The analysis of PT3 implementation on teachers understanding and current practices in teaching and learning science

This study aims to analyse the PT3 implementation on teachers understanding and currentpractices in teaching and learning Science. A qualitative approach with an exploratorycase study has been applied. This study uses purposive sampling method on the stakeholders involved, which includes four policy...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Deviki Muniandy
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2020
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5551
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:5551
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic LB Theory and practice of education
spellingShingle LB Theory and practice of education
Deviki Muniandy
The analysis of PT3 implementation on teachers understanding and current practices in teaching and learning science
description This study aims to analyse the PT3 implementation on teachers understanding and currentpractices in teaching and learning Science. A qualitative approach with an exploratorycase study has been applied. This study uses purposive sampling method on the stakeholders involved, which includes four policy makers, five school administrators, fourScience teachers and seven students as the informants. The instruments used are interviewprotocol sets, observation field notes, and rubric for document analysis. The interviewprotocols, observation field notes and rubric were validated by experts with percentages agreementsof more than 80%. The reliability of the instruments were done through pilot test, member check,peer review, discussion and also consultation with the experts. There were 20 interviews,seven document analysis and seven observations were conducted. Interview data and field notes wereanalysed using coding method while the document analysis were analysed using rubric. The findingsrevealed four major elements emerged from the interviews; lack of ICT usage in teaching andlearning Science, the needs of own exploration, ambiguity in higher order thinking skills, andnegative attitudes towards Science practical work. Several major elements emerged from the document analysis and classroom observations; discrepancies between the understandingof daily lesson plans and the actual implementation in the classroom, lack of interests in Scienceamong students, lack of communication skills among students, less appropriate assessment,and less implementation of group work. Framework of teaching and learning has been derived fromthe aforementioned result. In conclusion, all stakeholders understand the strength of the PT3Science implementation that will produce holistic students in future. However there weremany weaknesses highlighted that requires them to be equipped with the right knowledge and skills.The implications of this are that stakeholders could realise the framework of effectiveteaching and learning Science through teachers training programs and mastery of Scienceconcepts, as well as the emphasis on 21stcentury teaching and learning in order to produce students with quality thinking.
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Deviki Muniandy
author_facet Deviki Muniandy
author_sort Deviki Muniandy
title The analysis of PT3 implementation on teachers understanding and current practices in teaching and learning science
title_short The analysis of PT3 implementation on teachers understanding and current practices in teaching and learning science
title_full The analysis of PT3 implementation on teachers understanding and current practices in teaching and learning science
title_fullStr The analysis of PT3 implementation on teachers understanding and current practices in teaching and learning science
title_full_unstemmed The analysis of PT3 implementation on teachers understanding and current practices in teaching and learning science
title_sort analysis of pt3 implementation on teachers understanding and current practices in teaching and learning science
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Sains dan Matematik
publishDate 2020
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5551
_version_ 1747833206946660352
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:55512021-02-10 The analysis of PT3 implementation on teachers understanding and current practices in teaching and learning science 2020 Deviki Muniandy LB Theory and practice of education This study aims to analyse the PT3 implementation on teachers understanding and currentpractices in teaching and learning Science. A qualitative approach with an exploratorycase study has been applied. This study uses purposive sampling method on the stakeholders involved, which includes four policy makers, five school administrators, fourScience teachers and seven students as the informants. The instruments used are interviewprotocol sets, observation field notes, and rubric for document analysis. The interviewprotocols, observation field notes and rubric were validated by experts with percentages agreementsof more than 80%. The reliability of the instruments were done through pilot test, member check,peer review, discussion and also consultation with the experts. There were 20 interviews,seven document analysis and seven observations were conducted. Interview data and field notes wereanalysed using coding method while the document analysis were analysed using rubric. The findingsrevealed four major elements emerged from the interviews; lack of ICT usage in teaching andlearning Science, the needs of own exploration, ambiguity in higher order thinking skills, andnegative attitudes towards Science practical work. Several major elements emerged from the document analysis and classroom observations; discrepancies between the understandingof daily lesson plans and the actual implementation in the classroom, lack of interests in Scienceamong students, lack of communication skills among students, less appropriate assessment,and less implementation of group work. Framework of teaching and learning has been derived fromthe aforementioned result. In conclusion, all stakeholders understand the strength of the PT3Science implementation that will produce holistic students in future. However there weremany weaknesses highlighted that requires them to be equipped with the right knowledge and skills.The implications of this are that stakeholders could realise the framework of effectiveteaching and learning Science through teachers training programs and mastery of Scienceconcepts, as well as the emphasis on 21stcentury teaching and learning in order to produce students with quality thinking. 2020 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5551 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5551 text eng closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Sains dan Matematik Abbas, R., Riecken, T., Seymour, J., & Le Tran, M. A. (2017). Data Collection 1: Observations andDocument Analysis: Who's looking?. In Qualitative Research and Intercultural Understanding (pp.38-47). Routledge.Abd, R. A. R. (2001). Nilai-nilai murni dalam pendidikan: Menghadapi perubahan dan cabaran alafbaru. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications.Abd Hamid, S. R., Hassan, S., Sariah, S., & Ismail, N. A. H. (2012). Teaching quality andperformance among experienced teachers in Malaysia. Australian Journal of Teacher Education,37(11), 5.Abdullah, M., Mohamed, N., & Ismail, Z. H. (2009). The effect of an individualized laboratoryapproach through microscale chemistry experimentation on students' understanding of chemistryconcepts, motivation and attitudes. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 10(1), 53-61.Abosalem, Y. (2016). Assessment Techniques and Students Higher-Order Thinking Skills.International Journal of Secondary Education.Vol. 4, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1-11. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsedu.20160401.11Abraham, A. (2016). Gender and creativity: An overview of psychological andneuroscientific literature: Brain Imaging and Behavior, 10(2), 609-618.Abrahams, I., Reiss, M. J., & Sharpe, R. M. (2013). The assessment of practical work in schoolscience. Studies in Science Education, 49(2), 209-251.Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN). (2013). ACEN Standards and Criteria:Baccalaureate.Adn-Coello, J. M., Tobar, C. M., de Faria, E. S. J., de Menezes, W. S., & de Freitas,R. L. (2011). Forming groups for collaborative learning of introductory computerprogramming based on students programming skills and learning styles. International Journalof Information and Communication Technology Education (IJICTE), 7(4), 34-46.Akyol, Z. & Garrison, D. (2010). Understanding cognitive presence in an online and blendedcommunity of inquiry: Assessing outcomes and processes for deep approaches to learning.British Journal of Educational Technology.Akani, O. (2015). Laboratory Teaching: Implication on Students' Achievement in Chemistryin Secondary Schools in Ebonyi State of Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(30),206-213.Al Musawi, A., Ambusaidi, A., Al-Balushi, S., & Al-Balushi, K. (2015). Effectiveness of E-Lab usein science teaching at the Omani schools. Turkish Online Journalof Educational Technology, 14(1), 45-52.Arbaa, R., Jamil, H., & Razak, N. A. (2010). Hubungan guru-pelajar dan kaitannya dengan komitmen belajar pelajar: Adakah guru berkualiti menghasilkan perbezaan pembelajaran antarajantina pelajar. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 35(2), 61-69.Asghar, M. (2013). Exploring formative assessment using Cultural Historical Activity theory:Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 4(2), 1832.Aslan, A. S., Shaukat, M. Z., Ahmed, I., Shah, I. M., Mahfar, M., Senin, A., & Mad, I. (2014). Jobsatisfactions of academics in Malaysian public universities.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114, 154-158.Association of American Colleges and Universities. (2011). The LEAP vision for learning: Outcomes,practices, impact, and employers views. Peer Rev., 13(2), 34-34.Atieno, M. E., & Simatwa, E. M. (2012). Challenges faced by newly appointed principalsin the management of public secondary schools in Bondo district, Kenya: An analytical study.Educational Research, 3(4), 388-401.Avalos, B. (2011). Teacher professional development in Teaching and Teacher Education overten years: Teaching and Teacher Education 27, no. 1: 1020.Azita, A. R. (2012). Secondary School Teachers' Workload in Batu Pahat, Johor Darul Takzim:Master's Thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai Johor.Aziz, N. & Lin, H. L. (2011). Hubungan Sikap Terhadap Mata Pelajaran Sains Dengan Penguasaan KonsepAsas Sains Pelajar Tingkatan Dua. Journal of Science & Mathematics Educational, 2: 89-101.Badri, M., Alnuaimi, A., Mohaidat, J., Yang, G., & Al Rashedi, A. (2016). Perception of TeachersProfessional Development Needs, Impacts, and Barriers: The Abu Dhabi Case. SAGE Open, 6(3).https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016662901Bamberger, M. (2012). Introduction to mixed methods in impact evaluation. Impact Evaluation Notes,3(3), 1-38.Banilower, E. R., Heck, D. J., & Weiss, I. R. (2007). Can professional development make the visionof the standards a reality? The impact of the national science foundation's local systemicchange through teacher enhancement initiative. Journal of Research in Science Teaching: TheOfficial Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, 44(3), 375-395.Barkley, S. (2017). The impact of Coaching. PLS 3?? Learning.com.Bartell, T. G. (2012). Learning to teach mathematics for social justice: Negotiatingsocial justice and mathematical goals. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 44(1), 129163. Retrieved from www.nctm.orgBaskarada, S. (2014). Qualitative case study guidelines. Qualitative case studiesguidelines. The Qualitative Report, 19(40), 1-25.Bedard, K., & Kuhn, P. (2008). Where class size really matters: Class size and student ratings ofinstructor effectiveness. Economics of Education Review, 27(3), 253- 265.Begum, M., Farooqui, S. (2008). School Based Assessment: Will it really Change the EducationScenario in Bangladesh? International Education Studies 1(2), 45- 55.Belotto, M. J. (2018). Data analysis methods for qualitative research: Managing the challenges of coding, interrater reliability, and thematic analysis. The Qualitative Report,23(11), 2622-2633.Benner, P., Stephen, M., Leonard, V. and Day, L. (2010). Educating Nurses: A Call for RadicalTransformation. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.Bennett, R. E. (2011). Formative assessment: A critical review. Assessment in Education:Principles, policy & practice, 18(1), 5-25.Bernard, H.R. (2002). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches.3rd Alta Mira Press; Walnut Creek, CA.Barnett, J. E., & Francis, A. L. (2012). Using higher order thinking questions to foster criticalthinking: A classroom study. Educational Psychology, 32(2), 201-211.Black, P., & D. Wiliam. (1998). Inside the black box: Raising standards throughclassroom assessment: Phi Delta Kappan 80, no. 2: 13948.Black, P., & D. Wiliam. (2007). Inside the black box: Raising standards throughclassroom assessment. London, UK: Kings College, London School of Education.Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2000). Assessment and classroom learning. Assessment in Education:Principles, Policy & Practice 5, no. 1: 774.Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2003). In praise of educational research: Formativeassessment. British Educational Research Journal 29, no. 5: 62337.Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2009). Developing a theory of formative assessment:Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability 21, no. 1: 531.Blumberg, B., Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2005). Business Research Methods.Berkshire: McGrawHill Education.Biggs, J.B. (1996). Enhancing teaching through constructive alignment. Higher Education,32(3): 347-364. View at Google Scholar | View at Publisher.Biggs, J.B. (1999). What the student does: Teaching for enhanced learning. HigherEducation Research & Development, 18(1): 1-19.Biggs, J.B. (2003). Teaching for quality learning at university. Buckingham: OpenUniversity Press.Biggs, J. (2003). Aligning teaching and assessment to curriculum objectives.Imaginative Curriculum Project, LTSN Generic Centre, 12.Borko, H. (2004). Professional development and teacher learning: Mapping the terrain.Educational researcher, 33(8), 3-15.Boyce, C., & Neale, P. (2006). Conducting in-depth interviews: A guide for designing and conductingin-depth interviews for evaluation input.Boyle, B., Lamprianou, I., & Boyle, T. (2005). A longitudinal study of teacher change: What makesprofessional development effective? Report of the second year of the study. School effectivenessand school improvement, 16(1), 1-27.Branden, K.V.D. (2012). Sustainable education: Basic principles and strategicrecommendations. School Effectiveness and School Improvement 23(3), 285- 304.Brante, G. (2009). Multitasking and synchronous work: Complexities in teacher work.Teaching and Teacher Education. 