Effects of ourdoor education on group cohesion among second year undergraduate teacher trainees from selected teacher education institutes in Malaysia

Effects of ourdoor education on group cohesion among second year undergraduate teacher trainees from selected teacher education institutes in Malaysia

Ahmad, KB. (2002) An Overview of Architecture Education in the Contemporary Muslim World. In:Petruccioli, A & Pirani, KK, 2002. Understanding Islamic Architecture, Oxon: RutledgeCurzon,pp. 129-132.Akib, M.S.,Yaacob, A,Jusoh,W.J.And Ibrahim,S .(2000) Muzium-muzium di Kelantan.Malaysia. Perbadanan...

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Main Author: Mazuki Mohd Yasim
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Published: 2016
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LB Theory and practice of education
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Mazuki Mohd Yasim
Effects of ourdoor education on group cohesion among second year undergraduate teacher trainees from selected teacher education institutes in Malaysia
description Ahmad, KB. (2002) An Overview of Architecture Education in the Contemporary Muslim World. In:Petruccioli, A & Pirani, KK, 2002. Understanding Islamic Architecture, Oxon: RutledgeCurzon,pp. 129-132.Akib, M.S.,Yaacob, A,Jusoh,W.J.And Ibrahim,S .(2000) Muzium-muzium di Kelantan.Malaysia. Perbadanan Muzium Negeri Kelantan.Andaya, L.Y.(2001) The Search for the ' Origins ' of Melayu. Journal of Southeast AsianStudiest, 32(3), 315-330Antrop, M. (2004) Rural-urban Conflicts and Opportunities. The Dimensions of theEuropean Landscape, 83-91Antrop, M. (2005) Why landscapes of the past are important for the future. LandscapeUrban Planning. 70 (l-2), 21-34Ardalan, N.(2002) "Simultaneous Perplexi ty": The Paradise Garden as the QuintessentialVisual Paradigm of Islamic Architecture and Beyond . In: Petruccioli, A and Pirani, K K, 2002. Understanding Islamic Architecture , Oxon: RutledgeCurzon, pp. 9-18.Ariffin, S.I., Order in traditional Malay house form, Ph.D. thesis, Oxford Brookes,(2001).Assi, E. (2000) Searching for the concept of authenticity: implementation guidelines.Journal of Architectural Conservation, 6(2), 60-69Atwah, A.Y.A., Identification and understanding of the cultural landscape of Arabia . Casestudy: 'Asir region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ph.D. thesis, Edinb urgh,(1992).Awang, K, Tourism Development in Peripheral Area of Malaysia: a Case Study ofKelantan, Ph.D. thesis, Wales, Aberystwyth,(2006).Bogdan, R.C., & Biklen, S.K (2007) Qualitative research for education: An introduction totheories and methods. Boston: Pearson.Bosselman, P.C., Kondolf,G.M., Jiang, F.,Geping, B., Zhang, Z. and Mingxin, L. (2010)The Future of a Chinese WaterVillage. Alternative Design Practices Aimed to Provide New Life forTraditional Water Villages in the Pearl River Delta, Journal of Urban Design, 15(2) , 243-267Breuste, J.H.(2004) Decision Making, Planning and Design for the Conservation of IndigenousVegetation within Urban Development. Landscape Urban Planning 68 (4), 439- 452.Bunnell, T. (2002) Kampung Rules: Landscape and the Contested Government of Urban(e) Malayness.Urban Studies, 39(9), 1685 - 1701Davies, P. & Robb, J. (2002) The appropriate of the material of places in thelandscape, Landscape Research, 27(2), 181-185deMarrais, K (2004) Qualitative interview studies: Learning through experience. In KdeMarrais & S.D.Lapan (Eds.), Foundations for research. Mahwah, NJ: ErtlbaumDobby, E.H.G.