Nitrification of high-strength ammonium landfill leachate for improvement of river water quality in Malaysia

Nitrification of high-strength ammonium landfill leachate for improvement of river water quality in Malaysia

The mature landfill leachate is characterized by high-strength ammonium, which leads todifficulties in reducing the ammonium concentration in the wastewater discharge to the permissiblelimit (10 mg/L) using the existing biological treatment of sequencing batch reactors(SBRs). The challenge of the ni...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Norjan Yusof
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2019
Subjects:
TD Environmental technology
Sanitary engineering
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5629
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:5629
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic TD Environmental technology
Sanitary engineering
spellingShingle TD Environmental technology
Sanitary engineering
Norjan Yusof
Nitrification of high-strength ammonium landfill leachate for improvement of river water quality in Malaysia
description The mature landfill leachate is characterized by high-strength ammonium, which leads todifficulties in reducing the ammonium concentration in the wastewater discharge to the permissiblelimit (10 mg/L) using the existing biological treatment of sequencing batch reactors(SBRs). The challenge of the nitrogen removal via nitrification of high strengthammonium landfill leachate is substrate inhibition, particularly in the form of freeammonia (FA) and free nitrous acid (FNA) in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) andnitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The problem is more severe, as 43% of the landfills are notwell designed and not properly equipped with leachate control mechanism facilities. In particular, this type of landfill exposed the river water to the risk ofammonium contamination from the landfill leachate. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improvethe existing leachate management at landfills.Prior to the nitrification study, leachate characteristics and the presence of inorganicnitrogen in the rivers receiving landfill leachate from three different types of landfills inSelangor state, Malaysia were assessed throughout a year to determine the impact oflandfill leachate on river water chemistry. In response to the results of the water qualitystudy, a nitrification-activated sludge system has been developed for high-strengthammonium synthetic wastewater, which serves as a reference before treatment with theactual landfill leachate. The system was operated under controlled conditions that favornitrification and was started in the fed-batch mode of operation to prevent inhibitoryeffects of FA and FNA on nitrifiers. As the heterotrophs could also inhibit the nitrification performance, the organic carbon removal was monitored during the nitrification of mature landfill leachate. A molecular technique, fluorescence insitu hybridization (FISH), was used to identify both the microbial populations as well as thelocalization of the nitrifiers in the sludge floe complex community.The background, scope and objectives of the study are described in the introduction, Chapter 1.In Chapter 2, leachates from three different types of landfills, namely active uncontrolled, active controlled and closed controlled, were characterized, and their relationships with river water chemistry were examined each month for a year. Theinfluence of leachate on river water chemistry from each type of landfill depended onmany factors, including the presence of a leachate control mechanism, leachatecharacteristics, precipitation, surface run-off and the applied treatment. The impact ofleachate from an active uncontrolled landfill was the highest, as the organic content, NNH/ Cd and Mn levels appeared high in the river. At the same time, influences ofleachate were also observed from both types of controlled landfills in the form ofinorganic nitrogen (N-NH/, N-NO-3 and N-NO?) and heavy metals (Fe, Cr, Ni and Mn).Improper treatment practice led to high levels of some contaminants in the stream nearthe closed controlled