The relationships between influencing factors and critical thinking skills among undergraduates of early childhood education in public tertiary institutions

This study aims to identify the relationships between influencing factors and criticalthinking skills among undergraduates of early childhood education in public tertiaryinstitutions. The study also analyses the contribution of the influencing factors towardscritical thinking skills. Quantitative ap...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Poon, Thin Fook
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2018
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5307
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:5307
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic LB Theory and practice of education
spellingShingle LB Theory and practice of education
Poon, Thin Fook
The relationships between influencing factors and critical thinking skills among undergraduates of early childhood education in public tertiary institutions
description This study aims to identify the relationships between influencing factors and criticalthinking skills among undergraduates of early childhood education in public tertiaryinstitutions. The study also analyses the contribution of the influencing factors towardscritical thinking skills. Quantitative approach with survey research design was adopted forthis study. A number of 226 undergraduates who enrolled in early childhood educationprogramme from public tertiary institutions were chosen as the respondents. Data wereanalysed using descriptive and inferential analyses. The descriptive analysis explained thelevel of critical thinking skills and the influencing factors of the critical thinkingskills. The inferential statistics which involved Pearson correlation and multiple regressionanalyses explained the relationships and contribution between the studied variables. Thefindings showed that the respondents have a moderate level of critical thinking skillswhich was (M = 50.60, SD = 8.467) The environment factor was at a high level (M = 4.14, SD = 0.530)while the quality of teaching factor was at a moderate level (M = 3.52, SD = 0.553) and themotivation factor was also at a moderate level (M = 3.44, SD = 0.529). Pearson correlation analysisshowed that there were significant relationships between the environment and the criticalthinking skills r(226)= 0.757, (p
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Master's degree
author Poon, Thin Fook
author_facet Poon, Thin Fook
author_sort Poon, Thin Fook
title The relationships between influencing factors and critical thinking skills among undergraduates of early childhood education in public tertiary institutions
title_short The relationships between influencing factors and critical thinking skills among undergraduates of early childhood education in public tertiary institutions
title_full The relationships between influencing factors and critical thinking skills among undergraduates of early childhood education in public tertiary institutions
title_fullStr The relationships between influencing factors and critical thinking skills among undergraduates of early childhood education in public tertiary institutions
title_full_unstemmed The relationships between influencing factors and critical thinking skills among undergraduates of early childhood education in public tertiary institutions
title_sort relationships between influencing factors and critical thinking skills among undergraduates of early childhood education in public tertiary institutions
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia
publishDate 2018
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5307
_version_ 1747833178691731456
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:53072020-10-19 The relationships between influencing factors and critical thinking skills among undergraduates of early childhood education in public tertiary institutions 2018 Poon, Thin Fook LB Theory and practice of education This study aims to identify the relationships between influencing factors and criticalthinking skills among undergraduates of early childhood education in public tertiaryinstitutions. The study also analyses the contribution of the influencing factors towardscritical thinking skills. Quantitative approach with survey research design was adopted forthis study. A number of 226 undergraduates who enrolled in early childhood educationprogramme from public tertiary institutions were chosen as the respondents. Data wereanalysed using descriptive and inferential analyses. The descriptive analysis explained thelevel of critical thinking skills and the influencing factors of the critical thinkingskills. The inferential statistics which involved Pearson correlation and multiple regressionanalyses explained the relationships and contribution between the studied variables. Thefindings showed that the respondents have a moderate level of critical thinking skillswhich was (M = 50.60, SD = 8.467) The environment factor was at a high level (M = 4.14, SD = 0.530)while the quality of teaching factor was at a moderate level (M = 3.52, SD = 0.553) and themotivation factor was also at a moderate level (M = 3.44, SD = 0.529). Pearson correlation analysisshowed that there were significant relationships between the environment and the criticalthinking skills r(226)= 0.757, (p 2018 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5307 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5307 text eng closedAccess Masters Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia Abdul Rahman M.A., Nuri A.E., Mahari, M.A., Zulqarnain, A.B. & Raja A.I.R.Y.