(1942) Settlement Patterns in Malaya. Geographical Review,32(2), 211-232.Endut, E.H., Traditional Malaysia built forms: a study of the origins, main buildingtypes, development of building forms, design principles and the application of traditionalconcepts in modem building, Ph.D. thesis, Sheffield,(1994).Fee, C.V.(1998) The Encyclopaedia of Malaysia: Architecture. Kuala Lumpur: Archipelago Press.Firth, R. (1943) The Coastal People ofKelantan and Trengganu, Malaya The Geographical Journal,Vol. 101, No. 5/6, 193-205.Frampton, K (1983). Towards a critical regionalism: six points for an architecture of resistance,in H. Foster (Ed.) The Anti-Aesthetic (Port Townsend, Washington: Bay Press)Francis, M.(1999) A Case Study Method for Landscape Architecture. Landscape Journal 20: 1-01,15-29Gospodini,A. (2004) Urban Morphology and Place Identity in European Cities: Built Heritage and Innovative Design. Journal of Urban Design, 9(2), 225-248.Graham, W.A.(1908) Kelantan A State of the Malay Peninsula: A Handbook oflnformation. JamesMaclehose and Sons, Glasgow.Haaren, C.V.(2002) Landscape Planning Facing the Challenge of the Develo pment ofCultural Landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 60,73-80Haider, S.G.(1984) Habitat and values in Islam: a conceptual formulation of an Islamic City. In:Sardar, Z., 1984. The touch of Midas Science, values and environment in Islam and the West,Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 170-208.182Hay, R. (1998) A rooted 245-266sense of place in cross-cultural perspective. Can. Geogr.42(3),Hough, M.(1990) Out of Place: Restoring Identity to The Regional Landscape. Yale University Press,New Haven & London.Hubbard, P. (1994) Professional vs Lay Tastes in Design Control-an empirical investigation.Planning Practice and Research,9(3), 271-287International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) (no date) Cultural Landscapes.[Online]http://www.iflaonline.org/index.php?option=com content&view=article&id==29&Itemid=40[Accessed 14?? January 2011)Jiven, G. and Larkham, P.J. (2003) Sense of Place, Authenticity andCharacter: A Commentary. Journal of Urban Design, 8(1),67-81Jones, M. (Ed.)(1990) Fake? The Art of Deception (London, British Museum Publication).Kiernan, V.G.(1956) Britain, Siam, and Malaya: 1875-1885. The Journal of Modern History, Vol.28(1), pp. 1-20King, AD. (1976) Colonial Urban Development (London: Routledge & Paul)Land Use Consultants (2009) Guidelines for Implementing the European LandscapeConvention: what does it mean for your organisation? A Report to Natural England. LUC: London.20pp.Langhof, C. and Adler, G.(1997) Win-win in Urban Design. The Journal of Architecture,2(3), 245 - 250Larco, N. (2010) Both/And: Merging Global and Local Identity through Design. A CaseStudy of Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires. Journal of Urban Design, 15(2), 195-210Larkham, P.J. (1996) Conservation and the City (London, Routledge).Leighly, J. (1965) Land and Life: A Selection from the Writings of C.O.Sauer. Berkeley.University of California Press, 343Lim Jee Yuan. (1997) The Malay House. Pulau Pinang: Institut Masyarakat.Lowenthal, D. (1990) Forging the past, in: M.Jones (Ed.) Fake? The Art of Deception, 16-22(London, British Museum Publications).Lynch, K (1960) The Image of the City. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.Mahgoub, Y. (2007) Architecture and the Expression of Cultural Identity in Kuwait. TheJournal of Architecture 12(2), 165 - 182Mahmud, Z. (2004) Traditional Landscapes of the Malays of the Peninsula. Malaysia.Universit Pendidikan Sultan Idris.McClelland, L.F.