landfill.In Chapter 3, the feasibility of a nitrifying activated sludge system to completelynitrify synthetic mature landfill leachate with N-NH/ concentration of 1452 mg/L wastested. The process started with a nit rogen loading rate (NLR) of 0.4 kgN-NH/ !m3/day in afed-batch mode to avoid any accumulation of the FA and FNA in the system, and the NLR wassubsequently gradually increased. Complete nitrification was achieved with a very high ammonium removal percentage (-100%). The maximum specific and volumetricnitrification rates obtained were 0.49 gN-NH/lg VSS/day and 3.0 kgN NH//m3/day, respectively, which were higher than those reported previously for ammonium-rich removal using an activated sludge system. The nitrifying sludge exhibited goodsettling characteristics of up to 36 mL/g VSS and a long solid retention time (SRT) ofmore than 53 days, which contributed to the success of the nitrification process. Thecoexistence and synthropic association of the AOB and NOB were observed using the FISH technique,which supported the results on complete nitrification obtained in the system. These findingswould be of prominent importance for further treatment of actual landfill leachate.In Chapter 4, nitrification of mature sanitary landfill leachate with high-strength NNH/ (1080-2350 mg/L) was performed in a 10 L continuous nitrification-activatedsludge reactor. During the entire period of study, dissolved oxygen and pH weremaintained at a minimum of 2.0 mg/L and 7.4-7.6, respectively. The nitrification system wasacclimatized with synthetic leachate for about 13 days before being fed with actual matureleachate. Successful nitrification was achieved with an approximately complete ammoniumremoval (99%) and a 96% conversion of N-NH/ to N-NO-3 . At the sametime, BOD removal of 85 to 95% and COD removal of 38-57% were accomplished. Themaximum volumetric and specific nitrification rates obtained were 2.56 kgN NH/lm3/day and 0.23 g N-NH/lg VSS/day, respectively, at a HRT of 12.7 hand SRT of50 days. Incomplete nitrification of 3.14 kg N-NH/ /m3/day with up to 460 mg/L of N NO2-built up in the system was encountered when operating at higher (NLRs). The inhibitoryeffect of FNA on nitrifiers rather than interspecies competition betweenheterotrophs and nitrifiers was believed to trigger the accumulation of N-NO- 2 .Results from FISH experiments, which revealed the disintegration of some AOB cell aggregatesinto single cells, further supported the inhibitory effect mentioned above. During thecomplete nitrification, the AOB and NOB were found in almost similar percentages, whilethe number of the AOB and NOB decreased and the heterotrophs dominated for the duration of theincomplete nitrification.
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Norjan Yusof
author_facet Norjan Yusof
author_sort Norjan Yusof
title Nitrification of high-strength ammonium landfill leachate for improvement of river water quality in Malaysia
title_short Nitrification of high-strength ammonium landfill leachate for improvement of river water quality in Malaysia
title_full Nitrification of high-strength ammonium landfill leachate for improvement of river water quality in Malaysia
title_fullStr Nitrification of high-strength ammonium landfill leachate for improvement of river water quality in Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed Nitrification of high-strength ammonium landfill leachate for improvement of river water quality in Malaysia
title_sort nitrification of high-strength ammonium landfill leachate for improvement of river water quality in malaysia
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Sains Kemanusiaan
publishDate 2019
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5629
_version_ 1747833213459365888
