Secondary metabolites from three species of annonaceae plants and their biological activities

Secondary metabolites from three species of annonaceae plants and their biological activities

The study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents from Polyalthia lateriflora,Alphonsea elliptica and Alphonsea cylindrica as well as their cytotoxic, antioxidant andxanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. These samples were collected from PeninsularMalaysia and then extracted sequentially us...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Obaid, Ahmed Kareem
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2019
Subjects:
QK Botany
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6310
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:6310
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic QK Botany
spellingShingle QK Botany
Obaid, Ahmed Kareem
Secondary metabolites from three species of annonaceae plants and their biological activities
description The study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents from Polyalthia lateriflora,Alphonsea elliptica and Alphonsea cylindrica as well as their cytotoxic, antioxidant andxanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. These samples were collected from PeninsularMalaysia and then extracted sequentially using hexane, dichloromethane and methanol.The chemical compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographictechniques and their structures were elucidated via spectroscopic method especiallyNuclear Magnetic Resonance, Mass Spectrometry, Infrared, Ultraviolet and comparisonwith literature. Cytotoxic activity was analysed on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells whileantioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Study onP. lateriflora has yielded six compounds which were lupeol, stigmasterol, Omethylmoschotaline,atherospermidine, lysicamine and liriodenine. Meanwhile, fivecompounds namely kinabaline, atherospermidine, liriodenine, N-methylouregidione andcepharadione A were obtained from the barks of A. elliptica. In addition, study on the barksof A. cylindrica has found eleven compounds in which two are new namely iraqiine andkareemine. Other compounds were identified as isoursuline, cyathocaline, kinabaline,muniranine, isooncodine, atherospermidine, O-methylmoschatoline, Nmethylouregidione,and stigmasterol. Antioxidant activity was tested on six compounds inwhich iraqiine, muniranine and kinabaline showed the highest activity with IC50 values of48.77, 44.51 and 64.28mg/ml, respectively. Thirteen compounds were tested against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells of which isoursuline possessed the most potent inhibitoryactivity with IC50 value of 33 g/ml. Ten compounds displayed moderate xanthine oxidaseinhibitory activity. As a conclusion, 22 compounds were successfully isolated from threeplant species and two of them are new derivatives of oxoaporphine andbisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Some compounds have been identified as potentiallycytotoxic, antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitor. The findings of this study canenhance the understanding of the chemotaxonomy aspect and potential of the Annonaceaefamily in traditional and modern medicine.
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Obaid, Ahmed Kareem
author_facet Obaid, Ahmed Kareem
author_sort Obaid, Ahmed Kareem
title Secondary metabolites from three species of annonaceae plants and their biological activities
title_short Secondary metabolites from three species of annonaceae plants and their biological activities
title_full Secondary metabolites from three species of annonaceae plants and their biological activities
title_fullStr Secondary metabolites from three species of annonaceae plants and their biological activities
title_full_unstemmed Secondary metabolites from three species of annonaceae plants and their biological activities
title_sort secondary metabolites from three species of annonaceae plants and their biological activities
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Sains dan Matematik
publishDate 2019
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6310
_version_ 1747833255219953664