(1991) Imagery, Ideals, and Social Values: The Interpretation and Documentation of Cultural Landscapes. The Public Historian, 13(2), 108McCutcheon, M.S., Change, continuity and cultural identity as traced through the peopleand place of Arnbohimanga, Madagascar, D.Phil. thesis, Oxford,(2003).McHarg, I. (1969) Design With Nature. New York. Doubleday/Natural History Press.Merriam, S.B. (2009) Qualitative Research: A guide to design and Implementation. SanFrancisco: Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint.Michell, G. (1995) Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning,London: Thames & Hudson.Montgomery, J.R. (1998) Making a city: urbanity, vitality and urban design. Journal ofUrban Design, 3(1), 93-ll6Montgomery, J.R. (2003) Cultural Quarters as Mechanisms for Urban Regeneration. Part I:Conceptualising Cultural Quarters, Planning, Practice & Research, 18(4),293-306MPKB-BI.(2002) Kota Bharu Landscape Master Plan Report.MPKB-BI.(2006a) Kota Bharu Municipal Council- Islamic City 2006-2015 Master Plan Report.MPKB-BI.(2006b) Kota Bharu Municipal Council- Islamic City Action Plan and DesignGuidelines Report.Nasir, A.H. (1985) Pengenalan Rumah Tradisional Melayu Semenanjung. Kuala Lumpur: LoyalPress Sdn. Bhd.Nasir, AH and Teh, W.W.H. (1997) Warisan Seni Bina Melayu. 1?? ed. Bangi: PenerbitUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaNasir, A.H. (1979) Guide to Historical Sites Kelantan. l ?? ed. Kuala Lumpur: MuseumDepartment.Neuman, M.(2000) Regional Design : Recovering a Great Landscape Architecture and UrbanPlanning Tradition. Landscape and Urban Planning 47,115-128Nusser, M.(2001) Understanding Cultural Landscape Transformation: a re-Photographic Surveyin Chitral, Eastern Hindukush, Pakistan. Landscape and Urban Planning 57, 241-255Omar, I.A (1979) Konsep Ruang Rumah Melayu. In: Yahya, M.A. (1995) Simbolisme dalarnSeni Bina Rumah Melayu, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Ouf, A.M.S. (2001) Authenticity and the Sense of Place in Urban Design. Journal of Urban Design,6(1),73-86Ozkan, S. (2002) Modernity and Tradition: Problem and Potential. In: Petruccioli, A AndPirani, KK (2002) Understanding Islamic Architecture, Oxon: RutledgeCurzon, pp. 85-97.Pattacini, L. (2001) Landscape and Design Guidance: Saint Gervais-les-Bains, a Casestudy. Journal of Urban Design, 6(3), 317-325Pendlebury, J. (2005) The Modem Historic City: Evolving Ideas in Mid-20?? CenturyBritain. Journal of Urban Design, 10: 2, pp. 253-273Petherbridge, G.T. (1995) Vernacular Architecture: The House and Society. In: Michell,G.(1995) Architectural of the Islamic World: Its Histoty and Social Meaning, London:Thames & Hudson, pp. 176 -208Rahman, N.A.N.H.S et. al (1998) Early Histoty: The Encyclopaedia of Malaysia. KualaLumpur. Archipelago Press.Rasdi, M.T.M., Ali,KM., Ariffin, S.A.I.S., Mohammad, R And Mursib, G. (2005) TheArchitectural Heritage of the Malay World-The Traditional Houses. Malaysia. UniversitiTeknologi MalaysiaRayburn, AP. & Schulte, L.A.(2009) Landscape change in an agricultural watershed inU.S.Midwest, Landscape and Urban Planning, 93(2), 132-141Relph, E. (1976) Place and Placelessness (London, Pion).Robert KYin. (1994) Case Study Research: Design and Methods. London. SagePublications.Robertson, I. & Richards, P. (2003) Studying Cultural Landscapes, London: Arnold.Ruggles, D.F. (2008) Islamic Gardens and Landscapes. 1?? ed. Philadelphia: University ofPennsylvania Press, pp.89.Said, I. (2001) Cultural-Ethnic Landscape of Terrace Housing Community in PeninsularMalaysia. Journal of Technology B, 35,1-27Said, I. (2001) Pluralism in Terrace Housing Community through Ethnic Garden. JournalofTechnology B, 35,41-53Said, I. (2002) Visual Composition of Malay Woodcarvings in Vernacular Houses ofPeninsular Malaysia. Jurnal Teknologi, [Online] Dis. 2002, 37(B), pp. 43-52. Available at:http://eprints.utm.my/l42l/l/JT37B4.pdf [Accessed 11 March 2010].Saleh, M. (1998) The Integration of Tradition and Modernity: A Search for an Urban andArchitectural Identity in Arriyadh, the Capital of Saudi Arabia. Habitat International, 22(4),571-589Salleh, M. A.