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:56292021-03-04 Nitrification of high-strength ammonium landfill leachate for improvement of river water quality in Malaysia 2019 Norjan Yusof TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering The mature landfill leachate is characterized by high-strength ammonium, which leads todifficulties in reducing the ammonium concentration in the wastewater discharge to the permissiblelimit (10 mg/L) using the existing biological treatment of sequencing batch reactors(SBRs). The challenge of the nitrogen removal via nitrification of high strengthammonium landfill leachate is substrate inhibition, particularly in the form of freeammonia (FA) and free nitrous acid (FNA) in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) andnitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The problem is more severe, as 43% of the landfills are notwell designed and not properly equipped with leachate control mechanism facilities. In particular, this type of landfill exposed the river water to the risk ofammonium contamination from the landfill leachate. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improvethe existing leachate management at landfills.Prior to the nitrification study, leachate characteristics and the presence of inorganicnitrogen in the rivers receiving landfill leachate from three different types of landfills inSelangor state, Malaysia were assessed throughout a year to determine the impact oflandfill leachate on river water chemistry. In response to the results of the water qualitystudy, a nitrification-activated sludge system has been developed for high-strengthammonium synthetic wastewater, which serves as a reference before treatment with theactual landfill leachate. The system was operated under controlled conditions that favornitrification and was started in the fed-batch mode of operation to prevent inhibitoryeffects of FA and FNA on nitrifiers. As the heterotrophs could also inhibit the nitrification performance, the organic carbon removal was monitored during the nitrification of mature landfill leachate. A molecular technique, fluorescence insitu hybridization (FISH), was used to identify both the microbial populations as well as thelocalization of the nitrifiers in the sludge floe complex community.The background, scope and objectives of the study are described in the introduction, Chapter 1.In Chapter 2, leachates from three different types of landfills, namely active uncontrolled, active controlled and closed controlled, were characterized, and their relationships with river water chemistry were examined each month for a year. Theinfluence of leachate on river water chemistry from each type of landfill depended onmany factors, including the presence of a leachate control mechanism, leachatecharacteristics, precipitation, surface run-off and the applied treatment. The impact ofleachate from an active uncontrolled landfill was the highest, as the organic content, NNH/ Cd and Mn levels appeared high in the river. At the same time, influences ofleachate were also observed from both types of controlled landfills in the form ofinorganic nitrogen (N-NH/, N-NO-3 and N-NO?) and heavy metals (Fe, Cr, Ni and Mn).Improper treatment practice led to high levels of some contaminants in the stream nearthe closed controlled landfill.In Chapter 3, the feasibility of a nitrifying activated sludge system to completelynitrify synthetic mature landfill leachate with N-NH/ concentration of 1452 mg/L wastested. The process started with a nit rogen loading rate (NLR) of 0.4 kgN-NH/ !m3/day in afed-batch mode to avoid any accumulation of the FA and FNA in the system, and the NLR wassubsequently gradually increased. Complete nitrification was achieved with a very high ammonium removal percentage (-100%). The maximum specific and volumetricnitrification rates obtained were 0.49 gN-NH/lg VSS/day and 3.0 kgN NH//m3/day, respectively, which were higher than those reported previously for ammonium-rich removal using an activated sludge system. The nitrifying sludge exhibited goodsettling characteristics of up to 36 mL/g VSS and a long solid retention time (SRT) ofmore than 53 days, which contributed to the success of the nitrification process. Thecoexistence and synthropic association of the AOB and NOB were observed using the FISH technique,which supported the results on complete nitrification obtained in the system. These findingswould be of prominent importance for further treatment of actual landfill leachate.In Chapter 4, nitrification of mature sanitary landfill leachate with high-strength NNH/ (1080-2350 mg/L) was