Pembangunan manual pengajaran bagi pembelajaran berasaskan pemikiran dan keberkesanan penggunaannya terhadap motivasi dan strategi berfikir mengkonsepsikan dalam tajuk haba

Pembangunan manual pengajaran bagi pembelajaran berasaskan pemikiran dan keberkesanan penggunaannya terhadap motivasi dan strategi berfikir mengkonsepsikan dalam tajuk haba

Kajian ini bertujuan membangunkan Manual Pengajaran Bagi PembelajaranBerasaskan Pemikiran Mengkonsepsikan (MPBPBPM) bagi tajuk haba untuk murid sekolah menengah. Keberkesanan manual pengajaran dinilai berdasarkan tahap Strategi BerfikirMengkonsepsikan (SBM) dalam konteks tajuk Haba dan motivasi muri...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Badariah Hashim
Format: thesis
Language:zsm
Published: 2019
Subjects:
Q Science
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6157
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:6157
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language zsm
topic Q Science
spellingShingle Q Science
Badariah Hashim
Pembangunan manual pengajaran bagi pembelajaran berasaskan pemikiran dan keberkesanan penggunaannya terhadap motivasi dan strategi berfikir mengkonsepsikan dalam tajuk haba
description Kajian ini bertujuan membangunkan Manual Pengajaran Bagi PembelajaranBerasaskan Pemikiran Mengkonsepsikan (MPBPBPM) bagi tajuk haba untuk murid sekolah menengah. Keberkesanan manual pengajaran dinilai berdasarkan tahap Strategi BerfikirMengkonsepsikan (SBM) dalam konteks tajuk Haba dan motivasi murid selepas mereka melaluiaktiviti pembelajaran. Kajian ini menggunakan reka bentuk Kajian Perekaan dan Pembangunan termasuk kuasi-eksperimen bagi menentukan keberkesanan manual tersebut.Sampel kajian adalah seramai 66 orang murid daripada dua buah kelas tingkatan empat dalamsebuah sekolah menengah di Daerah Hulu Kinta yang dipilih secara rawak berkelompok dan kemudianditentukan secara rawak kumpulan kawalan (N=33) dan rawatannya (N=33). Dapatan kajianmenunjukkan manual pengajaran mempunyai kesahan kandungan yang tinggi dengan nilai Pekali KesahanKandungan (CVI) adalah 0.84 berdasarkan penilaian lima orang pakar manakala kebolehpercayaan yangsangat baik dengan nilai Alfa Cronbach 0.87. Dua instrumen bagi menguji keberkesanan manualpengajaran ialah Ujian Haba Mengkonsepsikan yang dibangunkan sendiri oleh pengkaji danInstrumen Motivasi Intrinsik yang diadaptasi daripada instrumen sedia ada. Dapatan ujian-tmenunjukkan SBM dalam konteks tajuk Haba murid kumpulan rawatan adalah lebih tinggi secarasignifikan berbanding murid kumpulan kawalan, t(64)=13.56, p=.00, d=3.34 yang menunjukkanaktiviti pembelajaran SBM yang dicadangkan dalam manual adalah berkesan kerana memberikesan yang besar ke atas peningkatan SBM murid. Dari segi motivasi, terdapat perbezaanyang signifikan bagi subskontruk usaha antara murid kumpulan rawatan (min=5.08, sp=1.01)dengan murid kumpulan kawalan (min=4.42, sp=1.22) dengan dapatan ujian-t, t(64)=2.90,p=.01, d=0.71 yang menunjukkan aktiviti pembelajaran yang dicadangkan dalam manual berjaya menggalakkan murid berusaha dengan lebih gigih semasa pembelajaran dengan kesan yangsederhana. Kesimpulannya, kajian ini bukan sahaja berjaya membangunkan sebuah manualpengajaran yang mempunyai kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan yang memuaskan bahkan penggunaanmanual tersebut berkesan dari segi meningkatkan SBM dan menggalakkan murid berusahadengan lebih gigih semasa pembelajaran. Implikasinya, manual ini boleh digunakan sebagaibahan sumber pengajaran yang mampu memupuk kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi khususnya SBM.Manual tersebutboleh juga digunakan sebagai bahan bengkel latihan dan rujukan.
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Badariah Hashim
author_facet Badariah Hashim
author_sort Badariah Hashim
title Pembangunan manual pengajaran bagi pembelajaran berasaskan pemikiran dan keberkesanan penggunaannya terhadap motivasi dan strategi berfikir mengkonsepsikan dalam tajuk haba
title_short Pembangunan manual pengajaran bagi pembelajaran berasaskan pemikiran dan keberkesanan penggunaannya terhadap motivasi dan strategi berfikir mengkonsepsikan dalam tajuk haba
title_full Pembangunan manual pengajaran bagi pembelajaran berasaskan pemikiran dan keberkesanan penggunaannya terhadap motivasi dan strategi berfikir mengkonsepsikan dalam tajuk haba
title_fullStr Pembangunan manual pengajaran bagi pembelajaran berasaskan pemikiran dan keberkesanan penggunaannya terhadap motivasi dan strategi berfikir mengkonsepsikan dalam tajuk haba
title_full_unstemmed Pembangunan manual pengajaran bagi pembelajaran berasaskan pemikiran dan keberkesanan penggunaannya terhadap motivasi dan strategi berfikir mengkonsepsikan dalam tajuk haba
title_sort pembangunan manual pengajaran bagi pembelajaran berasaskan pemikiran dan keberkesanan penggunaannya terhadap motivasi dan strategi berfikir mengkonsepsikan dalam tajuk haba
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Sains dan Matematik
publishDate 2019
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6157
_version_ 1747833247318933504
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:61572021-08-06 Pembangunan manual pengajaran bagi pembelajaran berasaskan pemikiran dan keberkesanan penggunaannya terhadap motivasi dan strategi berfikir mengkonsepsikan dalam tajuk haba 2019 Badariah Hashim Q Science Kajian ini bertujuan membangunkan Manual Pengajaran Bagi PembelajaranBerasaskan Pemikiran Mengkonsepsikan (MPBPBPM) bagi tajuk haba untuk murid sekolah menengah. Keberkesanan manual pengajaran dinilai berdasarkan tahap Strategi BerfikirMengkonsepsikan (SBM) dalam konteks tajuk Haba dan motivasi murid selepas mereka melaluiaktiviti pembelajaran. Kajian ini menggunakan reka bentuk Kajian Perekaan dan Pembangunan termasuk kuasi-eksperimen bagi menentukan keberkesanan manual tersebut.Sampel kajian adalah seramai 66 orang murid daripada dua buah kelas tingkatan empat dalamsebuah sekolah menengah di Daerah Hulu Kinta yang dipilih secara rawak berkelompok dan kemudianditentukan secara rawak kumpulan kawalan (N=33) dan rawatannya (N=33). Dapatan kajianmenunjukkan manual pengajaran mempunyai kesahan kandungan yang tinggi dengan nilai Pekali KesahanKandungan (CVI) adalah 0.84 berdasarkan penilaian lima orang pakar manakala kebolehpercayaan yangsangat baik dengan nilai Alfa Cronbach 0.87. Dua instrumen bagi menguji keberkesanan manualpengajaran ialah Ujian Haba Mengkonsepsikan yang dibangunkan sendiri oleh pengkaji danInstrumen Motivasi Intrinsik yang diadaptasi daripada instrumen sedia ada. Dapatan ujian-tmenunjukkan SBM dalam konteks tajuk Haba murid kumpulan rawatan adalah