Kesan penerapan model latihan olahraga permainan kanak-kanak terhadap prestasi lari pecut atlet sekolah di negeri Sabah

Kajian kuasi eksperimental ini adalah bertujuan untuk menguji kesan dan kekekalanModel Latihan Olahraga Permainan (MLOP) yang telah dibangunkan dalam kajian inidan dibandingkan dengan Latihan Konvensional. Kesan dan kekekalan MLOP danLatihan Konvensional dinilai menggunakan parameter lari pecut iait...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Raymie A.Bakar
Format: thesis
Language:zsm
Published: 2018
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6130
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:6130
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language zsm
topic GV Recreation Leisure
spellingShingle GV Recreation Leisure
Raymie A.Bakar
Kesan penerapan model latihan olahraga permainan kanak-kanak terhadap prestasi lari pecut atlet sekolah di negeri Sabah
description Kajian kuasi eksperimental ini adalah bertujuan untuk menguji kesan dan kekekalanModel Latihan Olahraga Permainan (MLOP) yang telah dibangunkan dalam kajian inidan dibandingkan dengan Latihan Konvensional. Kesan dan kekekalan MLOP danLatihan Konvensional dinilai menggunakan parameter lari pecut iaitu masa reaksi,pecutan pada jarak 10 meter, 20 meter, 30 meter, panjang langkahan pada jarakpecutan 30 meter, frekuensi langkahan pada jarak pecutan 30 meter dan lari pecut 100meter. Kajian ini melibatkan 44 atlet muda dipilih secara rawak dan diagihkan secaraseimbang di antara kumpulan rawatan MLOP dan Latihan Konvensional sebagaikumpulan kawalan. Data kuantitatif dianalisis menggunakan ujian-T sampel bebas,ANCOVA dan ujian-T ukuran berulangan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan kesanprogram MLOP (M =. 006, SD = .000) dapat memperbaiki masa reaksi secarasignifikan pada pascaujian 1 dengan nilai t(42)=2.868, p=.00, p?.05 berbandingdengan Latihan Kovensional (M = .007, SD = .000). Dapatan kajian jugamenunjukkan terdapat peningkatan signifikan melalui MLOP terhadap pencapaianprestasi frekuensi langkahan pada jarak pecutan 30 meter pada pascaujian 1 dengannilai t(42)=2.178, p=.03, p?.05 dengan skor Min (M = 7.751, SD = .726) berbandingLatihan Konvensional (M = 7.187, SD =.972). Manakala bagi aspek kekekalanprogram latihan antara pascaujian 1 dan pascaujian 2 hampir keseluruhan komponenparameter lari pecut tidak menunjukkan kekekalan pencapaian prestasi, kecuali bagiparameter masa reaksi terdapat kekekalan yang signifikan menerusi LatihanKonvensional dengan nilai t(21)=6.777, p=.00, p?.05 dengan skor Min (pascaujian 1:M = .007, SD =.001; pascaujian 2: M = .006, SD =.001). Implikasi kajian inimendedahkan MLOP sesuai untuk diguna pakai oleh jurulatih di negeri Sabah untukmelatih atlet muda (13 dan 14 tahun) bagi meningkatkan prestasi parameter lari pecutkhususnya bagi masa reaksi dan frekuensi langkahan pada jarak pecutan 30 meter.
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Raymie A.Bakar
author_facet Raymie A.Bakar
author_sort Raymie A.Bakar
title Kesan penerapan model latihan olahraga permainan kanak-kanak terhadap prestasi lari pecut atlet sekolah di negeri Sabah
title_short Kesan penerapan model latihan olahraga permainan kanak-kanak terhadap prestasi lari pecut atlet sekolah di negeri Sabah
title_full Kesan penerapan model latihan olahraga permainan kanak-kanak terhadap prestasi lari pecut atlet sekolah di negeri Sabah
title_fullStr Kesan penerapan model latihan olahraga permainan kanak-kanak terhadap prestasi lari pecut atlet sekolah di negeri Sabah
title_full_unstemmed Kesan penerapan model latihan olahraga permainan kanak-kanak terhadap prestasi lari pecut atlet sekolah di negeri Sabah
title_sort kesan penerapan model latihan olahraga permainan kanak-kanak terhadap prestasi lari pecut atlet sekolah di negeri sabah
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Kejurulatihan
publishDate 2018
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6130
_version_ 1747833244496166912
