C. (1985). The effects of a don't know response on Palmore's factson aging quizzes. The Gerontologist, 25(2), 177-181.Creswell, J. W. (2017). Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. London:SagePublisher.Creswell, J. W., Klassen, A. C., Plano Clark, V. L., & Smith, K. C. (2011). Best practices formixedmethods research in the health sciences. Bethesda (Maryland): National Institutes of Health,2094-2103.Crosby, P. B. (1979). Quality is Free. New York: Mentor BooksDabholkar, P. A. (2015). How to improve perceived service quality by increasingcustomer participation. In Proceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS)Annual Conference (pp. 483-487). Springer, Cham.Daramola, S.O. (2006). Research and statistical method in education. Ilorin, Nigeria:Bamitex Printing and Publishing.Darling-Hammond, L. (2000). Teacher quality and student achievement. Education Policy AnalysisArchives, 8 (1), 1-44.Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teacher education around the world: What can we learn frominternational practice?. European Journal of Teacher Education, 40(3), 291-309.Das, Kabita (2014). Need of effective communication skills in teaching science inclassroom situation. International Journal of Educational Research and Technology. 5(3), 40-42.Day, C., Elliott, B. and Kingston, A. (2005). Reform, standards and teacher identity: challenges ofsustaining commitment. Teaching and Teacher Education Journal. 21, 563577.Decristan, J., Kunter, M., Fauth, B., Bttner, G., Hardy, I., & Hertel, S. (2016). What role doesinstructional quality play for elementary school childrens science competence? A focus on studentsat risk. Journal for Educational Research Online/Journal fr Bildungsforschung Online, 8(1), 66-89.De Vaus, D., & de Vaus, D. (2013). Surveys in social research. New York, NY: Routledge. Deming, WEdwards (1982). Out of the crisis. Cambridge University Press: CambridgeDemirta?, Z. (2015). The relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment: Astudy on elementary schools. Kastamonu Education Journal, 23(1), 253-268.Dev, P., Mberu, B. U., & Pongou, R. (2016). Ethnic inequality: theory and evidence from formaleducation in Nigeria. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 64(4), 603-660.Diamond, B. S., Maerten?Rivera, J., Rohrer, R. E., & Lee, O. (2014). Effectiveness of a curricularand professional development intervention at improving elementary teachers' science contentknowledge and student achievement outcomes: Year 1 results. Journal of Researchce Teaching, 51(5), 635-658.Dufour, J. M., Farhat, A., Gardiol, L., & Khalaf, L. (1998). Simulation?based finitesample normality tests in linear regressions. The Econometrics Journal, 1(1), 154-173.Durosaro, D. O. (2004). Crucial issues in the management of primary education in Nigeria. Ilorin:Luck Publication.Ebisine, S. S. (2014). Academic quality assurance in the colleges of education: challenges and waysforward for future development. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 19, 1-9.Egbule, J. F. (2005). Methodology of guidance and counseling: Professional manual for counselingpsychologists. Revised Edition, Benin City: Good news Express Communication.Ekong, J. E. (2006). Standard in education and quality delivery as imperatives fornational productivity. Nigerian Journal of Educational Philosophy, 2(2), 16-24.Ekpiken, W. E., & Edet, A. O. (2014). The role of teacher education and Nigerianteachers in national development: the way forward. Higher Education of Social Science, 7(1),139-143.Elassy, N. (2015). The concepts of quality, quality assurance and quality enhancement. QualityAssurance in Education, 23(3), 250-261.Elger, D. (2007). Theory of performance. Faculty guidebook: A comprehensive tool for improvingfaculty performance. Lisle: Pacific Crest, 19-22.Etuk, E. N., Afangideh, M. E., & Uya, A. O. (2013). Students perception of teacherscharacteristics and their attitude towards mathematics in Oron education zone, Nigeria.International Education Studies, 6(2), 197-204.Ezirim, G. E. (2018). Oil crimes, national security, and the Nigerian state, 19992015. JapaneseJournal of Political Science, 19(1), 80-100.Fafunwa, A. B. (1991). History of Education in Nigeria. Ibadan: NPS Educational Publishers. Fajana,A. (1970). Missionary educational policy in Nigeria: 1842-1882. West African Journal ofEducation, 14(2), 100-109.Federal Ministry of Education (2016). Nigeria education indicators 2016. Retrieved fromhttps://www.nemis.gov.ng/downloads_fold/Nigeria%20Education%20Indicators%202016. pdf