performed in a 10 L continuous nitrification-activatedsludge reactor. During the entire period of study, dissolved oxygen and pH weremaintained at a minimum of 2.0 mg/L and 7.4-7.6, respectively. The nitrification system wasacclimatized with synthetic leachate for about 13 days before being fed with actual matureleachate. Successful nitrification was achieved with an approximately complete ammoniumremoval (99%) and a 96% conversion of N-NH/ to N-NO-3 . At the sametime, BOD removal of 85 to 95% and COD removal of 38-57% were accomplished. Themaximum volumetric and specific nitrification rates obtained were 2.56 kgN NH/lm3/day and 0.23 g N-NH/lg VSS/day, respectively, at a HRT of 12.7 hand SRT of50 days. Incomplete nitrification of 3.14 kg N-NH/ /m3/day with up to 460 mg/L of N NO2-built up in the system was encountered when operating at higher (NLRs). The inhibitoryeffect of FNA on nitrifiers rather than interspecies competition betweenheterotrophs and nitrifiers was believed to trigger the accumulation of N-NO- 2 .Results from FISH experiments, which revealed the disintegration of some AOB cell aggregatesinto single cells, further supported the inhibitory effect mentioned above. During thecomplete nitrification, the AOB and NOB were found in almost similar percentages, whilethe number of the AOB and NOB decreased and the heterotrophs dominated for the duration of theincomplete nitrification. 2019 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5629 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5629 text eng closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Sains Kemanusiaan Ahn, Y.H., 2006. Sustainable Nitrogen Elimination Biotechnologies: A Review. ProcessBiochemistry 41, 1709-1721.Amann, R.I., Kmmholz, L., Stahl, D.A., 1990. Fluorescent-oligonucleotide Probing of Whole Cells for Determinative, Phylogenetic and Enviromnental Studies inMicrobiology. Journal Bacteriology 172, 762-770.Amann, R.I., Ludwig, W., Schleifer, K.H., 1995. Phylogenetic Identification and In SituDetection of Individual Microbial Cells without Cultivation. Microbiological Reviews 59 (1),143-169.Anthonisen, A.C., Loehr, B.C., Prakasam, T.B.S., Srinath, E.G., 1976. Inhibition ofNitrification by Ammonia and Nitrous Acid. Journal of Water Pollution ControlFederation 48(5), 835-852.APHA, 1985. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 16th ed. AmericanPublic Health Association, Washington, DC.Arnold, E., Bohm, B., Wilderer, P.A., 2000. Application of Activated Sludge and Biofilm SequencingBatch Reactor Technology to Treat Reject Water from Sludge Dewatering System: aComparison. Water Science Technology 41(1), 115-122.Aziz, H.A., Yusoff, M.S., Adlan, M.N., Adnan, N.H., Alias, S., 2004. Physico-chemical Removal of Iron from Semi-aerobic Landfill Leachate by Limestone Filter. Waste Management24,353-358.Blackburne, R., Vadivelu, V.M., Yuan, Z., Keller, J., 2007. Determination of Growth Rateand Yield of Nitrifying Bacteria by Measuring Carbon Dioxide Uptake Rate. Water EnvironmentResearch 79 (12), 2437-2445.Bougard, D., Bernet, N., Cheneby, D., Delgenes, J.P., 2006. Nitrification of a Highstrength Wastewater in an Inverse Turbulent Bed Reactor: Effect of Temperature onNitrite Accumulation. Process Biochemistry 41, 106-113.Burrell, P.C., Keller, J., Blackall, L.L., 1998. Microbiology of aNitrite-Oxidizing Bioreactor. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64 (5), 1878-1883.Calli, B., Merto glu, B., Inane, B., 2005. Landfill Leachate Management in Istanb ul:Applications and Alternatives. Chemosphere 59, 819-829.Camargo, J.A., Alonso, A., 2006. Ecological and Toxicological Effects of InorganicNitrogen Pollution in Aquatic Ecosystem: A Global Assessment. EnvironmentInternational 32, 831-849.Campos, J.L., Fermindez, J.M.G., Mendez, R., Lema, J.M., 1999. Nitrification at HighAmmonia Loading Rates in an Activated Sludge Unit. Bioresource Technology 68, 141- 148.Campos, J.L., Garrido, J.M., Corral, A.M., Mendez, R., 2007. Stability of a Nitrifying Activatedsludge Reactor. Biochemical Engineering Journal 35, 87-92.Carrera, J., Baeza, J.A., Vicent, T., Lafuente, J.,2003. Biological Nitrogen Removal ofHigh-Strength Ammonium Industrial Wastewater with Two-sludge System. Water Research37, 4211-4221.Carrera, J., Vicent, T., Lafuente, J. 2004. Effect of Influent COD/N Ratio on BiologicalNitrogen Removal (BNR) from High-Strength Ammonium Industrial Wastewater. ProcessBiochemistry 39, 2035-2041.Chen, P.H.,1996. Assessment of Leachates from Sanitary Landfill: Impact of Age,Rainfall, and Treatment. Environment International 22, 225-237.Christensen, T.H., Kjeldsen, P., Bjerg, P.L., Jensen, D.L., Christensen, J.B., Baun, A.,Albrechtsen, H.