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:61302021-07-27 Kesan penerapan model latihan olahraga permainan kanak-kanak terhadap prestasi lari pecut atlet sekolah di negeri Sabah 2018 Raymie A.Bakar GV Recreation Leisure Kajian kuasi eksperimental ini adalah bertujuan untuk menguji kesan dan kekekalanModel Latihan Olahraga Permainan (MLOP) yang telah dibangunkan dalam kajian inidan dibandingkan dengan Latihan Konvensional. Kesan dan kekekalan MLOP danLatihan Konvensional dinilai menggunakan parameter lari pecut iaitu masa reaksi,pecutan pada jarak 10 meter, 20 meter, 30 meter, panjang langkahan pada jarakpecutan 30 meter, frekuensi langkahan pada jarak pecutan 30 meter dan lari pecut 100meter. Kajian ini melibatkan 44 atlet muda dipilih secara rawak dan diagihkan secaraseimbang di antara kumpulan rawatan MLOP dan Latihan Konvensional sebagaikumpulan kawalan. Data kuantitatif dianalisis menggunakan ujian-T sampel bebas,ANCOVA dan ujian-T ukuran berulangan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan kesanprogram MLOP (M =. 006, SD = .000) dapat memperbaiki masa reaksi secarasignifikan pada pascaujian 1 dengan nilai t(42)=2.868, p=.00, p?.05 berbandingdengan Latihan Kovensional (M = .007, SD = .000). Dapatan kajian jugamenunjukkan terdapat peningkatan signifikan melalui MLOP terhadap pencapaianprestasi frekuensi langkahan pada jarak pecutan 30 meter pada pascaujian 1 dengannilai t(42)=2.178, p=.03, p?.05 dengan skor Min (M = 7.751, SD = .726) berbandingLatihan Konvensional (M = 7.187, SD =.972). Manakala bagi aspek kekekalanprogram latihan antara pascaujian 1 dan pascaujian 2 hampir keseluruhan komponenparameter lari pecut tidak menunjukkan kekekalan pencapaian prestasi, kecuali bagiparameter masa reaksi terdapat kekekalan yang signifikan menerusi LatihanKonvensional dengan nilai t(21)=6.777, p=.00, p?.05 dengan skor Min (pascaujian 1:M = .007, SD =.001; pascaujian 2: M = .006, SD =.001). Implikasi kajian inimendedahkan MLOP sesuai untuk diguna pakai oleh jurulatih di negeri Sabah untukmelatih atlet muda (13 dan 14 tahun) bagi meningkatkan prestasi parameter lari pecutkhususnya bagi masa reaksi dan frekuensi langkahan pada jarak pecutan 30 meter. 2018 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6130 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6130 text zsm closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Kejurulatihan Abd. Hafidz bin Haji Omar & Rustam Bin Hashim. (2008). Pemantauan PrestasiAtlet Lawan Pedang Negeri Johor Bagi Sukma 2008 (Masa Reaksi DanKetangkasan). Retrieved fromhttp://esprints.utm.my/11087/11087/1/Pemantauan Prestasi Atlet LawanPedang Negeri Johor Bagi Sukma 2008. pdf.ACSM. (1998). The Recommended Quantity And Quality Of Exercise ForDeveloping And Maintaining Cardiorespiratory And Muscular Fitness AndFlexibility In Adults. Med. Sci. Sport Exerciser., 30(6); 975-991.Adams, K., OShea, J.P., OShea, K.L. & Climstein, M. (1992). The Effects Of SixWeeks Of Squat, Plyometrics, And Ssquat Plyometric Training On PowerProduction. Journal Of Applied Sports Science Research, 6, 36-41.Ademola Olasupo Abbas. (2009). Comparative Effect Of Three Model PlyometricTraining On Leg Muscle Strength Of University Male Students. EuropeanJournal Of Scientific Research. 31(4), 577-582.Ahmad Hashim. (2003). Pengukuran Kecergasan Motor. Tanjung Malim: QuantumBooks.Ali, A. & Majzub, R. (2011). Teaching And Learning Reading Through Play. WorldApplied Journal, Vol. 14, 15-20.Akgun, N. (1996). Physiology Of Exercise (6th ed). Izmir, Turkey: Ege UniversityPress.Akarsu, Sedi, Ekan, Dane & Senol. (2009). Athletes Have Faster Eye-Hand VisualTurkish. Journal Of Medical Sciences. Vol. 39(6), 871.Anderson, J. K. (2010). The Importance Of Play In Early Chilhood Development.Montana State University.Anderst, W. J., Eksten, F. & Koceja, D.M. (1994). Effects Of Plyometric AndExplosive Resistance Training On Lower Body Power. Medicine And ScienceIn Sport And Exercises, 26-31.Andrzejewski, M., Chmura, J. Pluta, B. Strzelczyk, R. & Kasprzak, A. (2013).Analysis Of Sprinting Activities Of Professional Soccer Players. Journal OfStrength And Conditioning Research: August, 27(8), 2134-2140.Artwater, A. E. (1973). Cinematographic Analysis Of Human Movement. ExerciseAnd Sports Sciences Review 1: 217-228.Asmadi Ishak. (2007). Kesan Periodisasi Model Non- Linear Latihan Pliometrik DanLatihan Bebanan Terhadap Kuasa Otot Kaki Pada Atlet Bola TamparUniversiti. Diakses http://ppp.upsi.edu.my/ewacana/Kesan Periodisasi.Asmussen, E. & Bonde-Peterson, F. (1974). Apparent Efficiency And Storage OfElastic Energy In Human Muscles During Exercise. Acta PhysiologicaScandinavian 92, 537-545.Ballesteros, J. M. (1992). Basic Coaching Manual. International Amateur AthleticFederation.Bangsbo, J., Norregaard, L. & Thore, F. (1991). Activity Profile Of CompetitionSoccer. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, 16, 110-116.Behm, D. G., Wahl, M. J., Button, D. C., Power, K. E. & Anderson, K. G. (2005).Relationship Between Hockey Skating Speed And Selected PerformanceMeasures. J. Strength, Cond Res, 19(2): 326-31.Blanttner, S. & Noble, L. (1979). Relative Effects Of Isokinetic And PlyometricTraining On Vertical Jumping Performance. Research Quarterly For ExerciseAnd Sport, 50 (4), 583-588.Bompa, T. (1991). A Model Of An Annual Training Programme For A Sprinter.NewStudies In Athletics, 6, 47-51.Bompa, T. (1999). Periodization Training For Sports. Human Kinetics: Champaign.IL.Bompa, T. (2000). Periodization Training For Sports. Human Kinetics: Champaign.IL.Bompa, T. & Michael, C. (2005). Periodization Training For Sports (2nd ed). HumanKinetics, Champaign. IL.Bompa, T. & Greggory, H. G. (2009). Periodizatition Theory And Methodology OfTraining (5th Ed.). Human Kinetics. Champaign. IL.Bondarchuk, A. (1988). Constructing A Training System. Track Technique, 102,3254- 3268.Borkowski, J. (1990). Prevention Of Pre-Season Muscle Soreness: PlyometricsExercise. Abstracted In Athletic Training, 25 (2), 122.Bosco, C., Komi, P. V., Pulli, M., Piterra, C. & Montonev, H. (1982). ConsiderationsOf The Training Of Elastic Potential Of Human Skeletal Muscle. VolleyballTech, 1, 75-80.Brown, M. E., Mayhew, J. L. & Boleach, L. W. (1986). The Effect Of PlyometricTraining On The Vertical Jump Of High School Boys Basketball Player.Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 26 (1), 1-4.Brown, L. E, Ferrigno, V. & Santana, J. (2000). Training For Speed, Agility AndQuickness. Human Kinetics, Champaign, Illinois.Bower, M. E, Kreamer, W. J., Potteiger, J. A., Volek, J. S., Hatfield, D. A. & Vingren,J.L. (2010). Relationship Between Off-Ice Testing Variables And On-IceSpeed In Womens Collegiate Synchronized Figure Skaters: Implication ForTraining. Journal Of Strength Conditioning Research, 24, 831-839.Bowerman, W. & Freeman, W. (1991). High Performance For Training Track AndField. Leisure Press. 2nd Ed.Brenner, J. S. (2007). Overuse Injuries, Overtraining And Burnout In Child AndAdolescent Athletes. The American Academy Of Pediatrics. Vol. 119/Issue 6.Bruggemann, G. P. & Glad, B. (1990). Time Analysis Of Sprint Events. ScientificResearch Project of the Games of the XIV Olimpiad- Seoul 1988. New StudyIn Athletic, 5, Supplement: 27-55.Bukner, P. & Khan, K (2001). Clinical Sports Medicine. (2nd Ed.). Mc Graw- HillBook Co. Sydney.Buku Keputusan Rasmi. (2008 -2017). Retrive fromhttp://mssj.edu.my/tf/result/mssm2013/pdf/bukukeputusan MSSMBuku Peraturan Olahraga. (2014). Kesatuan Olahraga Malaysia.Bunker, J. & Thorpe, R. (1986). A Model For Teaching Games In Secondary Schools.Bulletin Of Physical Education, 18, 5-8.Burr, J. & Young, L. (1989). Plyometrics- Is It Worth It? Sportsmed- News, 12-13.Campbell, D. T. & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental And Quasi ExperimentalDesigns For Research. Chicago: Rand Mc Nally College PublishingCompany.Carlson, R. (1988). The Socialization Of Elite Tennis Players In Sweden: An AnalysisOf The Players Backgrounds And Development. Sociology Of Sport Journal,5: 241-256.Chu, D. A. (1998). Jumping Into Plyometrics. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.Chu, D., Faigenbaum, A. & Falkel, J. (2006). Proggresive Plyometrics For Kids.Monterey, C. A: Healthy Learning.Chua, P. Y. (2012). Asas Statistik Penyelidikan Edisi Kedua. (Edisi Kedua). KualaLumpur, Malaysia: Mc Graw Hill.Chua, P. Y. (2013). Asas Statistik Penyelidikan. Buku 3. McGraw- Hill Education.Chua, P. Y. (2016). Mastering Research Method. McGraw-Hill (Malaysia).Clark, K. P., Ryan, L. J. & Weyand, P. G. (2013). Human Sprint Running Mechanics:Do Right And Left Legs Apply Equal Ground Forces? International JournalOf Exercise Science: Conference Procedigns. Vol. 2:Iss. 5, Article 15.Coakes, Steed & Dzidic. (2006). SPSS Version 13.0 For Windows. Analysis W/OAnguish. Wiley Pvt Limited.Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis For The Behavioral Sciences (2ndEd).Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher. Hillsdale, New Jersey.Corbin, C. B. (1987). Youth Fitness, Exercise And Health: There Is Much To BeDone. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 58 (4), 308-314.Corbin, C. B. (2002). Physical Activity For Everyone: What Every Physical EducatorShould Know About Promoting Lif Long Physical Activity. Journal OfTeaching In Physical Education, 21 (2), 128-44.Corbin & Lindsay. (1994). Adult Fitness Programs:Planning Designing, ManagingAnd Improving Fitness Programs. USA: Scott, Foresman and Company.Coyle, E. F., Martin, W.H., Bloomfiled, S. A., Lowry, O. H. & Holloszy, J.O. (1985).Effects Of Detraining On Responses To Submaximal Exercise. J Appl Physiol.Sep, 59(3). 853-9.Cox, H. R. (2002). Sport Psychology. Mc-Graw- Hill.Creswell, J. (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting And EvaluatingQuantitative And Qualitative Research (4th Edition). University Of Nebraska.Pearson Education. Inc.Dare, B., Kearney, B. (1988). Speed Training, Track Technique. In Schiffer. J.(1991). Sprints And Relays. New Studies In Athletics, 6, 3289-3295.Davis, R., Philipis, R., Roscoe. J. & Roscoe, D. (2000). Physical Education And StudyOf Sport. Mosby.Debaese, S., Jonkers, I. & Declecluse, C. (2012). The Cotribution Of StepCharacteristics To Sprint Running Performance In High-Level Male AndFemale Athletes. The Journal Of Strength And Conditioning Research, 27(1):116-24Delalija, A. & Babic, V. (2014). Reaction Time And Sprint Results In Athletics.International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport.Delecluse, C. (1997). Influence Of Strength Training On Sprint Running Performance:Current Findings And Implications For Training. Sports Medicine, 24, 147-156.Deutsch, M. U., Maw, G. D., Jenkins, D. J. & Reaburn, P. R. J (1998). Heart RateBlood Lactate And Kinematic Data of Elite Colts (Under 19 Rugby) UnionPlayers During Competition. Journal Of Sports Science, 16, 561-570.Dick, F. W. (1992). Sport Training Principles. London. Lepus Book.Dogan, B. (2009). Multiple-Choice Reaction And Visual Perception In Female AndMale Elite Athlete. Journal Of Sports Medicine And Physical Fitness, 49 (1),91.Douge, B. (1988). Football: The Common Threads Between The Games In Lees, Kirk& Murphy (Eds) Science And Football, 3-19.Ellis, M. J. (1973). Why People Play. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice- Hall.Eriskon, E. H. (1963). Childhood And Society. New York Norton Chicago (15th ed.)Ewing, M. E. & Seefeldt, V. D. (1990). Youth Sport In America: An Overview.Presidents Council On Physical Fitness And Sports. Research Digest Series 2,No.11.Faigenbaum, A. D., Wescott, W. L., Michell, L. J., Outbridge, A. R., Long, C. J.,Loud, R. L. & Zaichkowsky, L. D. (1996). The Effects Of Strength TrainingAnd Detraining On Children. Journal Of Strength And Conditioning Research,10(2). 109-114.Faigenbaum, A. D. & Chu, D. A. (2001). Plyometric Training For Children AndAdolescents. ACSM Current Comment. American College of SportsMedicine.Faigenbaum, A. D. (2009). Overtraining In Young Athletes. How Much Is Too Much?ACSM Health Fitness Journal.Fatimah Abdullah, Norulhuda Sarnon@Kusenin, Suzana Mohd Hoesni & WanAzreena Wan Jaafar. (2008). Dari Halaman Rumah Ke Hadapan Layar. PolaBermain Dan Fungsinya Kepada Perkembangan Kanak-Kanak. Journal SainsSosial Dan Kemansuiaan, 3(1). p.14. UKMFatouros, I. G., Jamourtas, Z., Leontsini, D., Kostopoulos, N. & Buckkenmeyer, P. J.(2012). Evaluation Of Plyometric Exercise Training, Weight Training, AndTheir Combination On Vertical Jumping Performance And Leg Strength. JStrength Cond Res, 14,pp. 470-476Fleck, S. J., & W. J. Kraemer. (1997). Designing Resistance Training Programs (2ndEd). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Fox, Edward, L., Bower, R. & Foss, M. (1988). The Physiology Basic Of PhysicalEducation And Athletics. 4th Ed. Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing.Gabbet, T. J., Jenkins, D. G, & Abemethy, B. (2012). Physical Demands OfProfesional Rugby League Training And Competition Using Microtechnology.Gallahue, D. L., Ozmun, J. C. & Goodway (2012). Understanding MotorDevelopment. Infants, Children, Adolescent, Adults. Mc Graw- Hill, NewYork.Gay, L. R. (2008). Educational Research Competencies For Analysis AndApplication (9th Ed.). New Jersey. Prentice Hall.Gheri, D. J. Ricard, M. D, Kleiner, D. M. & Kirkendall, D. T. (1998). A ComparisonsOf Plyometric Training Techniques For Improving Vertical Jump Ability AndEnergy Production. J Strength Cond Res, 12, pp. 85-89.Giovanni dos Santos Cunha, Ribeiro, L. J. & Alvaro Reischak de Oliveira. (2006).Review Article. GS/ESEF- LAPEX-90690-200- Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil:268e.Godfrey, R. (2006). Detraining- Why A Change Really Is Better Than ARest.(http://www.pponline.co.uk/encyc/detraining.htm).Gozzoli, C., Simohamed, J., Abdel Malek, E. (2006). IAAF Kids Athletics. A TeamEvent For Children (2nd Eds.). International Association of AthleticsFederation.Griffin, L. L., Dodds, D., Placek, J. H. & Tremino, P. (2001). Middle School StudentsConception Ff Soccer: Their Solution To Tactical Problems. Journal OfTeaching Physical Education, 20, 324-340.Haghighi, A., Moghadasi, M., Nikseresht, A., Torkfar, A., & Haghighi, M. (2012).Effects Of Plyometrics Versus Resistance Training On Sprint And SkillPerformance In Young Soccer Players. European Journal Of ExperimentalBiology, 2 (6): 2348-2351 Pelagia Research Library,Halson, S.L., & Jenkendrup, A. E. (2004). Does Over-Training Exist? An Anaylisis OfOver Reaching And Over Training Research. Sports Medicine 34 (14): 967-981.Harvey, R.H.; Beauchamp, M. K., Saab, M. & Beauchamp, R. (2011). BiofeedbackReaction Time Training: Toward Olympic Gold. 39(1), 7-14.Harre, D. (1982). Principles Of Sport Training. Berlin: Sportverlag.Henry, F. M. (1952). Independence Of Reaction And Movement Times AndEquivalence Of Sensory Motivates Of Faster Response. ResearchQuarterly,21, 43-53. Retrive http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Delaija.Hewett, T. E., Stroupe, A. L., Nance. T. A. & Noyes, F. R. (1996). PlyometricTraining In Female Athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 24, 765-773.Heywood, C. (2008). A History Of Childhood: Children And Chilhood In The WolrdFrom Medieval To Modern Times. Polity Press.Hisham Mohamed. (2014). Keberkesanan Tiga Jenis Latihan Fizikal Terhadap MasaReaksi Pelajar Timgkatan Satu. Desertasi Sarjana Pendidikan. UniversitiMalaya Yang Tidak Diterbitkan.Hoe, W. E. (1994). Pengajaran Pendidikan Jasmani. Kuala Lumpur: Fajar Bakti Sdn.Bhd.Holcomb, W.R., Lander, J.E., Rutland, R.M. & Wilson, G.D. (1996). ABiomechanical Analysis Of The Vertical Jump And Three ModifiedPlyometric Depth Jump. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 10,83-88.Holt, N. I., Strean, W. B., & Bengoecha, E. (2002). Expanding The Teaching GamesFor Undersatnding Model: New Avenues for Future Resaerch And Pratice.Journal Of Teaching Physical Education, 21, 162-176.Horrigan, J. & Shaw, D. (1989). Plyometrics: Think Before You Leap. Track AndField Quaterly Review. 89 (4). pp 41-43.IAAF. (2002). Official Handbook 2002-2003, 112-113. International Association OfAthletics Federations, Monaco.IAAF. (2013). New Studies In Atletics. 20:1/2; 1.Ioannis, G. Fatouros, Athanasios, Z,. Jamurtas, D., Leontsini, Kyriakos T. (2000).Valuation Of Plyometrics Exercise Training, Weight Training And TheirCombination On Vertical Jumping Performance And Leg Strength. Journal OfStrength And Conditioning Research, 14 (4), 470-476.Jakl, P. (2008). Training Program Design And Evaluation Course. University ofMaine Presque Isle, the USA.Kale, M., Asci, A., Bayrak, C. & Acikada, C. (2006). Relationship Among JumpingPerformance And Sprint Test Parameter During Maximum Speed Phase InSprinters. The Journal Of Strength And Conditioning Research.Kamus Dewan. (2016). Kamus Bahasa Malaysia. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Kaneko, M., Fuchimoto, T. Toji, H., & Suei, K. (1983). Training Effect Of DifferentLoads On The Force Velocity Relationship And Mechanical Power Output InHuman Muscle. Scand. J. Sports Sci., 5, 50-55.Khoo, K.K. (1991). Kecemerlangan Sukan. Majalah Akademik. (75) Julai. (1992).Sekitar Sukan Malaysia. Berita Minggu Mei, 31. (1994). Sekitar SukanNegara. Sekolah Berfungsi Lahirkan Bakat Sukan. Berita Minggu, Mei.