(2012). IslamicCritical Thinking: The Perception of Muslim Engineering Students in Universiti TeknologiPetronas. International Conference on Management, Social Sciences and Humanities, 92-95.Adams, M. H., Whitlow, J. F., Stover, L. M & Johnson, K. W. (1996). Critical thinking as an educational outcome: An evaluation of current tools of measurement. Nurse Educator,21(3),23-32.Aiken, L. R. (1996). Assessment of intellectual functioning, (2nd Ed.). New York: PlenumPress.Akbariah Mohd. Mahdzir. (2009) Penerokaan Ciri-ciri Psikometrik InstrumenPentaksiran Pemikiran Kraitis Malaysia (IPPKM) dan Model Pemikiran Kritis Malaysia. Phd thesis,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (unpublished).Akgun, A & Duruk, U. (2016). The investigation of preservice science teachers critical thinkingskills in the context of personal and social factors. Journal of Science EducationInternational, 27(1), 3-15.Altman, D., Burton, N., Cuthill, I., Festing, M., Hutton, J. & Playle, L. (2006). Why doa pilot study? National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals inResearch.Available online athttp://www.nc3rs.org.uk/downloaddoc.asp?id=400.Ames, C., & Ames, R. (1989). Research in motivation in education. San Diego: AcademicPress.Aminah Yacob, Rohani Abdullah, Nani Menon & Jameyah Shariff. (2014). Kursus asuhan dandidikan awal kanak-kanak PERMATA negara. University Putra Malaysia, Serdang.Ann Rosnida Mohd. Deni, Zainor Izat Zainal & Suseela Malakolunthu. (2014).Improving teaching in higher education in Malaysia: Issues and challenges.rther and Higher Education, 38(5), 656-673.Anuar Ahmad, Siti Haishah Abd Rahman & Nur Atiqah Abdullah. (2014). Therelationship between history teachers level of capability and studentsperformance in low performance schools. Journal of Education Malaysia, 34(1), 53 66.Anusuya Kaliappan. (2015). Tahap Kualiti Penyeliaan Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran dalamBilik Darjah dengan Efikasi Guru di SK Zon Batu Anam, Segamat. Master thesis, Universiti TeknologyMalaysia (unpublished).APA. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes ofeducational assessment and instruction. USA: American Philosophical Association.Asmah Othman. (1994). Critical thinking skills across the curriculum: survey ofteachersknowledge, skills and attitudes in secondary school in Kuching, Sarawak. DissertationM.Ed. University of Houston.Aytunga O. & Hakan S. (2016). The Relationship between Locus of Control and Critical ThinkingSkills in Pre-Service Teachers. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(2), 182-192.Aziz Yahya, Safiah Sidek & Zanariah Jano. (2014). Critical Thinking Skills among FinalYear Students of Malaysian Technical Universities. Malaysian Technical UniversitiesInternational Conference on Engineering & Technology (MUiCET 2014).Azizi Yahaya, Asmah Suboh, Zurihanmi Zakaria & Fawziah Yahya. (2007). Aplikasi Kognitifdalam Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: PTS Professional Publishing. Kuala Lumpur.Azlida Mohamad. (2015). Hubungan antara Disposisi Pemikiran Kritis dengan Gaya PengajaranInkuiri dalam kalangan Guru Sains Daerah Hulu Langat. Master thesis, University PutraMalaysia (unpublished).Aznizah, N. K. (2004). Kajian Tentang Kreativiti Guru Sains dan Matematik SekolahMenengah. Master thesis, University Technology Malaysia (unpublished).Babbie E. R., Halley, F., & Zaino, J. (2007). Adventures in social research: dataanalysis using SPSS 14.0 and 15.0 for Windows. Pine Forge Press.Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum. (2001). Kurikulum Bersepadu Prasekolah. KualaLumpur: Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia.Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum. (2010). Dokumen Standard Kurikulum Prasekolah.Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia.Banning, M. (2006). Nursing research: perspectives on critical thinking. British Journal ofEducation, 15(8), 458-461.Bartlett, K. R. (2005). Survey research in organizations. Research in Organizations:Foundations and Methods of Inquiry, 97-113.Bassham, G. (2005). Linked and Independent Premises: A New Analysis. Proceedings of the FifthConference of the International Society for the Study of Argumentation (Amsterdam: Sic Sat,2005), 6973.Bataineh, O., & Alazzi, K. (2009). Perceptions of Jordanian secondary school teachers towardscritical thinking. Retrieved from Education Resources Information Center. ERIC No. EJ869429. NewYork: Plenum Press.Ben-Chaim, D., Ron, S. & Zoller, U. (2000). The disposition of eleventh-grade science studentstowards critical thinking. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 9(2), 149-159.Bensley, D. A. (2008). Thinking critically about critical thinking approaches: Comment on Yancer,Slife, & Warne. Review of General Psychology, 13, 275-277.Berg, E. S. (2001). An assessment of community college students learning styles, choice ofinstructional delivery method, withdrawal rates, and performance in writing intensivecourses. Dissertation Abstracts International, 62(10), 32-46.Beyer, B. (2001). Teaching thinking skills: Defining the problem. In A. L. Costa (Ed.), Developingminds (pp.35-40). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.Beyer, B. (2001a). Teaching thinking skills: Defining the problem. In A. L. Costa (Ed.),Developing minds; A resource book for teaching thinking (pp. 35-40). Alexandria,VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.Black, H. & Parks, S. (2006). Building thinking skills: Critical thinking skills for reading,writing, math & science, level 2. New York: Critical Thinking Co.Boostrum, R. (1994). Developing creative and critical thinking: An integrated approach.Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook Company.Bornstein, R. F., Rossner, S. C., Hill, E. L., & Stepanian, M. L. (1994). Face validity andfakability of objective and projective measures of dependency. Journal ofPersonality Assessment, 63(2), 363-386.Brookfield, S. D. (2011). Teaching for critical thinking: Tools and techniques to helpstudents question their assumptions (1st Ed). Jossey-Bass.Brookhart, S.M. (2010). How to assess higher-order thinking skills in your classroom:association for supervision & curriculum development. VA: ASCD.Brown, M.N., & Freeman K. (2000). Distinguishing Features of Critical ThinkingClassrooms. Teach. Higher Educ. 5(3):301-309.Browne, M. N., & Keeley, S. M. (2007). Asking the right questions: A guide to critical thinking(8?? Ed). Pearson Prentice Hall.Brunt, B. A. (2005). Models, measurement, and strategies in developing critical-thinking skills.Journal of Continuing Education, 36(6), 255-260.Bryman, A. & Cramer, D. (2011). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS 17, 18 and 19.London: Routledge.Budsankom, P., Sawangboon, T., Damrongpanit, S. & Chuensirimongkol, J. (2015). Factors affecting higher order thinking skills of students: a meta-analytic structuralequation modeling study. Academic Journal, 10(19), 2639-2652.Burbach, M. E., Matkin, G. S., & Fritz, S. M. (2004). Teaching critical thinking in anintroductory leadership course utilizing active learning strategies: A confirmatory study. CollegeStudent Journal, 38(3),482-493.Burns, W., & Grove, S. K. E. (2003). Witch hunts in Europe and America. London: AnEncyclopedia.Busari, A. O. (2011). The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy, Motivation And Critical ThinkingSkills To Achievement Of Sandwich Degree Students. International Journal of Asian SocialScience, 1(1), 1-9.Chaffee, J. (2011) Thinking critically (10?? Ed.)