Resosialisasi juvana di Institut Pemulihan Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat

Objektif kajian ialah untuk meneroka strategi resosialisasi juvana, meneroka aspekperubahan diri juvana, mengenalpasti reaksi juvana terhadap proses resosialisasi yangdilaluinya, mengenalpasti masalah semasa resosialisasi dan mencadangkan satu kerangka baharuresosialisasi juvana. Teori yang digunaka...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Noor Insyiraah Abu Bakar
Format: thesis
Language:zsm
Published: 2021
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5822
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:5822
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language zsm
topic HV Social pathology
Social and public welfare
spellingShingle HV Social pathology
Social and public welfare
Noor Insyiraah Abu Bakar
Resosialisasi juvana di Institut Pemulihan Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat
description Objektif kajian ialah untuk meneroka strategi resosialisasi juvana, meneroka aspekperubahan diri juvana, mengenalpasti reaksi juvana terhadap proses resosialisasi yangdilaluinya, mengenalpasti masalah semasa resosialisasi dan mencadangkan satu kerangka baharuresosialisasi juvana. Teori yang digunakan adalah total institution (TI) oleh Goffman(1961). Pendekatan kualitatif dengan reka bentuk kajian kes telah digunakan. Pemilihan respondenadalah melalui pensampelan bertujuan melibatkan 23 orang juvana (12 lelaki, 11 perempuan),berumur linkungan 10 hingga 18 tahun, 16 orang tenaga pengajar, empat orang pentadbir,empat orang pembantu kebajikan masyarakat dan tiga orang kaunselor dari tiga buah institusipemulihan JKM. Pengumpulan data kajian menggunakan kaedah temu bual bersama 50 responden, pemerhatian di (kelas pembelajaran, aktiviti harian, program institusi, kawasaninstitusi) selama 22 minggu dan analisis dokumen. Analisis data adalah secara tematik.Dapatan menunjukkan strategi untuk resosialisasi juvana ialah prosedur kemasukan, pengenalankepada sistem institusi, pelaksanaan peraturan, kawalan berterusan, sistem ganjaran hukuman,rutin harian, perkhidmatan kaunseling, kelas (akademik, kemahiran, agama), aktiviti (kesenian, kesukanan), penglibatan juvana dengan masyarakat, hubungan baik kakitangan denganjuvana, penglibatan keluarga juvana dan kerjasama dengan pihak luar. Perubahan dirijuvana adalah identiti positif, tingkah laku, penguasaan kemahiran dan pengetahuanvokasional, akademik, agama, kesenian serta kesukanan. Terdapat amalan adaptasi danpenyesuaian sekunder telah diamalkan oleh juvana sebagai reaksi kepada prosesresosialisasi yang dilaluinya. Antara masalah semasa resosialisasi ialah berkaitan juvana (tingkahlaku, pembelajaran, emosi), institusi (kekurangan kakitangan, kemudahan, kekurangankewangan), keluarga (sosioekonomi, sikap tidak bertanggungjawab) dan persepsi negatifmasyarakat. Kesimpulannya resosialisasi merupakan proses kompleks kerana memerlukan komitmensemua pihak (juvana, institusi pemulihan, keluarga juvana, anggota masyarakat) dan masa panjang. Implikasinya, kajian mencadangkan satu kerangka baharu resosialisasi juvanadan kerangka ini dicadangkan diuji keberkesanandan diperluaskan penggunaannya di institusi pemulihan lain.
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Noor Insyiraah Abu Bakar
author_facet Noor Insyiraah Abu Bakar
author_sort Noor Insyiraah Abu Bakar
title Resosialisasi juvana di Institut Pemulihan Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat
title_short Resosialisasi juvana di Institut Pemulihan Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat
title_full Resosialisasi juvana di Institut Pemulihan Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat
title_fullStr Resosialisasi juvana di Institut Pemulihan Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat
title_full_unstemmed Resosialisasi juvana di Institut Pemulihan Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat
title_sort resosialisasi juvana di institut pemulihan jabatan kebajikan masyarakat
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia
publishDate 2021
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5822
_version_ 1747833231162474496
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:58222021-04-13 Resosialisasi juvana di Institut Pemulihan Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat 2021 Noor Insyiraah Abu Bakar HV Social pathology. Social and public welfare Objektif kajian ialah untuk meneroka strategi resosialisasi juvana, meneroka aspekperubahan diri juvana, mengenalpasti reaksi juvana terhadap proses resosialisasi yangdilaluinya, mengenalpasti masalah semasa resosialisasi dan mencadangkan satu kerangka baharuresosialisasi juvana. Teori yang digunakan adalah total institution (TI) oleh Goffman(1961). Pendekatan kualitatif dengan reka bentuk kajian kes telah digunakan. Pemilihan respondenadalah melalui pensampelan bertujuan melibatkan 23 orang juvana (12 lelaki, 11 perempuan),berumur linkungan 10 hingga 18 tahun, 16 orang tenaga pengajar, empat orang pentadbir,empat orang pembantu kebajikan masyarakat dan tiga orang kaunselor dari tiga buah institusipemulihan JKM. Pengumpulan data kajian menggunakan kaedah temu bual bersama 50 responden, pemerhatian di (kelas pembelajaran, aktiviti harian, program institusi, kawasaninstitusi) selama 22 minggu dan analisis dokumen. Analisis data adalah secara tematik.Dapatan menunjukkan strategi untuk resosialisasi juvana ialah prosedur kemasukan, pengenalankepada sistem institusi, pelaksanaan peraturan, kawalan berterusan, sistem ganjaran hukuman,rutin harian, perkhidmatan kaunseling, kelas (akademik, kemahiran, agama), aktiviti (kesenian, kesukanan), penglibatan juvana dengan masyarakat, hubungan baik kakitangan denganjuvana, penglibatan keluarga juvana dan kerjasama dengan pihak luar. Perubahan dirijuvana adalah identiti positif, tingkah laku, penguasaan kemahiran dan pengetahuanvokasional, akademik, agama, kesenian serta kesukanan. Terdapat amalan adaptasi danpenyesuaian sekunder telah diamalkan oleh juvana sebagai reaksi kepada prosesresosialisasi yang dilaluinya. Antara masalah semasa resosialisasi ialah berkaitan juvana (tingkahlaku, pembelajaran, emosi), institusi (kekurangan kakitangan, kemudahan, kekurangankewangan), keluarga (sosioekonomi, sikap tidak bertanggungjawab) dan persepsi negatifmasyarakat. Kesimpulannya resosialisasi merupakan proses kompleks kerana memerlukan komitmensemua pihak (juvana, institusi pemulihan, keluarga juvana, anggota masyarakat) dan masa panjang. Implikasinya, kajian mencadangkan satu kerangka baharu resosialisasi juvanadan kerangka ini dicadangkan diuji keberkesanandan diperluaskan penggunaannya di institusi pemulihan lain. 2021 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5822 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5822 text zsm closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia Abd. Rahim Abd. Rashid, Sufean Hussin & Che Hashim Hassan. (2006). Krisis & KonflikInstitusi Keluarga. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.Abram, K.M, Washburn, J.J, Teplin, L.A, Emanuel, K.M, Romero, E.G. & McClelland,G.M. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychiatric comorbidity amongdetained youths. Psychiatric services, 2007;58, 13111316.Abrams, L., Kim, K. & Anderson-Nathe, B. (2005). Paradoxes of Treatment in Juvenile Corrections.Child & Youth Care Forum, vol 34, no 1, 7-25.Abrams, L. S. (2006). Listening to Juvenile Offenders: Can Residential Treatment PreventRecidivism? Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, vol. 23, no. 1, February 2006,69-85.Abrams, L.S. & Hyun, A. (2009). Mapping a Process of Negotiated Identity AmongIncarcerated Male Juvenile Offenders. Youth & Society, Volume 41, Number 1, September2009, 26-52.Abrams, L. S., Terry, D., & Franke, T. (2011). Community-based juvenile re-entryservices: The effects of service dosage on juvenile and adult recidivism. Journal of OffenderRehabilitation, 50, 492510.Affronti M.L., Levison-Johnson, J. (2009). The future of family engagement inresidential care settings. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 26:257304.Adegunloye, O.A., Yusuf, A. D., Ajiboye, P.O., Issa, B. A. & Buhari, O.I.N. (2010). BehaviourDisorders in Youths in a Juvenile Borstal Institution. Nigerian Journal of Psychiatry Vol. 8, No.3, July - Sept., 2010, 12-17.Adney, C.D. (2006). A Second Chance In Oklahoma?A Review Of Nation Re-Entry Trends AndOklahomas Effort To Prepare Inmates For Life After Incarceration.Tesis Ijazah Sarjana Tidak DiTerbitkan. Oklahoma State University.Aguliar, M. V. G. (2017) "The Youth Facility as a Total Institution: A Focus onExperiences of Mortification," International Social Science Review: vol. 92 : Iss. 2 , Article 3,1-19.Ahn, K.W. (2014). Measure of Observer Agreement. Newsletter Division of Biostatistics, MedicalCollege of Wisconsin, volume 20, Number 3, September/October 2014,1-3.Ahmad Firdaus Abdul Hadi, Muhamad Afzamiman Aripin, Wan Zulkhairi Zakaria, Rohana Hamzah & Amirmudin Udin. (2010). Kurikulum Pendidikan Teknik Vokasional (PTV) dan Pelajar Juvana. Diakses daripadahttp://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/14939/Aiello, J. E. (2007). An Analysis Of The Characteristics Of Female Juvenile Offenders As Predictors Of Resocializtion Or Recidivism. Tesis Doktor Falsafah TidakDiterbitkan. University Of North Texas, Texas.Akta Kanak-kanak (2001). Diakses daripada https://www.kpwkm.gov.my/kpwkm/uploads/files/Dokumen/Akta/Akta%20Kanak-Kanak%202001.pdf.Allen, D. F., DAlessandro M.F. & Bethell, K. (2017). A Resocialization InterventionModel in the Prison - The Family: People Helping People Project. SociologyInternational Journal, 1(4): 00019.Allen-DeBoer, R. A., Malmgren, K. W., & Glass, M. (2006). Reading instruction for youthwith emotional and behavioral disorders in a juvenile correctional facility. BehavioralDisorders, 32, 1828.Ameen, E. J., & Lee, D. L. (2012). Vocational training in juvenile detention: A call for action.The Career Development Quarterly, 60, 98108.Amir Hasan Dawi. (2006). Penteorian sosiologi dan pendidikan. Tg Malim: Quantum Books.Andersen, M. L. & Taylor, H. F. (2008). Sociology: Understanding a diverse society.CA: Thomson Wadsworth.Andrews, J.P. & Andrews, G.J. (2003) Life in a Secure Unit: The rehabilitation of young peoplethrough the use of sport. Social Science and Medicine, 56 (3), 531-550.Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). The psychology of criminal conduct. NewProvidence, NJ: Mathew Bender & Company.Anthony, E. K., Samples, M. D., De Kervor, D. N., Ituarte, S., Lee, C.,& Austin, M. J. (2010).Coming back home: The reintegration of formerly incarcerated youth with serviceimplications. Children & Youth Services Review, 32(10), 12711277.Anwar, S. & Loughran, T.A. (2011). Testing A Bayesian Learning Theory Of Deterrence Among SeriousJuvenile Offenders. Criminology volume 49, Number 3, 2011, 667-698.Aizer, A. & Doyle, J. J. (2015). Juvenile Incarceration, Human Capital, and FutureCrime: Evidence from Randomly Assigned Judges, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 130,2015, 759-803.Appleman, D. (2013). Teaching in the Dark: The Promise and Pedagogy of CreativeWriting in Prison. English Journal 102.4 (2013), 2430.Ariga, M., Uehara, T., Takeuchi, K., Ishige, Y., Nakano, R. & Mikuni, M. (2008).Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in delinquent female adolescents. Journal ofChild Psychology and Psychiatry, volume 49, Issue1, 79-87.Asmawati Suhid, Fathiyah Fakhruddin & Abdul Mutalib Lukman. (2012) Pemantapan akhlak menerusiamalan pengajaran guru pendidikan Islam dalam kalangan murid Sekolah Integriti, 127-134.Diakses daripada http://psasir.upm.edu.my/25675/.Atilola, O., Omigbodun, O. & Bella-Awusah, T. (2014). Lifetime exposure to traumatic events amongadolescents in contact with the Nigerian juvenile justice systems compared with acomparison group of secondary school students. Paediatrics and International Child Health2014, vol. 34 No. 2, 92-100.Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, (2010). Diakses daripada hw.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/398978.Azizi Yahaya & Rosnah Buang. (2007). Punca Berlakunya Masalah GejalaGengsterisme Di Kalangan Remaja Di Beberapa Buah Sekolah Menengah Di Empat Buah Negeri. Diaksesdaripada http://eprints.utm.my/1483/1/FAKTOR-jurnal1.pdf.Azizi Yahaya & Yow K. G.(2004) Keberkesanan program pemulihan akhlak di Sekolah Henry Gurney danSekolah Tunas Bakti. Dibentangkan di Seminar Antarabangsa Nilai Dalam Komuniti PascaModenisme (SIVIC 2004), 4-6 Sept 2004, Hotel City Bayview, Langkawi.Azlina Muhammud (2012). Penghuni Raudhatus Sakinah: Kajian Terhadap Latar Belakang Dan Faktor Salah Laku. Disertasi Ijazah Sarjana tidak diterbitkan. UniversitiMalaya.Bailey, C. A. (2017). A guide to qualitative field research. California, USA: SagePublication.Balfanz, R., Spiridakis, K., Neild, R.C., & Letgers, N. (2003). High-poverty secondary school andjuvenile justice systems: How neither helps the other and how that could change. New Directions forYouth Development, 99, 71-89.Barnao, C. (2019). Military Training. Group, Culture, Total Institution, and Torture.Italian Sociological Review, 9 (2), 289-304.Basirah Abu Bakar, Mohd Yakub@Zulkifli Mohd.Yusoff & Muhamad Alihanafiah Norasid. (2018).Manhaj Al-Quran Mengenai Dakwah Terhadap Remaja: Satu Kajian Bibliomatrik. Jurnal Ulwan UlwansJournal Jilid 1 2018, 70-88.Basit, T. N. (2003). Manual or electronic? The role of coding in qualitative data analysis.Educational Research Vol. 45 No. 2 Summer 2003, 143154.Basit, T. N. (2010). Conducting research in educational contexts. London: ContinumInternational Publishing Group.Bazos, A. & Hausman, J. (2004). Correctional education as a crime control program.UCLA School of Public Policy and Social Research Department of Policy Studies.Diakses daripada https://cdcr.ca.gov/Reports/docs/External-Reports/Correctional-Education-as-crime-control.pdfBehan, C. (2007). Context Creativity and Critical Reflection: Education in CorrectionalInstitutions. The Journal of Correctional Education 58(2), June 2007, 157-169.Bekkema, N., Wiefferink, C., Mikolajczak, J. (2008). Implementing the parentmanagement training oregon model in The Netherlands. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 13:4,249-258.Bell, K. (Ed). (2020). Open Education Sociology Dictionary. Wollongong, Australia:University of Wollongong.Bengtsson, T. (2012). Boredom and Action: Experiences from Youth Confinement.Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 41 (5), 52653.Berg, M. T., & Huebner, B. M. (2011). Reentry and the ties that bind: An examination of socialties, employment, and recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 28(1), 382410.Berg, B. L. (2009). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Boston: PearsonEducation.Bergner, R. M. (2011). What is behavior? And so what? New Ideas in Psychology, 29, 147-155.Bernburg, J. G., & Krohn, M.D. (2003). Labeling, Life Chances, and Adult Crime: The Direct andIndirect Effects of Official Intervention in Adolescence on Crime in Early Adulthood. Criminology41:12871318.Bohm, R.M. (2001). A primer on crime and delinquency theory. CA, USA; Wardsworth Thompson Learning.Borowski, A. (2017). Totality in sociological research. World Scientific News 66 (2017),109-122.Briley, O. T. (2009). An Analysis Of Adjustment Predictors Among Male Youthful Offendersat A North Florida Correctional Facility. Tesis Doktor Falsafah Tidak Diterbitkan.Capella University.Brown, J., Forrester, S., Hull, K. A., Jobe, D., & McCullen, C. (2000), Analysis ofrecidivism rates for participants of the academic/vocational/transition educationprograms offered by the Virginia Department of Correction Education, Journal ofCorrectional Education, 51, 256-261.Brym, R. J. & Lie, J. (2006). Sociology: Your Compass To The New World. Belmont, CA;Wadsworth Thompson Learning.Bynum, J. E. & Thompson, W. E. (1999). Juvenile delinquency a sociological approach.Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Bosworth, M. & Carrabine, E. (2001). Reassessing Resistance Race, Gender andSexuality in Prison. Punishment & Society 3 (4), 50115.Bosworth, M. (2002). The U.S. federal prison system. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Bowman, S. W. & Travis, R. (2012). Prisoner Reentry and Recidivism According to the FormerlyIncarcerated and Reentry Service Providers: A Verbal Behavior Approach. The Behavior Analyst Today,vol. 13, NOS. 3 & 4, 9-19.Buckaloo, B. J., Krug, K. S., and Nelson, K. B. (2009). Exercise and the low-securityinmate: Changes in depression, stress, and anxiety. The Prison Journal, 89, (3), 328- 343.Bullis, M., & Yovanoff, P. (2002). Those who do not return: Correlates of the work and schoolengagement of formerly incarcerated youth who remain in the community. Journal ofEmotional and Behavioral Disorders, 10, 6679.Burke, J. D, Mulvey E.P, Schubert C.A, Garbin S.R. (2014). The challenge andopportunity of parental involvement in juvenile justice services. Children And YouthServices Review, 2014; 3947.Burton, W. (1998). Environmental Psychology In A Contemporary Mental Hospital: TotalInstitutions Revisited. Tesis Doktor Falsafah Tidak Diterbitkan. University of New York.Busseri, M. A., Costain, K. A., Campbell, K. M., Rose-Krasnor, L., & Evans, J. (2011). Briefreport: engagement in sport and identity status. Journal of adolescence, 34(5), 10871091.Capraro, M. M., Capraro, R. M., & Henson, R. K. (2001). Measurement error of scores on the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale across studies. Educational and PsychologicalMeasurement, 61(3), 373386.Carrigan, J. (2013). Prisoner Learners Perspectives of Prison Education Within the TotalInstitution of the Prison:A Life History Methodological Approach. Tesis Doktor Falsafah TidakDiterbitkan. St. Patricks College Drumcondra, Dublin.Carrion V.G & Steiner H. (2000).Trauma and dissociation in delinquent adolescents.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2000;39; 353 359.Carter, M. J. (1984). The Total Institution and The Therapeutic Community: Similarities andDifferences. Tesis Doktor Falsafah Tidak DiTerbitkan. University of Pittsburgh.Caruso, J.C. (2000). Reliability generalization of the NEO personality scales.Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60, 236254.Cecil, D. K., Drapkin, D. A., Hickman, L. J., & Mackenzie, D. L. (2000). Theeffectiveness of adult basic education and life-skills programs in reducing recidivism, A reviewand assessment of the research. Journal of Correctional Education, 51, 207- 226.Cesaroni, C.& Alvi, S. (2010). Masculinity and Resistance in Adolescent CarceralSettings. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 52, (3): 30320.Chan, K. K. (1981) Inmate institutional experiences: A case study at Pusat PemulihanDadah, Bukit Mertajam, Penang. Tesis Ijazah Sarjana Muda Tidak Diterbitkan. UniversitiMalaya.Chappell, C. A. (2004). Post-secondary correctional education and recidivism: A metanalysis of research conducted 1990-1999. Journal of Correctional Education, 55 (2), 48-169.Chen, M. K. & Shapiro, J. M. (2007). Do harsher prison conditions reduce recidivism? Adiscontinuity-based approach. American Law and Economics Review 9.1, 2007, 1-29.Chinlund, S. (1982). Prison - Punishment and Resocialization Must Go Together. Ethics, PublicPolicy, and Criminal Justice, 279-288.Chomczy?ski, P. (2017). Emotion work in the context of the resocialization of youth in correctionalfacilities in Poland. Polish Sociological Review, 2 (198), 17, 219-235.Chomil Kamal. (2002). Directions of juvenile justice reforms in Singapore. Diaksesdaripadahttps://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No59/No59_14VE_Kamal.pdfChua Y. P. (2006). Kaedah penyelidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Mc Graw Hill Education.Chui, W.H. & Chan, H.C.O. (2012). An Empirical Investigation of Social Bonds and JuvenileDelinquency in Hong Kong. Child Youth Care Forum (2012) 41, 371386.Clarke, M. P. & Henry-Lee, A. (2005). The Total Character of Incarceration in Jamaica,IDEAZ, Vol. 4 No. 1-2/ 2005, 5060.Clark, T. (2001). The relationship between inmate visitation and behavior: Implications for AfricanAmerican families. Journal of African American Men, 6, 43-58.Clawson, H. J., & Coolbaugh, K. (2001). The Youth ARTS Development Project. Juvenile JusticeBulletin. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and DelinquencyPrevention, US Department of Justice.Clemance, N. S. (2015). Intervention Strategies For Improving Vocational Rehabilitation Programme For Young Adult Offenders: A Case Study. Tesis Sarjana tidak diterbitkan.University of Limpopo..?miel, S. (2015). Legal Liability Of Minors In Polish, Czech Repulic And Slovakian Penal System, 50-55. Diakses daripada http://journals.uab.ro/index.php/auaj/article/view/30/51.Costelloe, A. (2007). Researching correctional education: Why we must advance fromresearch on to research on and for, and ultimately to research on, for and with. The Journalof Correctional Education, 58(2), 205212.Coulter, G. (2004). Using one-to-one tutoring and proven reading strategies to improve readingperformance with adjudicated youth. Journal of Correctional Education, 55, 321333.Coull, V.C., Geismar, L.L. & Waff, A. (1982). The Role of the Family in theResocialization of Juvenile Offenders. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, vol. 13, No. 1(SPRING 1982), 63-75.Cox, A. (2011). Doing the Programme or Doing Me? The Pains of Youth Imprisonment.Punishment & Society 13 (5), 592610.Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among fiveapproaches. Thousand Oak, California: Sage Publications.Crowe, S., Cresswell, K., Robertson, A., Guro Huby, G. Avery, A & A. Aziz Sheikh, A. (2011). Thecase study approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2011, 11:100, 1-9.Dahlstedt, M. & Lozic, V. (2017). Managing urban unrest: problematising juveniledelinquency in multi-ethnic Sweden. Critical and Radical Social Work, volume 5, Number2, August 2017, 207-222.Darussalam Budin. (2014). Pendidikan Juvana di Jabatan Penjara Malaysia: Dasar, HalaTuju, Pelaksanaan dan Cabaran. Jurnal Hadhari 6(1), 87-104.Davies, S., & Tanner, J. (2003). The long arm of the law: Effects of labeling onemployment. The Sociological Quarterly, 44, 385404.Davis, L. M., Steele, J. L., Bozick, R., Williams, M., Turner, S., Jeremy, N. V., &Steinberg, P. S. (2014). How effective is correctional education, and where do we go from here? Theresults of a comprehensive evaluation. Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation. Diakses daripadahttp://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR500/RR564/ RAND_RR564.pdfDay, G. J. (2010). Family time behind bars: The effect of visitation on institutionalmisconduct and recidivism among juvenile offenders. Tesis Doktor Falsafah TidakDiterbitkan. Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TexasDeCarlo, A., & Hockman, E. (2012). RAP Therapy: A Group Work Intervention Method for UrbanAdolescents. Social Work with Groups, 26, 45-59.Denzin, N. K & Lincoln, Y. S. (2008). (Eds). Collecting and interpreting qualitativematerials. Thousand Oak, California: Sage Publication.Dey, I. (1993). Qualitative Data Analysis: a User-Friendly Guide for Social Scientists.London: Routledge.DiFonzo, J.H.(2004). Securing Our Childrens Future: New Approaches to Juvenile Justiceand Youth Violence. Family Court Review, vol. 42 No. 4, October 2004, 673- 671.Djurichkovic, A. (2011). Art in Prisons: A Literature Review of the Philosophies andImpacts of Visual Arts Programs for Correctional Populations. Salisbury East, QLD: Arts AccessAustralia.Dodson, K. D., Cabage, L.N., & Klenowski, P.M. (2011). An Evidence-BasedAssessment of Faith-Based Programs: Do Faith-Based Programs Work to ReduceRecidivism? Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 50, 367383.Dolgin, K. G., & Rice. (2011). The adolescent: Development, relationships, and culture.Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Donges, W. E. (2015). How Do Former Juvenile Delinquents Describe Their Educational Experiences: ACase Study. The Journal of Correctional Education 66(2), 75-90.Doyle, J.W. (2001). 6 elements that form a context for staff safety. Corrections Today; Oct 2001;63, 6; Research Library, 101-104.Drakeford, W. (2002). The impact of an intensive program to increase the literacy skills of youthconfined to juvenile corrections. Journal of Correctional Education, 53, 139144.Drago, F., Galbiati, R.& Vertova, P. (2011). Prison conditions and recidivism. American Law andEconomics Review 13.1, 2011, 103-130.Dunn, M. (2009). Charicteristics of Total Institutions in the Merry Pranksters andAugsburg College: A Goffmanian Analysis. Augsburg Honors Review: Vol. 2 , Article 2,25-41.Dutch trainers introduce resocialization method for juveniles in prison in Kosovo.(2014). Diakses daripada https://www.nhc.nl/dutch-trainers-introduce-resocialization-method-juveniles-prison-kosovo/Du Toit, C. (2006). A measure of last resort? Child offenders and life imprisonment.Crime Quarterly, 17: 13-18.Ediger, M. (1998). Improvement of scheduling in a boarding school. Education, 119(1),53-59.Ekeland, E., Heian, F. & Hagen, K. (2005). Can exercise improve self esteem in children and youngpeople? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BritishJournal of Sports Medicine, 39, 792-798.Elger, B. (2009). Prison life: television, sports, work, stress and insomnia in a remandprison. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32, 74-83.Emerson, E., & Shelton, D. (2001). Using Creative Arts to build Coping Skills to Reduce DomesticViolence in the Lives of Female Juvenile Offenders. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 22,181-195Engelhardt, B. (2010). The effect of employment frictions on crime. Journal of LaborEconomics, 28(3), 677718.Esa, A., Abd. Aziz, Z. S.A,A., Mohd Salleh, B., & Mohamad, N. H. (2017). Integrating VocationalTraining In Culinary Arts And Islamic Studies At Juvenile Rehabilitation Centres: Malaysian Experience. Journal of Technical Education and Training (JTET), 100, Vol. 9, No.1, June2017, 100-112.Ezza Rafedziawati Kamal Rafedzi & Abrizah Abdullah. (2014). The library for theincarcerated male juveniles: An observation of five correctional schools.International Conference of Libraries, Information and Society 2014 (ICOLIS 2014), Library: OurStory, Our Time, Our Future, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 4-5 November 2014, 33-48.Ezza Rafedziawati Kamal Rafedzi, Abrizah Abdullah & Halida Yu. (2016). The challengesin making library services accessible to incarcerated male juveniles in five correctional schools.Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, vol. 21, no. 2, 2016, 95-110.Ezell, M., & Levy, M. (2003). An Evaluation of an Arts Program for IncarceratedJuvenile Offenders. Journal of Correctional Education. 54(3), 108-114.Fader, J.F. & Dum, C.P. (2013). Doing time, filling time: Bureaucratic ritualism as asystemic barrier to youth reentry. Children and Youth Services Review, 35 (2013),899907.Fagan, J. & Piquero, A.R. (2007). Rational Choice and Developmental Influences onRecidivism Among Adolescent Felony Offenders. Journal Empirical Legal Studies,2007 December 1; 4(4): 715, 1-2.Feinstein, S. (2002). Performance assessment in juvenile correction education programs. Journal of Correctional Education, 53(1), 912. Diakses daripadahttp://www.ceanational.org/Journal/Felices-Luna, M. (2011). Anti-establishment Armed Groups as Total Institutions:Exploring Transformations of the Self. Qualitative Sociology Review, volume VII, Issue 1 April 2011, 69-86.Ferguson C. J. (2013). Spanking, corporal punishment and negative long-term outcomes: ameta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Clinical psychology review, 33(1), 196208.Ferrante, J. (2014). Seeing sociology: An Introduction. Belmont, CA:WadsworthCengage Learning.Flaherty, M. G. (1983). The National Incidence of Juvenile Suicide in Adult Jails and JuvenileDetention Centers. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 13, 85-94.Foley, R. (2001). Academic characteristics of incarcerated youth and correctionaleducation programs. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 9(4), 248259.Franzn, A.G. (2014). Responsibilization and Discipline: Subject Positioning at a Youth DetentionHome. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 129Franzn A. G., & Aronsson, K. (2013). Teasing, Laughing and Disciplinary Humor:Staff-Youth Interaction in Detention Home Treatment. Discourse Studies 15 (2): 16783.Foucault, M. (1977). In Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. (Sheridan, A.Trans). New York: Vintage Books. Diakses daripada https://monoskop.org/images/4/43/Foucault_Michel_Discipline_and_Punish_The_Birth_of_the_Prison_1977_1995.pdfGagnon, J. C, Barber, B. R., Van Loan, C. L., & Leone, P. E. (2009). Juvenilecorrectional schools: Characteristics and approaches to curriculum. Education andTreatment of Children, 32, 673-696.Gallinetti, J. (2009). Getting to know the Child Justice Act. Diakses daripadahttp://www.ufh.ac.za/files/Child%20Justice%20Act.pdf.Garcia, C. A. & Lane, J. (2010). Looking in the Rearview Mirror: What IncarceratedWomen Think Girls Need From The System. Feminist Criminology, 5(3), 227243Garfat T. (2011). Fresh thinking about families: a view from residential care. Reclaiming ChildYouth. 2011;20(3):57.Garfinkel L. (2010). Improving family involvement for juvenile offenders withemotional/behavioral disorders and related disabilities. Behavioral Disorders, 36 (1), 5260.Gardner, J. (2011). Keeping Faith: Faith Talk by and for Incarcerated Youth. UrbanReview, (2011) 43, 2242.Garrett, C. J. (1985). Effects of residential treatment on adjudicate delinquents: Ametaanalysis. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 22, 287308.Gehring, T. (2000). Recidivism as a Measure of Correctional Education Program Success.Journal Correctional Education, volume 51, issue 2, June 2000, 197-205.Geib, C. F., Chapman, J. F., D'Amaddio, A. H., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2011). Theeducation of juveniles in detention: Policy considerations and infrastructuredevelopment. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(1), 311.Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors andexperiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128(4),539579.Geurts, E.M.W., Boddy, J., Noom, M.J., Knorth E.J. (2012). Family-centred residential care: the newreality? Child & Family Social Work, Volume 17, Issue 2, 170179.Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and otherinmates. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books LtdGonsoulin, S., Clark, G. H., & Rankin, V. E. (2015). Quality education services arecritical for youth involved with the juvenile justice and child welfare systems.Washington, DC: National Evaluation and Technical Assistance Center for Children and Youth WhoAre Neglected, Delinquent, or At-Risk (NDTAC). Diakses daripadahttps://neglecteddelinquent.ed.gov/sites/default/files/NDTAC_Correctional_ED_Practice_Guide_508.pdf.Goodkind, S. & Miller, D. L. (2006) A Widening of the Net of Social Control? Gender- SpecificTreatment for Young Women in the US Juvenile Justice System. Journal of Progressive Human Services,17, 45-70.Gould, E.A. (2010). Towards A Total Occupation: A Study of UK Merchant Navy Officer Cadetship.Tesis Doktor Falsafah Tidak Diterbitkan. Cardiff UniversityGreen, J. & Thorogood, N. (2009). Qualitative methods for health research. Los Angeles: SagePublication.Greenwood, P. (2008). Prevention and Intervention Programs for Juvenile Offenders. The Future ofChildren, vol. 18, No. 2, Fall 2008, 185-209.Haerle, D. R. (2008). Recidivism Outcomes Among A Cohort Of Violent Institutionalized JuvenileOffenders. Tesis Sarjana Tidak Diterbitka. University Of North Texas, Texas.Haerle, D. R. (2014). Unpacking "Adultification": The Impact of Juvenile Waiver Policy on Incarcerated California Youth. Tesis Doktor Falsafah Tidak Diterbitkan. University OfCalifornia,Irvine.Hallet, T., Shulman, D., & Fine, G. A. (2005). Peopling Organizations: The Promise of ClassicSymbolic Interactionism for an Inhabited Institutionalism. Oxford, UK: Oxford UniversityPress.Halnon, K. B. (2012). Defending the Self in a Total Institution: Staff Prompting andPatient Burlesque. Sociology Mind, 2012. Vol.2, No.4, 465-476.Hancock, B. (2002). An introduction to qualitative research. Diakses daripadahttp://faculty.cbu.ca/pmacintyre/course_pages/MBA603/MBA603_files/IntroQualitati veResearch.pdf,Hancock, B., Ockleford, E. & Windridge, K. (2009). An Introduction to QualitativeResearch. Diakses daripada http:// www.rds-yh.nihr.ac.uk/wp content/uploads/2013/05/5_Introduction-to-qualitative- research-2009.pdf.Hanina Halimatusaadiah Hamsan & Mastura Mohamad. (2010). Belia berisiko: Profil, faktorpenyebab dan intervensi . Putrajaya: Institut Penyelidikan Pembangunan Belia Malaysia.Hansen, D.M., Larson, R.W. & Dworkin, J.B. (2003). Journal of Research onAdolescence, 13(1), 2555Hariati Azizan. (2017, September 24). Monster youngsters. The Star. Diakses daripadahttps://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/09/24/a-burning-issue-the-violent-tendencies-taking-root-in-our-society-are-a-concern-say-experts/Harrison, J. C. & Swain (1979). The Nursing Home as Total Institution: A Case Study andSuggestions for the Aged Care System. Australian Journal of Social Issues 14(4), 27484.Harris, T. & Swanzen, R. (2014). The quasi-coercive treatment of young drug offenders in southafrica: the role of the family. Journal of Community Positive Practices, XIV(2) 2014,11-27.Harris, P.J., Baltodano, H.M., Bal, A., Jolivette, K. & Malcahy, C. (2009). ReadingAchievement of Incarcerated Youth in Three Regions. The Journal of Correctional Education60(2), June 2009, 120-145.Hays, K. (1994). Practicing virtue: Moral traditions at Quaker and military boardingschools. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Hays, D. G. & Singh, A.A. (2012). Qualitative inquiry: In clinical and educationalsettings. New York: Guilford Press.Henslin, J. M. (2012). Sociology: A down to earth approach. Upper Saddle: Pearson Inc.Henson, R. K. (2001). Understanding internal consistency reliability estimates: Aconceptual primer on coefficient alpha. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development,34(3), 177189.Hensley, C., Koscheski, M., & Tewksbury, R. (2002). Does participation in conjugalvisitations reduce prison violence in Mississippi? An exploratory study. Criminal JusticeReview, 27, 52-65.Herman, K.C, Borden L.A, Hsu C, Schultz T. R, Strawsine, C.M, Brooks C.M, ReinekeW.M. (2011). Enhancing family engagement in interventions for mental health problems inyouth. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 28:2, 102-119.Holle, H. & Rein, R. (2013). The modified Cohens kappa: Calculating interrateragreement for segmentation and annotation. Dalam H. Lausberg (Ed.),Understanding body movement: A guide To Empirical Research On Nonverbal Behaviour. Diaksesdaripada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282158053Honeywell, D. M. (2018). Ex-Prisoners and the Transformation of Self through Higher Education.Tesis Doktor Falsafah Tidak Diterbitkan. University of York.Houchins, D. E., Puckett-Patterson, D., Crosby, S., Shippen, M. E., & Jolivette, K.(2009). Barriers and facilitators to providing incarcerated youth with a qualityeducation. Preventing School Failure, 53(3), 159166.Houchins, D.E., Jolivette, K., Shippen, M.E. & Lambert, R. (2010). Advancing High-Quality Literacy Research in Juvenile Justice: Methodological and PracticalConsiderations. Behavioral Disorders, 36 (1), 6169Huey, M.P. (2008). Deprivation, Importation and Prison Suicide: The Combined Effects OfInstitutional Conditions And Inmate Composition. Tesis Doktor Falsafah Tidak Diterbitkan.University of Georgia, Athens Georgia.Hurry, J. & Rogers, L. (2014). Education, training, and employment in prison and post-release. London Review of Education, volume 12, Number 2, July 2014, 159-161.Huynh, Q., Howell, R.T., Benet-Martinez, V. (2009). Reliability of dimensionalacculturation scores: a met analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,vol 40, 256274Inderbitzin, M. (2005). Growing Up Behind Bars: An Ethnographic Study of Adolescent Inmates in aCottage for Violent Offenders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, vol. 42 (3), 2005, 1-22.Inderbitzin, M. (2006). An Ethnographic Study of Staff Members in a JuvenileCorrectional Facility. The Prison Journal, volume 86 Number 4, 431-451Jaafar Abdul Wahid. (1978). The Treatment of Juvenile Delinquents and Youthful Offenders in Malaysia, 116-119. Diakses daripadahttps://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization /51514NCJRS.pdf.Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat. (2016). Senarai Sekolah Tunas Bakti di Malaysia Diakses daripadahttp://www.jkm.gov.my/Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat. (2017). Laporan Statistik Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat Tahun 2009Hingga Tahun 2016. Putrajaya, Kuala Lumpur.Jabatan Penjara Malaysia, (2012). Diakses daripada http:// www.prison.gov.my/portal/ page/portal/biru/ soalan.Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. (2016). Putrajaya, Kuala Lumpur.Jennings, M. A. & Gunther, J. (2000). Juvenile Delinquency in Search of a PracticeModel: Family Health, Differential Association, and Social Control. Journal of FamilySocial Work, Vol. 5(1) 2000, 75-89.Johnson, B. R., Larson, D. B., & Pitts, T. G. (1997). Religious programming, institutionaladjustment and recidivism among former inmates in prison fellowship programs.Justice Quarterly, 14, 145166.Johnson, B. R. (2002). Assessing the impact of religious programs and prisons industry onrecidivism: An exploratory study. Texas Journal of Corrections, 28, 711.Johnson, H., Keen, S., & Pritchard, D. (2011). Unlocking Value: The Economic Benefit of the Arts inCriminal Justice. New Philanthropy Capital, Report commissioned by ArtsAlliance.http://www.artsalliance.org.uk/sites/default/files/UnlockingValue_0.pdfJolivette, K. & Nelson, C.M. (2010). Introduction to the Special Issue of BehavioralDisorders: Juvenile Justice Issues. Behavioral Disorders, 36 (1), 4-6.Jolivette, K., Swoszowski, N.C., McDaniel, S.C. & Duchaine, E.L. (2016). UsingPositive Behavioral Interventions and Supports to Assist In the Transition of Youth from JuvenileJustice Facilities Back to Their Neighborhood School: An Illustrative Example. The Journal ofCorrectional Education 67(2), September 2016, 9-23.Jnsson, J. H, 2015, The contested field of a caring state in a retreated welfarestate.Critical and Radical Social Work, 3, 3, 34774.Jones, K. & Fowles, A.J. (1984). Goffman: the radical, in Ideas on Institutions.London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1216. Diakses daripadahttps://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/pluginfile.php/638332/mod_resource/content/1/ chapter13.pdfJuhsz, A. E. (2014). Resocialization possibilities with education for incarceratedjuveniles. Journal of Legal and Political Sciences, vol. VIII, No. 1/2014, 1-12.J?zl, M. (2016). Current Czech Penology and Penitentiary Science. Forum ScientiaeOeconomia, volume 4 (2016) Special Issue No. 2, 73-80.Kalendra, R. (2006). Preconditions for Continuing Education and Learning of Individuals Sentencedto Inprisonment: the Case of Lithuania. Social Sciences, 