(1995). Sekitar Sukan Negara. Berita Minggu Mac 19.Korchemny, R. & Schmonlisky. (2000). Innovations In Speed Development. SpeedTraining Manual. USTAF: Indianapolis.Kotzamanidis, C. (2006). Effect Of Plyometrics Training On Running PerfromanceAnd Vertical Jumping In Prepubertal Boys. Journal Of Strength AndConditioning Research 20, 441-445.Krasilschikov, O. (2010). Talent Identification And Development- InternationalTrends And Principle Models. Exercise And Sports Science Programme.School Of Health Science. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian.Krasilschikov, O. & Kerian, K. (2013). Effects Of Short Term Multilateral And SportSpecific Training On Physical Fitness Profile Of Malaysian School Children.International Journal of Research Pedagogy And Technology In EducationAnd Movement Sciences, 2319-3050.Levit, S. & Gutin, B. (1971). Multiple Choice Reaction Time And Movement TimeDuring Physical Exercise. Research Quarterly, 42, 405-410.Lidor, R. & Meckel, Y. (2004). Physiological Skill Development And LearningConsiderations For The 100 Meters. IAAF, 19: 1, 7-12.Lyttle, A. D., Wilson, C. J. & Ostrowski, K. J. (1996). Enhancing Performance:Maximal Power Versus Combined Weights And Plyometrics Training.Journal Of Strength And Conditioning Research, 10, 3, p 73-79.Mackala, K., Fostiak, M. & Kowalski, K. (2015). Selected Determinants OfAccelerationIn The 100m Sprint. Journal Of Human Kinetics Volume 45/2015,135-148.Mackata, K. & Mero, A. (2013). A Kinematics Analysis Of The Three best 100mPerformance Ever. Journal Of Human Kinetics. Vol 36, pp. 149-160.Magill, R. A. (1998). Motor Learning Concepts And Applications (5th Ed). Boston,USA: McGraw-Hill.Majumdar, A. S. & Robergs, R. A. (2011). The Science Of speed. Determinats OfPerformance In The 100m Sprint. International Journal Of Sports Science AndCoaching. Vol 36, pp. 479-493.Mann, R. & Herman, J. (1985). Kinematic Analysis Of Olympic. Sprint Performance.Mens 200 meters. International Journal Of Sport Biomechanics, 1, 151-162.Mann, R. (2005). The Mechanics Of Sprinting. Compusport: Primm, NV.Meinel, K. & Schnabel. (1998). Exercise Theory. Sports Motoring.Morin, J., Slawanski, J. Dorel, S. Saez de Villareal, E., Countourier, A. Samozino, P.,Brughelli, M. & Rabita, G. (2015). Acceleration Capability In Elite SprintersAnd Ground Impulse Of Biomechanics. V 48(12), pp. 3149-3154.Marginson, V., Rowlands, A. V, Glesson, N. P. & Eston, R. G. (2005). ComparisonOf The Symptoms Of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage After An Initial AndRepeated Bout Of Plyometric Exercise In Men And Boys. J Appl Physiol 99:1174-1181.Mateyev, L. (1972). Periodisenang Des Protichen Training. German translation:Baltimore University Press.McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I. & Katch, V. L. (2001). Exercise Physiology Energy,Nutrition And Human Performance. (5th Ed.). United States of America,Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McLeod, P. (1987). Visual Reaction Time High-Speed Ball Games Perception. 16, 49-49.Mc Neely, E. & Sandler, D. (2007). Power Plyometrics: The Complete PlyometricProgram. Meyer & Meyer Sport.Meckel, Y., Atterborn, H., Grodjinovsky, A., Ben- Sira, D. & Rotstein A. (1995).Physiological Characteristics Of Female 100 Meter Sprinters Of DifferentPerformance Levels. Journals Of Sports Medicine And Physical Fitness, 35,169-175.Medvedyev, A. (1988). Several Basics On The Methods Of Training. Soviet SportsReviews, 22 (44): 203-206.Meir, R., Colla. P. & Milligan, C. (2001). Impact Of The 10 Metre Rule Change OfProfessional Rugby League: Implications For Training. Strength andConditioning Journal, 23, 42-46.Merni, F., Cicchella, A., Bombardi, F., Ciacci, S., Magenti, L., Olmucci, S. &Coppini, L.(1992). Kinematicand Dynamic Analysis Of Sprint Start. In: ISBSProceedings of the 10th Symposium Of The International Society OfBiomechanics In Sports. Ed. Rodano, R. Edi Ermes, Milan, 120-123.Mero, A. A. & Komi, P. V. (2010). Effects Of Supramaximal Velocity OnBiomechanical Variables In Sprinting. JAB. 1 (3).Metzler, M. W. (2005). Instruction Model For Physcal Education (2nd Ed.).Scottsdale, AZ: Holcomb Hathaway.Mohd. Majid Konting. (2005). Kaedah Penyelidikan Pendidikan. (Ed. Ke-7). KualaLumpur. Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka.Moka, R., Kaur, & Sidhu, L.S. (1992). Effect Of Training On The Reaction Time OfIndian Female Hockey Players. J Sports Med Phys, Fitness, 32, 428-31.Moola, F., Fusco, C. & Kissh, J. A. (2011). What I Wish You Knew: Social BarriersToward Physical Activity In Youth With Congenital Haert Disease. AdaptedPhysical Activity Quaterly, 28, 56-57.Morehouse, L. E & Miller, A. T. (1976). Physiology Of Exercise. St Louis, USA: CVMosby Company.Mouelhi, G. S., Bouzaouach, I., Tenenbaum, G., Ben, K. A., Feki, Y & Bouaziz, M.