- Boston: Wadsworth.Che Nidzam Che Ahmad, Kamisah Osman, & Lilia Halim. (2014). PredictiveRelationship between Science Laboratory Learning Environment and Level of StudentsSatisfaction. Journal of Education Malaysia 2014, 35(2), 19-30.Che Nidzam Che Ahmad, Noraini Mohamed Noh, Mazlini Adnan, Marzita Putih, & Mohd HairyIbrahim. (2014). Pengaruh persekitaran fizikal bilik darjah terhadap tahap keselesaan pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 35(2), 19-30.Cholisoh L., Fatimah S., Yuniasih F. (2015). Critical thinking skills in integrated sciencelearning viewed from learning motivation. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia,11(2), 134-141.Choy, S. C., & Cheah, P. K. (2011). Teacher perceptions of critical thinking amongstudents and its influence on higher education. International Journal of Teaching and Learning inHigher Education, 20(2), 198-206.Chua, Y. P. (2012). Asas Statistik dan Penyelidikan: Analisis Data Skala Ordinal danSkala Nominal. Shah Alam: McGraw-Hill (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.Clifford, J. S., Boufal, M. M. & Kurtz, J. E. (2004). Personality Traits and CriticalThinking Skills in College Students Empirical Tests of a Two-Factor Theory. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 49, 710-721.Clifford, J. S., Boufal, M. M., & Kurtz, J. E (2004). Personality traits and critical thinkingskills in college students: empirical tests of a two-factor theory. Journal of SAGE,11(2), 169-176.Clinchy, B. (1994). On critical thinking and connected knowing. New York: Albany Press.Coakes, S. J., & Steed, L. G. (2003). SPSS Analysis without anguish, Version 11.0 forWindows, Milton, Queensland: John Wiley & Sons.Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. (Revised ed.).New York: Academic Press.Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S., & Aiken, L. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlationanalysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: LawrenceErlbaum Associates Publishers.Cohen, L, Manion, L & Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methods in Education (6th Ed.), London:Routledge. College Washington.Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P.S., (2003). Business Research Methods (8th Ed.). NewYork, NY: McGraw-Hill.Cottrell, S. (2011). Critical thinking skills: Developing effective analysis and argument.(2?? Ed.). Srella Cottrell and Mackmilan.Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluatingquantitative and qualitative research (4th Ed.). Boston, MA: PearsonEducation, Inc.Creswell, J. W. (2015). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. California:Sage Publications, Ins.Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clarke, V. L. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methodsresearch. Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage.Daniel, J. (2011). Sampling essentials: Practical guidelines for making sampling choices.London: Sage Publication.Daniel K. K., & Felix K. (2014). The impact of school environment and peer influences on students academic performance in Vihiga County, Kenya. Journal of Education andPractice, 5(11), 102-118.Davis, J.A. (1971). Elementary survey analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Darling-Hammond, L. (2004). How teacher education matters. Journal of TeacherEducation, 51(3), 166-173.Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior.New York: Plenum.Denardo, M. D. (2003). A statistic report of critical thinking: Current knowledge of and exemplaryteaching practice at the higher education level. Online Thesis, Lowa State University. UMIProQuest Digital Dissertations.Dian Hikmah Mohd Ibrahim & Mohd Zaidi Mahyuddin. (2016). Youth unemployment in Malaysia:Development and Policy Considerations.Doddington, C. (2007). Critical thinking as a source of respect for persons: A critique.educational philosophy and theory, 39(4), 449-459.Dornyei, Z. (1998). Motivation in second and foreign language learning. LanguageTeaching, 31(3), 117-135. doi: 10.1017/S026144480001315X.Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. AnnualReview of Psychology, 20, 109-133.Edgar M. (2014). Effects of classroom assessment on the critical thinking skills andacademic performance of students. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(1),205-208.Educational Planning and Research Division. (2008). Educational in Malaysia: Ajourney to excellence, Putrajaya: Ministry of Education Malaysia.Elliot, M. J. (2001). Project approach: Celebrating human dimension of learning.Available from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal.Ennis, R. H. (1985). A Logical Basis for Measuring Critical Thinking Skills. EducationalLeadership, 10, 44-48.Ennis, R. H. (1985). A taxonomy of critical thinking dispositions and abilities. Teachingthinking skills: Theory and practice (pp. 926). New York: W.H. Freeman.Ennis, R. H. (1991). Critical Thinking: A streamlined conception. Teaching Philosophy,14(1), 5-25.Ennis, R. H. (1996). Critical thinking. Upper Saddle Rever, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.Ennis, R. H. (2003). A super-streamlined conception of critical thinking. California:CriticalThinking Press and Software.Ennis, R. H., Millman, J., & Tomko, T. N. (2005). Cornell critical thinking tests level Xand level Z manual. 5th ed. Seaside, CA: The Critical Thinking Co.Esah Sulaiman. (2003). Modul Pengajaran: Asas Pedagogi. Johor Bahru: UTM, Skudai.Facione, N., Facione, P., & Sanchez, C. (1994). Critical thinking disposition as a measure ofcompetent clinical judgment: The development of the California Critical ThinkingDisposition Inventory. Journal of Education, 33(8), 345-350.Facione, P. A (1990a). Gender, ethnicity, major, critical thinking self-esteem andCalifornia critical thinking skills test: California: Eric.Facione, P. A. & Facione, N. (2011). Thinking and reasoning in human decision making: the methodof argument and heuristic analysis. Millbrae, CA: The California Academic Press.Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for the purposes ofeducational assessment and instruction. Executive summary. The Delphi report. California AcademicPress, Millbrae, CA. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED 315423).Facione, P. A. (1990b). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purpose ofeducational assessment and instruction. California: Santa Clara University.Facione, P. A. (2013). Critical thinking: What it is and why it counts. Millbrae, CA:California Academic Press. Retrieved on 24 August 2016 fromwww.insightassesment.com.Fatemah & Hamideh. (2011). The influence of students learning style on thinking skill.Journal of Agricultural Education, 47(1), 43-52.Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS: Introducing statistical methods. (2?? ed.).Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Fischer, S. C., Spiker, V. A. & Riedel, S. L. (2009). Critical thinking training for armyofficers, volume 2: A model of critical thinking. Arlington, VA: U.S. Army ResearchInstitute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.Fishbein, M. (1967). Readings in attitude theory and measurement. America: Kohn Wiley &SonsInc.Fisher, A. (2007). Critical thinking: An introduction. Cambridge, England: CambridgeUniversity Press.Fisher, A. (1997). Teaching children to think. Cheltenham, UK: Stanley ThornesPublishers Ltd.Foong, L., Palanisamy, K., & Mogana, D. (2014). Early child care and education inMalaysia towards professionalisation. Publisher: Vinlin Press Sdn Bhd, Selangor.Fox, R. (1994). Validating lecturer effectiveness questionnaires in accounting.Accounting Education. 3(3), 249-258.Foxcroft, C. D., Patterson, H., Le Roux, N., & Herbst, D. (2004). Psychologicalassessment in South Africa: a needs analysis, the test use patterns and needs of psychologicalassessment practitioners, assessment technology and evaluation. Human Sciences.Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. (2011). How to design and evaluate research ineducation. New York: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects incounseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1),115134.Gall, M., Gall, J.P, & Borg, W.R. (2010). Educational research (8th ed.). Boston: MA:Pearson.Gambidau, M. (2000). Status Penguasaan secara KBKK dalam Matapelajaran Sains dikalanganPelajar dan Guru Sekolah Menengah di Sandakan, Sabah. Phd thesis, National University ofMalaysia (unpublished).Garcia, T. & Pintrich, P. R. (1992). Critical Thinking and Its relationship to Motivation, Learningstrategies, and Classroom Experience. Annual Meeting of the American Psychological AssociationalWashington.Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology in second language learning: The role ofattitudes and motivation. London: Edward Arnold.Gay, L. R. & Airasian, P. (2011). Educational research competencies for analysis AndApplication (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall International, Inc.Ghazali Darusalam & Sufean Hussin (2016). Metodologi penyelidikan dalampendidikan : Amalan dan analisis kajian. University Malaya, Petaling Jaya.Goh, C. B., & Gopinathan, S. (2008). The development of education in Singapore since 1965. In S.K.Lee, C.B. Goh, B. Fredriksen & J.P. Tan (Eds.), Toward a Better Future: Education and Trainingfor Economic Development in Singapore since 1965 (pp. 12-38). Washington, DC: The World Bank.Goh, P. S. C. & Matthews, B. (2011) Listening to the concerns of student teachers inMalaysia during teaching practice. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 36(3), 92-103.Grossman, P., Hammerness, K., & McDonald, M. (2009). Redefining teacher: Re- imagining teacher education. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 15(2), 273-290.Guildford, J. P. (1973). Fundamental statistics in psychology and education (5th ed.).New York: McGraw-Hill.Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (2010). Multivariate data analysis withreadings. (7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall International.Haralambos, M., Holborn, M., & Heald, R. (2004). Class and education attainment. In SociologyThemes and Perspectives (7th ed.) (pp. 599-642). United Kingdom: HarperCollins Publishers.Halpern, D. F. (1993). Assessing effectiveness of critical thinking instruction. TheJournal of General Education, 42(4), 238-254.Halpern, D. F. (2001) Assessing the effectiveness of critical thinking instruction. TheJournal of General Education, 50(4), 270286.Halpern, D. F. (2007). The nature and nurture of critical thinking, Critical thinkingin psychology (pp. 1-14). New York: Cambridge University Press.Halx, M. D, Reybold, L. E. (2006). A pedagogy of force: Faculty perspectives of critical thinkingcapacity in undergraduate students. The Journal of General Education, 54(4), 293-315.Hambleton, R. K., & Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to beavoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Association of Test Publishers,1(1), 1-13.Hargrove. A. (2005). Developing Higher Order Thinking Through on Intercultural Assignment:A Scholarship of Teaching Inquiry Project, College Teaching.Journal of Education 52(3), 113-120.Harpez, V. (2005). Teaching and Learning in a community of thinking. Journal ofCurriculum and Supervision 20(2), 136-157.Harzing, A.-W., Reiche, S. & Pudelko. M. (2012). Challenges in International SurveyResearch: A Review with Illustrations and Suggested Solutions for Best Practice. European Journalof International Management 5 (4).Hatcher, D. L., & Spencer, L. A. (2005). Reasoning and writing: From critical thinking tocomposition. (3rd. ed.). Boston: American Press.Healy, J. (1990). Endangered minds why our children dont think. New York: Simon & Schuster.Influence on higher education. International Journal of Teaching andLearning in Higher Education, 20(2), 196-204.Hee. J. M. & Siti Liyana Mohamad Yusuff. (2014). Hubungan antara tahap motivasi denganpencapaian akademik pelajar pendidikan jarak jauh Universiti Sains Malaysia.Master thesis,University Science Malaysia (unpublished).Heit, E. & Retello, C. M. (2010). Relations between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning.Journal of Experimental Psychology, 36(3), 805 812.Henard, F. & Ringuet, S. L. (2008). The path to quality teaching in higher education.Quality in Higher Education, 9(3).Hossein E. M., & Sara V. (2016). The relationship between classroom environment and criticalthinking among psychology students in Islamic Azad University. International Journalof Humanities and Cultural Studies, Special Issue 2096- 2103.Howe, E. R. (2000). Canadian and japanese teachers' conceptions of critical thinking: A comparativestudy. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 10(5), 505 525.Retrived on 24September 2016 from http:/www.insightassessment.com/CT Resources/Critical-Thinking-What-ItIs-and Why-It-Counts/Critical-.Hu, W. P., Jia, X. J., Plucker, J. A. & Shan, X. X. (2016). Effects of a critical thinking skillsprogram on the learning motivation of primary school students. Journal of Routledge Taylor &Francis Group, 38(2), 70-83.Huitt, W. (1998). Critical thinking: An overview. Educational Psychology Interactive.Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved on 27 July 2016 from,http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cogsys/critthnk.html.Ibrahim Nazem Ghadi, Kamariah Abu Bakar, Nor Hayati Alwi & Othman Talib. (2013). Measuringcritical thinking skills of undergraduate students in University Putra Malaysia.International Journal of Asia Social Science, 3(6), 1458-1466.Ili Atiqah & Ruslin Amir. (2016). The attitude of critical thinking skills and itsrelationship with academic performance among UKM students. Journal of PsychologyMalaysia, 30(1), 142-151.Ingersoll, R. M. & J. M Kralik (2004). The Impact of Mentoring on Teacher Retention: What theResearch Says. Denver, CO: Education Commission of the States. Retrieved on August 2, 2016 from:http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/50/36/5036.htm.Innabi, H., & El. Sheikh, O. (2007). The Change in Mathematics Teachers' Perceptions of CriticalThinking after 15 years of Educational Reform in Jordan. Retrieved from Education ResourcesInformation Center. ERIC No. EJ748199.Jamal @ Nordin Yunus (2006). Teori-teori terpilih dalam pengurusan pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur:Prospecta Printers Sdn. Bhd.Jin, K. K., & Lee, Y. G. (2011). Young people and suicide issue. InternationalConference on Humanities, Society and Culture, 20, 32-36.Jonassen, D. H. (2000). Computers as mind tools for school: Engaging critical thinking,(2?? ed.). Upper Saddle River. NJ: Prentice-Hall.Kaplan, R.M. & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2005). Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues(6th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.Kelly, A. V. (2009). The Curriculum: theory and practice (6th ed.). SAGE Publications Inc, UnitedStates.Kettler, T. (2014). Critical thinking skills among elementary school students: comparing identified gifted and general education student performance. Gifted Child Quarterly, 58(2),127136.Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.).New York: Guilford Press.Korir, D. K. & Kipkemboi, F. (2014). The Impact of School Environment and PeerInfluences on Students Academic Performance in Vihiga County, Kenya. InternationalJournal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(5), 240-251.Kuhn, D. (1999). A developmental model of critical thinking. Educational Researcher, 28(2),16-46.Lai, E. R. (2011). Critical thinking: A literature review. Pearson Research Report.Retrieved on 23 June 2016 from http://images.pearsonassessments.com/images/tmrs/CriticalThinkingReviewFINAL.pdfLashbrook, J. T. (2000). Fitting in: Exploring the emotional dimension of adolescentpressure. Adolescence, 35(140).Lee, M. N.N. (2004). Malaysian Teacher Education into the New Century. Journal ofEducation. 81-91.Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2005). Practical research: Planning and design (8th ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.Leicester, M. (2010). Teaching critical thinking skills (ideas in action). London: Continuum International Publishing Group.Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (2002). Statistical analysis with missing data (2nd ed.).New York: John Wiley.Lo. Y. M. (2014). Persekitaran Pembelajaran secara Konstruktivisme untuk Mata PelajaranTeknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi di Sekolahsekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Kawasan LembahKlang. Phd thesis, University Putra Malaysia (unpublished).Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. NursingResearch, 35(6), 382-386.Mahapoonyanont N. (2012). The causal model of some factors affecting criticalthinking abilities. Procedia Social and Behavioral Science, 46, 146-150.Maibach, E. W., Nisbet, M., Baldwin, P., Akerlof, K & Diao, G. (2010). Reframingclimate change as a public health issue: An exploratory study of publicreactions. Journal of Public Health. 211-223.Malaysia Curriculum Development Centre (2001). Thinking skill in teaching andlearning. Perniagaan Rita Sdn. Bhd.Malaysia Economic Monitor. (2013). High performing education. Retrieved on 23 January 2017 from http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/EAP/malaysia/Maaysia_Economic_Monittor_High-Performing_Education.pdf.Mansoor Fahim & Arezoo Hajimaghsoodi. (2014). The relationship between motivation and criticalthinking ability of iranian efl learners. International Journal of Language Learning andApplied Linguistics World, 5(2), 605-619.Marlina Ali & Shaharom Noordin. (2011). Hubungan antara kemahiran berfikir kritis denganpencapaian akademik dalam kalangan pelajar fakulti pendidikan Universiti TeknologiMalaysia. Jurnal Teknologi (Sains Sosial), 52, 45-55.Marlina Ali (2006). Tahap penguasaan kemahiran berfikir kritis di kalangan pelajarpendidikan fizik merentas jantina. Buletin Persatuan Pendidikan Sains dan MatematikJohor, 15(1). 99-110.Martin, D. S., & Michelli, N. M. (2001). Preparing teachers of thinking. In A. L. Costa (Ed.), Developing minds. (pp.111117). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision andCurriculum Development.Masrah Ahamad (2010). Pembangunan dan Penilaian Perisian Prototaip Ms~Gravis Berasaskan Kemahiran Berfikir Secara Kritis dalam Mekanik. Phd thesis, University TechnologyMalaysia (unpublished).Mayer, R. (1986). Thinking, Problem Solving, Cognition. New York: Freeman and Co.Mazer, J. P., Hunt, S. K., Kuznekoff, J. H. (2007). Revising general education: Assessing acritical thinking instructional model in the basic communication course. Journal of GeneralEducation, 56, 173199.Mazlina Che Mustafa. (2014). Supporting Asian Immigrant English Language Learners: TeachersBeliefs And Practice. Phd thesis, University of Canterbury (published).McDonald, M., Kazemi, E., & Kavanagh, S. S. (2013). Core Practices and Pedagogies of TeacherEducation a Call for a Common Language and Collective Activity. Journal of TeacherEducation, 64(5), 378-386.McPeck, J. E. (1981). Critical thinking and education. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.Miller, A. & Cunningham, K. (2014). Evaluating educational environments: procedures,measures, findings and policy implications. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2012). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025 (Preschoolto Post-Secondary Education.). Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (2006). Modul pembangunan kemahiran insaniah(soft skills) untuk institut pengajian tinggi Malaysia. University Putra Malaysia, Serdang.Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (2011). Blueprint on enculturation of lifelonglearning for Malaysia: 20112020. Putrajaya: MOHE.Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. (2012). The national graduate employabilityblueprint 2012-2017. Putrajaya: MOHE.Mohd Ali Ibrahim & Shaharom Noordin (2003). Perbandingan pencapaian para pelajar dalampentaksiran kerja. Journal Education, 323-334.Mohd Azhar Abd Hamid. (2016). Pengenalan pemikiran kritis & kreatif. Journal Hadhari,8 (2). 339-342.Mohd Majid Konting, Norfaryanti, Kamaruddin, Nor Azirawani, A. Adam & S.N. Abdullah, (2007). Preliminary assessment of soft skills among students. Conference on Learningand Teaching in Education.Mohd Majid Konting. (2009). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa danPustaka.Moore, D. T. (2011). Critical thinking and intelligence analysis. National DefenseIntelligence.Mortellaro, C. (2015). Exploring factors influencing critical thinking skills inundergraduatestudents: a mixed methods study. Retrieved on 27 October 2016 fromhttp://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/2107.Muhammad Nazri Jaafar. (2014). Kemahiran Berfikir Kritis dalam Kalangan PelajarKejuruteraan di Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. Master thesis, UniversityTun Hussein Onn Malaysia (unpublished).Mulnix, J. W. (2012). Thinking critically about critical thinking. Educational Philosophyand Theory, 44(5), 463-479.Muneera, M. & Shameem, R. G. (2012). Language Learning Motivation amongMalaysian Pre-University Students. Academic Journal Article, 6(3), 92-103.Nadjla Hariri & Zohre Bagherinejad. (2012). Analysis of the relationship betweenmotivation and critical thinking with intentional internet search behavior case study:Students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Hygiene Faculty. Journal of InformationProcessing Management, 27(4):801-822.Ngeow, K. Y. (1998). Motivation and transfer in language learning. ERIC Digest. Indiana: ERICDigests.Nikou, F. R., Bonyadi, A. & Amirikar, N. (2015). Investigating the relationship between quality ofteaching and critical thinking skills of Iranian Intermediate TEF students'Writing.Journal of Australian International Academic, 6(2), 57-64.Noordin S., (2010) Tahap Penguasaan Kemahiran Berfikir Kritis Pelajar Sains Tingkatan Empat. JurnalPendidikan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 13. 58-72. ISSN 1394 1801.Nor Hasnida Che Md Ghazali, Siti Rahayah Ariffin, Nor Azaheen Abdul Hamid & RoseniAriffin. (2010). Kemahiran pemikiran kritikal dan penyelesaian masalah pelajar-pelajar sains.Prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan Pendidikan Negara Kali Ke-4.Nor Azah Ahmad Safran & Shamsia Md Nasir. (2012). Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi Dalam Kalangan Guru Pelatih. Master thesis, University Putra Malaysia (unpublished).Noraini Idris (2013). Penyelidikan dalam pendidikan. Malaysia: McGraw-Hill Sdn.Bhd.Norazman Arbin, Norain Mohd. Tajudin & Nur Fazliana Rahim. (2013). Kualiti pengajarandan pembelajaran guru matematik sekolah menengah. Simposium Kebangsaan Sains Matematik(SKSM 19) UiTM Pulau Pinang, 9-11 November2013.Norfadelah Nordin. (2015). Critical thinking as a predictor of students academicachievement: A study on islamic studies students at pahang Islamic College, Sultan AhmadShah, Kuantan. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 1(2), 145-154.Nurahimah Mohd Yusoff (2010). Relationship quality supervision of teaching and learning inthe classroom with the teacher efficacy. Asia Pacific Journal of Educator, 25, 53-71.Nursuhaili Baharuddin (2010). Hubungan antara Kemahiran Sosial dengan Tingkah laku social dalam kalangan kanak-kanak prasekolah di tabika kemas, Beaufort. Masterthesis, University Malaysia Sabah (unpublished).Oluwatayo, J. A. (2012). Validity and reliability issues in educational research. Journal ofEducational and Social Research, 2(2), 391-400.Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS Survival Manual (4th ed.). New York: Mc Graw-Hill.Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2011). About us. Retrieved from http://www.p21.org/homePascarella, E. T. & Terenzini, P. T. (1991). How college affects students: Ten directions forfuture research. Journal of College Student Development, 508-520.Pascarella, E. T. & Terenzini, P. T. (2005). How college affects students: Findings and insightsfrom twenty years of research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Pascarella, E. T., Wang J. S., Trolian, T. L., & Blaich, C. (2013). How the instructional andlearning environments of liberal arts colleges enhance cognitive development. Journal of Education,66, 569-583.Patock, J. (2008). A guide to interpreting the item analysis report. Available fromhttp://www.educ.utas.au/users/afluck/Publish/paper08.pdf.Paul, . & Elder, L. (2002). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of yourprofessional and personal life. New Jersey: Financial Times Prentice Hall.Paul, R. & Elder, L. (2003). Critical thinking concepts and tools. California: Center forCritical Thinking and Moral Critique.Paul, R. & Elder, L. (2006). Critical thinking: The nature of critical and creative thought.Journal of Developmental Education, 30(2), 3435.Paul, R. & Elder, L. (2006). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your learning and yourlife. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.Paul, R. & Nosich, G. (2001). A proposal for the national assessment of higher orderthinking at the community college, college, and university levels. Journal of Education,21(2), 212-234.Paul, R. (1993). Critical Thinking: What every person needs to survive in a rapidlychanging world (2nd ed.). Santa Rosa, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking.Paul, R., Elder, L., & Bartell, T. (1997). California teacher preparation for instruction incritical thinking: Research findings and policy recommendations. Sacramento, CA: CaliforniaCommission on Teacher Credentialing.Phang Y. C. (2015). Relationship between Teachers Perception and Attitude TowardsScience Teaching and Instructional Practices in Science Seaching Among Science Teachers. Masterthesis, University Putra Malaysia (unpublished).Phillip, J. A. (1998). Memperkembangkan daya pemikiran pelajar melalui mata pelajaran KBSM. JurnalPendidikan Guru Malaysia. 