-J., Heron, G., 2001. Biogeochmeistry of Landfill Leachate Plumes.Applied Geochemistry 16, 659-718.Coskuner, G., Curtis, T.P., 2002. In situ Characterization of Nitrifiers in anActivated Sludge Plant: Detection of Nitrobacter Spp. Journal of Applied Microbiology 93,431- 437.Coskuner, G. 2004. Characterization of Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria in an Activated SludgePlant using a Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Method. Turk Journal of Biology 28, 1-7.Daims, H., Bruhl, A., Amann, R., Schleifer, K.H., Wagner, M., 1999. The DomainSpecific Probe EUB338 is Insufficient for the Detection of All Bacteria: Development and Evaluation of a More Comprehensive Probe Set. Systematic and AppliedMicrobiology 22, 434-444.Daims, H., Nielsen, J.L., Nielsen, P.H., Schleifer, K.H., Wagner, M., 2001. In SituCharacterization of Nitrospira-Like Nitirite-Oxidizing Bacteria Active in WastewaterTreatment Plants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67(11), 5273-5284.Di Iaconi, C., Ramadori, R., Lopez, A., 2006. Combined Biological and ChemicalDegradation fro Treating a Mature Municipal Landfill Leachate. BiochemicalEngineering Journal 31, 118-124.Fan, H.J., Shu, H.Y., Yang , H.S., Chen W.C., 2006. Characteristics of Landfill Leachates in Central Taiwan. Science of the Total Environment 361, 25-37.Fewtrell, N., 2004. Drinking Water-nitrate, Methemoglobinemia, and Global Burden ofDisease: a Discussion. Environmental Health Perspective 112 (14), 1371-1374.Hallin, S., Lydmark, P., Kokalj, S., Hennansson, M., Sorensson, F., Jarvis, A., P.-E.Lindgren, 2005. Community Survey of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria in Full-ScaleActivated Sludge Processes with Different Solids Retention Time. Journal of AppliedMicrobiology 99, 629-640.Hanaki, K., Wantawin, C.,Ohagaki, S., 1990. Effects of the Activity of Heterotrophs onNitrification in a Suspended-Growth Reactor. Water Research 24 (3), 289-296.Hellinga, C., Schellen, A.A.J.C., Mulder, J.W., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Heijnen, J.J.1998. The Sharon Process: An Innovative Method for Nitrogen Removal fromAmmonium-rich Waste Water. Water Science Technology 3 (9), 135-142.Hussain, S., Aziz, H.A., Isa, M.H., Adlan, M.N., Asaari, F.A.H., 2006. Physico-chemic l Method forAmmonia Removal from Synthetic Wastewater using Limestone and GAC 111 jBatch and Column Studies. Bioresource Technology 98, 874-880.Idris, A.,Inanc, B., Hassan, M.N., 2004. Overview of Waste Disposal and andfills/Dumps in AsianCountries. Journal Material Cycles Waste Management 6,104-110.Isaka, K., Yoshie, S., Sumino, T., Inamori, Y., Tsuneda, S., 2007. Nitrification ofLandfill Leachate using Immobilized Nitrifying Bacteria at Low Temperatures.Biochemical Engineering Journal 37, 49-55.Jokela, J.P.Y., Rintala, J.A., 2003. Anaerobic Solubilization of Nitrogen from Municipal SolidWaste (MSW). Reviews in Environmental Science & Biotechnology 2, 67-77.Kargi, F., Pamukoglu, M.Y., 2003. Aerobic Biological Treatment of Pre-Treated Landfill Leachate byFed-Batch Operation. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 33, 588-595.Kathirvale, S., Muhd Yunus, M.N., Sopian, K., Samsuddin, A.H., 2003. Energy Potential fromMunicipal Solid Waste in Malaysia. Renewable Energy 29, 559-567.Kim, D.J., Chang, J.S., Lee, D.I., Han, D.W., Yoo, I.K., Cha, G.C., 2003. Nitrification ofHigh-Strength Ammonia Wastewater and Nitrite Accumulation Characteristics. Water ScienceTechnology 47(11), 45-51.Kim, D.J., Lee, D.I., Keller, J., 2006. Effect of Temperature and Free Ammonia onNitrification and Nitirite Accumulation in Landfill Leachate and Analysis of its NitrfyingBacterial Community by FISH. Bioresource