(2003) Masjid Kampung Laut. 1?? ed. Malaysia. Perbadanan Muzium NegeriKelantan.Salleh, N.M(l 982) Warisan Kelantan I. Malaysia Perbadanan Muzium Negeri Kelantan.Salleh, N.M(l984) Warisan Kelantan III. Malaysia. Perbadanan Muzium Negeri Kelantan.Salleh, N.M(l985) Warisan Kelantan IV. Malaysia. Perbadanan Muzium Negeri Kelantan.Salleh, N.M(l986) Warisan Kelantan V. Malaysia Perbadanan Muzium Negeri Kelantan.Salleh, N.M(l990) Warisan Kelantan IX. Malaysia. Perbadanan Muzium Negeri Kelantan.Salleh, N.M(l992) Warisan Kelantan XI. Malaysia. Perbadanan Muzium Negeri Kelantan.Sauer, C.O.(1925) The Morphology of Landscape. University of California Publications inGeography.Schein, R.H.(1999) Teaching "Race" and the Cultural Landscape. The Journal of Geography 98( 4),188-190Schmidt, S. (2005) Cultural Influences and the Built Environment: An Examination ofKumasi, Ghana, Journal of Urban Design, 10(3), 353-370Scott, O.R.(1979) Utilizing History to Establish Cultural and Physical Identity mthe Landscape. Landscape Planning 6,179-203Selman, P.H. (2006) Planning at the Landscape Scale. Routledge, London.Shadar, H. (2010) Evolution and Critical Regionalism Journal of Urban Design. 15(2), 227- 242Shamsuddin, S., Identity of place: a study of Kuantan town centre, Malaysia, Ph.D. thesis,Nottingham,(1997).Shamsul, A. B. (1988) Kampung: Antara Kenyataan Dengan Nostalgia, Dewan Masyarakat, December,4-5.Sinha, A. and Sharma, Y. (2009) Urban Design as a Frame for Site Readings of Heritage Landscapes: ACase Study of Champaner- Pavagadh, Gujarat, India. Journal of Urban Design, 14(2), 203-221Stephenson, J.(2008) The Cultural Values Model : An Integrated Approaches to Values inLandscape. Landscape and Urban Planning 84,127-139Stratford-on-Avon (2001) District Desig n Guide (Stratford upon Avon, Stratford upon Avon DistrictCouncil).Tahir, O.M., Urban landscape management in Malaysia: in search of a sustainable management system, Ph.D. thesis, Newcastle upon Tyne,(2005).Taylor, P.D.(2002) Fragmentation and cultural landscapes: tightening the relationship between human beings and the environment. Landscape and Urban Planning 58,93-99Tiesdell, S.(2002) The New Urbanism and English Residential Design Guidance: a review, JournalofUrban Design, 7(3), 353-376Tisher, W.H.(1979) The Landscape: An Emerging Historic Preservation Resource. Bulletin of theAssociation for Preservation Technology, Vol. 11, 4, 9-25Thomas, G. (2009) How to do Your Research Project: A guide for students in Education and appliedsocial sciences. 1?? ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.UNESCO World Heritage Cultural Landscape Definitions in International Federation ofLandscape Architecs (IFLA) [Online] 2008. Available at: http://www.iflaclc.org/definitions.html [Accessed 23 June 20IO].Vos, W. And Meekes, H.(1999) Trends in European Cultural Landscape Develo pment:Perspectives for a Sustainable Future. Landscape and Urban Planning 46, 3-14Wansborough, M & Mageean, A (2000) The Role of Urban Design m CulturalRegeneration. Journal of Urban Design, 5(2),181-197Watson, G. B. & Bentley, I., 2007. Identity by Design. 1?? ed. Oxford: Architectural Press.Whitehand, J.W.R. & Gu, K(2006) Research on Chinese urban form:retrospect andprospect, Progress in Human Geography, 30(3), 337-355Yin, R.K (2008) Case study research: Design and methods (4?? ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.Yunus, AH.M.,Urban Conservation in Malaysia: Processes and Management, Ph.D. thesis,DeMonfort,(2000).The study seeks to investigate the effect of outdoor education camp towardgroup cohesion on the second year undergraduate teacher trainees fromselected Teacher Education Institutes of Malaysia. It also examines the socio-demographic influences and sequence of activity that encourage groupcohesion improvement. The study also attempts to shed light upon the delayedeffect after two months completion of the camp. A pre-test and posttestapproach with non-equivalent control group was utilised among 350second year undergraduate students from four selected Teacher EducationInstitutes of Malaysia. Meanwhile, there is no control group used for the delayedpost-test. A modified version of Group Environment Questionnaire(GEQ) and open ended questionnaire were used to gather data from pre,post and delayed post-test. Results from MANCOVA procedures suggestedthat the camp had positively improved the experimental group's group cohesion.Previous experience, place of residence, gender and camp locationwere found to have significant influence on the improvement of group cohesion.However, the study also revealed that this gain diminished over thetwo month period as measured by the delayed post-test. Responses fromteacher trainees found that sequence of activity from low to high risk activityis the appropriate and influenced students' group cohesion improvement.
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Mazuki Mohd Yasim
author_facet Mazuki Mohd Yasim
author_sort Mazuki Mohd Yasim
title Effects of ourdoor education on group cohesion among second year undergraduate teacher trainees from selected teacher education institutes in Malaysia
title_short Effects of ourdoor education on group cohesion among second year undergraduate teacher trainees from selected teacher education institutes in Malaysia
title_full Effects of ourdoor education on group cohesion among second year undergraduate teacher trainees from selected teacher education institutes in Malaysia
title_fullStr Effects of ourdoor education on group cohesion among second year undergraduate teacher trainees from selected teacher education institutes in Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed Effects of ourdoor education on group cohesion among second year undergraduate teacher trainees from selected teacher education institutes in Malaysia
title_sort effects of ourdoor education on group cohesion among second year undergraduate teacher trainees from selected teacher education institutes in malaysia
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Kejurulatihan
publishDate 2016
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5622
_version_ 1747833212584853504
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:56222021-03-02 Effects of ourdoor education on group cohesion among second year undergraduate teacher trainees from selected teacher education institutes in Malaysia 2016 Mazuki Mohd Yasim LB Theory and practice of education Ahmad, KB. (2002) An Overview of Architecture Education in the Contemporary Muslim World. In:Petruccioli, A & Pirani, KK, 2002. Understanding Islamic Architecture, Oxon: RutledgeCurzon,pp. 129-132.Akib, M.S.,Yaacob, A,Jusoh,W.J.And Ibrahim,S .(2000) Muzium-muzium di Kelantan.Malaysia. Perbadanan Muzium Negeri Kelantan.Andaya, L.Y.(2001) The Search for the ' Origins ' of Melayu. Journal of Southeast AsianStudiest, 32(3), 315-330Antrop, M. (2004) Rural-urban Conflicts and Opportunities. The Dimensions of theEuropean Landscape, 83-91Antrop, M. (2005) Why landscapes of the past are important for the future. LandscapeUrban Planning. 