8, 1-15.Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: Norton & Company, Inc.Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dream and imitation in childhood. New York: Norton & Company,Inc.Pillow, B.H. (2008). Development of Childrens Understanding of Cognitive Activities.The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 169(4), 297321.Polit, . F., Hungler, B. P., & Beck, C. T. (2001). Essentials of nursing research:Methods, appraisal and utilization. Philadelphia: Lippincott.Portney, L. G., & Watkins, M. P. (1993). Foundations of clinical research: Applicationsto practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.Powell, C. G., & Bodur, Y. (2016). Professional development for quality teaching andlearning: a focus on student learning outcomes, IGI Clobal.Qing, Z., Nia, S., & Hong, T. (2010). Developing critical thinking disposition by taskbased learning in chemistry experiment teaching. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2,4561-4570.Rajendran Nagappan S. (2008). Teaching & acquiring higher order thinking skills: theoryand practice. Tanjong Malim, Sultan Idris Education University.Rajendran Nagappan S. (2011). Teaching and acquiring higher order thinking skills: Theoryand practice. Tanjong Malim, Sultan Idris Education University.Rajendran Nagappan S. (2004). Pengajaran kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi: Kesediaan gurumengendalikan proses pengajaran pembelajaran. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat PerkembanganKurikulum.Rahil Mahyuddin, Zaidatol Akmaliah, Habibah and Mohd Majid Konting. (2004). Theincorporation of thinking skills in the school curriculum, Research Malaysia, XXII (2).Ramlee Mustapha & Norani Mohd Salleh. (2007). Self-fulfilling prophecy and digital divise revisited: vocational and IT competencies of special needs population in Malaysia. JurnalKerja Sosial, 6(1), 33-65.Rasimah Aripin, Rohaizad, R., Yeop, U. & Anuar, M. (2008). Students learning styles andacademic performance. 22nd Annual SAS Malaysia Forum. Kuala Lumpur: Kuala LumpurConvention Center.Razman Mohamed. (1999). Pengajaran berpasangan dalam praktikum fasa I. Jurnal JabatanIlmu Pendidikan,Maktab Perguruan Persekutuan Pulau Pinang, 3(1), 53-60.Rodiah Idris, Siti Rahayah Ariffin & Noriah Mohd Ishak. (2009). Pengaruh kemahiran generik dalam kemahiran pemikiran kritikal, penyelesaian masalah dan komunikasi pelajar Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia MJLI 6, 103-140.Rohmani Nur Indah & Agung Kusuma W. (2016). Factors affecting the development of critical thinkingof indonesian learners of english language. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 21(6), 86-94.Rosma Osman, Ong Eng Teck, Shakinaz Desa, & Wong Kung Teck. (2011). Tahap kemahiranberfikir dalam kalangan guru sekolah rendah. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 41(2), 1-11.Rosnani H. & Suhailah H. (2003). Finishing school. Journal of Vocational Education,62(5), 29-31.Rosyati Abdul Rashid & Rosna Awang Hashim. (2014). The relationship between critical thinking andlanguage proficiency of malaysian undergraduates. Proceedings of the EDU-COM InternationalConference. 3, 20?27.Rudd, R. D., Baker, M. T. (2001). Relationships between critical and creative thinking.Journal of Southern Agricultural Education Research, 51, 173-188.Rudinow,J., Vincent E. B.(2008). Invitation to critical thinking. USA: ThomsonWadsworth.Rusni Mohd Noor (2005). Perkaitan Antara Budaya Sekolah dengan Pencapaian AkademikPelajar di Negeri Sembilan. Master thesis, National University of Malaysia (unpublished).Sabri Mohd Salleh. (2008). Pembelajaran Pemikiran Kritis di Kalangan Pelajar Sekolah Menengah. Phdthesis, National University of Malaysia (unpublished).Saidatul Ainoor Shaharim. (2015). Analisis interaksi guru-pelajar, persekitaranpembelajaran dan komitmen pelajar terhadap keselesaan pembelajaran biologi. Master thesis,Sultan Idris Education University (unpublished).Sangoseni, O., Hellman, M., & Hill, C. (2013). Development and validation of aquestionnaire to assess the effect of online learning on behaviors, attitudes, and clinicalpractices of physical therapists in the United States regarding evidence based clinicalpractice. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences andPractice, 11(2), 1-12.Schanz, D. B. (2010). Factor that influence the critical thinking skills of public schoolteachers in a parish in southwest louisiana. (Doctoral dissertation). Available from http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2242.Scheffer, B. K & Rubenfeld, M. G. (2000). A consensus statement on critical thinking in nursing.Journal of Nursing Education, 39, 352-359.Sedigheh Jafarian, Maimunah Ismail & Zoharah Omar. (2014). Influence of motivation on learners critical thinking skills in blended learning environment in Malaysia. Journal ofEducation, 2(1), 123-134.Sekaran U. & Bougie, J. R. G. (2009). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (5thEdition). John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken.Seyithan Demirdag (2015). The relationship between classroom management skills andcritical thinking skills of high school teachers. Academic Journal, 10(7), 850-855.Shashi P. N. (2015). Motivational beliefs of secondary school students of chandigarh in relation totheir academic achievements: A study. Journal of Insight, 20(1), 67- 75.Siegel, H. (2000). Educating reasoning: Rationality, critical thinking and education.New York: Routledge, Chapman & Hali, Inc.Simpson, E. & Courtney, M. (2002). Critical thinking in nursing education: Literaturereview.International Journal of Educational Practice, 8, 89-98.Siti Nooridayu Mohd Sohod. (2013). Penguasaan Kemahiran Berfikir Secara Kritis dan MenyelesaikanMasalah dalam Kalangan Pelajar Sarjana Muda di UTHM. Master thesis, University Hussein OnnMalaysia (unpublished).Siti Rahayah Ariffin & Nor Azaheen Abdul Hamid (2010). Profil kemahiran pemikiran kritikal antara pelajar aliran sains dan bukan sains. Malaysian EducationDean?s Council Journal. 