2 (52), 107-120.Kamus Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka, (2017). (Edisi Keempat). Kuala Lumpur: DewanBahasa dan Pustaka.Kashti, Y. (1988). Boarding schools and changes in society and culture: Perspectivesderived from a comparative case study research. Comparative Education, 24, 351- 363.Katsiyannis, A., Ryan, J. B., Zhang, D., & Spann, A. (2008). Juvenile delinquency and recidivism:The impact of academic achievement. Reading & Writing Quarterly: Overcoming LearningDifficulties, 24, 177196.Keane, M (2003). Educating For Gender Subversion: A Case Study of An All-Female Catholic High School 1965-1969. Tesis Doktof Falsafah Tidak Diterbitkan. University Of St.ThomasKeeley, J. H. (2004). Metamorphosis of Juvenile Correctional Education. The Journal ofCorrectional Education 55(4), December 2004, 277-295.Keiley, M.K. (2007). Multiple-family group intervention for incarcerated adolescents and theirfamilies: A pilot project. Journal Marital Family Therapy, 2007;33(1), 10624.Kelly, D. H. & Clarke, E. J. (2002). Deviant behavior: A text reader in the sociology of deviance.New York: Worth Publisher.Kelly, L. (2011). Critical Social Policy, 0261-0183 101; Vol. 31(1): 126150.Kementerian Pembangunan Wanita dan Pembangunan Masyarakat & UNICEF. (2013).The Malaysian Juvenile Justice System: A Study of Mechanisms for HandlingChildren in Conflict with the Law. Diakses daripada https://www.unicef.org/Malaysia / The_Msian_Juvenile_Justice_System_Nov_13_R2.pdfKendall, D. (2017). Sociology in our times: The essentials. Belmont, CA: ThompsonWadsworth.Kenny, K. (2011). Industrial Schools and identification: Revisiting the total institution.Identities and Critical Management Prosiding di 7th International CriticalManagement Studies Conference, Naples, Italy. Diakses daripadahttp://www.organizzazione.unina.it/cms7/Kiernan, M. D. (2011) Identifying and understanding factors associated with failure to completeinfantry training among British Army recruits. Tesis Doktor Falsafah Tidak Diterbitkan. Universityof Nottingham.Kirk, D. S. & Sampson, R.J. (2013). Juvenile Arrest and Collateral Educational Damage in theTransition to Adulthood. Sociology of Education 86:3662Kivett, D. & Warren, C. (2002). Social Control in a Group Home for Delinquent Boys.Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 31:332.Klepikova, A. (2019).Residential Care Institutions For People With Disabilities DalamRussia: Questioning Totality. The Journal of Social Policy Studies, 2019, 17 (3), 453464.Konecki, K. (1987). Re-Definitions of Self In Concentration Camps. In: 'Approaches To The Study OfFace-To-Face Interaction. Folia Sociologica,13, 1-6.Kornblum, W. (2012). Sociology in a changing world. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth CengageLearning.Koilhoff, M. (2002). Juvenile correctional education in the 21st Century: Leave no child out.Reflections of a Kansas juvenile educator. Journai of Correctionai Education, 53, 44-45.Koyama, P. R. (2012). The Status of Education in Pre-Trial Juvenile Detention. TheJournal of Correctional Education 63(1), April 2012, 35-68.Krezmien, M. P., Mulcahy, C. A., & Leone, P. E. (2008). Detained and committed youth: Examiningdifferences in achievement, mental health needs, and special education status. Educationand Treatment of Children, 31(4), 445464.Kronvall, V.L. (2001). Measuring The Effects Of The TYC Gainesville ResocializationProgram On Juvenile Offender Resiliency Levels. Tesis Sarjana Tidak Diterbitkan.University Of North Texas, Texas.Kroska, A., Lee, J.D. & Carr, N.T. (2017). Juvenile Delinquency and Self-Sentiments: Exploring aLabeling Theory Proposition. Social Science Quarterly, Volume 98, Number 1, March 2017,73-88.Krueger, R.A & Casey, M. A. (2009). Focus groups: Practical guide for applied research.Thousand Oak, California: Sage publication.Kupiec, H. (2011). Socio-therapeutic aspects of creative resocialization. Polish Journal of SocialRehabilitation, volume 2 , 2011, 171-184.Lacey, A. & Luff, D. (2001). Qualitative Data Analysis. Diakses daripada http://research.familymed.ubc.ca/files/2012/03/Trent_Universtiy_Qualitative_Analysis7800.pdf.Lambert, M. (2012). A Beginners Guide to Doing Your Education Research Project.Thousand Oak, CA: Sage Publications.Laughlin, J. S., Arrigo, B. A., Blevins, K.R., & Coston, C. T. M., (2008). Incarceratedmothers and child visitation: A law, social science, and policy perspective. Criminal JusticePolicy Review, 19, 215-238.Lazzari, M. M., Amundson, K. A., & Jackson, R. L. (2005). We Are More than Jailbirds: An ArtsProgram for Incarcerated Young Women. Journal of Women & Social Work, 20, 169-185.Lazzeri , F. (2014). On defining behavior: Some notes. Behavior and Philosophy, 42, 65- 82 (2014).Leedy, P. D. & Ormrod, J. E. (2016). Practical Research: Planning and Design. NewJersey: Pearson Educational International and Prentice Hall.Lee. L. T. (2015, Februari 27). Kes juvenil meningkat, perlu perhatian semua pihak.Utusan Malaysia. Diakses daripada http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/kes-juvenil-meningkat-perlu-perhatian-semua-pihakLee, R. M., & Renzetti, C. M. (1990). The problems of researching sensitive topics: An overview andintroduction. The American Behavioral Scientist, 33(5), 510-528.Lelekov, V., & Kosheleva, E. (2008). On the Prevention of Juvenile Crime. RussianEducation and Society, 50, (9), 68-83.Lengvinas, D. & Grosas, J. (2009). Convicted Juvenile Approach To The Resocialization In KaunasJuvenile Detention Facility/ Juvenile Home: Interpretation of Quantitative Research Data. TILTAI,2009, 3, 17-30.Leone, P.E., Krezmien, M., Mason, L. & Meisel, S.M. (2005). Organizing andDelivering Empirically Based Literacy Instruction to Incarcerated Youth,Exceptionality, 13:2, 89-102Leone, P. E., & Weinberg, L. (2012). Addressing the unmet educational needs of children and youthin the juvenile justice and child welfare systems. Center for Juvenile Justice Reform, Georgetown University. Retrieved from http://cjjr.georgetown.edu/pdfs/ed/edpaper2012.pdfLeone, P. E. & Wruble, P. C. (2015). Education Services in Juvenile Corrections: 40Years of Litigation and Reform. Education and Treatment of Children, vol. 38, No. 4, 2015, 587-604.Leukefeld, C.G. (2017). The Benefits of Community and Juvenile Justice Involvement inOrganizational Research. Journal Juveniles Justice. 2017; 6(1): 112124.Li, S. D. (1999). Legal Sanctions and Youths Status Achievement: A Longitudinal Study.Justice Quarterly 16, 377401Liaudinskien, G. (2005). Resocialization Barriers of Juvenile Delinquents. SocialSciences 2005. Nr. 1 (47), 41-53.Lichtman, M. (2013). Qualitative research in education: A users guide. California, USA:Sage Publication Inc.Liebling, A. & Arnold, H. (2012). Social relationships between prisoners in a maximum securityprison: Violence, faith, and the declining nature of trust. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(5),413-42.Lipsey, M. W. (2009). The primary factors that characterize effective interventions with juvenileoffenders: A meta-analytic overview. Victims and Offenders, 4, 124147.Lockwood, S., Nally, J., Ho, T., & Knutson, K. (2012). The effect of correctionaleducation on post release employment and recidivism: A 5-year follow-up study in the stateof Indiana. Crime & Delinquency, 58(3), 380396.Lopes, G., Krohn, M.D., Lizotte, A.J. Schmidt, N. M., Vasquez, B. E. & Bernburg, J.G.. (2012). Labeling and Cumulative Disadvantage: The Impact of Formal Police Intervention onLife Chances and Crime During Emerging Adulthood. Crime and Delinquency 58:45688.Losen, D. J., & Martinez, T. E. (2013). Out of school and off track: The overuse ofsuspensions in American middle and high schools. The Civil Rights Project report. Diaksesdaripada https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED541735.pdf.Lotti, G. (2016).Tough on young offenders: Harmful or helpful?, 1-62. Diaksesdaripadahttps://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/workingpapers/2016/twerp_1126_lotti.pdf.Macomber, D., Skiba, T., Blackmon, J., Esposito, E., Hart, L., Mambrino, E., Thompson Richie , T.,&Grigorenko, E.L. (2010). Education in Juvenile Detention Facilities in the State of Connecticut:A Glance at the System. The Journal of Correctional Education 61(3), September 2010,223-261.Mack, L. (2010). The Philosophical Underpinnings of Educational Research. Polyglossia, Volume 19,October 2010, 5-11.Macionis, J. J. (2012). Sociology. USA: Pearson Education.Malmgren, K., & Leone, P. E. (2000). Effects of a short-term auxiliary reading program on thereading skills of incarcerated youth. Education and Treatment of Children, 23, 239247Marshall, C. & Rossman, G.B. (2016). Designing qualitative research. Los Angeles,California: Sage Publications.Marshall, I. (2008). Life Deferred: An Ethnographic Study of Younger Adults in a Long Term CareFacility. Tesis Doktor Falsafah tidak Diterbitkan. Howard University, Washington, D.C.Marsh, S.C., Evans, W.P. & WilliamS, M.J. (2010). Social Support and Sense of Program Belonging Discriminate Between Youth-Staff Relationship Types in Juvenile Correction Settings.Child Youth Care Forum (2010) 39, 481494.Martos-Garcia, D., Devis, J, and Sparkes, A. C. (2009). Sport and physical activity in a highsecurity Spanish prison: An ethnographic study of multiple meanings. Sport, Education andSociety, 14 (1), 77-96.Mathur, S. R., & Griller, Clark, H. (2014). Community engagement for reentry success of youth fromjuvenile justice: Challenges and opportunities. Education & Treatment of Children, 37(4), 713734.Matsuyama, K, & Prell, L. (2010). Education, employment and offender reentry.Corrections Today, 72(4), 9091.Mazbah Termizi, Nurhidayah Abdullah, Noor Ismawati Mohd Jaafar, Mariam Saidona Tagaranao & Yasmin Hanani Mohd Safian. (2014). Comparative Study on Punishment and PreventiveMethods Of Baby Dumping: Malaysian Perspectives. International Journal of TechnicalResearch and Applications Volume-2, Special Issue 4 (July-Aug 2014), 24-28.Mazloomian, H., & Moon, B. L. (2007). Images from Purgatory: Art Therapy with Male AdolescentSexual Abusers. Art Therapy. Journal of the American Art TherapyAssociation, 24, 16-21.McCarthy, B. (2002). New economics of sociological criminology. Annual Review ofSociology 28:41742.McDaniel, S., Heil, K. M., Houchins, D. E., & Duchaine, E. L. (2011). A guide toimplementing Response to Intervention in long-term residential juvenile justice schools.Journal of Correctional Education, 62, 5168.McIvor, G., Jamieson, J. & Murray, C. (2000) Study Examines Gender DifferencesinDesistance From Crime. Offender Programs Report, Vol. 4, No. 1, 5-9.McHugh, M. L. (2012). Inter rater reliability: The kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica2012; 22(3), 276-82.McMillan, J. H. & Schummacher, S. (2012). Research in education: Evidence based inquiry.Boston: Allyn & Bacon.McTaggart, K. (2010). Art Therapy and Young Offenders. Journal of Thai Traditional & AlternativeMedicine, 8, 69-75.Meek, R. & Lewis, G. (2012) The role of sport in promoting prisoner health.International Journal of Prisoner Health. 