70 (l-2), 21-34Ardalan, N.(2002) "Simultaneous Perplexi ty": The Paradise Garden as the QuintessentialVisual Paradigm of Islamic Architecture and Beyond . In: Petruccioli, A and Pirani, K K, 2002. Understanding Islamic Architecture , Oxon: RutledgeCurzon, pp. 9-18.Ariffin, S.I., Order in traditional Malay house form, Ph.D. thesis, Oxford Brookes,(2001).Assi, E. (2000) Searching for the concept of authenticity: implementation guidelines.Journal of Architectural Conservation, 6(2), 60-69Atwah, A.Y.A., Identification and understanding of the cultural landscape of Arabia . Casestudy: 'Asir region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ph.D. thesis, Edinb urgh,(1992).Awang, K, Tourism Development in Peripheral Area of Malaysia: a Case Study ofKelantan, Ph.D. thesis, Wales, Aberystwyth,(2006).Bogdan, R.C., & Biklen, S.K (2007) Qualitative research for education: An introduction totheories and methods. Boston: Pearson.Bosselman, P.C., Kondolf,G.M., Jiang, F.,Geping, B., Zhang, Z. and Mingxin, L. (2010)The Future of a Chinese WaterVillage. Alternative Design Practices Aimed to Provide New Life forTraditional Water Villages in the Pearl River Delta, Journal of Urban Design, 15(2) , 243-267Breuste, J.H.(2004) Decision Making, Planning and Design for the Conservation of IndigenousVegetation within Urban Development. Landscape Urban Planning 68 (4), 439- 452.Bunnell, T. (2002) Kampung Rules: Landscape and the Contested Government of Urban(e) Malayness.Urban Studies, 39(9), 1685 - 1701Davies, P. & Robb, J. (2002) The appropriate of the material of places in thelandscape, Landscape Research, 27(2), 181-185deMarrais, K (2004) Qualitative interview studies: Learning through experience. In KdeMarrais & S.D.Lapan (Eds.), Foundations for research. Mahwah, NJ: ErtlbaumDobby, E.H.G.(1942) Settlement Patterns in Malaya. Geographical Review,32(2), 211-232.Endut, E.H., Traditional Malaysia built forms: a study of the origins, main buildingtypes, development of building forms, design principles and the application of traditionalconcepts in modem building, Ph.D. thesis, Sheffield,(1994).Fee, C.V.(1998) The Encyclopaedia of Malaysia: Architecture. Kuala Lumpur: Archipelago Press.Firth, R. (1943) The Coastal People ofKelantan and Trengganu, Malaya The Geographical Journal,Vol. 101, No. 5/6, 193-205.Frampton, K (1983). Towards a critical regionalism: six points for an architecture of resistance,in H. Foster (Ed.) The Anti-Aesthetic (Port Townsend, Washington: Bay Press)Francis, M.(1999) A Case Study Method for Landscape Architecture. Landscape Journal 20: 1-01,15-29Gospodini,A. (2004) Urban Morphology and Place Identity in European Cities: Built Heritage and Innovative Design. Journal of Urban Design, 9(2), 225-248.Graham, W.A.(1908) Kelantan A State of the Malay Peninsula: A Handbook oflnformation. JamesMaclehose and Sons, Glasgow.Haaren, C.V.(2002) Landscape Planning Facing the Challenge of the Develo pment ofCultural Landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 60,73-80Haider, S.G.(1984) Habitat and values in Islam: a conceptual formulation of an Islamic City. In:Sardar, Z., 1984. The touch of Midas Science, values and environment in Islam and the West,Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 170-208.182Hay, R. (1998) A rooted 245-266sense of place in cross-cultural perspective. Can. Geogr.42(3),Hough, M.(1990) Out of Place: Restoring Identity to The Regional Landscape. Yale University Press,New Haven & London.Hubbard, P. (1994) Professional vs Lay Tastes in Design Control-an empirical investigation.Planning Practice and Research,9(3), 271-287International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) (no date) Cultural Landscapes.