on 20.9.2017.Feigenbaum, A. V. (1951). Quality control: principles, practice and administration: an industrialmanagement tool for improving product quality and design and for reducing operating costsand losses. McGraw-Hill.Feng, L., & Sass, T. R. (2017). Teacher quality and teacher mobility. Education Finance and Policy,12(3), 396-418.Fernandez, S., & Moldogaziev, T. (2015). Employee empowerment and job satisfaction in the USFederal Bureaucracy: A self-determination theory perspective. The American Review ofPublic Administration, 45(4), 375-401.Figlio, D., Karbownik, K., Roth, J., & Wasserman, M. (2016). School quality and the gender gap ineducational achievement. The American Economic Review, 106(5), 289-295.Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models withunobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.Fraenkel, J.R & Wallee, N.E (2000). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw- Hill:New York.Fredriksson, U. (2004). Quality education: The key role of teachers. EducationInternational working papers, 14, 1-20.Freiberg, H. J., Stein, T. A., & Huang, S. Y. (1995). Effects of a classroom managementintervention on student achievement in inner?city elementary schools. Educational Researchand Evaluation, 1(1), 36-66.Fwu, B. J., & Wang, H. H. (2012). Bridging the gap between and beyond school science throughcollaboration: promoting science teachers' professional development through diversity and equalpartnership. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher (De La Salle University Manila), 21(3),464-473.Garca-Ojalvo, J., & Sancho, J. (2012). Noise in spatially extended systems. New York: Springer.Garson, G. D. (2013). Validity and reliability. Asheboro, NC: Statistical Associates Publishers.Gaskin, J. (2012). Stats wiki and stats tools package. http://statwiki.kolobkreations.com/Gbadamosi, L., Onuoha, L. N., & Nwosu, J. C. (2013). Planning and financing continuing and non-formal education in Nigeria. Issues in Informing Science & Information Technology, 10, 185-194.Geldenhuys, M., Laba, K., & Venter, C. M. (2014). Meaningful work, work engagement andorganisational commitment. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 40(1), 1-10.George, I. N., Sakirudeen, A. O., & Sunday, A. H. (2017). Effective classroom management andstudents' academic performance in secondary schools in Uyo local government area ofAkwa Ibom state. Research in Pedagogy, 7(1), 43-56.Gerritsen, S., Plug, E., & Webbink, D. (2017). Teacher quality and student achievement: Evidencefrom a sample of Dutch twins. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 32(3), 643-660.Gershenson, S. (2016). Linking teacher quality, student attendance, and studentachievement.Education Finance and Policy, 11(2), 125-149.Getahun, T., Tefera, B. F., & Burichew, A. H. (2016). Teachers Job satisfaction and itsrelationship with organizational commitment in Ethiopian primary schools: focus on primary schoolsof Bonga Town. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 12(13), 380-401Goddard, R. D., Hoy, W. K., & Hoy, A. W. (2000). Collective teacher efficacy: Itsmeaning, measure, and impact on student achievement. American Educational ResearchJournal, 37(2), 479507.Goe, L. (2007). The link between teacher quality and student outcomes: A researchsynthesis. Washington, DC: National Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality. Retrievedfrom https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED521219Goetsch, D. L., & Davis, S. B. (2014). Quality management for organizational excellence. UpperSaddle River, NJ: Pearson.Goldhaber, D., & Anthony, E. (2005). Can teacher quality be effectively assessed? National BoardCertification as a signal of effective teaching (Working Paper). Seattle, WA: Center onReinventing Public Education.Gutierrez-Gutierrez, L. J., Barrales-Molina, V., & Kaynak, H. (2018). The role of human resource-related quality management practices in new product development: A dynamic capability perspective.International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 38(1), 43-66.Hac?cafero?lu, S. (2014). Survey on the communication skills that the college students of school ofphysical education and sports perceived from the teaching staff. International Journal of ScienceCulture and Sport (IntJSCS), 2(1), 54-67.Haftkhavani, Z. G., Faghiharam, B., & Araghieh, A. (2012). Organizational commitment and academicperformance (Case study: students at secondary schools for girls). Procedia-Social andBehavioral Sciences, 69, 1529-1538.Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: Aglobal perspective. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.Hamilton-Ekeke, J. T., & Dorgu, E. T. (2015). Curriculum and indigenous education fortechnological advancement. British Journal of Education, 3(11), 32-39.Hanushek, E. A. & Rivkin, S. G. (2006). Teacher Quality. In Hanushek, E. & Welch, F. (2006).(Eds.). Handbook of the Economics of Education. Netherlands: Elsevier, 1-29.Kiplagat, P., Role, E., & Makewa, L. N. (2012). Teacher commitment and mathematics performancein primary schools: A meeting point! International Journal of Development andSustainability, 1(2), 286-304.Kline, R. B. (2005). Details of path analysis. Principles and practice of structuralequation modeling. London, New York: Guilford.Koedel, C., Parsons, E., Podgursky, M., & Ehlert, M. (2015). Teacher preparation programs andteacher quality: Are there real differences across programs? Education Finance and Policy, 10(4),508-534.Koellner, K., & Jacobs, J. (2015). Distinguishing models of professional development: The case ofan adaptive models impact on teachers knowledge, instruction, and student achievement. Journal ofTeacher Education, 66(1), 51-67.Korkmaz, S., Goksuluk, D., & Zararsiz, G. (2014). MVN: An R package for assessing multivariatenormality. The R Journal, 6(2), 151-162.Korpershoek, H., Harms, T., De Boer, H., van Kuijk, M., & Doolaard, S. (2016). A meta-analysis ofthe effects of classroom management strategies and classroom management programs on students academic, behavioral, emotional, and motivational outcomes. Review of EducationalResearch, 86(3), 643-680.Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for researchactivities.Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610.Ladd, H. F., & Sorensen, L. C. (2015). Do masters degrees matter? Advanced degrees, career paths,and the effectiveness of teachers. Mimeo: Duke.Ladipo, J. L. (2014). An action research of teachers' perceptions and attitudes ofprofessional development: integrating music into mathematics (Doctoral dissertation, Capella University).Lanney, N. E. (1998). The perceptions of teacher empowerment and job satisfaction among jacksoncounty high school teachers (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia).Lawal, U. S., & Yakubu, M. A. (2018). Quality assurance practice and instructional delivery amongsecondary school civic education teachers in Kaduna state, Nigeria. British Journal ofEducation, 6(3), 41-56.Lawer, P. K, Issac, A., Seth, A. A., & Nasiru, N. K. A. (2016). Effective classroom management,self-esteem and academic achievement. International Journal of Social Science andHumanities Research, 4(1), 292-299.Liakopoulou, M. (2011). The professional competence of teachers: Which qualities, attitudes, skillsand knowledge contribute to a teachers effectiveness? International Journal of Humanities andSocial Science, 1(21), 66-78.Lightfoot, S. L., (1986). On goodness of schools: Themes of empowerment. Peabody Journal ofEducation, 63, (3), 9-28.Lin, R., Xie, J., Jeng, Y. C., & Huang, S. (2010). The relationship between teacher quality andteaching effectiveness perceived by students from industrial vocational high schools. Asian Journalof Arts and Sciences, 1(2), 167-187.Loy, K. J. (2006). Effective teacher communication skills and teacher quality (Doctoraldissertation, The Ohio State University).Luskova, M., & Hudakova, M. (2013). Approaches to teachers performance assessment forenhancing quality of education at universities. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,106, 476-484.McCrae, R. R., & Costa Jr, P. T. (1992). Discriminant validity of NEO-PIR facetscales.Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52(1), 229-237.Maeroff, G. I. (1988). The Empowerment of teachers: Overcoming the crisis of confidence. New York:Teachers College Press.Magnier, L., Schoormans, J., & Mugge, R. (2016). Judging a product by its cover:Packaging sustainability and perceptions of quality in food products. Food Quality and Preference,53, 132-142.Magnusson, S., Krajcik, J., & Borko, H. (1999). Nature, sources, and development of pedagogicalcontent knowledge for science teaching. In Examining Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Dordrecht:Springer.Maigida, A. Y. (2017). A review of Nigerias universalization of education and the perceptibleanalysis of universal basic education as a concept and phenomenon. International Journal ofAcademic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(7), 693-706.Mansfield, R. K. (2015). Teacher quality and