lebih tinggi secarasignifikan berbanding murid kumpulan kawalan, t(64)=13.56, p=.00, d=3.34 yang menunjukkanaktiviti pembelajaran SBM yang dicadangkan dalam manual adalah berkesan kerana memberikesan yang besar ke atas peningkatan SBM murid. Dari segi motivasi, terdapat perbezaanyang signifikan bagi subskontruk usaha antara murid kumpulan rawatan (min=5.08, sp=1.01)dengan murid kumpulan kawalan (min=4.42, sp=1.22) dengan dapatan ujian-t, t(64)=2.90,p=.01, d=0.71 yang menunjukkan aktiviti pembelajaran yang dicadangkan dalam manual berjaya menggalakkan murid berusaha dengan lebih gigih semasa pembelajaran dengan kesan yangsederhana. Kesimpulannya, kajian ini bukan sahaja berjaya membangunkan sebuah manualpengajaran yang mempunyai kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan yang memuaskan bahkan penggunaanmanual tersebut berkesan dari segi meningkatkan SBM dan menggalakkan murid berusahadengan lebih gigih semasa pembelajaran. Implikasinya, manual ini boleh digunakan sebagaibahan sumber pengajaran yang mampu memupuk kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi khususnya SBM.Manual tersebutboleh juga digunakan sebagai bahan bengkel latihan dan rujukan. 2019 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6157 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6157 text zsm closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Sains dan Matematik Abd. Halim. (2015). Senarai sekolah menengah mengikut band 2012. Diperoleh pada12 Februari 2013, dari jpnperak.moe.gov.my/jpn/ index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=352: senarai-sekolah-menengah-mengikutband 2012&catid=40&ltemid=515&lang=msAbrami, P. C., Bernard, R. M., Borokhovski, F., Waddington, D. I., Wadi, C. A., & Persson, T.(2015). Strategies for teaching students to think critically: A meta- analysis. Review ofEducational Research, 85(2), 275-314.Adodo, S. O., & Gboro, L. O. (2012). Prediction of attitude and interest of science students ofdifferent ability on their academic performance in basic science. International Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 4(6), 68-72. doi:10.5897/IJPC10.049Alev, N. (2010). Perceived values of reading and writing in learning physics insecondary classrooms. Scientific Research and Essays, 5(11), 1333-1345.Aliza Ali., & Zamri Mahamod. 2015. Analisis keperluan terhadap pengguna sasaran modul pendekatanberasaskan bermain bagi pengajaran dan pembelajaran kemahiran bahasa kanak-kanak prasekolah.Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, no. 3(1), 1-8.AlleyDog.com. (2017). Pressure. Diperoleh pada 16 April 2013, dari https://www. alleydog.com /glossary/ definition.php? term=PressureAlwehaibi, H. U. (2012). Novel program to promote critical thinking among higher educationstudents: Empirical study from Saudi Arabia. Asian Social Science, 8(11), 193-204. doi:10.5539/ass.v8n11p193Amalia Madihie & Sidek Mohd Noah. (2013). An application of the sidek moduledevelopment in rebt counseling intervention module design for orphans. Procedia Social andBehavioral Sciences, 84, 1481-1491.American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the AmericanPsychological Association (6?? ed.). Washington, DC: Penulis.Ames, C. A. (1990). Motivation: What teachers need to know. Teachers College Record,91(3), 409-4ke-21.Amir Mohd Saleh. (1993). Inservice training needs assessment for Malaysia school teachers. TesisDoktor Falsafah. University of Michingin.Amla Mohd. Salleh. (2012). Penilaian dalam kaunseling untuk kaunselor danprofesional pembantu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Archer, A. L., & Hughes, C. A. (2011). Explicit instructions: effective and efficientteaching. New York: The Guilford Press.Astuti, S. P. (2013). Teachers and students perceptions of motivational teachingstrategies in an Indonesian high school context. TEFLIN Journal, 24(1), 14-31.Azieyana Aziz dan Andin, C. (2018). Penggunaan strategi pembelajaran koperatif untuk meningkatkan tahap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi pelajar. Jurnal PendidikanMalaysia, 43(1), 1-9.Badariah Hamzah., You, Cham., Leong, C. S., Chuan, K. K., & Leh, Y. K. (2011).Fizik tingkatan 4 KBSM. Shah Alam: Ultimate Print Sdn. Bhd.Bahagian Buku Teks. (2015). Panduan aplikasi kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi berdasarkanbuku teks kurikulum bersepadu sekolah menengah tingkatan 4 dan tingkatan 5. Putrajaya: Bahagian Buku Teks, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum. (2012). Program i-THINK membudayakan kemahiran berfikir. Putrajaya: Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum, Kementerian PelajaranMalaysia.Bahagian Perancangan dan Penyelidikan Dasar Pendidikan. (2016). Laporan TIMSS 2015-Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study. Putrajaya: Bahagian Perancangan danPenyelidikan, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.Bailin, S., Case, R., Coombs, J. R., & Daniels, L. B. (1999). Conceptualizing critical thinking. J.Curriculum Studies, 31(3), 285-302.Bangert-Drowns, R. L., & Bankert, E. (1990). Meta-analysis of effects of explicitinstruction for critical thinking. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the AmericanEducational Research Association, Boston.Banjanovic, E. S., & Osborne, J. W. (2016). Confidence intervals for effect sizes:applying bootstrap resampling. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, ke-21(5).Diperoleh dari 23 Ogos 2015, dari http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=ke-21&n=5Barak, M., Ben-Chaim, D., & Zoller, U. (2007). Purposely teaching for the promotion ofhigher-order thinking skills: A case of critical thinking. Res Sci Educ, 37, 353-369.Barak, M., Shakhman, L. (2007). Reform-based science teaching: teachersinstructional practices and conceptions. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science &Technology Education, 4(1), 11-20.Bedi, A. (2004). An andragogical approach to teaching styles. Education for Prmary e, 15, 93-108.Behar-Horenstein, L. S. & Niu, L. (2011). Teaching critical thinking skills in higher education: Areview of the literature. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 8(2), 25-42.Bekkink, M. O., Donders, A. R. T. G., Kooloos, J. G., Waal, R. M. W., & Ruiter, D.J. (2016). Uncovering students misconceptions by assessment of their written questions. BMCMedical Education, 16(2ke-21). doi:10.1186/s12909-016-0739- 5Bensley, D. A., Crowe, D. S., Bernhardt, P., Buckner, C., & Allman, A. L. (2010). Teaching and assessing critical thinking skills for argument analysis in psychology. Teaching ofPsychology, 37, 91-96. doi:10.1080/ 009862.81003626656Berchtold, A. (2016). Test-retest: Agreement or reliability? MethodologicalInnovations, 9, 1-7. doi:10.1177/2059799116672875Bhasah Abu Bakar. (2006). Pengujian, pengukuran dan penilaian pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: PustakaSalam Sdn. Bhd.Borg, W. R., & Gall, M. D. (1989). Educaational Research: An Introduction (5?? ed.).New York: Pitman Publishing Inc.Budsankom, P., Sawangboon, T., Damrongpanit., & Chuensirimongkol, J. (2015). Factorsaffecting higher order thinking skills of students: A meta-analytic structural equationmodeling study. Educational Research and Reviews, 10(19), 2639-2652.Bukunola, B-A. J., & Idowu, O. D. (2012). Effectiveness of cooperative learningstrategies on Nigerian junior secondary students academic achievement in Basic Science.British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 2(3), 307-325.Campbell, J. (2006). Theorising habits of mind as a framework for learning. Kertas dibentangkan diAARE Annual Cnoference, Adelaide.Carlgren, T. (2013). Communication, critikal thinking, problem solving: A suggested course for allhigh school students in the ke-21?? century. Interchange, 44, 63- 81.Caviglioli, O., Harris, I., & Tindall, B. (2002). Thinking skills and eye Q: visual tools forraising intelligence. Stafford: Network Educational Press Ltd.Cedere, D., Jurgena, I., & Praulite, G. (2016). Possibilities of promoting studentscognitive interest in Science subjects. Kertas dibentangkan pada The 15?? International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development,Jelgava, Latvia.Chang, S. L., Koay, K. C., Yew, K. L., & Chia, S. C. (t. t.). Fokus sukses Tingkatan 4Fizik. Bangi, Selangor: Pelangi.Choy, S. C., & Cheah, P.K. (2009). Teacher perceptions of critical thinking among students and its influence on higher education. International Journal of Teaching and Learning inHigher Education, 20(2), 198-206.Chua, Y. P. (2006). Kaedah dan statistik penyelidikan. Asas statistik penyelidikan.Buku 2. Kuala Lumpur: Mc Graw Hill.Chua, Y. P. (2008). Asas statistik penyelidikan: analisis data skala ordinal dan skala nominal(Kaedah dan statistik penyelidikan, Buku 3). Kuala Lumpur: Mc Graw Hill.Chua, Y. P. (2011). Kaedah dan statistik penyelidikan. Buku 1. Kaedah Penyelidikan Edisi kedua.Kuala Lumpur: Mc Graw Hill.Coe, R. (2014, September). ITs the effect, size, stupid. What effect size is and why it isimportant. Kertas dibentangkan The Annual Conference of the British Educational ResearchAssociation, University of Exeter, England.Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.).Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2011). Research methods in education (7th ed.). London & NewYork: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.Combs, H. Jurgen. (2010). Writing your own educational philosophy. Diperoleh pada 10 Jun 2012, darihttp://www.edulink.org/portfolio/philosophies.htmlCordova, D. I., & Lepper, M. R. (1996). Intrinsic motivation and the process oflearning: Beneficial effects of contextualization, personalization, and choice. Journal ofEducational Psychology, 88(4), 715-730.Costa, A. L., & Kallick. (2012). Describing 16 habits of mind. Diperoleh pada 20 April2013, dari www.institute forhabitsof mind.comCoutinho, S. A. (2007). The relationship between goals, metacognition, and academic success.Educate Journal, 7, 39-47.Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative andqualitative research. (4?? ed.). Singapore: Pearson.Curriculum Development Centre. (2004). Integrated curriculum for secondary schools. Curriculum spesifications. Physics. Form 4. Kuala Lumpur: Curriculum DevelopmentCentre, Ministry of Education Malaysia.Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self determination inhuman behaviour. New York and London: Plenum Press.Dorothy, D., Alias, N., Siraj, S. (2016, Julai). Problem solving strategies of malaysiansecondary school teachers. Kertas dibentangkan pada Educational Technology World Conference 2016,Bali, Indonesia.Duron. R., Limbach. B., & Waugh, W. (2006). Critical thinking framework for any discipline.International Journal of Teaching in Higher Education, 17(2), 160- 166.Dwi Sulisworo & Fadiyah Suryani. (2014). The effect of cooperative learning, motivationand information technology literacy to achievement. International Journal of Learning &Development, 4(2), 58-64.Dybowski, C., Sehner, S., & Harendza, S. (2017). Influence of motivation, self- efficacyand situational factors on the teaching quality of clinical educators. BMC MedicalEducation, 17(84), 1-8.Eilks, I. (2012). More student Active Learning in Science (SALiS) From a theoreticaljustification to implications for science teaching. Chemistry in Action, 2012(97), 8-12.Eivers, E., & Clerkin, A. (2012). PIRLS and TIMSS 2011: Reading, mathematics and science outcomesfor Ireland. Republic of Ireland: ePrint Limited.Elder, L. (2002). The teachers manual for the miniature guide to critical thinking for children.Dillon Beach, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking.Ellis, T. J., & Levy, Y. (2010). A guide for novice researchers: Design anddevelopment research methods. Proceedings of Informing Science & IT EducationConference (InSITE), 107-118.Ertmer, P. A., & Newby, T. J. (2013). Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective. PerformanceImprovement Quarterly, 26(2), 43-71. doi:10.1111/j.1937-8327. 1993.tb00605.xFani, T. (2011, Jun). Overcoming barriers to teaching critical thinking. Kertasdibentangkan pada 1?? International Conference on the Future of Education, Florence,Italy.Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area ofcognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34, 906-911.Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2011). How to design and evaluate research ineducation (8th ed.). Singapura: McGraw-Hill Book Co.Fritz, C. O., & Morris, P. E. (2012). Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, andinterpretation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 2-18.Froiland, J. M., Oros, E., Smith, L., & Hirchert, T. (2012). Intrinsic motivtion tolearn: The nexus psychological health and academic success. Contemporary School Psychology, 16,91-100.Gearhart, A., Booth, D. T., Sedivec, K., & Schauer, C. (2013). Use of Kendallscoefficient of concordance to assess agreement among observers of very high resolutionimagery. Geocarto International, 28(6), 517-526. doi:10.1080/ 10106049.2012.725775Gentry, R., Sallie, A. P., Sanders, C. A. (2013, November). Differentiatedinstructional strategies to accommodate students with varying needs and learningstyles. Kertas dibentangkan The Urban Education Conference, Jackson, Mississippi.George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0update (4?? ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Gerace, W. J., & Beatty, I. D. (2005). Teaching vs. Learning: Changing Perspectives on ProblemSolving in Physics Instruction. 9th Common Conference of the Cyprus Physics Association andGreek Physics Association: Developments and Perspectives in Physics-New Technologies and Teaching of Science, Nicosiaaaa, Cyprus, Feb 4-6.Ghamari, M., & Branch, A. (2011). The relationship of internal motivationcomponents and academic achievement among high school students. InternationalJournal of Human resource Studies, 1(2), 89-97.Ghasemi, A. & Zahediasl, S. (2012). Normality tests for statistical analysis: A guide for non-statisticians. Int J Endocrinol Metab, 10(2), 486-489.Doi:10.5812/ijem.3505Global Science Forum. (2008). Encouraging student interest in science andtechnology studies, Organisation for Economic C0-operation and Development (OECD), 2008, 65, 98.Grant, C. & Osanloo, A. (2014). Understanding, selecting, and integrating atheoretical framework in dissertation research: creating the blueprint for your house.Administrative Issues Journal: Connecting Education, Practice, and Research, 4(2), 12-26.doi:10.5929/2014.4.2.9Green, S. (2002). Using an expectancy-value approach to examine teachersmotivational strategies. teaching and Teacher Education, 18(8), 989-1005.Guidelines for statistical. (2015). Guidelines for statistical methods for JNEB. Journalof Nutrition Education and Behavior. Diperoleh pada 12 Mac 2013, darihttp://www.jneb.org/content/statistical-methodsHackathorn, J., Solomon, E. D., & Blankmeyer, K. L. (2011). Learning by doing: anEmpirical study of active teaching techniques. The Journal of Effective Teaching,11(2), 40-54.Harackiewicz, J. M., & Hulleman, C. S. (2010). The importance of interest: The role of achievementgoals and task values in promoting the development of interest. Social and Personality PsychologyCompass, 4(1), 42-52.Harackiewicz, J. M., Smith, J. L., & Priniski, S. J. (2016). Interest matters: Theimportance of promoting interest in education. Policy Insights from theBehavioral and Brain Science, 3(2), 220-227.Harris, A. D., Lautenbach, E., & Perencevich, E. (2005). A systematic review 0fquasi-experimental study designs in the fields of infection control and antibiotic resistance.Antimicrobial Resistance, 41, 77-82.Harris, A. D., McGregor, F. C., Perenceyich, E. N., Furuno. J. P., Zhu, J., Peterson, D. E., &Finkelstein, J. (2006). The use and interpretation of quasi-experimental studies inmedical informatics. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 13, 16-23.Hasni, A. & Potvin, P. (2015). Students interest in Science and Technology and its relationships with teaching methods, family context and self-efficacy. International Journal ofEnvironmental & Science Education, 10(3), 337-366.Hassan Mirzajani et al. (2016). Smart schools an innovation in education: Malaysians experience.Asian Journal of Education and Training, 2(1), 11-15.Heidari, M., Ebrahimi, P. (2016). Examinig the relationship between critical-thinking skills anddecision-making ability of emergency medicine students. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 20(10), 581-586. doi:10.4103/0972- 5229.192045Hiang, P. S. (2002). Kemahiran berfikir secara kritis dan kreatif. Kuala Lumpur:Kumpulan Budiman Sdn Bhd.Hidi, S. (1990). Interest and its contribution as a mental resource for learning. Review ofEducational Research, 60(4), 549-571.Hidi, S., & Renninger, K. A. (2006). The four-phase model of interest development.Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 111-127.Hoekstra, R. (2014). The interpretation of effect size in published articles.Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Teaching Statistics, Arizona, USA. Diperoleh pada 22 Mac 2013, dari https://iaseweb.org/icots/9/proceedings/pdfs/ICOTS9 6B3 HOEKSTRA.pdfIkuenobe, P. (2001). Questioning as an Epistemic Process of Critical Thinking.Educationa Philosophy and Theory, 33(3 & 4), 325-341.Indrasiene, V., Suboc, V., & Penkauskiene, D. (September, 2012). Teachers attitude toward the development of critical thinking during lessons. Kertas dibentangkan Electronicinternational interdisciplinary conference. Diperoleh dari 4 Disember 2013, darihtt://www.eiic.czJablon, J. R., & Wilkinson. (2006). Using engagement strategies to facilitatechildrens learning and success. Young Children, 61(2), 12-16.Jenhung, W., Kuanchen, T., Sutkei, C., Cheokleng, L., Ilam, C., &Hoiman, L. (2015). A study oflearning pressure, learning attitudes, and achievement among Macau undergraduates. Canadian SocialScience, 11(9), 1-5. doi:10.3968/7488Johari Surif, Nor Hasniza Ibrahim, & Mahani Mokhtar. (2012). Conceptual and proceduralknowledge in problem solving. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 56, 416-425. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.671Johnson, B. & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: quantitative, qualitative, and mixedapproaches (3rd ed.). Singapore: Sage Publications.Jones, H. (2008). Thoughts on teaching thinking: perceptions of practitioners with a shared cultureof thinking skills education. The curriculum journal, 19(4), 309- 324.Jones, R. M. (2008). US, International TIMSS Scores Released. Diperoleh dari 12 Oktober2012, dari https://www.aip.org/fyi/2008/us-international-timss-scores- released.Joseph, D., & Nacu, D. C. (2003). Designing interesting learning environments when the mediumisnt enough. Convergence: The Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 9(2),84-115.Kampenes, V. B., Dybo, T., Hannay, J. E. & Sjberg, D. I. K. (2009). A systematic review ofquasi-experiments in software engineering. Information and Software Technology, 51, 71-82.doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2008.04.006Karabulut, U. S. (2015). Identifying instructional methods of teaching criticalthinking: A systematic review and analysis of three decades of literature. The Georgia SocialStudies Journal, 5(2), 96-107.Kassem, C. (2006). A conceptual model for the design of explicit thinking skillsinstruction. International journal of learning,12(10), 1-35.Keith, J., Pritchard, T., & Roesch, B. (2006). Teaching strategies and studentmotivation (Tesis sarjana, The State University of New York). Diperoleh dari 23 Jun 2012, darihttps://www.google.com/#q=thesis+keith,+j+teaching +strategies+and+Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2013). Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia2013-2025. Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.Keskin, S. (2006). Comparison of several univariate normality tests regarding type I error rate andpower of the test in simulation based small samples. Journal of Applied Science Research, 2(5),296-300.Khoshnam, A. H., Ghamari, M., & Gendavani, A. G. (2013). The relationship betweenintrinsic motivation and happiness with academic achievement in high school students.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(11), 330-336.doi:10.6007/UARBSS/vi11/342Kimbrough, H. E. (2007). What are effective methods of teaching critical thinking skillsto middle school students? (Tesis sarjana, The Evergreen State College). Diperoleh dari 10Oktober 2013, dari archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/ Accession89-10MIT/Kimbrough_HMITthesis2007.pdfKim, E., & Pak, S-J. (2002). Student do not overcome conceptual difficulties aftersolving 1000 traditional problems. American journal physics, 70(7), 759-765. doi:10.1119/1.1484151Kim, H. Y. (2013). Satistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normaldistribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics,38(1), 52-54. doi:10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52T. K. (2015). T test as a parametric statistic. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 68(6),540-546.Kitchel, T., & Ball, A. L. (2014). Quantitative theoretical and conceptual framework use inagricultural education research. Journal of Agricultural Education, 55(1), 186-199.doi:10.5032/jae.2014.01186Knowles, M. (1973). The adult learner: A neglected species. Houston, Texas: GulfPublishing Company.Kuan, C. T. (2013). Being a critical and creative thinker: A balanced thinking mode.Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1, 1-9.Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulativescience: a practical primer for t-test and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1-12.Lalongo, C. (2016). Understanding the effect size and its measures. Biochemia medica,26(2), 150-163.Lambert, R., Kim, D-H., & Burts, D. (2013). Technical manual (2?? Edition) for the teachingstrategies GOLDTM assessment system (CEMETR-2013-05). Diperoleh dari 2 Januari 2014, Collegeof Uducation, UNC CHARLOTTE laman web: ceme.uncc.edu/sites/ceme.uncc.edu/files/media/GOLD Technical Manual. (2nded.). Lambert2.docx.pdfLazarides, R., & Raufelder, D. (2017). Longitudinal effects of student-perceived classroom support on motivation A latent change model. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-11.Lepper, M. R., & Cordova, D. I. (1992). A desire to be taught: Instructionalconsequences of intrinsic motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 16(3), 187-208.Ling, P. Y., & Rohaida Mohd Saat. (2013). Use of information communications technology(ICT) in Malaysian science teaching: A microanalysis of TIMSS 2011. Social and BehavioralSciences, 103, 1271-1278.Linn, R. I., & Miller, M. D. (2005). Educational tests and measurements (9th ed.).New Jersey: Pearson Educaton.Lin, Y. (2014). Infusion of critical thinking inti L2 classes: A case study in a chinese highschool (PhD thesis, Newcastle University). Diperoleh pada 2 Februari 2015, darihttps://theses.ncl.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/10443/2377/1/Lin,Y.14.pdfLive & learn environmental education. (2015). Teaching manual on climate change education (inVietnamese). Diperoleh pada 13 Mac 2016, dari www.Livelearn.org/resourcrs/teachers-manual-climate-change-education-vietnameseLong, D., & Carlson, D. (2011). Mind the map: How thinking maps affect studentachievement. Networks, 13(2). https://www.google.com/#q= mind+the+map+how+thinking+maps +affect+achievementLunenburg, F. C. (2011). Critical thinking and constructivism techniques forimproving student achievement. National forum of teacher education journal. ke-21(3), 1-9.Macmillan Dictionary. (2017). Effort. Diperoleh pada 2 Januari 2018, dari https:// www.macmillandictionary/british/effortMaher, J. M., Markey, J. C., & Ebert-May, D. (2013). The other half of the story:Effect size analysis in quantitative research. CBE-Life Sciences Education, 12, 345-351.Malik, M., & Parveen, N. (2015). Intrinsic motivation of the high and low academic achievers.American Journal of Educational Research, 3(11), 1481-1483.Maria Salih. (2014). Teachers perceptions and students motivation to Thinking- basedLearning (TBL) in a classroom context. Journal of Research, Policy &Practice of Teachers & Teacher Education, 4(2), 5-14.Marin, L. M., & Halpern, D. (2011). Pedagogy for developing critical thinking inadolescents: explicit instruction produces greatest gains. Thinking Skills and Creativity,6, 1-13.Marlina Ali., & Shaharom Noordin. (2006). Tahap penguasaan kemahiran berfikir kritis dikalangan pelajar pendidikan Fizik merentas jantina. Buletin Persatuan Pendidikan Sains danMatematik Johor, 15(1), 99-110.Marlina Ali., & Shaharom Noordin. (2010). Hubungan antara kemahiran berfikir kritis denganpencapaian akademik dalam kalangan pelajar fakultu pendidikan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. JurnalTeknologi, 52(1), 4555.Martin, L. C., Donohoe, K. L., & Holdford, D. A. (2016). Decision-making andproblem-solving approaches in pharmacy education. American Journal of PharmaceuticalEducation,80(3), 1-6.Marusic, M., & Slisko, J. (2012). Many high-school students dont want to studyphysics: active learning experiences can change this negative attitude! Revista Brasileira deEnsino de Fisica, 34(3), 3401-3411.Mas Darul Ihsan. (2016). Students motivation in speaking English. Journal of EnglishEducators Society, 1, 31-48.McAuley, E., Duncan, T., & Tammen, V. V. (1989). Psychometric properties of the intrinsicmotivation inventory in a competitive sport setting: A confirmatory factor analysis.Research Quarterly For Exercise And Sport,60(1),48-58.McCormick, N. J., Clark, L. M., & Raines, J. M. (2015). Engaging students in critical and problemsolving: A brief review of the literature. Journal of Studies in Education, 5(4),100-112.Merrill, M. D. (2002). First principles of instruction. ETR&D, 50(3), 43-59.Mertler, C. A., & Charles, C. M. (2005). Introduction to educational research (5thed.). United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc.Ministry of education, Guyana. (2013). Microscience manual physics teachers manual. Diperoleh pada 2 September 2014, dari www.education.gov.gy/web/index.php/downloads/doc_details/767-physics-teachers-manualMohamad Sahari Nordin. (2012). Pengujian dan penaksiran di bilik darjah. Kuala Lumpur:IIUM Press.Mohamed Bilal Ali. (2008). Analisis item dan analisis skor. Diperoleh pada 17 Disember2012, dari www.fp.utm.my/webapa/Area3/BahanBukti/3.6 INSTRU MEN PENTAKSIRAN/3.6.3 ANALISIS ITEM DAN ANALISIS SKOR/3.6.3.1 ANALYSIS ITEM DAN ANALISIS SKOR.pdfMohd Izwan Mahmud, Sidek Mohd Noah, Jamaludin Ahmad, & Wan Marzuki WanAhmad. (2016). Modul kesediaan kerjaya berdasarkan teori cognitive informationprocessing (CIP). Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 4(3), 59-75.Mohd Majid Konting. (2005). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa danPustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.Mohd Nor A Ghani. (2011, Jun 1). Garis panduan pelaksanaan program kajian pembelajaran (lesson study) negeri Johor. [Surat kepada semua pegawai pelajaran daerah] JabatanPelajaran Johor (JPNJ.SPA(05)/100-16/2/2/( ), Johor Bahru, JB.Moradmand, N., Datta, A., & Oakley, G. (2004). The design and implementation of aneducational multimedia Mathenatics software: Using ADDIE to guide instructional system design. TheJournal of Applied Instructional Design, 4(1), 37-49.Moursund, D. (2004). Getting smarter at solving problems: Teachers manual.Eugene, Oregon: International Society for Technology in Education.Mukherjee, N., Dicks, L. V., Shackelford, G. E., Vira, B., & Sutherland, W.J. (2016). Comparinggroups versus individuals in decision making: a systematic review protocol. Environmental Evidence,5(19), 1-9.Nayak, B. K. (2009). Why learn research methodology? Indian Journal ofOphthalmology, 57(3), 173-174. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.49389Nooraini Othman, & Khairul Azmi Mohamad. (2014). Thinking skill education and transformationalprogress in Malaysia. International Education Studies, 7(4), 27-32. doi:10.5539/ies.v7n4p27Noraini Aziz. (2014). Kemahiran berfikir kritis pelajar Matematik Tambahan sekolah menengah.Jurnal Pendidikan Matematik, 2(2), 31-49.Norain Mohd Tajudin, & Chinnappan, M. (2016). Relationship between scientific reasoningskills and mathematics achievement among Malaysian students. GEOGRAFIA OnlineTM MalaysianJournal of Society and Space, 12(1), 96-107.Nornadiah Mohd Razali, & Yap, B. W. (2011). Power comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov,Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling tests. Journal of StatisticalModeling and Analytics,2(1), ke-21-33.Nugent, W. R., Sieppert, J. D., & Hudson, W.W. (2001). Practice Evaluation for the ke-21?? Century.Belmont: Brooks Cole.Nurulhuda Abd Rahman, & Md Nasir Ibrahim. (Ed.). (2013). Pemikiran kritis dan kreatif:konsep, pendekatan pengajaran dan aplikasi dalam pengajaran danpembelajaran. Malaysia: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.Nurul Iman Abdul Jalil & Mastura Mahfar. (2016). The validity and reliability ofrational emotive behavioral therapy module development for university support staff. Asian SosialScience, 12(2), 129-137.Office of educational assessment. (2005). Re: Understanding item analysis reports.Diperoleh pada 25 Disember 2013, dari https://www.washington.edu /oea/ services/scanningscoring/scoring/item analysis.htmlOrmrod, J. E. (2008). Human learning. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall. Ornek, F.,Robinson, W. R., & Haugan, M. P. (2008). What makes physics difficult?International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 3(1), 30-34.Partnership For 21?? century skills. (2008). 21?? century skills, education &competitiveness. Diperoleh pada 6 Januari 2016, dari www.ke-21stcentury skills.org.Pintrich, P. R., & Schunk, D. H. (2002). Motivation in education. Theory, research, andapplications (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall.Poh, S. H. (2008). Teacher education series. Pedagogy of Science volume 1 for post graduatediploma in teaching (KPLI). Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Sentosa (K.L.) Sdn. Bhd.Possin, K. (2016, Mei). Commentary on Why not teach critical thinking by B. Hamby.Kertas dibentang di OSSA 11 Conference Archive: Argumentation, objectivity and bias.Windsor, Ontario.Prel, J-B. d., Hommel, G., Rohrig, B., & Blettner, M. (2009). Confidence interval or p-value?Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 106(19), 335-339.Pusat Pembangunan Kurikulum. (2004). Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah, KurikulumSpesifikasi, Fizik, Tingkatan 4. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Pembangunan Kurikulum, Kementerian PelajaranMalaysia.Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum. (2001). Penilaian kendalian sekolah. Kuala Lumpur:Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum. (2001) Sukatan Pelajaran Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah MenengahFizik. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum. (2002). Kemahiran berfikir dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran. KualaLumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.Rabari, J. A., Indoshi, F. C., and Okwach, T. (2011). International Research Journals,2(3), 982-996.Rahil Mahyuddin, Zaidatol Akmaliah Lope Pihie, Habibah Elias, & Mohd MajidKonting. (2004). The incorporation of thinking skills in the school curriculum.Kajian Malaysia, 2, 23-182.Rahimkhani, M., & Hemmati, F. (2016). The impact of message units as Chunks on EFL production.Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum, 24(4), 1503-1522.Rahmah Ismail, Ishak Yussof, & Lai, W. S. (2011). Employers perceptions on graduatesin Malaysian services sector. International Business Management, 5(3), 184-193.Rambitan, V. M. M. (2015). The effect of smartphone on students critical thinking skill in relation to the concept of biodivercity. American Journal of Educational Research,3(2), 243-249. doi:10.12691/education-3-2-18Randolph, K. A., & Myers, L. L. (2013). Basic statistics in multivariate analysis.United States of America: Oxford University Press.Rao, M. R. K., Shafique, M., Faisal, K., & Bagais, A. (2006, Januari). Infusingcritical thinking skill compare and contrast into content data structures course. Kertasdi bentang di International conference on frontiers in education: Computer science & computerengineering. Las Vegas, USA.Redish, E. F. (t.t). Changing student ways of knowing: What should our students learn in a Physics class? Diperoleh pada 18 Disember 2012, dariwww.physics.umd.edu/perg/papers/redish/IndiaPlen.pdfReeve, J. (1989). The interest-enjoyment distinction in intrinsic motivation.Motivation and Emotion, 13(2), 83-103. doi:10.1007/BF00992956Renninger, K. A. (2000). Individual interest and its implications for understandingintrinsic motivation. In C. Sansone dan J. M. Harackiewicz (Eds.). Intrinsic motivation:Controversies and new directions (pp. 373-404). San Diego, CA:Academic Press.Renninger, K. A., & Hidi, S. (2011). Revisiting the conceptualization, measurement,and generation of interest. Educational Psychologist, 46(3), 168-184.Reyes, C., & Netcoh, S. (2015). A nascent look at theoretical frameworks in middle level educationresearch. Middle Grades Review, 1(1), 1-17.Richards, S. (2007). The last word: An interview with Arthur L. Costa. Journal ofadvanced academics, 18(2), 313-327.Richey, R. C., & Klein, J. D. (2005). Developmental research methods: Creating knowledgefrom instructional design and development practice. Journal ofComputing in Higher Education, 16(2), 23-38.Richey, R. C., & Klein, J. D. (2007). Design and development research: Methods,strategies, and issues. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.Robinson, J. W., & Crittenden, W. B. (1972). Learning modules: A concept for extensioneducators? Journal of Extension, 10(4), 35-44Robinson, L. S. (1992). The development of basal reader teachers manuals. Reading Horizons, 32(3),208-224.Row, B. N., Subramaniam, S., & Sathasivam, R. V. (2016). When students say I just couldnt think:Challenges in teaching skilful thinking. The Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Sciences,4(2), 59-69.Rozencwajg, P. (2003). Metacognitive factors in scientific problem-solving strategies.European Journal of Psychology of Education, 18(3), 281-294.Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classicdefinitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54- 67.Saadi, Z. K., & Rashidi, N. (2016). Teaching critical thinking through a dialogicapproach: The infusion model. International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching &Research, 4(15), 35-49.Salmiza Saleh. (2014). Malaysian students motivation towards Physics learning.European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 2(4), 223-232.Sanchita Basu Das, & Lee Poh Onn. (Eds.). 2014. Malaysias socio-economic transformation. Ideas for the next decade (ms. 344). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.Sarimah Kamrin, & Shaharom Noordin. (2008a). Tahap penguasaan kemahiran berfikir kritispelajar sains tingkatan empat. Jurnal Pendidikan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 13, 58-72.Sarimah Kamrin, & Shaharom Noordin. (2008a, Oktober). Tahap penguasaan kemahiran berfikir kritis pelajar sains tingkatan empat di Daerah Kulai merentas etnik. Kertas dibentangkan di Seminar Kebangsaan Sains dan Matematik, Johor.Schmid, S., & Bogner, F. X. (2015). Effects of students effort scores in a structured inquiryunit on long-term recall abilities of content knowledge. Educational ResearchInternational, 2015, 1-11.Schiefele, U. (1991). Interest, learning and motivation. Educational Psychologist, 26(3&4),299-323.Schraw, G. (1998). Promoting general metacognitive awareness. InstructionalScience, 26, 113-125.Sejpal, K. (2013). Modular method of teaching. International Journal of Research inEducation, 2(2), 169-171.Self-determination theory. (2012). Intrinsic motivation inventory (IMI). Diperoleh pada 10Oktober 2012, dari selfdeterminationtheory.org/intrinsic-motivation- inventory/Shafique, M., & Rao, M. K. (2017). Infusing parts-whole relationship critical thinking into basiccomputer science education. Diperoleh pada 10 November 2017, darihttps://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/745a/dd4ea28e9f7ce6300e6d22b2f4208488ke- 2187.pdfShahabuddin Hashim, Rohizani Yaakub & Mohd Zohir Ahmad (2007). Pedagogi: Strategi dan Teknik Mengajar Dengan Berkesan. Kuala Lumpur: PTS Professional Publishing Sdn. Bhd.Shibley, I., Amaral, K. E., Shank, J. D., & Shibley, L. R. (2011). Designing a blended course:Using ADDIE to guide instructional design. Journal of College Science Teaching, 40(6), 80-85.Sidek Mohd Noah, & Jamaludin Ahmad. (2005). Pembinaan modul. Bagaimana membina modullatihan dan modul akademik. Serdang: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia.Sim, J., & Reid, N. (1991). Statistical inference by confidence intervals: Issues ofinterpretation and utilization. Journal of the American Physical TherapyAssociation, 79(2), 186-195.Simmons, M. (2014). Student perceptions of motivation and their impact on effort and performance:A grounded theory study of affect and achievement motivation (Tesis doktor falsafah,George Fox University, Newberg). Diperoleh pada 10 Januari 2015, daridigitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article= 1031&context=eddSimmons, V., Borden, R. (2015). On-Demand Modules for Teacher Professional Development:The Importance of Adult Learning Theory. Proceedings from Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2015: Las Vegas, NV.Siti Mariam Zazam & Kamisah Osman. (2017). Pengetahuan dan kemahiran guru sains sekolahrendah terhadap pemupukan kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi (KBAT) dalam pembelajaran. Kertas dibentangkan pada Social Sciences Postgraduate International Seminar, Penang,Malaysia.Siti Nursaila Alias, & Faridah Ibrahim. (2015). Pembinaan ujian diagnostik bagi mengenalpasti permasalahan pembelajaran keseimbangan daya. JuKu: JurnalKurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 3(4), 13-21.Siti Sabran. (2013). Kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi (KBAT) pelajar tingkatan 5 dalampenyelesaian masalah matematik (tidak terbit tesis sarjana). Universiti TeknologiMalaysia, Skudai, Johor.Siti Rahayah Ariffin, Zolkepeli Haron, Rodiah Idris, NurAshiqin Najmuddin, Shahrir Samsuri, Basri Hassssan, & Nor Azaheen Abdul Hamid. (2008). Tahap penguasaan kemahiranpemikiran kritikal dan penyelesaian masah pelajar- pelajar sains dan hubungannya denganpencapaian pelajar. Kertas Kerja Seminar Pendidikan Kejuruteraan dan Alam Bina, BukitMerah Laketown Resort, Perak, 26 28 Disember.Sivapakkiam Ramasamy, Fadzilah Abd Rahman, Habsah Ismail, Umi Kalthom Abdul Manaf, & RozitaRadhiah Said. (2016). Teachers levels of knowledge and interest on higher order thinkingskills (HOTS) according to the field taught and category of schools. Journal of Modern EducationReview, 6(9), 611-621.Slavin, R. E. (2006). Educational psychology theory and practice (8th ed.). New York:Pearson Education.Smith, V. G., & Szymanski, A. (2013). Critical thinking: More than test scores.International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, 8(2), 16-25.Solaz-Portoles, J. J., & Lopez, V. S. (2007). Representations in problem solving in science:Directions for practice. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, 8(2), 1-17.Som Haji Nor, & Mohd Dahlan Ramli. (n.d). Kemahiran berfikir secara kritis dan kreatif.Pengenalan secara am. Kuala Lumpur: Bahagian Pendidikan Guru, Kementerian PendidikanMalaysia.Stipek, D. J. (1993). Motivation to learn: from theory to practice (2nd ed.). USA:Allyn and Bacon.Subayani, N. W. (2016). The profile of misconceptions among science subjectstudent-teachers in primary schools. International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies,4(2), 54-61.Subramaniam, P. R. (2009). Motivational effects of interest on student engagement andlearning in physical education: A review. International Journal of Physical Education, 46(2),11-19.Suruchi., & Rana, S. S. (2014). Test item analysis and relationship between difficulty level anddiscrimination index of test items in an achievement test in Biology. Paripex- Indian Journal ofResearch, 3(6), 56-58.Swartz, R. J., Costa, A. L., Beyer, B. K., Reagan, R., & Kallick, B. (2008).Thinkingbased learning: Promoting quality student achievement in the 21??century. New York, NY: Teacher College Press.Swartz, R. J., & McGuinness, C. (2014). Developing and assessing thinking skills.The International Baccalaureate Project 2014. Diperoleh pada 7 Julai 2015, dari www.ibo.org/globalassets/publications/ib-research/continuum/student-thinking-skills-report-part-1.pdfTaber, K. S. (2017). The use of cronbachs alpha when developing and reporting researchinstruments in science education. Research in Science Education. Advance online publcation.doi:10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2Tajularipin. S., Muniyan, V., Madhvan, D., Raidah, H., & Suzieleez Syrene Abdul Rahim.(2017). Implementation of higher order thinking skills in teaching of Science: A casestudy in Malaysia. International Research Journal of Education and Sciences, 1(1), 1-3.Tan, Y. P., & Mohammad Yusof Arshad. (2014). Teacher and student questions: A case study inMalaysian secondary school problem-based learning. Asian Social Science, 10(4), 174-182.Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbachs alpha. International Journal ofMedical Education, 2, 53-55.Tennyson, R. D. (2010). Historical reflection on learning theories and instructional design.Contemporary Educational Technology, 1(1), 1-16.Thomas, J. R., Salazar, W., & Landers, D. M. (1991). What is missing in p?.05? Effect size. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 6(3), 344-348.doi:10.1080/02701367.1991.10608733Thompson, C. (2011). Critical Thinking across the Curriculum: Process over Output.International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(9), 1-7.Tiruneh, D. T., Verburgh, A., & Elen, J. (2014). Effectiveness of critical thinkinginstruction in higher education: A systematic review of intervention studies. HigherEducation Studies, 4, 1-17.Tomczak, M., & Tomczak, E. (2014). The need to report effect size estimates revisited.An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. TRENDS in Sport Sciences, 1(ke-21), 19-25.Tuckman, B. W., & Waheed, M. A. (1981). Evaluating individualized science program forcommunity college students. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 18(6), 489-495.University of Strathelyde. (n.d). Re: Learning and Teaching [Laman web]. Diperoleh dari 26 Mac2013, dari http://www.strath.ac.uk/charteredteacher/coremodules/ learningandteaching/USCLibraries. (2015). Research guides. Diperoleh pada 15 April 2016, darihttp://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/theoreticalframeworkU. S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences National Center forEducation Statistics. (2016). Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study. Diperoleh pada29 November 2016, dari https://nces.ed.gov/timss/Valenzuela, J., Nieto, A. M., & Saiz, C. (2011). Critical thinking motivational scale: Acontribution to the study of relationship between critical thinking and motivation. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 9(2),823-848.Vatankhah, M., & Tanbakooei, N. (2014). The role of social support on intrinsic andextrinsic motivation among iranian EFL leaarners. Procedia-Social and BehavioralSciences, 98, 1912-1918.Veloo, A Rahimah Nor, & Rozalina Khalid. (2015). Attitude towards Physics and Additional Mathematics achievement towards Physics achievement. International EducationStudies, 8(3), 35-43.Venville, G., & Oliver, M. (2015). The impact of a cognitive acceleration programme in science onstudents in an academically selective high school. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 15,48-60.Vosniadou, S. (2001). How children learn. Switzerland: International Academy of Education.Walker, S. E. (2003). Active learning strategies to promote critical thinking. Journal of AthleticTraining, 38(3), 263-267.Wang, J. H., & Tsai, K. C. (2015). A study of learning pressure, learning attitudes, andachievement among Macau undergraduates. Canadian Social Sciences, 11(9), 1-5.doi:10.3968/7488Weinstein, S., & Preiss, D. (2017). Scaffolding to promote critical thinking and learnerautonomy among pre-service education students. Journal of Education and Training, 4(1), 69-87.White, H., & Sabarwal, S. (2014). Quasi-experimental design and methods.Methodological Briefs, 8, 1-14.White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competense [Abstrak].Psychological Review Abstrak, 66(5), 297-333.Williams, C., Stanisstreet, M., Spall, K., Boyes, E., & Dickson, D. (2003). Why arent secondarystudents interested in physics? Physics Education, 38(4), 324-329.doi:10.1088/0031-9120/38/4/306Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habitformation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology,18, 459-482.YourCoach. (2017, 10 Jun). Re: Vroom expectancy motivation theory [Mesej pesananlaman web]. Diperoleh pada 22 Oktober 2017, dariwww.yourcoach.be/en/employee-motivation-theories/vroom-expectancy- motivation-theory-phpZhang, L. F. (2001). Do thinking styles contribute to academic achievement beyond self-ratedabilities? The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied. 135(6), 6ke-21-637.Zhao, C., Pandian, A., & Mehar Singh, M.K. (2016). Instructional strategies fordeveloping critical thinking in EFL classrooms. English Language Teaching, 9(10), 14-ke-21.Zhou, G. (2010). Conceptual change in Science: A process of argumentation. Eurasia Journal ofMathematics, Science & Technology Education, 6(2), 101-110.Zhyzhko, O. (2017). The stimulation of students interest in the teaching bycompetency-based approach: Latin American perspective. Comparative ProfessionalPedagogy, 7(1), 26-33.Zuriawahida Zulkifli. (2016). Keberkesanan kaedah pembelajaran berasaskan masalah dalam meningkatkan kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi dan menyelesaikan masalah dalam kalangan pelajar (Tesis doktor falsafah,Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia).

Similar Items