[Online]http://www.iflaonline.org/index.php?option=com content&view=article&id==29&Itemid=40[Accessed 14?? January 2011)Jiven, G. and Larkham, P.J. (2003) Sense of Place, Authenticity andCharacter: A Commentary. Journal of Urban Design, 8(1),67-81Jones, M. (Ed.)(1990) Fake? The Art of Deception (London, British Museum Publication).Kiernan, V.G.(1956) Britain, Siam, and Malaya: 1875-1885. The Journal of Modern History, Vol.28(1), pp. 1-20King, AD. (1976) Colonial Urban Development (London: Routledge & Paul)Land Use Consultants (2009) Guidelines for Implementing the European LandscapeConvention: what does it mean for your organisation? A Report to Natural England. LUC: London.20pp.Langhof, C. and Adler, G.(1997) Win-win in Urban Design. The Journal of Architecture,2(3), 245 - 250Larco, N. (2010) Both/And: Merging Global and Local Identity through Design. A CaseStudy of Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires. Journal of Urban Design, 15(2), 195-210Larkham, P.J. (1996) Conservation and the City (London, Routledge).Leighly, J. (1965) Land and Life: A Selection from the Writings of C.O.Sauer. Berkeley.University of California Press, 343Lim Jee Yuan. (1997) The Malay House. Pulau Pinang: Institut Masyarakat.Lowenthal, D. (1990) Forging the past, in: M.Jones (Ed.) Fake? The Art of Deception, 16-22(London, British Museum Publications).Lynch, K (1960) The Image of the City. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.Mahgoub, Y. (2007) Architecture and the Expression of Cultural Identity in Kuwait. TheJournal of Architecture 12(2), 165 - 182Mahmud, Z. (2004) Traditional Landscapes of the Malays of the Peninsula. Malaysia.Universit Pendidikan Sultan Idris.McClelland, L.F.(1991) Imagery, Ideals, and Social Values: The Interpretation and Documentation of Cultural Landscapes. The Public Historian, 13(2), 108McCutcheon, M.S., Change, continuity and cultural identity as traced through the peopleand place of Arnbohimanga, Madagascar, D.Phil. thesis, Oxford,(2003).McHarg, I. (1969) Design With Nature. New York. Doubleday/Natural History Press.Merriam, S.B. (2009) Qualitative Research: A guide to design and Implementation. SanFrancisco: Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint.Michell, G. (1995) Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning,London: Thames & Hudson.Montgomery, J.R. (1998) Making a city: urbanity, vitality and urban design. Journal ofUrban Design, 3(1), 93-ll6Montgomery, J.R. (2003) Cultural Quarters as Mechanisms for Urban Regeneration. Part I:Conceptualising Cultural Quarters, Planning, Practice & Research, 18(4),293-306MPKB-BI.(2002) Kota Bharu Landscape Master Plan Report.MPKB-BI.(2006a) Kota Bharu Municipal Council- Islamic City 2006-2015 Master Plan Report.MPKB-BI.(2006b) Kota Bharu Municipal Council- Islamic City Action Plan and DesignGuidelines Report.Nasir, A.H. (1985) Pengenalan Rumah Tradisional Melayu Semenanjung. Kuala Lumpur: LoyalPress Sdn. Bhd.Nasir, AH and Teh, W.W.H. (1997) Warisan Seni Bina Melayu. 1?? ed. Bangi: PenerbitUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaNasir, A.H. (1979) Guide to Historical Sites Kelantan. l ?? ed. Kuala Lumpur: MuseumDepartment.Neuman, M.(2000) Regional Design : Recovering a Great Landscape Architecture and UrbanPlanning Tradition. Landscape and Urban Planning 47,115-128Nusser, M.