3, 20?27.Siti Rahayah Ariffin, Rosadah Abdul Majid, Zolkefli Haron, Rodiah Idris, Shahrir Samsuri, Basri Hassan & Nor Azaheen Abdul Hamid (2008a). Kemahiran pemikiran kritikal danpenyelesaian masalah pelajar-pelajar sains di malaysia. Proceeding of Science andMathematics Education Regional Conference 2008, 15-20.Siti Rahayah Ariffin, Zolkefli Haron, Rodiah Idris, Nur Ashiqn Najmuddin, ShahrirSamsuri, Basri Hassan & Nor Azaheen (2008c). Tahap penguasaan kemahiran pemikiran kritikal dan penyelesaian masalah pelajar sains dan hubungannya dengan pencapaian. ProsidingSeminar Pendidikan Kejuruteraan Dan Alam Bina. Fakulti Kejuruteraan dan Alambina.National University of Malaysia, 15-23.Slavin, R. (2009). Educational psychology theory and practice (9th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pearson.Som Hj Nor & Mohamad Dahalan ( 1998). Kemahiran berfikir secara kritis dan kreatif (KBKK).Selangor. Pearson Malaysia Sdn Bhd.Sosu, E. M. (2012). The development and psychometric validation of a critical thinking skillsscale. Journal of Elsevier, 9: 107-119.Sri Hapsari. (2016). A descriptive study of the critical thinking skills of social sciencejunior high school. Journal of Education and Learning. 10(3), 228-234.Stapleton, P. (2011). A survey of attitudes towards critical thinking among Hong Kong secondaryschool teachers: Implications for policy change. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 6(1),14-20.Stewart, R. B. (2004). American Community Survey National Survey on Communities. For SmartGrowth America and National Association of Realtors. Washington, DC: Smart Growth America.Stewart, S., & Dempsey, L. F. (2005). A longitudinal study of baccalaureate nursingstudents critical thinking skills. Journal of Nursing Education, 44(2), 81-84.Stine, J., Benares, C. (1994). Its all in your head: Remarkable facts about the humanmind. Prentice Hall.Suppiah Nachiappan, Ramlah Jantan & Abdul Aziz Abdul Shukor. (2008). Psikologipendidikan. Selangor: Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd.Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.).Boston:Pearson Education, Inc.Tang, H. E. (2012). Reka Bentuk dan Keberkesanan Sistem Pembelajaran Berkomputer Matematik dalamTajuk Gerakan pada Garis Lurus Berasaskan Personaliti serta Kemahiran Berfikir secara Kritisdan Kreatif Pelajar. Phd thesis, University Technology Malaysia (unpublished).Tapia, M, & Marsh, G. E. (2000). Attitude towards mathematic instrument: Aninvestigation with middle School. ED449 045.Terenzini, P., Springer, L., Pascarella, E., & Nora, A. (1995). The multiple influences of collegeon students' critical thinking skills. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association forthe Study of Higher Education, Tucson, AZ.Thang, S. M., Ting, S. L. & Nurjanah Mohd Jaafar. (2011). Attitudes and motivation of Malaysiansecondary students towards learning English as a second language: a case study. 3L;Language,Linguistics and Literature,The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies., 17(1), 40-54.Thongnuypram C. (2013). Factor influencing the critical thinking of teacher studentsstudying at the faculty of education in Suratthani Rajabhat University. 13??International Educational Technology Conference: 386-391.Thurman, B. (2009). Teaching of critical thinking skills in the English content area inSouth Dakota public high schools and colleges. Retrieved from Education ResourcesInformation Center. ERIC No. ED513229.Toh, W. S. (2003). Student-centered educational beliefs and teacher education. Journal Education,235-249.Tsui, L. (1998). Courses and instruction affecting critical thinking. Research in HigherEducation, 39.Tucker, C. M., Zayco, R. A., & Herman, K. C. (2002). Teacher and child variables aspredictors of academic engagement among low-income african americanchildren. Psychology in the Schools, 39(4), 477-488.Tunca N. (2015). The regression level of constructivist learning environmentcharacteristics on classroom environment characteristics supporting critical thinking.Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 181-200.UNESCOs International Bereau of Education. (2014). Guding principles for learning in thetwenty-first century. Retrieved on 20 October 2016 from http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en/document/guiding-principles-learning-twenty-first-century.Valenzuela, J., Nieto, A. M., & Saiz, C. (2011). Critical thinking motivational scale(CTMS): A contribution to the study of relationship between critical thinking and motivation.Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 9(24), 823-848.Vygotsky, L.S. (1986). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.Wadsworth, B. (1971). Piagets theory of cognitive development from childhood toadolescence: A constructivist perspective. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.Walberg, H. J., Fraser, B. J., & Welch, W. W. (1986). A test of a model of educational productivityamong senior high school students. Journal of Educational Research, 79,133-139.Wan Noraini Wan Razab & Nooraini Othman. (2013). Tahap motivasi dan punca tekanan guru yangmelanjutkan pengajian. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 17, 101-112.Wan Norehan Wan Mamat (2013). Tahap penguasaan kemahiran pemikiran kritisdalam kalangan pelajarkejuruteraan dan hubungannya dengan pencapaian pelajar. Master thesis, University Hussein OnnMalaysia (unpublished).Watson, G. & Glaser, E. (1980). Watson- glaser critical thinking appraisal. SanAntonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.Wiles, J. W. (2008). Leading curriculum development. SAGE Publications Inc, UnitedStates.Wirawani Kamarulzaman & Ismail Sheikh Ahmad (2014). Contributing factors to childrenscritical thinking ability: The perception of pre-service teachers from aprivate university in Malaysia. Southeast Asia Psychology Journal, 2, 69-76.Wong, S. L. (2002). Development and Validation of an Information Technology (IT) BasedInstrument to Measure Teachers IT Preparedness. Phd thesis, University PutraMalaysia (unpublished).Xu, X. (2011). The relationship between language learning motivation and the choice of languagelearning strategies among Chinese graduates. International Journal of EnglishLinguistics,1(2), 203-212. doi:10.5539/ijel.v1n2p203.Yee, M. H., Jailani Md Yunos, Widad Othman, Razali Hassan, Tee, T. K., & MimiMohaffyza Mohamad. (2015). Disparity of learning styles and higher order thinking skillsamong technical students. 4th World Congress on Technical and Vocational Education andTraining (WoCTVET), 143-152.Zeichner, K. (2012). Two Visions of Teaching and Teacher Education for the Twenty FirstCentury. Social Policy, Education and Curriculum Research Unit. North Dartmouth: Centrefor Policy Analyses /UMass Dartmouth. Retrieved fromhttp://www.umassd.edu/seppce/centers/cfpa/Zulida Abdul Kadir. (2014). Enhancing Students Problem Solving Skills Using Problem BasedLearning As An Instructional Communication Approach. Master thesis,Universiti Putra Malaysia (unpublished).