Technology 97, 459-468.Kurniawan, T.A., Lo, W.H, Chan, G.Y.S., 2006. Physico-chemical Treatments forRemoval of Recalcitrant Contaminants from Landfill Leachate. Journal of HazardousMaterials Bl29, 80-100.Lee, J.Y., Cheon, J.Y., Kwon, H.P., Yoon, H.S., Lee, S.S., Kim, J.H., Park, J.K.,Kim,C.G., 2006. Attenuation of Landfill Leachate at Two Uncontrolled Landfills. Environmental Geology 51, 581-593.Li , X.Z., Zhao, Q.L., 1999. Inhibition of Microbial Activity of Activated Sludge byAmmonia in Leachate. Environment International 25 (8), 961-968.McBean, E.A., Rovers, F.A., Farquhar, G.J., 1995. Solid Waste Landfill Engineering and Design.Prentice Hall PTR, New Jersey, USA.Metcalf and Eddy. 2003. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. Ed.Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., Stensel, H.D. McGraw-Hill, New York.Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Malaysia (MHLG), 1990. TechnicalGuidelines on Sanitary Landfill Design and Operation (draft). Technical Section of theLocal Government Division, Kuala Lumpur.Ministry of H?using and Local Government, Malaysia (MHLG), 2005. National Strategic Plan forSohd Waste Management, vol. 1, The Strategic Plan. Local Government Department, KualaLumpur.Mobarry, B.K., Wagner, M., Urbain, V., Rittman, B.E., Stahl, D.A., 1996. Phylogenetic Probes for Analyzing Abundance and Spatial Organization of Nitrifying Bacteria. Appliedand Environmental Microbiology 62(6), 2156-2163.Mwinganga, M., Kansiime, F., 2005. The Impact of Mpererwe Landfill in Kampala Ugandaon the Surrounding Environment. Physics and chemistry of the earth 30, 744- 750.Muhrizal, S., Shamshuddin, J., Fauziah, I., Husni, M.A.H., 2006. Changes in Iron-poorAcid Sulfate Soil upon Submergence. Geoderma 131, 110-122.Nogales, B., Moore, E.R.B., Llobet-Brossa, E., Rossello-Mora, R., Amann, R., Timmis, K.N.,2001. Combined Use of 16S Ribosomal DNA and 16S rRNA To Study the Bacterial Community of Polychlorinated Biphenyl-Polluted Soil. Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology 67 (4), 1874-1884.Okabe, S., Hiratia, K., Ozawa, Y., 1996. Spatial Microbial Distributions of Nitrifiers andHeterotrophs in Mixed-Population Biofilms. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50, 24- 35.Parkes, S.D., Jolley, D.F., Wilson, S.R. 2007. Inorganic Nitrogen Transformations in the Treatmentof Landfill Leachate with a High Ammonium Load: A Case Study. EnvironmentalMonitoring Assessment 124, 51-61.Philips, S., Verstraete, W., 2001. Effect of Repeat Addition of Nitrite to Semi-ContinuousActivated Sludge Reactor. Bioresource Technology 80, 73-82.Regan, J.M., Harrington, W., Noguera, D.R., 2002. Ammonia and Nitirite-Oxidizing Bacterial Communities in a Pilot Scale Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution System. Appliedand Environmental Microbiology 68(1), 73-81.Robinson, H., 2007. The Composition of Leachates from Very Large Landfills: AnInternational Review. CWRM 8(1), 19-32.Rowe, K.R., VanGulck, J.F., Millward, S.C., 2002. Biological Induced Clogging ofa Granular MediumPermeated with Synthetic Leachate. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Sciences 1, 135-156.Sakai, K., Kudoh, E., Wakayama, M., Moriguchi, M., 2000. Analy is o t?e Micr bialCommunity in an Activated Sludge Enriched with an Inorganic N1tnte Medium.Microbes and Environments 15 (2), 103-112.Sakai, K., Mori, M, Fujii, A., Iwami, Y., Chukeatirote, E., Shirai, Y., 2004. Fluorescent InSitu Hybridization Analysis of Open Lactic Acid Fermentation of Kitchen Refuse UsingrRNA-Targeted Oligonucleotide Probes. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 98 (1), 48-56.Sawyer, C.N., McCarty, P.L., Parkin, G.F., 2003. Chemistry for EnvironmentalEngineering and Science, 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, Singapore.Schmidt, I., Sliekers, 0., Schmid, M., Bock, E., Fuerst, J., Kuenen, J.G., Jetten, M.S.M.,Strous, M., 2003. New Concepts of Microbial Treatment Processes for the Nitrogen Removalin Wastewater. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 27, 481-492.Shamshuddin, J., Muhrizal, S., Fauziah, I., Van Ranst, E., 2004. A Laboratory Study ofPyrite Oxidation in Acid Sulfate Soils. Communications in soil science and plant analysis 35,117-129.Sinha, B., Annachhatre, A.P., 2007. Assessment of Partial Nitrification ReactorPerformance through Microbial Population Shift using Quinone Profile, FISH and SEM.Bioresource Technology doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.034.Sliekers, A.O., Third, K.A., Abma, W., Kuenen, J.G., Jetten, M.S.M., 2003. CANON and Anommox in agas-lift reactor. FEMS Microbiology Letters 218, 339-344.Sozen, S., Cokgor E.U., Orhon, D., Henze, M. 1998. Respirometric Analy sis of Activated SludgeBehaviour II. Heterotrophic Growth under Aerobic and Anoxic Conditions. Water Research 32 (2),476-488.Spagni, A., Marsili-Libelli, S., Lavagnolo, M.C., 2008. Optimization of Sanitary Landfill LeachateTreatment in a Sequencing Batch Reactor. Water Science and Technology 58 (2), 337-343.Strous, M., Heijnen, J.J., Kuenen, J.G., Jetten, M.S.M., 1998. The Sequencing BatchReactor as a Powerful Tool for the Study of Slowly Growing Anaerobic AmmoniumOxidizing Microorganisms. Applied Microbiology Biotechnology 50, 589-596.Strous, M., Kuenen, J.G., Jetten, M.S.M., 1999. Key Physiology of AnaerobicAmmonium Oxidation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65 (7), 3248-3250.Tabatabaei, M., Zakaria, M.R,, Rahim, R.A., Wright, A.D.G., Shirai, Y., Abdullah, N.,Sakai, K., Ikeno, S., Mori, M., Kazunori, N., Sulaiman, A., Hassan, M.A. 2009. PCRBased DGGE and FISH Analysis of Methanogens in Anaerobic Closed Digester Tank TreatingPalm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). (Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 12, no. 3) Available from Internet: http://www.ejbiotechnology.cl/content/voll2/issue3/full/4/index.html.Tan, N.C.G., Kampschreur, M.J., Wanders, W., van der Pol, W.L.J., van de Vossenberg, J.,Kleerebezem, R., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Jetten, M.S.M., 2008. Physiological andPhylogenetic Study of an Ammonium-oxidizng Culture at High Nitirite Concentrations. Systematicand Applied Microbiology 31, 114-125.Tanaka, S., Tachibe, S., Mohd Effendi,W., Jonathan, L., Logie, S., Joseph, J.K., Iwasaki, K.,Sakurai, K., 2009. Soil Characteristics under Cash Crop Farming in Upland Areas of Sarawak,Malaysia. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 129, 293-301.Tijhuis, L., Huisman, J.L., Hekkelman, H.D., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Heijnen,J.J.,1995. Fonnation of Nitrfying Biofilms on Small Suspended Particles in AirliftReactors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 47 (5), 585-595.Tillman, G.M., 1996. Wastewater Treatment Troubleshooting and Problem Solving. Ann Arbor Press,Michigan.Vadivelu, V., Yuan, Z., Fux, C., Keller, J., 2006. The Inhibitory Effects of Free Nitrous Acid on the Energy Generation and Growth Processes of an Enriched Nitrobacter Culture.Environmental Science Technology 40, 4442-4448.Villaverde, S., Garcia-Encina, P.A., FDZ-Polanco, F.,1997. Influence of pH overNitrifying Biofilm Activity in Submerged Biofilters. Water Research 31 (5), 1180-1186.Volcke, E.I.P., Loccufier, M., Vanroll ghem, P.A., Noldus, E.J.L. 2006. Existence, Uniqueness and Stability of the Equilibrium Points of a SHARON Bioreactor Model.Journal of Process Control 16, 1003-1012.Water Environment Federation (WEF), 2005. Biological Nmient Removal (BNR) Operationin Wastewater Treatment Plants. McGraw-Hill, New York.Watson, S.W., Bock, E., Harms, H., Koops, H., Hooper, A.B., 1989. Nitrifying Bacteria. InBergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Ed. Staley, J.T., 3, 1808-1834. Williams and Wilkins,New York.Watson, S.W., Valois, F.W., Waterbury, J.B.,1986. The FamilyNitrobacteraceae. In The ProkaryotesA Handbook on Habitats, Isolation, and Identification of Bacteria. Ed. Starr, M.P., Stolp, H.,Truoer, H.G., Balows, A., Schlegel, H.G., 1, 1005-1022. Springer Verlag, New York.Wiesmann, U., 1994. Biological Nitrogen Removal from Wastewater. In AdvancesBiochemical Engineering Biotechnology, ed. Fiechter, A., 51, 113-154. Springer-Verlag, Germany.Wiszniowski, J., Robert, D., Surmacz-Gorska, J., Miksch, K., Weber, J.V., 2006. Landfill LeachateTreatment Methods: A Review. Environmental Chemistry Letter 4, 51-61.

Similar Items