(2001) Understanding Cultural Landscape Transformation: a re-Photographic Surveyin Chitral, Eastern Hindukush, Pakistan. Landscape and Urban Planning 57, 241-255Omar, I.A (1979) Konsep Ruang Rumah Melayu. In: Yahya, M.A. (1995) Simbolisme dalarnSeni Bina Rumah Melayu, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Ouf, A.M.S. (2001) Authenticity and the Sense of Place in Urban Design. Journal of Urban Design,6(1),73-86Ozkan, S. (2002) Modernity and Tradition: Problem and Potential. In: Petruccioli, A AndPirani, KK (2002) Understanding Islamic Architecture, Oxon: RutledgeCurzon, pp. 85-97.Pattacini, L. (2001) Landscape and Design Guidance: Saint Gervais-les-Bains, a Casestudy. Journal of Urban Design, 6(3), 317-325Pendlebury, J. (2005) The Modem Historic City: Evolving Ideas in Mid-20?? CenturyBritain. Journal of Urban Design, 10: 2, pp. 253-273Petherbridge, G.T. (1995) Vernacular Architecture: The House and Society. In: Michell,G.(1995) Architectural of the Islamic World: Its Histoty and Social Meaning, London:Thames & Hudson, pp. 176 -208Rahman, N.A.N.H.S et. al (1998) Early Histoty: The Encyclopaedia of Malaysia. KualaLumpur. Archipelago Press.Rasdi, M.T.M., Ali,KM., Ariffin, S.A.I.S., Mohammad, R And Mursib, G. (2005) TheArchitectural Heritage of the Malay World-The Traditional Houses. Malaysia. UniversitiTeknologi MalaysiaRayburn, AP. & Schulte, L.A.(2009) Landscape change in an agricultural watershed inU.S.Midwest, Landscape and Urban Planning, 93(2), 132-141Relph, E. (1976) Place and Placelessness (London, Pion).Robert KYin. (1994) Case Study Research: Design and Methods. London. SagePublications.Robertson, I. & Richards, P. (2003) Studying Cultural Landscapes, London: Arnold.Ruggles, D.F. (2008) Islamic Gardens and Landscapes. 1?? ed. Philadelphia: University ofPennsylvania Press, pp.89.Said, I. (2001) Cultural-Ethnic Landscape of Terrace Housing Community in PeninsularMalaysia. Journal of Technology B, 35,1-27Said, I. (2001) Pluralism in Terrace Housing Community through Ethnic Garden. JournalofTechnology B, 35,41-53Said, I. (2002) Visual Composition of Malay Woodcarvings in Vernacular Houses ofPeninsular Malaysia. Jurnal Teknologi, [Online] Dis. 2002, 37(B), pp. 43-52. Available at:http://eprints.utm.my/l42l/l/JT37B4.pdf [Accessed 11 March 2010].Saleh, M. (1998) The Integration of Tradition and Modernity: A Search for an Urban andArchitectural Identity in Arriyadh, the Capital of Saudi Arabia. Habitat International, 22(4),571-589Salleh, M. A.(2003) Masjid Kampung Laut. 1?? ed. Malaysia. Perbadanan Muzium NegeriKelantan.Salleh, N.M(l 982) Warisan Kelantan I. Malaysia Perbadanan Muzium Negeri Kelantan.Salleh, N.M(l984) Warisan Kelantan III. Malaysia. 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Meanwhile, there is no control group used for the delayedpost-test. A modified version of Group Environment Questionnaire(GEQ) and open ended questionnaire were used to gather data from pre,post and delayed post-test. Results from MANCOVA procedures suggestedthat the camp had positively improved the experimental group's group cohesion.Previous experience, place of residence, gender and camp locationwere found to have significant influence on the improvement of group cohesion.However, the study also revealed that this gain diminished over thetwo month period as measured by the delayed post-test. Responses fromteacher trainees found that sequence of activity from low to high risk activityis the appropriate and influenced students' group cohesion improvement. 2016 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5622 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5622 text eng closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Kejurulatihan Abu Bakar Sidek, M. I. 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