25. P. 430436.Bryant, J., & Bates, A. J. (2015). Creating a constructivist online instructionalenvironment. TechTrends, 59(2), 17-22.Brennan, J., (2017). A Guide to Lesson Observation Tools and support for observing lessonseffectively: Oxford.Bridges, S., & Searle, A. (2011). Changing workloads of primary school teachers?: I seem to liveon the edge of chaos. School Leadership & Management, 31(5), 413433.Brindley, J., Blaschke, L. M., & Walti, C. (2009). Creating effective collaborativelearning groups in an online environment: The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 10 (3). Retrieved fromhttp://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/675/1313.Brookhart, S. M. (2007). Expanding views about formative classroom assessment: A review of theliterature. Formative classroom assessment: Theory into practice,-62.Brookhart, S. M. (2010). How to assess higher-order thinking skills in your classroom:ASCD Alexandria, Virginia USA. Retrieved From www.ascd.orgBrown, G. T. L. (2001). School based assessment methods: Development and implementation:Journal of Assessment Paradigms, 1(1), 30-32.Brown, P. & Roediger, H. & Mcdaniel, M. (2014). Make it Stick: The science ofsuccessful learning.Bruner, J. S. (1966). Toward a theory of instruction. MA: Harvard University Press. Bruner, J. S.(1966). Some elements of discovery. In Shulman L. S., Keislar, E. R. (Ed.),Learning by discovery: A critical appraisal. Chicago: Rand McNally.Brunner, C., Fasca, C., Heinze, J., Honey, M., Light, D., Mardinach, E., & Fasca, C. (2005).Linking data and learning. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk: 10(3), 241-267: TheGrow Network study.Bryant, J., & Bates, A. J. (2015). Creating a constructivist online instructionalenvironment: TechTrends, 59(2), 17-22.Buczynski, S., and C.B. Hansen. (2010). Impact of professional development on teacher practice:uncovering connections. Teaching and Teacher Education 26, no. 3: 599 607.Bushman, B. B., & Peacock, G. G. (2010). Does Teaching Problem-Solving Skills Matter? AnEvaluation of Problem-Solving Skills Training for the Treatment of Social and BehavioralProblems in Children. Child & Family Behavior Therapy: 32(2), 103-124. doi:10.1080/07317101003776449Cassim, T. (2010). An exploration of grade 9 teachers' understanding and practice of assessment asit relates to the economic management sciences learning area (Doctoral dissertation).Chakrabartty, S. N. (2011). Measurement of reliability as per definition. In Proceedings of theConference on Psychological Measurement: Strategies for the New Millennium (pp. 116-125).Chan, Y. F., Sihdu, G. K., & Md. Yunus, M. R. (2007). The knowledge and best practices of secondaryschool ESL teachers in school-based assessment: University Technology Mara. Retrieved June 20,2013.Cheng, F. K. (2002). Occupational stress, organizational commitment, careercommitment, job satisfaction and withdrawal cognition among school teachers: (Unpublished doctoraldissertation): University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.Che Seman, S., Wan Yusoff, W. M., & Embong, R. (2017). Teachers challenges in teaching andlearning for higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in primaryschool. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 7(7), 534545.Chinedu, C. C., Libunao, W. H., Kamen, Y. B., & Saud, M. S. B. (2014). Implementing Higher OrderThinking Skills in Teaching and Learning of Design and Technology Education: Paperpresented at the International Seminar on Technical and Vocational Education: Johor-Malaysia.Christidou, V. (2011). Interest, attitudes and images related to science: combiningstudents' voices with the voices of school science, teachers, and popular science.International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 6(2),Ciesielska, M., Bostrm, K. W., & hlander, M. (2018). Observation methods. InQualitative Methodologies in Organization Studies (pp. 33-52). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.imer, A. (2004). A study of Turkish biology teachers and students views of effective teachingfor improving teaching in schools and teachers: EdD Dissertation, The University of Nottingham, andNottingham, UK.Coburn, C. E., & Talbert, J. E. (2006). Conceptions of evidence use in school districts: Mapping the terrain. American Journal of Education, 112(4), 469-495.https://doi.org/10.1086/505056Coburn, C. E., Soung B., & Erica O. T. (2008). Authority, Status, and the Dynamics ofInsider-Outsider Partnerships at the District Level: Peabody Journal of Education 83 (3):36499.Coburn, C. E., Judith, T., & Mika, Y. (2009). Evidence, Interpretation, andPersuasion: Instructional Decision Making in the District Central Office. Teachers CollegeRecord 111 (4): 111561.Coe, R., Aloisi, C., Higgins, S., & Major, L. E. (2014). What makes great teaching?Review of the underpinning research.Cope, M. (2016). Transcripts: Coding and analysis. International Encyclopedia ofGeography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology: People, the Earth, Environmentand Technology, 1-7.Cornelius-White, J. H., & Harbaugh, A. P. (2009). Learner-centered instruction: Buildingrelationships for student success. Sage publications.Cox, B., & Cox, B. (2008). Developing interpersonal and group dynamics throughasynchronous threaded discussions: The use of discussion board in collaborativelearning. Education, 128(4), 553-565.Crawford-Ferre, H. G., & Wiest, L. R. (2012). Effective online instruction in higher education.Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 13(1), 11.Creswell, J.W. & Plano Clark, V.L. (2011) Designing and Conducting Mixed MethodsResearch. 2nd Edition, Sage Publications, Los Angeles.Creswell, J. W. (2005). Educational Research. Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative andQualitative Research (2nd Ed.): Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed MethodsApproaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches(4th ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.Darling-Hammond, L. (1999). Teacher quality and school achievement: A review of state policyevidence. Seattle, WA: Centre for study of teaching and policy.Darling-Hammond, L. (2000). How teacher education matters. Journal of Teacher Education,51(3), 166-173, doi: 10.1177/0022487100051003002.Darling-Hammond, L. (2000). Teacher Quality and Student Achievement. Educ. Policy Anal Arch 8(1).http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n1/Darling-Hammond, L., McCloskey, L. (2008). Assessment for Learning Around the World: What Wouldit Mean to be Internationally Competitive?: Phi Delta Kappan 90(4), 263-272.Davies, M. R. & Nathan H. (2014). Doing a successful research project: Usingqualitative or quantitative methods. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillian.Da Wan, C., Sirat, M., & Razak, D. A. (2018). Education in Malaysia towards aDeveloped Nation.Denzin, N. K. (2007). Triangulation. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology.DeWitt, D. & Alias, N. (2015). The principles of learning for problems solving.Proceedings in Seminar Kebangsaan Majlis Dekan-Dekan Pendidikan Universiti Awam. BatuPahat, Johor, Malaysia: Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.DeWitt, D. & Alias, N. (2016). Pentaksiran Berasaskan Sekolah: Isu dan cabaran dalam PelaksanaanPentaksiran Tingkatan 3 (PT3). In Hussein Ahmad & Mohamad Sani Ibrahim (Eds.). TransformasiPendidikan Nasional: Antara Aspirasi dan Anjakan. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: University of MalayaPressDos Santos, L. M. (2017). How Do Teachers Make Sense of Peer Observation Professional Development in an Urban School. International Education Studies, 10(1), 255-265.Drost, E. A. (2011). Validity and reliability in social science research. EducationResearch and perspectives, 38(1), 105.Ediger, M. (2013). Science and the Common Core State Standards. Virginia Journal ofScience Education: 5 (1), 8-11.Efendi, R. (2011). Kemampuan Fisika Siswa Indonesia dalam TIMSS. ProsidingSeminar Nasional Fisika 2010 ISBN : 978-979-98010-6-7Ekundayo, H.T., & Kolawole, A.O. (2013). Stress among Secondary School Teachers in Ekiti State,Nigeria. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3(2): 311- 315.El-Rabadi, E. G. S. (2013). The effect of Laboratory experiments on the upper Basic stage studentsAchievement in Physics. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(8), 62-71.Ezeani, N. S., & Oladele, R. (2013). Implications of training and development programmeson accountants productivity in selected business organizations in Onitsha, Anambra State,Nigeria. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(1), 266-281.Eze, T. A. (2016). Teachers perception of the impact of training and retraining onteachers productivity in Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Research in Business and Management,4(3), 33-37.Facts, Q. (2018). Malaysia Educational Statistics. Education Data Sector, Education Planning andResearch Division, Ministry of Education Malaysia, 39.Fairris, D. (2012). Using program evaluation to enhance student success. LiberalEducation, 98(1), 52-55.Feigenbaum, E., & Friend, R. (1992). A comparison of freshmen and upper division students'preferences for small and large psychology classes. Teaching of Psychology, 19(1), 12-16.Forehand, M. (2010). Blooms taxonomy. Emerging perspectives on learning, teaching,and technology, 41(4), 47-56.Fullan, M. (2011). Choosing the wrong drivers for whole system reform (pp. 3-4).Melbourne: Centre for Strategic Education.Fusch, P. I., Fusch, G. E., & Ness, L. R. (2017). How to Conduct a Mini-Ethnographic Case Study: AGuide for Novice Researchers. The Qualitative Report, 22(3), 923-941. Retrieved fromhttps://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol22/iss3/16Geghamyan, G. (2015). The Impact of Teacher-Student Interaction on Students' Motivation.Yerevan: American University of Armenia, College of Humanities and Social Sciences.Gerard, L. F., Varma, K., Corliss, S. B., & Linn, M. C. (2011). Professionaldevelopment for technology-enhanced inquiry science. Review of educationalresearch, 81(3), 408-448.Gillies, R. M., Nichols, K., Burgh, G., & Haynes, M. (2014). Primary StudentsScientific Reasoning and Discourse During Cooperative Inquiry-based Science Activities.International Journal of Educational Research, 63(0), 127-140. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2013.01.001Goethals, P. L. (2013). The pursuit of higher-order thinking in the mathematicsclassroom: a review. United States Military Academy, West Point, NY.Greenstein, L. M. (2012). Assessing 21st century skills: A guide to evaluating mastery andauthentic learning. Corwin Press.Grierson, A. L., & Woloshyn, V. E. (2013). Walking the talk: Supporting teachers growth withdifferentiated professional learning. Professional development in education, 39(3), 401-419.Guerard, E. B. (2001). School leaders learn to make data-driven decisions. eSchool News.Guskey, T. R., & Sparks, D. (1996). Exploring the relationship between staff development and improvements in student learning. Journal of staff development, 17(4), 34-38.Gyllenpalm, J., Wickman, P. O., & Holmgren, S. O. (2010). Teachers' Language on Scientific Inquiry:Methods of teaching or methods of inquiry?. International Journal of Science Education, 32(9),1151-1172.Hadzigeorgiou, Y., Fokialis, P., & Kabouropoulou, M. (2012). Thinking about creativity inscience education. Creative Education, 3(05), 603.Hall, K., & Burke, W. (2004). Making formative assessment work: Effective practice in the primaryclassroom. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).Haleem, D. M., Evanina, K., Gallagher, R., Golden, M. A., Healy-Karabell, K., &Manetti, W. (2010). Program evaluation: How faculty addressed concerns about the nursingprogram. Nurse educator, 35(3), 118-121.Halim, L., Abdullah, S. I. S. S., & Meerah, T. S. M. (2014). Students perceptions of theirscience teachers pedagogical content knowledge. Journal of Science Education andTechnology, 23(2), 227-237.Hameed, A., & Waheed, A. (2011). Employee development and its affect on employee performance aconceptual framework. International journal of business and social science, 2(13).Handford, V., & Leithwood, K. (2013). Why teachers trust school leaders. Journal ofEducational Administration.Hansen, D.R. (2012). In-house training in Statistical Organisations. Statistics NorwayOsloKongsvinger. ISBN 978-82-537-8373-4 Printed version.Harfitt, G. J. (2012). Class size and language learning in Hong Kong: The students perspective.Educational Research, 54(3), 331-342.Harris, L. R., & Brown, G. T. (2009). The complexity of teachers conceptions ofassessment: Tensions between the needs of schools and students. Assessment in Education:Principles, Policy & Practice, 16(3), 365-381.Harvey, L. (2015). Beyond member-checking: A dialogic approach to the research interview.International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 38(1), 23-38.Hasim, A., Osman, R., Arifin, A., Abdullah, N., & Noh, N. (2015). Teachers perceptionon higher order thinking skills as an innovation and its implementation inhistory teaching. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(32), 215-221.Hashim, R. (2003). Malaysians teachers attitude, competency and practices in theteaching of thinking. International Islamic University Malaysia, 11(1), 2750.Hattie, J. (2008). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement.New York, NY: Routledge.Hayes, D., Mills, M., Christie, P., & Lingard, R. (2006). Teachers and schooling makinga difference: Productive pedagogies, assessment and productive performance. Allen & Unwin.Heong, Y. M., Yunos, J. M., Hassan, R. B., Othman, W. B., & Kiong, T. T. (2011). The perception ofthe level of higher order thinking skills among technical education students. In InternationalConference on Social Science and Humanity journal Malaysia (Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.281-285).Faculty of Technical Education, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn.Hendry, G. D., & Oliver, G. R. (2012). Seeing is believing: The benefits of peerobservation. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 9(1), 7.Heritage, M. (2010). Formative Assessment and Next-Generation Assessment Systems: Are We Losing anOpportunity? Council of Chief State School Officers.Herman, J. (2013). Formative assessment for next generation science standards: A proposedmodel. National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards and Student Testing (CRESST). LosAngeles, CA: CRESST.Holman, J. (2017). Sir John Holman on Good Practical Science: Experimentation givesscience its identity. Education in science, (270), 8-9.Honig, M. I., & Coburn, C. (2008). Evidence-based decision making in school district centraloffices: Toward a policy and research agenda. Educational Policy, 22(4), 578-608.Hsiao, H. C., & Chang, J. C. (2011). The role of organizational learning intransformational leadership and organizational innovation. Asia Pacific EducationReview, 12(4), 621.Huang, H. W., Wu, C. W., & Chen, N. S. (2012). The effectiveness of using procedural scaffoldings in a paper-plus-smartphone collaborative learning context. Computers & Education, 59(2),250-259.Inandi, Y., Tunc, B. & Gilic, F. (2013). School administrators leadership styles and resistance tochange. International Journal of Academic Research, 5(5), 196- 203.International Labour Office. (2010). A skilled workforce for strong, sustainable and balancedgrowth: a G20 training strategy.Ishak, M. R. (2014). Kajian Keberkesanan Program Pentaksiran Kerja Amali Sains (PEKA):Satu Penilaian di Sekolah Rendah (Study of Evaluation Program of Practical Skill Assessment(PEKA): Assessment in Primary School). Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia (Malaysian Journal ofEducation), 39(2), 83-93.Jaba, S., Hamzah, R., Bakar, A. R., & Rashid, A. M. (2013). Acceptance towards school based assessment among agricultural integrated living skills teachers: Challenges inimplementing a holistic assessment. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 5(1).Jackson, T. A., Meyer, J. P., & Wang, X. H. (2013). Leadership, commitment, and culture: Ameta-analysis. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20(1), 84-106.James, M., & McCormick, R. (2009). Teachers learning how to learn. Teaching and teacher education,25(7), 973-982.Jamil, H., Razak, N. A., Raju, R., & Mohamed, A. R. (2011, March). Teacherprofessional development in Malaysia: Issues and challenges. In Africa-Asia university dialoguefor educational development report of the International Experience Sharing Seminar: Actualstatus and issues of teacher professional development (pp. 85-102).Jamil, N. L., & Mahmud, S. N. D. (2019). Self-Efficacy Relationship on ScienceAchievement amongst National Secondary School Students. Creative Education, 10(11),2509.Johnson, P. (2009). The 21st century skills movement. Educational Leadership, 67(1),11.Joseph, R. P. (2009). Learning strategies instruction model: The University of KansasCenter for Research on Learning.Josiah, M. M. (2013). Effects of Practical Physics Knowledge on Students Academic Achievement: AStudy of Pankshin Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. In World Educators Forum (Vol.2, No. 1, pp. 1-9).Jusoh, R. (2012). Job satisfaction of new teachers in Malaysia: Understanding challengesand experiences of leaving the profession (Doctoral dissertation, Colorado StateUniversity).Kassim, N., & Zakaria, E. (2015). Integrasi kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi dalampengajaran dan pembelajaran matematik: Analisis Keperluan Guru. Jurnal Pendidikan Matematik,3(1), 1-12.Ke, F. (2010). Examining online teaching, cognitive, and social presence for adultstudents. Computers & Education, 55(2), 808-820.Kings, F. J., Goodson, L., & Rohani, F. (2013). Higher Order Thinking Skills. Apublication of the Educational Services Program, now known as the Center for Advancement ofLearning and Assessment.Klassen, R. M., Usher, E. L., & Bong, M. (2010). Teachers collective efficacy, job satisfaction, and job stress in cross-cultural context. The Journal of Experimental Education,78(4), 464-486.Kleiman, P. (2008). Towards transformation: conceptions of creativity in higher education.Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 45(3), 209- 217.Ko, J., & Sammons, P. (2013). Effective teaching: a review of research and evidence.CfBT Education Trust.Kokkelenberg, E. C., Dillon, M., & Christy, S. M. (2008). The effects of class size on studentgrades at a public university. Economics of Education Review, 27(2), 221-233.Krathwohl, D. R., & Anderson, L. W. (2009). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: Arevision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives. Longman.Kvale, S. (2003). The psychoanalytical interview as inspiration for qualitative research.Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design,275-297.Kumar, A. (2013). Formative assessments as pedagogic tools. International Journal of HumanSciences, 10(1), 750-759.Laal, M., & Laal, M. (2012). Collaborative learning: what is it?. Procedia-Social andBehavioral Sciences, 31, 491-495.Lau, J. & Chan. J. (2015). What is critical thinking? Available athttp://philosophy.hku.hk/think/critical/ct.phpLaren, L. V., & James, A. (2008). Selected teachers understanding of assessment four years afterthe implementation of the New Assessment Policy. Africa education review, 5(2), 288-303.Limbach, B., & Waugh, W. (2010). Developing Higher Level Thinking. Journal of InstructionalPedagogies, 3.Lincoln, N. K. D. Y. S. (2005). The Sage handbook of qualitative research. Sage.Lindgreen, A., Hingley, M., Stavros, C., & Westberg, K. (2009). Using triangulation and multiplecase studies to advance relationship marketing theory. Qualitative Market Research: AnInternational Journal.Loh, J. (2013). Inquiry into Issues of Trustworthiness and Quality in Narrative Studies: APerspective. Qualitative Report, 18(33).Lombardi, M. M. (2007). Authentic learning for the 21st century: An overview.Educause learning initiative, 1(2007), 1-12.Loucks-Horsley, S., Stiles, K. E., Mundry, S., Love, N., & Hewson, P. W. (2009).Designing professional development for teachers of science and mathematics. Corwin press.Luft, J. A., & Hewson, P. W. (2014). Research on teacher professional development programs inscience. Handbook of research on science education, 2, 889-909.Lunetta, V. N., Hofstein, A., & Clough, M. P. (2007). Learning and teaching in the school sciencelaboratory: An analysis of research, theory, and practice. Handbook of research on scienceeducation, 2, 393-441.Mac Iver, M. A., & Farley, E. (2003). Bringing the District Back in: The Role of the Central Officein Improving Instruction and Student Achievement.Maden, S. (2011). Effect of Jigsaw I Technique on Achievement in Written Expression Skill.Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 11(2), 911-917.Mahyuddin, R., Pihie, Z. A. L., Elias, H., & Konting, M. M. (2004). The incorporation of thinkingskills in the school curriculum. Kajian Malaysia, 22(2), 23-33.Majid, M. A. A., Othman, M., Mohamad, S. F., Lim, S. A. H., & Yusof, A. (2017). Piloting forinterviews in qualitative research: Operationalization and lessons learnt. International Journalof Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(4), 1073-1080.Malaysia, K. P. (2012). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025. KementerianPelajaran Malaysia.Malaysia, L. P. (2014). Panduan dan Peraturan PBS. Putrajaya.Malaysia, K. P. (2013). Pelan pembangunan pendidikan Malaysia 2013-2025. (Online) (www. moe. gov.my).Malaysia, K. P. (2014). Kenyataan Akhbar Kementerian Pendidikan MalaysiaBerkaitatan Pentaksiran Tingkatan 3Tahun 2014. Retrieved from https: www. moe. gov. my.Malaysia, K. P. (2016). Infomedia-bil-01-januari-2015/file. Retrieved from https: www. moe.gov. MyMalaysia, K. P. (2017). DSKP KSSM Science Form 1.https://www.moe.gov.my/penerbitan?search=&category[0]=8&category[1]=8 9&limit=20&limitstart=180Malinen, O. P., & Savolainen, H. (2016). The effect of perceived school climate and teacherefficacy in behavior management on job satisfaction and burnout: A longitudinal study. Teaching andTeacher Education, 60, 144-152.Manabete, S. S., John, C. A., Makinde, A. A., & Duwa, S. T. (2016). Job stress among schooladministrators and teachers in Nigerian secondary schools and technical colleges. InternationalJournal of Education, Learning and Development, 4(2), 1-9.Manpower Services Commission. (1981). Glossary of training terms. MSC.Marshall, J. C., & Horton, R. M. (2011). The relationship of teacher?facilitated, inquiry? based instruction to student higher?order thinking. School Science and Mathematics, 111(3),93-101.Msimanga, M. R. (2014). Managing teaching and learning in multi-graded classrooms in ThaboMofutsanyana Education District, Free State. Master dissertation. Pretoria: University ofSouth.Msimanga, M. R. (2017). Teach and assess: A strategy for effective teaching andlearning in economic and management sciences. Doctorate dissertation. University ofThe Free State Bloemfontein.Mercurio, A. (2008, July). Re-imagining school-based assessment at the upper secondaryeducation level. In 34th IAEA Annual Conference, Cambridge, www. iaea2008. cambridgeassessment.org.uk/ca/digitalAssets/180434_Mercurio. pdf.Merriam, S. (2009). Types of qualitative research. Qualitative research: A guide to design andimplementation, 3-20.Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and tation. JohnWiley & Sons.Michalopoulou, A. (2014). Inquiry-based learning through the creative thinking andexpression in early years education. Creative Education, 2014.Millar, R. (2004). The role of practical work in the teaching and learning of science. Commissionedpaper-Committee on High School Science Laboratories: Role and Vision. Washington DC: NationalAcademy of Sciences, 308.Min, K. C., Rashid, A. M., & Nazri, M. I. (2012). Teachers' understanding and practice towards thematic approach in teaching integrated living skills (ILS) in Malaysia.International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(23), 273- 281.Miri, B., David, B. C., & Uri, Z. (2007). Purposely teaching for the promotion of higher- orderthinking skills: A case of critical thinking. Research in science education, 37(4), 353-369.Mohamad Idris Abdul Hamid, (2002). Kajian keperluan guru?guru Sains sekolah rendah dalamaspek pengajaran Sains. Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan,Mohamad, S. N. (2015). Teachers Perception on the Integration of HOTS in Language Teaching.International Journal of Technical Research and Applications, (22), 4244.Monk, D. H., & King, J. A. (1994). Multilevel teacher resource effects in pupilperformance in secondary mathematics and science: The case of teacher subject matter preparation.Choices and consequences: Contemporary policy issues in education, 29-58.Mokhtar, M. Z., Tarmizi, R. A., Ayub, A. F. M., & Nawawi, M. D. H. (2013).Motivation and performance in learning calculus through problem-based learning.International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(9), 1999-2005.Morales, M. P. E. (2016). Participatory action research (par) cum action research (ar) in teacherprofessional development: A literature review. International Journal of Research in Education andScience, 2(1), 156-165.Mundy, K., & Denham, S. A. (2008). Nurse educatorsstill challenged by criticalthinking. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 3(3), 94-99.Munge, M. N., Kimani, E. M., & Ngugi, D. G. (2016). Factors influencing financial management inpublic secondary schools in Nakuru County, Kenya.Murray, A. (2010). Empowering Teachers through Professional Development. In EnglishTeaching Forum (Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 2-11). US Department of State. Bureau of Educational andCultural Affairs, Office of English Language200 C Street NW 4th Floor, Washington, DC 20037.Musasia, A. M., Abacha, O. A., & Biyoyo, M. E. (2012). Effect of Practical Work in Physics onGirls Performance, Attitude change and Skills acquisition in the form two-form three SecondarySchools transition in Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(23),151-166.Musfah, J. (2015). Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah. Jakarta: Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 1-14. Retrieved fromhttp://www.academia.edu/4105182/Kepemimpinan_Kepala_SekolahNaicker, S. M. (1999). Curriculum 2005: A space for all: An introduction to inclusive education.Renaissance.Nair, G. K. S., Setia, R., Samad, N. Z. A., Zahri, R. N. H. B. R., Luqman, A., Vadeveloo, T., & Ngah, H. C. (2014). Teachers' Knowledge and Issues in the Implementation of School-Based Assessment: A Case of Schools in Terengganu. Asian Social Science, 10(3),186.Nagappan, R. (2001). Language teaching and the enhancement of higher-order thinking skills.Anthology series-SEAMEO regional language centre, 190-223.Natasha, M., Cynthia., Wood, S., Kathleen, M., Macqueen, Greg, G., Emily, N. (2011). QualitativeResearch Methods: A Data Collectors Field Guide. ISBN: 0- 939704-98-6: Family HealthInternational.Nessel, D. D., & Graham, J. M. (2006). Thinking strategies for student achievement: Improvinglearning across the curriculum, K-12. Corwin Press.Nuh, M., (2013). Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia.Nomor 81a Tahun 2013: Tentang Implementasi Kurikulum.Nurhadi, Lukman, Abas, R., Erni, Yuliana, & Hamrina. (2016). Implementation of inquirybased learning to improve understanding the concept of electric dynamic and creativethinking skills (An empirical study in class IX Junior High School students state 4 Kendari).International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 5(3), 471-479.Nurwahida, H. A., & Rizki, K. A. (2017). Multiple sialolithiasis of submandibular gland:a case report. J Dentomaxillofac Sci, 2, 129-132.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2011). Strong Performers and SuccessfulReformers in Education: Lessons from PISA for the United States. OECD: PISA. Retrieved Jan 30, 2012 fromhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/24/48758240.pdf.OECD. (2009). Creating Effective Teaching and Learning Environments: First Resultsfrom TALIS. Paris:OKCU, V. (2014). Relation between Secondary School Administrators'Transformational and Transactional Leadership Style and Skills to Diversity Management in theSchool. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 14(6), 2162-2174.OLeary, Z. (2014). The essential guide to doing your research project (2nd ed.).Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.Olsen, K. D. (2004). How education can lead the way to an integral society: A proven model fordoing so already exists. World Futures, 60(4), 287-293.O'Malley, M., Voight, A., Renshaw, T. L., & Eklund, K. (2015). School climate, family structure,and academic achievement: A study of moderation effects. School Psychology Quarterly, 30(1), 142.Omiko, A. (2015). chemistry teachers attitude and knowledge of the use of informationcommunication technology (ICT) in chemistry instruction delivery at the secondary schoollevel in Ebonyi State of Nigeria. Journal of Curriculum Organization of Nigeria (CON).Ong, S. L., Ismail, Z., & Fong, S. F. (2006). Development and validation of test for integratedscience processes. In Proceeding of 3rd International Conference on Measurement and Evaluation inEducation (pp. 149-156).Orlich, D. C., Harder, R. J., Callahan, R. C., Trevisan, M. S., & Brown, A. H. (2012).Teaching strategies: A guide to effective instruction. Cengage Learning.Osborne, J., & Dillon, J. (2010). Good practice in science teaching: What research has to say: Whatresearch has to say. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).Osman, K. (2007). Sikap terhadap sains dan sikap saintifik di kalangan pelajar sains.Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia (Malaysian Journal of Education), 32.Othman, R. (2007). Budaya sains dan teknologi dikalangan murid sekolah dan hubungannyadengan pertambahan tempoh pembelajaran sains. Unpublished PhD thesis). Faculty of Education,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.Ozturk, I. H. (2011). Curriculum reform and teacher autonomy in Turkey: The case of the historyteaching. Online Submission, 4(2), 113-128.Pappas, E., Pierrakos, O., & Nagel, R. (2013). Using Blooms Taxonomy to teachsustainability in multiple contexts. Journal of Cleaner Production, 48, 54-64.Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2009). P21 framework definitions. ERICClearinghouse.Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks.Cal.: Sage Publications.Pellegrino, J. W., Chudowsky, N., & Glaser, R. (2001). Knowing what students know: The science anddesign of educational assessment. National Academy Press, 2102 Constitutions Avenue, NW, Lockbox285, Washington, DC 20055.Percy, W. H., Kostere, K., & Kostere, S. (2015). Generic qualitative research inpsychology. The Qualitative Report, 20(2), 76-85.Pereira, A. R., Ferreira, J. J. P., & Lopes, A. (2017). Front end of innovation: Anintegrative literature review.Petrie, P. (2011). Communication skills for working with children and young people: Introducingsocial pedagogy. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Phillippi, J., & Lauderdale, J. (2018). A guide to field notes for qualitative research: Contextand conversation. Qualitative health research, 28(3), 381-388.Pickard, A. J. (2013). Research methods in information (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: Neal- Schuman.Plan, N. M. (2016). Economic Planning Unit, Prime Ministers Department. Kuala Lumpur:Government Printers.Postholm, M. B., & Moen, T. (2009). Forsknings- og utviklingsarbeid i skolen. Metodebokfor lrere, studenter og forskere [Research and development work in school. A book in methodologyfor teachers, students and researchers]. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.Postholm, M. B., and Jacobsen, D. I. (2011). Lreren med forskerblikk. Eninnfringsbok i vitenskapelig metode for lrerstudenter [The teacher with a researcherseye. An introduction in scientific method for teacher students]. Kristiansand:Hyskoleforlaget.Prichard, J. S., Bizo, L. A., & Stratford, R. J. (2006). The educational impact of team? skillstraining: Preparing students to work in groups. British Journal of Educational Psychology,76(1), 119-140.Priscilla, R. U., Elizabeth, T. R., Elizabeth, E. T. (2005). A Field Guide forApplied Research. Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA94103-1741. www.josseybass.comProvasnik, S., Malley, L., Stephens, M., Landeros, K., Perkins, R., & Tang, J. H. (2016).Highlights from TIMSS and TIMSS advanced 2015: Mathematics and science achievement of US studentsin grades 4 and 8 and in advanced courses at the end of high school in an international context.National Center for Education Statistics, 1-47.Raboijane, B. (2005). Mathematics teachers' understanding of alternative assessment as applied injunior secondary schools in Gaborone (Botswana) (Doctoraldissertation).Rahman, F., Jumani, N. B., Akhter, Y., Chisthi, S. H., & Ajmal, M. (2011). Relationship betweentraining of teachers and effectiveness teaching. International Journal of Business and SocialScience, 2(4), 150-160.Rahman, S.K.A. (2018). Science Outlook 2017.Ramadhani. R. (2014). Pengaruh Pelatihan, Pengembangan Dan Pengalaman Kerja TerhadapKompetensi Guru (The Influence of Training, Development and Work Experience on TeacherCompetence). Jurnal Ilmu & Riset Manajemen, 3 (6), 1-15.Ramnarain, U. D. (2011). Equity in Science at South African Schools: A pious platitude or anachievable goal?. International Journal of Science Education, 33(10), 1353-1371.Rao, K., & Tanners, A. (2011). Curb cuts in cyberspace: Universal instructional design for onlinecourses. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 24(3), 211-229.Rashid, R. A., Abdul Rahman, S. B., & Yunus, K. (2017). Reforms in the policy of English languageteaching in Malaysia. Policy Futures in Education, 15(1), 100-112.Rauf, R. A. A., Rasul, M. S., Mansor, A. N., Othman, Z., & Lyndon, N. (2013).Inculcation of science process skills in a science classroom. Asian Social Science, 9(8),47-57.Rehman, A., & Haider, K. (2013). The impact of motivation on learning of secondary school students in Karachi: An analytical study. Educational Research International, 2(2),139-147.Resnick, L. B. (1987). Education and learning to think. National Academies.Resnick, L. B. (2006). Making accountability really count. Educational Measurement:Issues and Practice, 25(1), 33-37.Richey, R. C., Klein, J. D. & Tracey, M. W. (2011). Chapter 8: Constructivist Design theory. In TheInstructional Design Knowledge Base: Theory, Research, and Practice (1st ed., pp.129144). NewYork, NY: Routledge.Robinson, K. (2006). Do schools kill creativity?.Robbins, P. (2015). Peer coaching to enrich professional practice, school culture, and studentlearning. ASCD.Robinson, K. (2017). Out of our minds. London: Capstone.Robson, C. (2011). Real World Research: A Resource for Users of Social ResearchMethods in Applied Settings, (2nd Ed.). Sussex, A. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.Rose, A. A. R. (2004). Inculcating & encouraging science process skills among Form Two students ina Malaysian Smart School. PhD Thesis. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.Rowe, K. J. (2003). The Importance of Teacher Quality as a Key Determinant of Students Experiences& Outcomes of Schooling. Paper presented in ACER Research Conference 2003, Carlton Crest Hotel, Melbourne.http://www.acer.edu.au/documents/Rowe_ACER_Research_Conf_2003_Pape r.pdfRuss, L. (2017). Explorativity: Emergence of an idea and its application in Education.Lifewide Magazine Issue 18: January 2017 www.lifewideeducation.ukSaad, A. & Dawson, C. W. (2016). Requirement analysis of a case based lesson planningsystem. International Conference on ICT in Education 2016. UniversitiPendidikanSultan Idris.Sadera, W. A., Robertson, J., Song, L., & Midon, M. N. (2009). The role of community in onlinelearning success. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 5(2), 277- 284.Saleh, S., & Aziz, A. (2012). Teaching Practices Among Secondary School Teachers in Malaysia. Paper presented at 2012 2nd International Conference on Education, Research andInnovation ICERI 2012. Conference 28th to 29th September 2012. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.Saleh, S. (2014). Malaysian Students' Motivation towards Physics Learning. EuropeanJournal of Science and Mathematics Education, 2(4), 223-232.Saleh, S., & Liew, S. S. (2018). Classroom pedagogy in German and Malaysian secondaryschool: A comparative study. Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education, 33, 57-73.Saleh, S., & Yakob, N. (2014). Teachers conceptions about physics instruction: A case study inMalaysian Schools. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 8(24), 340347.Sani, S. S. (2014). Teachers purposes and practices in implementing practical work at the lowersecondary school level. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 1016-1020.Schleicher, A. (ed.) (2012), Preparing Teachers and Developing School Leaders for the 21st Century: Lessons from around the World, OECD Publishing.http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264174559-enSchwandt, T. A. (2014). The Sage dictionary of qualitative inquiry. Sage publications.Science Community Representing Education (SCORE). (2014). http://www.score-education.org/policy-themes/curriculum/practical-work-in-scienceScriven, M. (1967). The methodology of evaluation. In Perspectives of curriculumevaluation. ed. R.W. Tyler, R.M. Gagne, and M. Scriven, 3983. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.?ener, N., Trk, C., & Ta?, E. (2015). Improving science attitude and creative thinking throughscience education project: a design, implementation and assessment.Journal of Education and Training Studies, 3(4), 57-67.Seng, L. C. (2018). Malaysia Public Universities Graduate Employability Policies: An Analysis ofFirst Degree Graduates Unemployment and Underemployment Issues.Senom, F., Zakaria, A. R., & Ahmad Shah, S. S. (2013). Novice teachers challenges and survival:Where do Malaysian ESL teachers stand?. American Journal of Educational Research, 1(4), 119-125.Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill buildingapproach. John Wiley & Sons.Sharma, S. L. (2009). Educational management: A unified approach of education.Global India Publications.Sher, A. (2009). Assessing the relationship of student-instructor and student-student interactionto student learning and satisfaction in web-based online learning environment. Journal ofInteractive Online Learning, 8(2).Sim, W. S. L., & Arshad, M. Y. (2013). A Typology of Teaching Styles among ChemistrySecondary School Teachers. International Journal of English and Education, 2(4).Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2011). Teacher job satisfaction and motivation to leave theteaching profession: Relations with school context, feeling of belonging, and emotional exhaustion.Teaching and teacher education, 27(6), 1029-1038.Slavin, R. E. (2013). E?itim psikolojisi. ev. Edt. G. Yksel). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yay?nc?l?k.Smaldino, S. E., Lowther, D. L., Russell, J. D., & Mims, C. (2008). Instructionaltechnology and media for learning (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: PearsonSmith, M. K. (2015). What is education? A definition and discussion. Theencyclopaedia of informal education.Sriniva , H. (2011). What is Collaborative Learning? The Global DevelopmentResearch Center, Kobe; Japan. Retrieved 5 Nov 2011.Staver, J. R. (2003). Evolution & intelligent design. The Science Teacher, 70(8), 32.Steward, V. (2015). Implementing highly effective teacher policy and practice: The 2015International summit on the teaching profession. Asia Society.Stiggins, R. (2005). From formative assessment to assessment for learning: A path to success instandards-based schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 87(4), 324-328.Stronge, J. (2013). Effective teachers student achievement: What the research says.Routledge.Suhaili, A. B. H. (2014). Exploring teachers' experiences on integration of higher order thinkingskills (HOTS) in teaching of science (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak).Sukiman, (2012). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran. Yogyakarta: Pedajogja.Taharim, N. F., Jayasuriya, D. P., Xiang, L. W., & Mazhar, S. F. (2017). Clerical WorkFor School Teachers: A Burden Or A Responsibility? Journal of Humanities,Language, Culture and Business (HLCB) Vol. 1: no. 3 (2017) page 26-36. www.icohlcb.com |eISSN : 01268147.Tan, Y. L., & Samyudia, Y. (2009). Learning styles versus teaching styles: how to matchthem. In Teaching and Learning Open Forum (pp. 17-18).Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (Eds.). (2010). Sage handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioralresearch. sage.Tee, M. Y., Samuel, M., Nor, N. M., Sathasivam, R. V., & Zulnaidi, H. (2018).Classroom Practice and the Quality of Teaching: Where a Nation is Going?. Journal of Internationaland Comparative Education (JICE), 17-33.Tengku Kasim, T. S. A. (2014). Teaching paradigms: An analysis of traditional and student-centredapproaches. Journal of Usuluddin, 40, 199218.Tengku Zainal, T. Z., Mustapha, R., & Habib, A. R. (2009). Pengetahuan Pedagogi Isi Kandungan GuruMatematik bagi Tajuk Pecahan: Kajian Kes di Sekolah Rendah. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia,34(1), 131153.Tiller, T. (2006). Aksjonslring forskende partnerskap i skolen [Action learning researchingpartnerships in school]. Kristiansand: Hyskoleforlaget.Toth, L. S., & Montagna, L. G. (2002). Class size and achievement in higher education: A summary ofcurrent research. College Student Journal, 36(2), 253-261.Tomlinson, C. A., Moon, T., & Imbeau, M. B. (2015). Assessment and student success in adifferentiated classroom, Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision andCurriculum Development.Trochim, W. M. K. (2006). The Qualitative Debate. Research Methods KnowledgeBase. http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/qualmeth.phpTrumbull, E., & Lash, A. (2013). Understanding formative assessment. Insights form learning theoryand measurement theory. San Francisco: WestEd.Underwood, J. S., Zapata?Rivera, D., & VanWinkle, W. (2010). An evidence?centered approach tousing assessment data for policymakers. ETS Research Report Series, 2010(1), i-26.nal, G., & Ergin, . (2006). Bulu? yoluyla fen ?retiminin ?rencilerin akademik ba?ar?lar?na,?renme yakla??mlar?na ve tutumlar?na etkisi. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 3(1), 36-52.Unting, J. G., & Yamat, H. (2017, May). Dual Language Programme (DLP): Teachers Voice. InProceedings of 73rd ISERD international conference (pp. 20-24).Van Teijlingen, E. R., & Hundley, V. (2001). The importance of pilot studies.Van Wijk, E., & Harrison, T. (2013). Managing ethical problems in qualitative research involvingvulnerable populations, using a pilot study. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 12(1),570-586.Vidergor, H. E., & Krupnik-Gottlieb, M. (2015). High order thinking, problem based and projectbased learning in blended learning environments. In Applied practice for educators of giftedand able learners (pp. 215-232). Brill Sense.Volante, L., & Beckett, D. (2011). Formative assessment and the contemporary classroom:Synergies and tensions between research and practice. Canadian journal of education, 34(2),239-255.Vygotsky, L. S. (1980). Mind in society: The development of higher psychologicalprocesses. Harvard university press.Wach, E., & Ward, R. (2013). Learning about qualitative document analysis.Wallace, M. R. (2009). Making sense of the links: Professional development, teacher practices, andstudent achievement. Teachers College Record, 111(2), 573-596.Wang, C. Y., Wu, H. K., Lee, S. W. Y., Hwang, F. K., Chang, H. Y., Wu, Y. T., & Lo,H. C. (2014). A review of research on technology-assisted school science laboratories.Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 17(2), 307-320.Watson, R., Atkinson, I., & Rose, K. (2007). Pilot studies: to publish or not?. Journal of ClinicalNursing, 16(4), 619-620.Weheba, D. M., & Abd El Kader, M. (2006). The impact of communication in teaching:a two-way communication approach.Whipp, J. L., & Lorentz, R. A. (2009). Cognitive and social help giving in onlineteaching: An exploratory study. Educational Technology Research and Development,57(2), 169-192.Whitehurst, G. J. (2002, March). Scientifically based research on teacher quality:Research on teacher preparation and professional development. In White House Conference onPreparing Tomorrow's Teacher.Wigforss, E. (1999). The role of communication in learning technologies. Department of Logopedics,Phoniatrics and Audiology. Lund University, Sweden.Williams, D. D., Cook, P. F., Quinn, B., & Jensen, R. P. (1985). University class size: Is smallerbetter?. Research in Higher Education, 23(3), 307-318.Wiliam, D., & Thompson, M. (2008). Integrating assessment with learning: What will it take to makeit work?. Routledge.Wiliam, D. (2013). Assessment: The bridge between teaching and learning. Voices from the Middle,21(2), 15.Woodley, E. (2009). Practical work in school science-why is it important. School ScienceReview, 91(335), 49-51.Wulff, D. H., Nyquist, J. D., & Abbott, R. D. (1987). Students' perceptions of large classes. Newdirections for teaching and learning, 1987(32), 17-30.Yang, J., Kinshuk, Yu, H., Chen, S. J., & Huang, R. (2014). Strategies for smooth and effectivecross-cultural online collaborative learning. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 17(3),208-221.Yazan, B. (2015). Three approaches to case study methods in education: Yin, Merriam, and Stake. Thequalitative report, 20(2), 134-152.Yigzaw, A. (2013). High school English teachers' and Students' perceptions, attitudes and actualpractices of continuous assessment. Educational Research and Reviews, 8(16), 1489.Yoon, K. S., Duncan, T., Lee, S. W. Y., Scarloss, B., & Shapley, K. L. (2007).Reviewing the Evidence on How Teacher Professional Development Affects Student Achievement.Issues & Answers. REL 2007-No. 033. Regional Educational Laboratory Southwest (NJ1).Ysseldyke, J., Spicuzza, R., Kosciolek, S., & Boys, C. (2003). Effects of a learning informationsystem on mathematics achievement and classroom structure. TheJournal of Educational Research, 96(3), 163-173.Yunus, M. M., & Sukri, S. I. A. (2017). The Use of English in Teaching Mathematics and Science: ThePPSMI Policy vis--vis the DLP. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 8(1), 133-142.Yunus, F. W., & Ali, Z. M. (2013). Attitude towards learning chemistry among secondaryschool students in Malaysia. Journal of Asian Behavioural Attitude, 3(11), 1-12.Yusnaeni, C., & AD, S. (2017). H., & Zubaidah, S. (2017). Creative thinking of low academic studentundergoing search solve create and share learning integrated with metacognitive strategy.International Journal of Instruction, 10(2), 245- 262.Zohrabi, M. (2013). Mixed Method Research: Instruments, Validity, Reliability and ReportingFindings. Theory & practice in language studies, 3(2).Zurida, M. N. A. A. I., & Mashita, A. B. D. U. L. L. A. H. (2009). Chemistry Practicals inMalaysian Secondary Schools. In 13~(th) Asian Chemical Congress AbstractBook (3).