student inequality. Journal of LaborEconomics, 33(3), 751-788.Mart, . T. (2013). Commitment to school and students. International Journal ofAcademic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(1), 336.Maydeu-Olivares, A., & Garcia-Forero, C. (2010). Goodness-of-fit testing. InternationalEncyclopedia of Education, 7(1), 190-196.Mehrjoo, D., & Noursina, M. (2013). The relationships between e-HRM and staff empowerment:A case study of Amir Al-Moemenin Hospital in Iran. International Journal of Economy, Management andSocial Sciences, 2(10), 814-819.Metcalf, A. Y., Habermann, M., Fry, T. D., & Stoller, J. K. (2018). The impact of quality practicesand employee empowerment in the performance of hospital units. International Journal of ProductionResearch, 2(7), 1-18.Meyer, J. P. & Maltin, E. R. (2010). Employee commitment and well-being: A critical review,theoretical framework and research agenda. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 77(2), 323- 337.Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization oforganizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89.Miears, L. D. (2004). Servant-leadership and job satisfaction: a correlation study inTexas education agency region X public schools. Retrieved from http://elibrary.ru.Mills, G. E., & Gay, L. R. (2016). Educational research: Competencies for analysis andapplications. Upper Saddle Ridge, NJ: Pearson.Mok, E. & Au-Yeung, B. (2002). Relationship between organizational climate and empowerment ofnurses in Hong Kong. Journal of Nursing Management, 10(3), 129 -138.Moll, L. C. (1992). Vygotsky and education: instructional implications and applicationof sociohistorical psychology. Cambridge University Press.Moreno, C. (2009). Effective teachers-Professional and personal skills. Ensayos, Revistade la Facultad de Educacin de Albacete, 24, 35-46.Morgan, M., Ludlow, L., Kitching, K., O'Leary, M., & Clarke, A. (2010). What makes teachers tick?Sustaining events in new teachers lives. British Educational Research Journal, 36(2), 191- 208.Morgan, N. A., & Piercy, N. F. (2015). Defining Quality: A Contingency Perspective. InProceedings of the 1992 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference Springer,Cham, 486-491.Mortimer, E. F., & Scott, P. H. (2002). Discursive activity in science classroom: A socioculturaltool to analyze and planning teaching. Investigaes em Ensino de Cincias, 7(3), 283306.Moye, M. J., Henkin, A. B. & Egley, R. J. (2005). Teacher-principal relationships:Exploring linkages between empowerment and interpersonal trust. Journal of EducationalAdministration, 43(3), 260-277.Mukminin, A., Rohayati, T., Putra, H. A., Habibi, A., & Aina, M. (2017). The long walk to qualityteacher education in Indonesia: Student teachers motives to become a teacher and policyimplications. ?lk?retim Online, 16(1), 35-59.Musa, J. M., Jimba, D. N., & Ogundele, M. O. (2015). The role of teachers in transforming Nigeriachallenges and the way forward. Asian Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 3(2), 56-62.Nair, S. R., & Ndubisi, N. O. (2015). Evaluating managements environmental commitment and linkwith firms environmental orientation. Journal of Management and Research, 15(3), 165- 178Nardi, P. M. (2018). Doing survey research: a guide to quantitative methods. Routledge.Narenji, N., & Nojabaee, S. S. (2015). Identification of factors affecting employees' empowermentin airports of mazandaran province. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(3) 634- 747.National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM]. (2000). Principles and standards for schoolmathematics. Reston, VA: Author.Niess, M. L. (2011). Investigating TPACK: Knowledge growth in teaching with technology. Journal ofEducational Computing Research, 44(3), 299-317.Nursalam, N., Fibriansari, R. D., Yuwono, S. R., Hadi, M., Efendi, F., & Bushy, A.(2018). Development of an empowerment model for burnout syndrome and quality of nursing work lifein Indonesia. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.05.001Nwagwu, C. O. (2003). Effects of teachers qualification and gender and teaching effectiveness inIgbo-Eze North L.G.A of Enugu State. An unpublished M.Ed. project, University of Nigeria, Nsuka.Oakland, J. S. (2014). Total Quality management and operational excellence: Text withcases.Routledge.Obi, C., & Rustad, S. A. (2011). Conclusion: amnesty and post amnesty peace, is the window ofopportunity closing for the niger delta. oil and insurgency in the niger delta: managing thecomplex politics of petro-violence. London, New York: Zed book.Odiba, A. I. (2012). Educational quality improvement in Nigeria: interventions, challenges and theway forward. Journal of Research in Education and Society, 3(2), 53-59.Ogunyinka, E. K., Okeke, T. I., & Adedoyin, R. C. (2015). Teacher education and development inNigeria: an analysis of reforms, challenges and prospects. Education Journal, 4(3), 111-122.Ojimba, D. P. (2013). Teacher quality and senior secondary school students achievementinmathematics in Rivers State, Nigeria. Educational Research International, 1(3), 40-47.Okafor, F. C. (1988). Nigeria teacher education: A search for a new direction. Fourth Dimension.Nigeria: Publishing Co. Ltd.Oke, T. I., & Bukar, I. B. (2018). Exploring alternative sources of funding universal Basiceducation for sustainable development in Nigeria. KIU Journal of Humanities, 2(2), 31-38.Olasehinde-Williams, F., Yahaya, L., & Owolabi, H. (2018). Teachers' knowledge indicesas predictors of secondary school students' academic achievement in Kwara State, Nigeria. IAFORJournal of Education, 6(1), 73-90.Olatunji, M. O. (2015). What is Nigerias philosophy of education. American Journal of SocialIssues and Humanities, 5(2), 393-399.ler, F., & Florescu, M. (2015). Mediating effect of job satisfaction in the relationship betweenpsychological empowerment and job performance. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 22(3), 5-32.Ololube, N. P. (2005). School effectiveness and quality improvement: Quality teaching inNigerian secondary schools. In The African Symposium, 5 (4), 17-31.Olujuwon, T. (2002). Education in Nigeria: A futuristic perspective. Spheres ofinfluence: ventures and vision in educational development. Edited by Goody A & Ingram,D. University of Western Australia, 1-8.Oluremi, O. F. (2013). Management competence; Need for effective professionalization of nigeriasecondary school principals. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business andManagement Review, 2(10), 49-54.Ong, M. H. A., & Puteh, F. (2017). Quantitative data analysis: Choosing between SPSS, PLS and AMOSin social science research. International Interdisciplinary Journal of Scientific Research,3(1), 14-25.Onuma, N., & Eze, B. N. (2016). Mechanism for improving the managerial communication skills ofschool principals for effective school administration in Nigeria. British Journal of Education,4(7), 67-81.Onyekuru, B. U., & Ibegbunam, J. O. (2013). Teaching effectiveness of secondary school teachers inEmohua Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. European Scientific Journal,9(28), 212-226.Opoh, F. A., Peter, A., & Polycarp, K. (2017). Evaluation of upper basic social studies studentsperformance trend in public examination between 2010-2014 in Cross River State, Nigeria.International Journal of Innovative Education Research 5(3), 42-47.Ordu, G. E. O. (2017). Trends and patterns of Boko Haram terrorist and militants' aggression inNigeria. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 37, 35-41Osakwe, R. N. (2014). Classroom management: A tool for achieving quality secondaryschool education in Nigeria. International Journal of Education, 6(2), 58.008). Wholeaves? Teacher attrition and student (4th ed.). Abuja: Nigerian (Nig) Ltd.Osakwe, R. N. (2014). Classroom management: A tool for achieving quality secondaryschool education in Nigeria. International Journal of Education, 6(2), 58-68.Osuji, S. N. (2009). Teacher education curriculum in Nigeria in the perspective of lifelongeducation.The Journal of International Social Research, 2(8), 297-301.Ottmar, E. R., Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., Larsen, R. A., & Berry, R. Q. (2015). Mathematical knowledgefor teaching, standards-based mathematics teaching practices, and student achievement in thecontext of the responsive classroom approach. American Educational Research Journal, 52(4),787-821.Oyira, E. J., Emon, U. D., Essien, N. C., & Ekpenyong, A. O. (2015). Western andtraditional educational background of midwives and delivery pain control among women in CrossRiver State, Nigeria. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 3(3), 33-44.Ozordi, C. (2010). The falling grades. Retrieved May 14, 2016, fromhttp://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/next/home/5544951-146.Ozurumba, C. N. (2015). Enhancing the quality of secondary educational institutions through in-service training of teachers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Cypriot Journal of EducationalSciences, 10(2), 87-93.Pallant, J. (2011). Multivariate analysis of variance. SPSS survival manual. Crows Nest: Allen &Unwin, 20(11), 283-96.Palos, R., & Petrovici, M. C. (2014). Perceived importance of communication skills andtheir predictive value for academic performance. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 46,85-98.Pearson, K. (1895). Contributions to the mathematical theory of evolution. III. Regression,Heredity, and Panmixia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 59(353-358), 69-71.Peng, M. W., & Ilinitch, A. Y. (1998). Export intermediary firms: A note on export developmentresearch. Journal of International Business Studies, 29(3), 609-620.Pintrich, P. R. (1991). A manual for the use of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire(MSLQ). Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED338122.pdf.Porter, S. R. (2006). Institutional structures and student engagement. Research in HigherEducation, 47(5), 521-558.Prozesky, R. D. (2000). Communication and effective teaching. Journal of Community Eye Health,International Centre for Eye Health.2 (1) 234-250.Ramdhani, N., Ancok, D., Swasono, Y., & Suryanto, P. (2012). Teacher qualityimprovement program: empowering teachers to increasing a quality of Indonesians education.Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 1836-1841.Rao, R. V. (2007). Decision making in the manufacturing environment: using graph theory and fuzzymultiple attribute decision making methods. London, NY: Springer-Verlag.Rapudi, M. M. (2012). The Principal's role in teacher empowerment in the NorthernProvince.Unpublished Masters dissertation: Rand African University.Ray, N., & Ghosh, D. (2014). Internet service quality dimensions and their impact oncustomer satisfaction: case from banking industry. Asian Journal of Research in Bankingand Finance, 4(8), 212-221.Reicheld, F. F. (1996). The loyal effect. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Reichers, A. E. (1985). A review and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. Academy ofManagement Review, 10(3), 465-476.Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2007). Structural equation modeling: Critical issues andnew developments. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 21(4), 41-71.ReSearCher, N. (2017). Use of theoretical and conceptual frameworks in qualitative research. NurseResearcher, 21(6), 34-38.Rice, J. K. (2003). Teacher quality: Understanding the effectiveness of teacherattributes.Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute.Richardson, M., Abraham, C., & Bond, R. (2012). Psychological correlates of university students'academic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin,138(2), 353-387.Rieser, S., Naumann, A., Decristan, J., Fauth, B., Klieme, E., & Bttner, G. (2016). The connectionbetween teaching and learning: Linking teaching quality and metacognitive strategy use in primaryschool. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(4), 526-545.Rigdon, E. E. (1996). CFI versus RMSEA: A comparison of two fit indexes for structural equationmodeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 3(4), 369-379.Rinehart, J. S., Short, P. M., Short, R. J., & Eckley, M. (1998). Teacher empowerment and principalleadership: Understanding the influence process. Educational Administration Quarterly, 34(1),630-649.Ripley, R. E. & Ripley, M. J. (1992). Empowerment the cornerstone of quality:Empowering management in innovative organizations in the 1990s. Management Decision, 30(4), 20-43.Robert, O. S., & Dibie, G. A. (2015). The imperative of effective socialization towards sustainingindigenous cultures in Nigeria. Journal of Humanities and Social Policy, 3(2), 29-38.Royston, P. (1992). Approximating the Shapiro-Wilk W-Test for non-normality. Statisticsand Computing, 2(3), 117-119.Rubin, A., & Babbie, E. R. (2009). Essential research methods for social work. PacificGrove, California: Brooks Cole Pub Co.Ruth, M. E. U. N. (2018). Influence of educational counselling on the academic performance ofprimary school pupils in Rivers State. International Journal of Innovative EducationResearch 6(2), 40-48.Sahoo, C. K. & Das, S. (2011). Employee empowerment: A strategy towards workplace commitment. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(11), 46-54.Saliu, A. Y., Gbadeyan, R. A., & Olujide, J. O. (2015). Organizational commitment andjob satisfaction of security operatives in selected tertiary institutions in Kwara State.Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 3(4), 43-49.Sallis, E. (2014). Total quality management in education. New York, NY: Routledge.Sattar, T., Ahmad, K., & Hassan, S. M. (2015). Role of human resource practices inemployee performance and job satisfaction with mediating effect of employee engagement. PakistanEconomic and Social Review, 53(1), 81-96.Schumacher, R. L., & Lomax, S. R.G, (2010). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling.NY: Routledge.Schwarzer, R., & Hallum, S. (2008). Perceived teacher self-efficacy as a predictor ofjob stress and burnout: Mediation analyses. Applied Psychology, 57, 152-171.Sekaran U, Bougie R. (2010). Research methodology for business. New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Shepherd, D. (2013). The impact of teacher subject knowledge on learner performance in SouthAfrica: A within-pupil across-subject approach. Online publication, retrieved fromwww.iwaee.org/papers%20sito%202013/Shepherd.pdfShizha, E. (2015). Reclaiming indigenous cultures in sub-saharan african education. in indigenouseducation. Hawaii: Dordrecht Publication.Short, P. M. & Rinehart, J. S. (1992). School participant empowerment scale: Assessment of level of empowerment within the school environment. Educational and PsychologicalMeasurement, 52(4), 951-960.Shulman, L. S. (1986). Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching. EducationalResearcher, 15(2), 4-14.Silverman, J., Kurtz, S., & Draper, J. (2016). Skills for communicating with patients. London: CRCPress.Silverman, D. (2016). Qualitative research. California, USA: Sage Publication.Smidt, E., Li, R., Bunk, J., Kochem, T., & McAndrew, A. (2017). The meaning of quality in an onlinecourse to administrators, faculty, and students. Journal of Interactive LearningResearch, 28(1), 65-86.Smith, L. B. (2009). From fragments to geometric shape changes in visual objectrecognition between 18 and 24 months. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(5), 290-294.Solomon, C. B. (2007). The relationships among middle level leadership, teachercommitment, teacher colllective efficacy, and student achievement (Doctoral dissertation,University of Missouri-Columbia).Sono, J. H. (2014). The effect of feedback on lower-level employees' empowerment, motivation andperformance in a selected steel production Company (Doctoral dissertation).Sowell, H. K. (2013). Classroom management strategies: (The impact on studentachievement)(Doctoral dissertation, Liberty University).Spatz, D. M. (2000). Team-building in construction. Practice Periodical on Structural Design andConstruction, 5(3), 93-105.Stander, M., & Rothmann, S. (2009). The relationship between leadership, jobsatisfaction and organizational commitment. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 6(3), 7-13.Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An intervalestimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(2), 173-180.Sturz, D. L., Kleiner, B. H., & Fernandez, A. (2005). Effective management of cultural diversity ina classroom setting. Equal opportunities international, 24(5/6), 57-64.Suarez, G. J. (1992). Three experts on quality management: Philip B. Crosby, W. Edwards Deming,Joseph M. Juran. Washington, DC: Department of the Navy Total Quality Leadership Office.Subroto, W. T. (2013). Analysis influence of teacher empowerment performance within improving thequality of education in elementary school in Surabaya City. Analysis, 4(2), 37-46.Suhr, D. D. (2006). Exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis? Retrieve fromwww2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi31/200-31.Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2006). Multivariate Analysis of Grouped Data. InInvited Workshop Presented to the Meeting of the Western Psychological Association, PalmSprings, CA.Taber, K. S. (2017). The use of Cronbachs alpha when developing and reportingresearch instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 1(24), 163-173.Taiwo, C. O. (1980). The Nigerian education system: Past, present, and future. Ikeja, Nigeria: T.Nelson.Tella, A. (2007). The Impact of motivation on student's academic achievement andlearning outcomes in mathematics among secondary school students in Nigeria. Eurasia Journal ofMathematics, Science & Technology Education, 3(2), 149-156.Terry, M. P. (2000). Empowering Teachers as a Leaders. Human resource management practices (5??Ed.). Retrieved from citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.582.4174Tetik, N. (2016). The effects of psychological empowerment on job satisfaction and jobperformance of tourist guides. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and SocialSciences, 6(2), 221-239.Thangeda, A., Baratiseng, B., & Mompati, T. (2016). Education for Sustainability:quality education is a necessity in modern day. How far do the educational institutions facilitatequality education? Journal of Education and Practice, 7(2), 9-17.Thomas, S. (2017). Teacher empowerment: a focused ethnographic study in Brunei Darussalam.The Qualitative Report, 22(1), 47-72.Timilehin, E. H. (2010). Administering secondary schools in Nigeria for quality output in the 21stcentury: the principals challenge. European Journal of Educational Studies, 2(3), 187-192.Treece, E.W., & Treece, J.W. (1982). Element of research in nursing (3?? ed.). St.Louis, MO: MosbyTsang, K. (2012). The use of midpoint on Likert scale: the implication for educational research.Hong Kong Teachers Centre Journal, 11(1), 121-130.Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factoranalysis.Psychometrika, 38(1), 1-10.Ullman, J. B. (2006). Structural equation modeling: Reviewing the basics and moving forward.Journal of Personality Assessment, 87(1), 35-50.Usman, U., & Mokhtar, S. S. M. (2016). Analysis of service quality, university image and studentsatisfaction on student loyalty in higher education in Nigeria. International BusinessManagement, 10(12), 2490-2502.Van Teijlingen, E. R., Rennie, A. M., Hundley, V., & Graham, W. (2001). Theimportance of conducting and reporting pilot studies: the example of the Scottish Births Survey.Journal of Advanced Nursing, 34(3), 289-295.Vasudevan, H. (2013). The influence of teachers' creativity, attitude and commitment on students'proficiency of the English language. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education,1(2), 12-19.Vaus, D. D. (2002). Surveys in social research. Australia, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin.Veal, A. J. (2017). Research methods for leisure and tourism. New York: Pearson Book.Veisi, S., Azizifar, A., Gowhary, H., & Jamalinesari, A. (2015). The relationship between IranianEFL teachers empowerment and teachers self-efficacy. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,185, 437-445.Vlasic, S., Vale, S., & Puhar, D. K. (2009). Quality management in education. InterdisciplinaryManagement Research, 5, 565-573.Vygotsky, L. S. (Lev Semenovich), (1962). Thought and Language. Edited and Translatedby Eugenia Hanfmann and Gertrude Vakar. Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology: M.I.T. Press.Wadesango, N. (2012). The influence of teacher participation in decision-making on theiroccupational morale. Journal of Social Sciences, 31(3), 361-369.Walliman, N. (2017). Research methods: The basics. New York, NY: Routledge.Wayar, B., & Saleh, A. (2016). An analysis of the causes of English grammaticalerrors in communicative genre: A case study of mathematics students at Gombe State University,Nigeria. Journal of Educational Research and Review, 4(5), 45-53.Wenglinsky, H. (2002). How schools matter: The link between teacher classroom practices and studentacademic performance. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 10(12), 1-30.Williams, L. J., & Holahan, P. J. (1994). Parsimony?based fit indices for multiple?indicatormodels: Do they work? Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 1(2), 161-189.Wolfgang, C. H., & Glickman, C. D. (1980). Solving discipline problems: strategies for classroomteachers. Boston, United States: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.Wu, P. (2013). Examining pedagogical content knowledge (pck) for business englishteaching: concept and model. Polyglosia. Retrieved from http://r-cube.ritsumei.ac.jp.Yahya, S. A. (2015). Leadership styles, types and students academic achievement inNigeria(Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia).Yusufu, S. A. (2012). Utilization of ICT in library personnel development ineducational parastatals: A case study of federal capital territory, Abuja: Doctoral Dissertation.Zainol, Z. (2014). The effect of customer-brand relationship investment on customer engagement.(Unpublished Doctoral thesis, University Kebangsaan Malaysia).Zakaria, S., & Dewa, N. (2015). Communication skills and conduct in class as perceivedby students towards effective teaching. GSE E-Journal of Education, 3, 45-56.Zembylas, M., & Papanastasiou, E. C. (2005). Modeling teacher empowerment: The role of jobsatisfaction. Educational Research and Evaluation, 11(5), 433-459.

Mediating role of principal empowerment practices on the relationship between teacher quality and expected students academic performance

Similar Items