8 (3/4), 117-131.Meekums, B., & Daniel, J. (2011). Arts with Offenders: A Literature Synthesis. The Arts inPsychotherapy, 38, 229-238.Melde, C. (2009). Lifestyle, Rational Choice, And Adolescent Fear: A Test Of A Risk- AssessmentFramework. Criminology Volume 47 Number 3 2009, 781-812.Merriam, S.B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study: Applications in education.New York: Jossey Bass Inc.Merriam-Webster. (2020). Diakses daripada https://www.merriam-com/dictionary/underlife.Miller, C.S., Shields, A.L., Campfield, D., Wallace, K.A., Weiss, R.D . (2007). Substance use scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: an exploration of score reliability via meta-analysis. Educational and PsychologicalMeasurement 67, 10521065Mincey, B., Maldonado, N., Lacey, C.H. & Thompson, S. D. (2008). Perceptions ofSuccessful Graduates of Juvenile Residential Programs: Reflections and Suggestions for Success. TheJournal of Correctional Education 59(1), March 2008, 8-31.Moh. Hefni. (2012). Penerapan Total Institution Di Pondok Pesantren Al-AmienPrenduan Sumenep. KARSA, vol. 20 No. 1, 2012, 43-57Mohd Zulkifli Zainuddin. (2016, Januari 31). Pengaruh ICT punca remaja 12 tahun terbabit jenayah. Berita Harian. Diakses daripada https://www.bharian.com.my/node/119892Monica, B. (2009) Promoting desistance amongst young people. In: Youth Justice Handbook,Theory, Policy and Practice. Glasgow: Willan Publshing.Moody, B., Kruse, G., Nagel, J. & Conlon, B. (2008). Career Development Project forIncarcerated Youth: Preparing for the Future. The Journal of Correctional Education 59(3),September 2008, 231-243.Moore, O. R. (2000). The Influence of the Resocialization Program As Perceived ByPhase IV Juvenile Offenders In Texas Youth Commission Residential Facilities. Tesis Doktor FalsafahTidak Diterbitkan. Texas A&M University. TexasMorris, E.W. (2005). Tuck In That Shirt! Race, Class, Gender, and Discipline in anUrban School. Sociological Perspectives 48, 25-48.Morris, C. (2008). Developing a Juvenile Justice System in Bosnia and Herzegovina:Rights, Diversion and Alternatives. Youth Justice 8(3), vol 8(3), 197213.Muzaffar Syah Mallow. (2015). Juvenile Delinquency In Malaysia: Current Issues AndPromising Approaches. 2-4 February 2015- Istanbul, Turkey Proceedings ofINTCESS15- 2nd International Conference on Education and Social Sciences, 260-267.McCray, E.D., Ribuffo, C., Lane, H., Murphy, K.M., Gagnon, J.C.,. Houchins, D.E. & Lambert, R.G.(2018). As real as it gets: A Grounded Theory Study of a Reading Intervention in a JuvenileCorrectional School. Child Youth Care Forum (2018) 47, 259281.McHugh, M. L. (2012). Inter rater reliability: The kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica2012;22(3), 276-282.Mohd Al Adib Samuri, Zuliza Mohd Kusrin, Noor Aziah Mohd Awal, Amir Husin Mohd Nor, Salasiah HaninHamjah& Zaizul Bin Ab Rahman. (2013). The Rehabilitation Theory in Adjudicating Child Offendersand Its Application in Malaysia. Asian Social Science; Vol. 9, No. 15; 2013, 156-165.Mudrak, I. (2016). Theoretical and empirical analysis of the phenomenon of adolescents anxiety inPenal Institutions of Ukraine. Historical and Legal Journal, 2016, no:2 (8). 175-178.Muhammad Rashid Rajudin & Dayana Farzeeha Ali. (2010). Persepsi pelatih - pelatih lelaki Sekolah Henry Gurney, Telok Mas Melaka terhadap program latihan kemahiran vokasional yang dijalankan, 1-7. Diakses daripadahttp://eprints.utm.my/10197/Mukherji, P. & Albon, D. (2015). Research methods in early childhood: An introductory guide.London: SAGE Publications, Inc.Nadzriah Ahmad, Abdul Ghafur Hamid, Saodah Wok & Ahmad Ibrahim. (2016). Reoffending amongthe child offenders in Malaysia : Its time to open our doors to theories underpinning diversionmeasures. The Social Sciences 11 (special issues 6), 7274-7278.Nanchen, C. (2006). The Involvement Of The Community In Juvenile Justice.dalam Sion Seminar di Switzerland, 35-43.Nally, J., Lockwood, S., Knutson, K., Ho, T. (2012). An Evaluation of the effect ofCorrectional Education Programs on Post Release Recidivism and Employment: An Empirical Study inIndiana. The Journal of Correctional Education 63(1), April 2012, 69-89.Nally, J. M., Lockwood, S., Ho, T., Knutson, K. (2014). Indiana Industry Sectors That HireEx-Offenders: Implications to Correctional Education Programs. The Journal of CorrectionalEducation 65(3), September 2014, 43-65.Nazirah Hassan. (2016). Surviving research on sensitive topics with young offenders.Scottish Journal of Residential Child Care, 2016 vol.15, No.1,102-114.Nazneen Ismail, Nurzatil Ismah Azizan, Sahlawati Abu Bakar, Zanariah Dimon & Nurul Husna MohdJabar. (2016). Persepsi Pelatih Terhadap Kaedah Pemulihan Di Pusat Perlindungan. International Conference on Aqidah, Dakwah And Syariah 2016 (Irsyad 2016) SeminarAntarabangsa Akidah, Dakwah Dan Syariah 2016 (IRSYAD 2016). Diakses daripadahttp://conference.kuis.edu.my/irsyad/eproceeding/2016/1013-irsyad-2016.pdf.Nelson, C.M., Jolivette, K., Leone, P. E. & Mathur, S.R. (2010). Meeting the Needs of At-Risk and Adjudicated Youth with Behavioral Challenges: The Promise of Juvenile. Justice.Behavioral Disorders, 36 (1), 70-80.Noorazura Abdul Rahman. (2017, Februari 12). Kes jenayah juvana di Kota Setarmembimbangkan. Berita Harian. Diakses daripada https://www.bharian.com.my/node/247261Noor Hafizah Mohd Haridi & Fakhrul Adabi Abd. Kadir. (2014). Program Agama Di Institusi Pemulihan Akhlak Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat (JKM): Analisis Pelaksanaan. JurnalKemanusiaan Bil. 23, 1-22.Noor Hafizah Mohd Haridi. (2016). Program Agama Di Pusat Pemulihan Akhlak Jabatan KebajikanMasyarakat (JKM): Kajian Dari Aspek Pelaksanaan Dan Keberkesanan. Tesis Ijazah DoktorFalsafah tidak diterbitkan. Universiti Malaya.Noor Hafizah Mohd Haridi, Fakhrul Adabi Abd. Kadir & Norsaleha Mohd Salleh.(2017). Pengetahuan Agama Dalam Kalangan Remaja Di Institusi Pemulihan AkhlakJabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat (JKM). Jurnal Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah,Special Issue (2017), 66-72.Norizan Abdul Razak, Nadzrah Abu Bakar, Hasnah Toran, Nor Fariza Mohd Nor, JalaluddinAbdul Malek. (2011). e-Activities for At Risk Youths in Malaysia. Conference: Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS international conference on E- Activities, Jakarta,Indonesia, December 01 - 03, 2011, 35-39.Noraini Idris. (2010). Bab 6: Pensampelan. Dalam Noraini Idris. (Eds). Penyelidikan dalampendidikan, 112-134. Kuala Lumpur: Mc Graw Hill Malaysia.Norman, M. (2015). Sport in the underlife of a total institution: Social control andresistance in Canadian prisons. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 117.Nur Diyana Ahmad Puat & Berhanundin Abdullah. (2018). Jurnal Islam dan Masyarakat Kontemporari Bil.18, No. 1, 2018 (Sep), 56-67Nurzatil Ismah Azizan, Nazneen Ismail, Sahlawati Abu Bakar, Zanariah Dimon & Nurul Husna MohdJabar. (2016). Pendekatan Al-Quran Dalam Menangani Masalah Sosial di Pusat Perlindungan MAISMenurut Perspektif Pelatih. International Conference on Aqidah, Dakwah and Syariah 2016 (IRSYAD2016), 145-165.Nyampong, L. A. (2013). Entangled realities and the under life of a Total Institution: Anethnography of correctional centres for juvenile and young offenders in Accra, Ghana.Tesis Doktor Falsafah Tidak Diterbitkan. Wageningen UniversityOesterreich, H. A. & Flores, S. M. (2009). The Journal of Correctional Education 60(2),June 2009, 146-162.Oh, E., Goh, T., Tam, K. Y. & Heng, M. A. (2005). The Captains of Lives: Kaki Bukit CentrePrison School in Singapore. The Journal of Correctional Education 56(4), December 2005,308-325.Oh, S. & Ryu, J. (2014). The influence of personal and socio-environmental factors onjuvenile delinquency in Korea. Journal of Educational Policy, 11:2 (2014), 245-263Oliver, W. & Hansen, S. (2017) Made corrections: a prison-based street art intervention for youngoffenders. Street Art & Urban Creativity Journal, 3 (1). 95-103.Ong B. T. (2017, September 19). Pandang serius jenayah remaja. Sinar Harian. Diakses daripada http://www.sinarharian.com.my/mobile/nasional/pandang-serius-jenayah- remaja-1.732679.Othman Lebar. (2017). Penyelidikan kualitatif: Pengenalan kepada teori dan metod. Tg Malim:Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.Owen, O. (2016). Government Properties: The Nigeria Police Force as Total Institution?The International African Institute, Africa 86 (1) 2016, 3758.Oyserman, D., Elmore, K. & Smith, G. (2012). Bab 4: Self, Self-Concept, and Identity. DalamLeary, M.R. & Tangney, J.P. (Eds). Handbook of Self and Identity. New York London: The GuilfordPress.Ozdemir, S.M. (2010). An examination of the educational programs held for juveniledelinquents in Turkey. Education, vol. 130, no. 3, 2010, 384-310. Diaksesdaripadahttp://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA222314887&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=fulltext&issn=00131172&p=AONE&sw=w&authCount=1&isAnonymousEntry=true.Pardini, D. (2016). Empirically Based Strategies for Preventing Juvenile Delinquency.Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America, 25 (2016), 257268.Parker, A., Meek, R. & Lewis, G. (2014). Sport in a youth prison: male young offenders' experiencesof a sporting intervention. Journal of Youth Studies, 17 (3), 381- 396.Paternoster, R., & Pogarsky, G. (2009). Rational choice, agency and thoughtfullyreflective decision making: The short and long-term consequences of making good choices.Journal of Quantitative Criminology 25, 10327.Pat manathan R. Nalasamy, Siti Hajar Abu Bakar Ah & Abd. Hadi Zakaria. (2011).Pandangan Klien Perkhidmatan Mengenai Implementasi Hak Kanak-Kanak Di DalamInstitusi Pemeliharaan Dan Perlindungan Awam. Sarjana, Vol. 26, No. 2, December2011, 51-72.Persons, R. W. (2009). Art Therapy with Serious Juvenile Offenders: APhenomenological Analysis. International Journal of Offender Therapy and ComparativeCriminology, 54, 433-453Pevtsova, E.A., Sapogov, V.M., Timofeev, S.V. & Knyazeva, E.Y. (2016). Ensuring humanRights and the Development of Legal Awareness of Juvenile Offenders in ClosedInstitutions. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education 2016, Vol. 11, No.17, 10435-10444.Pham, Y. K, Unruh, D. K., Waintrup, M. Sinclair, J. Johnson, M.D., Alverson, C. Y.(2017). Taking Responsibility: Preparing Young Offenders to Handle Disclosure on the Job. BeyondBehavior,2017, Vol. 26(1), 3641.Phillips, C. (2007). Ethnicity, Identity and Community Cohesion in Prison. DalamWetherell, Margaret and Lafleche, Michelynn and Berkeley, Robert, (Eds.) Identity, ethnicdiversity and community cohesion. (pp 75-86). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Diaksesdaripada http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/3174/Phillips, J., & Land, K. C. (2012). The link between unemployment and crime ratefluctuations: An analysis at the county, state, and national levels. Social ScienceResearch, 41(3), 681694.Phillips, E. M. & Pugh, D.S. (2010) . How To Get Phd. A handbook for students and theirsupervisor. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education.Punch, S. (2002). Research with children: the same or different from research withadults?. Childhood, 9(3), 321-341.Quinn, M. M., Rutherford, R. B., Leone, P. E., Osher, D. M., & Poirier, J. M. (2005). Youthwith disabilities in juvenile corrections: A national survey. ExceptionalChildren, 71, 339-345.Rakowski, K. (2016). Alienation and Identity Maintenance in Quasi-Total Institutions.The Journal for Undergraduate Ethnography, volume 6 ,issue 1, 2016, 17-31Rami, F. M. (2011). Educational Research: A beginners Concise Guide. InternationalEducation Studies, vol. 4, No. 3; August 2011, 23-30.Rathus, S. A. (2014). Childhood and adolescence: Voyages in development. Belmont, CA:Cengage Learning.Rauf, A.A., Prasad, A. & Razzaque, M. A. (2018 ). Consumption within a soft totalinstitution: Discursive inculcation in the Tablighi Jamaat. International Journal ofConsumer Studies. 2018;42, 854864Reed, D. K., Miller, N. & Novosel, L. C. (2017). Vocabulary Instruction to Support the CareerReadiness of Juvenile Offenders. The Journal of Correctional Education 68(1), March 2017,32-51.Regoli, R. M. & Hewitt, J. D. (2003). Delinquency in society. New York: Mc Graw Hill. Reid, S. E.(2016). The curious case of loners: Social isolation and juvenile incarceration.Legal and Criminological Psychology (2017), 22, 180-195.Resocialization program for convicted youngsters and juveniles in Georgia. (2013). Diakses daripada http:// msy.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=708&info_id=9848.Reynolds, M. W., Nabors, L., & Quinlan, A. (2000). The Effectiveness of Art Therapy: Does It Work?Art Therapy, 17, 207-213.Reynolds, L. M., Jones, J. C., Davies, J., Freeth, D. & Heyman, B. (2014). Playing The Game:Service Users' Management Of Risk Status In A UK Medium Secure Forensic Mental Health Service.Health, Risk and Society, 16(3), 199-209.Rio, R. E., & Tenney, K. S. (2002). Music Therapy for Juvenile Offenders in ResidentialTreatment. Music Therapy Perspectives, 20, 89-97Risler, E. & ORourke, T. (2009). Thinking exit at entry: exploring outcomes ofGeorgias Juvenile Justice Educational Program. The Journal of Correctional Education60(3), September 2009, 226-239.Ritzer, G. (2008). The sociological theory. New York. Mc Graw Hill Higher Education.Rohner, R.P., Khaleque, A. (2003). Reliability and validity of the Parental Control Scale: ameta-analysis of crosscultural and intracultural studies. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology,34, 643649.Rosenbaum P, King S, Law M, King G, Evans J. (1998). Family-centred service: Aconceptual framework and research review. Family-Centred Service, Physical & OccupationalTherapy In Pediatrics, 18:1, 1-20.Roestenburg, W. & Oliphant, E. (2012).Community-Based Juvenile Offender Programs in South Africa:Lessons Learned. Journal of Community Practice , January 2012, 32-51.Rosilawati Sultan Mohideen, Nurliyana Kamilah Khairul Anuar, Dzaa Imma Abdul Latiff,Abdul Rauf Ridzuan & Fazlul Haque Kamarudin. (2016). Social Factors That Contribute JuvenileDelinquency At Melaka. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, Vol. 3, (Feb.), 93-98.Rossman, G. B & Rallis, S. F. (2003). Learning in the field: An introduction toqualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.Rowe, A. (2011). Narratives of self and identity in womens prisons: Stigma and thestruggle for self-definition in penal regimes. Punishment and Society (2011) 13(5),571591.Ryan, J.P., Abrams, L. S. & Hui Huang. (2014). First-Time Violent Juvenile Offenders: Probation,Placement, and Recidivism. Social Work Research, volume 38, Number 1 March 2014, 7-18.Sadiku, I. (2016). System of Justice For Juveniles In The Republic Of Kosovo. JuridicalScientific Journal, Opinio Juris, No. 2/2016, 9-19.Sahlawati Abu Bakar, Nurzatil Ismah Azizan, Nazneen Ismail, Zanariah Dimon & Nurul Husna MohdJabar. (2016). Kaedah Menangani Masalah Sosial di Pusat Perlindungan Majlis Agama Islam Selangor(MAIS): Analisa Pendekatan Al-Quran. Dibentangkan di Seminar Antarabangsa Akidah, Dakwah DanSyariah 2016 (IRSYAD 2016), 620- 647.Salhah Abdullah, Saedah Abd. Ghani & Sapora Sipon. (2014). Harga Diri Remaja Terlibatdengan Seks Bebas. Ulum Islamiyah Journal, vol.14 (DECEMBER) 2014, 19-42.Santrock, J. W. (2019). Adolescence. New York: McGraw-Hill.Sarirah Che Rose. 2011. Prosedur Perbicaraan Kes Jenayah Kanak-kanak di Mahkamah Tinggi. Voice ofAcademia, vol.6 No.2 2011, 109-124.Schaefer, R. (2012). Sociology: A brief introductions. New York: Mc Graw Hill.Scarlato, M. C., & Asahara, E. (2004). Effects of corrective readhing in a residentialtreatment facility for adjudicated youth. Journal of Direct Instruction, 4, 211217.Schwab, A-Y. (2008).Does Graduation from a Token Economy Predict Long-Term Outcomes of a Residential Treatment Program?. Tesis Doktor Falsafah Tidak DiTerbitkan. The StateUniversity of New Jersey.Schwalbe, C.S. & Tina Maschi, T. (2009). Investigating Probation Strategies with JuvenileOffenders: The Influence of Officers Attitudes and Youth Characteristics. Law HumanBehaviour (2009) 33, 357367.Schwartz, S. J., Phelps, E., Lerner, J. V., Huang, S., Brown, C. H., Lewin-Bizan, S., Li, Y.,&Lerner, R. M. (2010). Promotion as prevention: Positive youth development as protective against tobacco, alcohol, illicit drug, and sex initiation. Applied Developmental Science,14(4), 115.Scott, S. (2010). Revisiting the Total Institution: Performative Regulation in the Re-inventive Institution. Sociology, vol. 44, no. 2, 213-231.Scott, S. (2011). Total institution and reinvented identities. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.Shamsiah Abdul Rahman. (2004). Jenayah Juvenil: Peranan Jabatan KebajikanMasyarakat. Dibentangkan di Seminar Kebangsaan Pencegahan Jenayah Juvana. IKIM.Sharifah Norshah Bani Syed Bidin & Zulkifli Mohd Yusoff. (2008). PerubahanPersonaliti Kesan Uslub Tabshir Dan Indhar: Kajian Kes Di Sekolah Henry Gurney (SHG). JurnalUsuluddin, Bil 27 [2008], 41-59.Shippen, M. E., Morton, R. C., Flynt, S. W., Houchins, D. E., & Smitherman, T. (2012). Efficacy ofa computer-based program on acquisition of reading skills of incarcerated youth. Remedial andSpecial Education, 33, 1422.Sh.Marzety Adibah Al-Sayed Mohamad, Melati Sumari & Zuria Mahmud. (2014). Understanding the experience of female Adolescent Delinquents: A Phenomenological Study.International Journal of Social Sciences, vol 5, 1-20.Shulman, E. P. & Cauffman, E. (2011). Coping While Incarcerated: A Study of Male JuvenileOffenders. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(4), 818 826.Silva, J.R. (2017). Correction in Japan. The Encyclopedia of Corrections, 1-7. Diaksesdaripadahttps://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jason_Silva5/publication/319967444_Corrections_in_Japan/links/59d145d64585150177f3d19c/Corrections-in-Japan.pdfSim, J. & Wright, C.C . (2005) The kappa statistic in reliability studies: Use,interpretation, and sample size requirements. Journal of the American Physical TherapyAssociation, 85, 257-268.Simons, R.L., Simons, L .G & Wallace, L.E. (2004). Family, delinquency and crime:Linking societys most basic institution to antisocial behavior. New York: OxfordUniversity Press.Simons, I., Mulder, E., Breuk, R., Mos, K., Rigter, H., Domburgh, L.V. & Vermeiren, R. (2017). Aprogram of family?centered care for adolescents in short?term stay groupsof juvenil justice institutions. Child Adolescence Psychiatry Mental Health (2017)11:6, 1-9.Siti Balqis Mohd Azam, Haris Abdul Wahab & Siti Hajar Abu Bakar Ah. (2013). Ciri- Ciri PemulihanTeraputik Berkesan Untuk Anak Gadis Hamil Luar Nikah. Sarjana, vol. 28, No. 1, June 2013,181-194.Siti Marziah Zakaria & Nur Afifah Zulkifli. (2017). Pengalaman Remaja Di RumahPerlindungan Dan Perubahan Dalam Makna Hidup. Journal of Social Sciences And Humanities, SpecialIssue 3 (2017), 1-11.Siti Rohana Idris. (2016, Ogos 3) Jenayah babitkan remaja di Kelantan meningkat. Berita Harian.Diakses daripada https://www.bharian.com.my/node/179660.Skiecevicius, P. & Leliugiene, I. (2012) Empowering Partnership as Form of Juveniles Subject toDelinquency: Findings of Empirical Research. Social Sciences, 2012. Nr. 1 (75), 30-40.Slayton, S. C., DArcher, J., & Kaplan, F. (2010). Outcome Studies on the Efficacy of ArtTherapy: A Review of Findings. Art Therapy. Journal of the American Art TherapyAssociation, 27, 108-118.Slavet J.D, Stein L.A.R., Klein J.L., Colby S.M, Barnett N.P, Monti P.M. (2005). Piloting thefamily check-up with incarcerated adolescents and their parents. Psychological Services,2005, vol. 2, No. 2, 123132.Smeijsters, H., Kil, J., Kurstjens, H., Welten, J., & Willemars, G. (2011). Arts Therapies for Young Offenders in Secure Car. A Practice-Based Research. The Arts inPsychotherapy, 38, 41-51.Smith, D. J (2005).The effectiveness of the juvenile justice system. Criminal Justicejournal, Vol: 5(2), 181195.Snow, P. C., & Powell, M. B. (2011). Oral language competence in incarcerated young offenders:Links with offending severity. International Journal of SpeechLanguagePathology, 13, 480489.Snow, P. C., & Powell, M. B. (2012). Youth in justice: oral language competence in early life andrisk for engagement in antisocial behaviour in adolescence. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice. Canberra, Australia. Diakses daripada https://dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30050415/powell-youthinjustice-2012.pdfSt?iculescu, C. & Lacatu?, M.L. (2013).School and Non-Governmental OrganizationsPartnership in Benefit of the Local Community. Review of International Comparative Management,Volume 14, Issue 3, July 2013, 377-386.Straus, M. A & Stewart J.H. (1999). Corporal punishment by American parents national data onprevalence, chronicity, severity, and duration, in relation to child and family characteristics.Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review volume 2, 5570.Sullivan, T. J. (2007). Sociology: Concepts and applications in a diverse world. Boston, MA: Allyn& Bacon.Sullivan, K. (2018). Education Systems in Juvenile Detention Centers. Brigham YoungUniversity Education and Law Journal, volume 2018, number 2, 71-100.Sun, S. (2011). Meta-analysis of Cohens kappa. Health Service Outcomes Research Method(2011) 11, 145163Swanson, K. (2009). Faith and Moral Development: A Case Study of a Jail Faith-Based CorrectionalEducation Program. The Journal of Correctional Education 60(4), December 2009, 343- 358.Swanzen, R. & Harris, T.F. (2012). Restorative juvenile justice in South Africa. Review of SocialWork, 3:5-23.Sweeten, G. (2006). Who Will Graduate? Disruption of High School Education by Arrest and CourtInvolvement. Justice Quarterly 23, 46280.Tam, K. Y., Heng, M. A. & Rose, D. (2007). Voices from Correctional Educators and YoungOffenders in Singapore: A Preliminary Needs Assessment Study of the Kaki Bukit Centre PrisonSchool. The Journal of Correctional Education 58(2), June 2007,129-144.Tam, K. Y. & Heng, M. A. (2008). Rehabilitation for Young Offenders in Hong Kong CorrectionalInstitutions. The Journal of Correctional Education 59(1), March 2008, 49-63.Tracy, S.J. (2000). Becoming a Character for Commerce. Management Communication Quarterly 14(1),90128.Taylor C. A, Manganello. J.A, Lee, S. J & Rice, J.C. (2010). Mothers spanking of 3- year-oldchildren and subsequent risk of childrens aggressive behavior. Pediatrics. 2010;125,10571065.Teh, G. B. (2002). Institutional Treatment and Management of Organizations for Juvenile Offendersin Malaysia. Resource Material Series No. 59, pp 203-219. Diakses daripadahttp://www.unafei.or.jp/english/pdf/RS_No59/No59_20PA_Bee.pdf.Theunissen, M.H., Vogels, A.G. C & Sijmen A. Reijneveld, S.A. (2015). Punishment and Reward inParental Discipline for Children Aged 5 to 6 Years: Prevalence and Groups at Risk.Academic Pediatrics, volume 15, Number 1, 96-102.Thio, A. (2005). Sociology: A brief introduction. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Thomas, M. (2018). Trauma, Harry Potter, and the Demented World of Academia.Journal of Educational Thought (JET), 51(2): 184-203.Tischler, H. L. (2011). Introduction to sociology. California, USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.Tomita, M. & Panzaru, C. (2010). Forms of quasi coercive treatment for resocialization of juvenileoffenders. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 2 (2010), 41644171.Tyson, E. H. (2002). Hip-Hop Therapy: An Exploratory Study of a Rap Music Interventionwith At-Risk and Delinquent Youth. Journal of Poetry Therapy, 15, 131-144.Verma, G. K. & Mallick, K. (2004). Researching education: Perspectives andtechniques. London: RoutledgeFalmer.Viera, A.J. & Garrett, J.M. (2005). Understanding Interobserver Agreement: The KappaStatistic. Research Series, vol. 37, No. 5, 60-363.Viswesvaran, C & Ones, D.S. (2000). Measurement error in Big Five Factorspersonality assessment: reliability generalization across studies and measures.Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60, 224235.Wade, W., Bohac, P. & Platt, J. S. (2013). Technology-Based Induction: ProfessionalDevelopment Strategies for Correctional Education. The Journal of Correctional Education64(2), September 2013, 22-36.Wade, M. (2015). Seeker-friendly: The Hillsong Megachurch As An Enchanting TotalInstitution. Journal of Sociology, 116.Walker, S.C. & Bishop, A.S. (2016) Length of stay, therapeutic change, and recidivism forincarcerated juvenile offenders, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 55:6, 355- 376.Walsh, Kevin D., (2009). The impact of voluntary participation in faith-basedprogramming on recidivism of juveniles committed in a correctional facility. (Tesis Doktor Falsafah Tidak DiTerbitkan..Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas.Wang, X., Mears, D.P., & Bales, W.D. (2010). Race-specific employment contexts and recidivism.Criminology, 48(4), 11711211.Warrens, M. .J. (2010) A formal proof of a paradox associated with Cohens kappa.Journal of Classification 27, 322-332.Warrens, M. J. (2011) Cohens kappa is a weighted average. Statistical Methodology 8,473484.Warrens, M.J. (2013) A comparison of Cohens kappa and agreement coefficients by CorradoGini. International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences 16: 345351.Warrens, M. J. (2015). Five Ways to Look at Cohens Kappa. Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy,volume 5, Issue 4, 1-4.Weaver, R. M., (2017). Factors Influencing Teacher Efficacy in a Pennsylvania Juvenile DetentionCenter Education Program. Disertasi Ed.D. tidak diterbitkan. Diakses daripadahttp://commons.cu-portland.edu/edudissertations/29Weinrath, M., Donatelli, G., & Murchison, M. J. (2016). Mentorship: A missing piece to managejuvenile intensive supervision programs and youth gangs? Canadian Journal of Criminology & CriminalJustice, 58, 291321.Whittaker J.K, Holmes L, Del Valle J.F, Ainsworth. F., Andreassen T, Anglin, J.,ZeiraA. (2016). Therapeutic residential care for children and youth: A consensusstatement of the international work group on therapeutic residential care. Residential Treatmentfor Children & Youth, 33:2, 89-106Williams, D., Collingwood, L., Coles, J. & Schmeer, S. (2015). Evaluating a rugby sportintervention programme for young offenders. Journal of Criminal Psychology, Vol. 5 No. 1,. 51-64.Wing, H.C. (2005). Detention Center in Hong Kong: A Young Offenders Narrative.Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, Vol. 41 (1), 2005. 67-84.Woolredge, J. D. (1999). Inmate experiences and psychological well-being. Criminal Justiceand Behavior, 26, 235-250.Wo?niak, W. (2016). Resocializing programs of the perpetrators of particularly vicious murders.Biomedicine: Forensic Psychiatry, Health Sciences in Eastern Europe. 2016,26 Tomas, Nr. 1, 70-74.Yan, M. C. & Wilkerson, K. L. (2014). Teacher-Reported Use of Reading Instructional Approaches in Midwestern Juvenile Correctional Facilities. The Journal of Correctional Education65(1), January 2014, 27-49.Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods. Los Angeles: SagePublications.Yin, P., Fan, X. (2000). Assessing the reliability of Beck Depression Inventory scores:reliability generalization across studies. Educational and PsychologicalMeasurement, 60, 201223.Youniss, J., McLellan, J., Su, & Yates, M. (1999a). The role of community service inidentity development: Normative, unconventional, and deviant orientations. Journal ofAdolescent Research, 14, 248261.Youniss, J., McLellan, J., Su, & Yates, M. (1999b). Religion, community service, andidentity in American youth. Journal of Adolescences, 22, 243253Young, M. C., Gartner, J., OConnor, T. O., Larson, D. B., & Wright, K. (1995). Long- termrecidivism among federal inmates trained as volunteer prison ministers. Journal of OffenderRehabilitation, 22(1;2), 97118.Young, M. V., Phillips, R. S., & Nasir, S. N. (2010). Schooling in a Youth Prison. The Journal ofCorrectional Education 61(3), September 2010, 203-222.Zainudin Sharif & Norazmah Mohamad Roslan. (2011). Faktor-Faktor YangMempengaruhi Remaja Terlibat Dalam Masalah Sosial Di Sekolah Tunas Bakti, Sungai Lereh,Melaka. Journal of Education Psychology & Counseling, volume 1 Mac 2011, 115-140.Zorc-Maver, D. (2013). Biographical Approach and the Effectiveness of Help to Young People in theResocialization Process. International Journal of Business and SocialScience Vol. 4 No. 6; June 2013, 158-162.