(2006). Simple And Choice Reaction Times Under Varying Levels Of PhysicalLoad In High Skilled Fencers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 46. 344-51.Mujika, I. & Padilla. S. (2001). Muscular Characteristics Of Detraining In Humans.Med Sci Sports Exerc. Aug, 33(8): 1297-303.Myer, G., Ford, K., Palumbo, J. &Hewitt, T. (2005). Neuromuscular TrainingImprovesPerformance And Lower Extremity Biomechanics In FemaleAthletes. Journal Of Strength And Conditioning 19, 51-60.Nagahara, R., Naito, H., Morin, J. B. & Zushi, K. (2014b). Association OfAcceleration With Spatistemporal Variables In Maximal Sprinting.International Journal Of Sport Medicine 35 (9), 755-761.Nathan, S. (2014). Instruksi Model Taktikal Permainan. PTS. Akademia. DolomiteBusiness Park, Batu Caves, Selangor.Oslin, J. L., Mitchell, S. A., & Griffin, L. L. (1998). The Game PerformanceAssessment Instrument (GPAI): Development And Preliminary Validation.Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 17, 231-243.Paish, W. (1992). The Development Of Strength And Power. NSA. IAAF, 7:2. 45-54.Paavolainen, L. (1999). Explosive Strength Training Improve 5-km Running Time ByImproving Running Economy And Muscle Power. Journal Of AppliedPhysiology, 86, 1527 1533.Pfitzinger, P. & Douglas, S. (2009). Advanced Marathoning (2nd Edition). HumanKinetics.Poole, H., & Maneval, M. (1987). The Effects Of Two Ten-Week Depth JumpingRoutines On Vertical Jump Performance As It Relates To Leg Power. JournalSwimming Research, 3 (1). pp 11-14.Radcliffe, J. C., & Farentinos, R. C. (1999). High Powered Plyometrics. HumanKinetics. Champaign, IL.Radford, J. (2000). Values Into Pratice Developing Whole School Behavior Policies.Support For Learning, Vol. 15 No. 2.Reilly, T. & Borrie, A. (1992). Physiology Applied To Field Hockey. SportsMedicine, 14, 10-26.Reilly, T. (1997). Energetics Of High Intensity Exercise (Soccer) With ParticularReference To Fatigue. Journal of Sport Sciences, 15, 257-263.Revinthran Marimuthu. (2016). Kesan Program Multilateral Terhadap TahapKecergasan Dan Parameter Acara Pecut Atlet Sekolah Negeri Kedah.Desertasi Sarjana Sains Sukan. Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Yang TidakDiterbitkan.Rimmer, E. & Sleivert, G. (2000). Effects Of A Plyometrics Intervention Program OnSprint Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 14, 3, p295-301.Rommer, L. E. & Mcconnel, A. K. (2002). Specificity And Reversibility OfInspiratory Muscle Training. Medicine In Sports Medicine, p. 22Rosset, A. (1987). Training Needs Assessment. Englewood Cliffs. EducationalTechnology Publications.Rovegno, I.; Nevett, M. & Babiarz. (2001). Invasion-Game Tactics In The 4th Grade.Introduction And Theorytical Perspective. Journal Of Teaching PhysicalEducation, 20, 341-351.Salis, J. F. (1987). Commentary On Children And Fitness: A Public HealthPerspective. Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport, 58 (4), 326-330.Sandseter, E. B. & Kenneair, L. E. (2011). Childrens Risky Play From AnEvolutionary Perspective: The Anti-Phobic Effects Of Thrilling Experiences.Evol Psychol. Jun 21, 9(2) 257-84.Sariscanny, M. J., Darst, P. W. & van der Mars, H. (1995). The Effects Of ThreeTeacher Supervision Patterns On Student On-Task And Skill Performance InSecondary Physical Education. Journal Of Teaching In Physical Education,14. 179-197.Schmidt, R. A., & Timothy, D. (2005). Motor Controls And Learning A BehavioralEmphasis. Human Kinetics, 4th. Ed.Schuldheisz, J. M. & van Der Mars, H. (2001). Active Supervision And StudentsPhysical Activity In Middle School Physical Eucation. Journal Of Teaching InPhysical Education, 21, 75-90.Scoles, G. (1978). Depth Jumping ! Does It Really Work?, Athletic Journal, 58. pp48-75.Seagrave, L. (1996). In Introduction In Sprinting. New Studies in Athletics. IAAF11:2-3; 93-113.Sebestyen, E. (1996). Speed Improvement With The Speedy- System. New Studies inAthletics. IAAF, 11:2-3; 149-154.Selye, H. (1956). The Stress Of Life. New Work: Mc-Graw Hill Book Company.Shahruddin. (2006). Mengaplikasikan Teori Psikologi Dalam Sukan. Kuala Lumpur.Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.Shepard, R. J. (1999). How Much Physical Activity Is Needed For Good Health?International Journal Of Sports Medicine, 20, 23-27.Siedentop, D. (1980). Physical Education: Introductory Analysis (3rd ed.). Dubuque,IA: Wm. C Brown.Siedentop, D. (1983). Academic Learning Time: Reflections And Prospects. JournalOf Teaching In Physical Education (Monograph 1), 4.Siedentop, D., Herkowitz, J. & Rink, J. (1984). Elementary Physical EducationMethods. Prentice- Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J.Siedentop, D. & Tannehill, D. (2000). Developing Teaching Skills PhysicalEducation. Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield Pub. Co. 4, pp.Siedentop, D. (2002). Content Knowledge For Physical Education. Journal OfTeaching Physical Education. Vol. 21, Issue 4, pp. 368-372.Simpson, A. (1994). Multiple Entry Passes Scholastic Coach For The Coach AthleticDirector. 63 (10), 106-107.Smirniotou, A., Katsikas, C., Paradisis, P., Zachrogiannis, E. & Tziortzis, S. (2008).Strength-Power Parameters As Predictors Of Sprinting Performance. JournalOf Sports Medicine And Physical Fitness. Vol 48, pp. 447-454.Spidiso, W. W. (1975). Reaction And Movement Time As Function Of Age AndPhysical Activity Level. Journal Gerontol, 30, 435-40.Stone, M. O Bryant & J. Garhammer. (1981). A Hypothetical Model For StrengthTraining. Journal of Sport Medicine, 21, 342-351.Stone, M., & O Bryant, H. (1986). Weight Training A Scientific Approach.Minneapolis. Burgess.Teichner, W. H. (1954). Recent Studies Of Simple Reaction Time. PsychologicalBulletin, 51 (2). 128-149.The Participant Model. (2009). The National Coaching Foundation.Tining, R. & Siedentop, D. (1985). The Characteristics Of Tasks Accountability InStudent Teaching. Journal Of Teaching In Physical Education, 4, 286-299.Thompson, P. J. L. (2009). Introduction to Coaching Theory. International AmateurAthletic Federation. Monaco.Thomas, J. R; Nelson, J. K. & Silverman, S. J. (2005). Research Methods In PhysicalActivity (5th Edition). Human Kinetics.Tripo, R. S. (1965). How Fast Can You React? Sci Dig, 57:50. Journal Exer Sci Fit.Vol.4. No. 2 (2006).Uusitalo, A. L. T. (2001). Overtraining. Making A Difficult Dignosis AndImplementing Targerted Treatment. Phys. And Sportsmed. 29 (5): 35-50.van der Mars, H., Vogler, B., Darst. & Cusimano, B. (1998). Student PhysicalActivity Levels And Teachers Active Supervision During Fitness Instruction.Journal Of Teaching In Physical Eduaction, 18, 57-75.Vescovi, J. D. (2012). Sprint Speed Characteristics Of High-Level American FemaleSoccer Players: Female Athletes In Motion Study. Journal Of Science InMedicine And Sport 15, 474-478.Wathen, D. (1993). Position Statement: Literature Review: Explosive PlyometricExercises. 3, 16-19.Wee, Eng Hoe. (2011). Pendidikan Jasmani dan Pendidikan Kesihatan. Shah Alam:Karisma Publications Sdn. Bhd.West Of Scotland Sprint Training And Coaching Information. Retrivedhttps://sites.google.com/site/vpcogsprint/HomeWeyand, P., Sternlight, D., Bellizzi, M. & Wright, S. (2000). Faster Top RunningSpeeds Are Achieved With Greater Ground Forces Not More Rapid LegMovements. Journals Of Applied Physiology, 89, 1991-2000.Wiersma, L. D. (2000). Risks And Benefits Of Youth Sports Specialization:Perspective And Recommendations. Pediatric Exercise Science, 12 (1), 13-22.Williams, P. (1995). An Introduction To Health And Physical Education ForSecondary Schools.( 2nd Ed). Melbourne: Moreton Bay Publishing.Willmore, J. H. & Costill, D. L. (1988). Training For Sport And Activity Chapter II.Dubuque, IA: Wm C. Brown.Winckler, G. (1991). An Examination Of Speed Endurance. New Studies in Athletics,6, 27-33.Winkleman, N. (2009). A Model Of Periodisation: Optimising Performance AndRecovery In The Elite 100m Sprinter. UK Strength And ConditioningAssociation, 13: 14-18.Young, W. B & Bilby, G. E. (1993). The Effect Of Voluntary Effort On StrengthSpeed Of Construction On Strength, Muscular Power And HypertrophyDevelopment. Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 7, 172.Young, W. B., Wilson, G. L. & Byrne, C. (1999). A Comparison Of Drop JumpTraining Methods: Effects On The Leg Extensor Strength Qualities AndJumping Performances. Int J Sports Med, 20, pp. 295-303.