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:63102021-10-18 Secondary metabolites from three species of annonaceae plants and their biological activities 2019 Obaid, Ahmed Kareem QK Botany The study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents from Polyalthia lateriflora,Alphonsea elliptica and Alphonsea cylindrica as well as their cytotoxic, antioxidant andxanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. These samples were collected from PeninsularMalaysia and then extracted sequentially using hexane, dichloromethane and methanol.The chemical compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographictechniques and their structures were elucidated via spectroscopic method especiallyNuclear Magnetic Resonance, Mass Spectrometry, Infrared, Ultraviolet and comparisonwith literature. Cytotoxic activity was analysed on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells whileantioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Study onP. lateriflora has yielded six compounds which were lupeol, stigmasterol, Omethylmoschotaline,atherospermidine, lysicamine and liriodenine. Meanwhile, fivecompounds namely kinabaline, atherospermidine, liriodenine, N-methylouregidione andcepharadione A were obtained from the barks of A. elliptica. In addition, study on the barksof A. cylindrica has found eleven compounds in which two are new namely iraqiine andkareemine. Other compounds were identified as isoursuline, cyathocaline, kinabaline,muniranine, isooncodine, atherospermidine, O-methylmoschatoline, Nmethylouregidione,and stigmasterol. Antioxidant activity was tested on six compounds inwhich iraqiine, muniranine and kinabaline showed the highest activity with IC50 values of48.77, 44.51 and 64.28mg/ml, respectively. Thirteen compounds were tested against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells of which isoursuline possessed the most potent inhibitoryactivity with IC50 value of 33 g/ml. Ten compounds displayed moderate xanthine oxidaseinhibitory activity. As a conclusion, 22 compounds were successfully isolated from threeplant species and two of them are new derivatives of oxoaporphine andbisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Some compounds have been identified as potentiallycytotoxic, antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitor. The findings of this study canenhance the understanding of the chemotaxonomy aspect and potential of the Annonaceaefamily in traditional and modern medicine. 2019 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6310 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6310 text eng closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Sains dan Matematik Adaramola, B., Otuneme, O., Onigbinde, A., Orodele, K., Aleshinloye, A., David, J., andAdewumi, A. (2017). Phytochemical Analysis and in vitro Antioxidant Activity ofFractions of Methanol Extract of Polyalthia longifolia var. Pendula Leaf. EuropeanJournal of Medicinal Plants, 21(1), 110.Ahmad, W., Jantan, I., Kumolosasi, E., Haque, M. A., & Bukhari, S. N. A. (2018).Immunomodulatory effects of Tinospora crispa extract and its major compoundson the immune functions of RAW 264.7 macrophages. InternationalImmunopharmacology, 60, 141151.Ahmed Kareem Obaid, Mohanad Mousa Kareem, Saadon Abdulla Aowda and A.Krishnam Raju (2016). Synthesis and Characterization of New Prodrug Polymersand Study of Their Biological Activity. International Journal of ChemTechResearch, 9 (8) 398-413.Albarracin, L. T., Delgado, W. A., Cuca, L. E., & vila, M. C. (2017). ChemicalConstituents of The Bark of Endlicheria oreocola (Lauraceae) from Colombia.Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 74, 6062.Alencar, D. C. De, Silva, F. M. A., De, R. A., Costa, E. V, Dutra, L. M., Barison, A., andPinheiro, M. L. B. (2018). Antileishmanial Activity of a New ent -KaureneDiterpene Glucoside Isolated from Leaves of Xylopia excellens (Annonaceae).Records of Natural Products, 2(4), 190194.Alhassan, A. M., Ahmed, Q. U., Latip, J., & Shah, S. A. A. (2018). A new sulphatedflavone and other phytoconstituents from the leaves of Tetracera indica Merr. andtheir alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Natural Product Research, 6419, 18.Almeida-apolonio, A. A. De, Gomes, F., Rodrigues, B., Andra, C., Cardoso, L., Negri,M and Pires, K. M. (2018). Antifungal activity of Annona coriacea Mart. ethanolextracts against the aetiological agents of cryptococcosis. Natural ProductResearch, 6419, 15.Alonso, D., Castro, A., & Martinez, A. (2005). Marine compounds for the therapeutictreatment of neurological disorders. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents,15(10), 13771386.Al-Rifai, A. (2018). Identification and evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant phenoliccompounds from the Calendula tripterocarpa Rupr. South African Journal ofBotany, 116, 238244.Ameyaw, E. O., Asmah, K. B., Biney, R. P., Henneh, I. T., Owusu-Agyei, P., Prah, J., &Forkuo, A. D. (2018). Isobolographic analysis of co-administration of twoplantderived antiplasmodial drug candidates, cryptolepine and xylopic acid, inPlasmodium berghei. Malaria Journal, 17(1), 111.Amin, A., Radji, M., Munim, A., Rahardjo, A., & Suryadi, H. (2018). AntimicrobialActivity of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Stelechocarpus burahol Fruit against OralBacteria and Total Flavonoids Content. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 10(2s),S97S100.Angelini, A., Di Ilio, C., Castellani, M. L., Conti, P., & Cuccurullo, F. (2010).Modulation of multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein activity by flavonoids andhonokiol in human doxorubicin- resistant sarcoma cells (MES-SA/Dx-5):Implications for natural sedatives as chemosensitizing agents in cancer therapy.Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents, 24(2), 197205.Angerhofer, C. K., & Corporation, A. (2001). Biological screening of rain forest plottrees from Palawan Island ( Philippines ). Phytomedicine, 8(September 2017), 7181.Annan, K., Ekuadzi, E., Asare, C., Sarpong, K., Pistorius, D., Oberer, L., and Ofori, M.(2015). Antiplasmodial constituents from the stem bark of Polyalthia longifolia varpendula. Phytochemistry Letters, 11, 2831.Apinega, L. A., Dlama, S., Ladan, Z., Inusa, K. B., Adejoke, A. S., Dauda, G., & Aliyu,M. (2018). Isolation and Characterisation of Lup-20 ( 29 ) -en-3 -ol from theMethanol Stem Bark Extract of Bombax costatum pv (Bombacacea). TropicalJournal of Natural Product Research, 2(June), 290292.Arango, G. J., Cortes, D., Cassels, B. K., Cav, A., & Mrienne, C. (1987).Azafluorenones from Oxandra cf. major and biogenetic considerations.Phytochemistry, 26(7), 20932098.Asano, N., Kuroi, H., Ikeda, K., Kizu, H., Kameda, Y., Kato, A., Fleet, G. W. J.(2000). New polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Muscari armeniacum:Structural determination and biological activity. Tetrahedron Asymmetry, 11(1), 18.Attiq, A., Jalil, J., & Husain, K. (2017). Annonaceae: Breaking the wall of inflammation.Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8(OCT).Avula, B., Bae, J.-Y., Majrashi, T., Wu, T.-Y., Wang, Y.-H., Wang, M., Khan, I. A.(2018). Targeted and non-targeted analysis of annonaceous alkaloids andacetogenins from Asimina and Annona species using UHPLC-QToF-MS. Journalof Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 10, 548-566Awodiran, M. O., Adepiti, A. O., & Akinwunmi, K. F. (2017). Assessment of thecytotoxicity and genotoxicity properties of Uvaria chamae P. Beauv (Annonaceae)and Morinda lucida Benth ( Rubiaceae ) in mice. Drug and Chemical Toxicology,0(0), 16.Aziz, A., Taha, H., Ismail, N. H., Zuraina, F., Yusof, M., Zukiflee, M., & Bakar, A.(2016). Therapeutic Potential of Plant Species Derived from Some AnnonaceaeGenus. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 6(6), 214221.Bailey, A. L., Campbell, C. L., & Smyth, S. S. (2010). Aspirin for the Primary Preventionof Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports, 4(3),209215.Bakri, Y. M., Talip, M. A., Salbiah, S. A. (2017). A Mini Review onAlphonsea sp. (Annonaceae): Traditional uses, Biological Activities andPhytochemistry. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 7(10), 200203.Balandrin, M. F., Kinghorn, A. D., & Farnsworth, N. R. (1993). Plant-Derived NaturalProducts in Drug Discovery and Development, 212.Balci, M. (2005). 13-13C Chemical Shifts of Organic Compounds. 293-324Banjerdpongchai, R., Khaw-on, P., & Ristee, C. (2013). Caspase-8- and -9-mediatedApoptosis in Human Cancer Cells, 14, 26372641.Barda, C., Ciric, A., Sokovi?, M., Tsoukalas, M., & Skaltsa, H. (2018). Phytochemicalinvestigation of Crepis incana Sm. (Asteraceae) endemic to southern Greece.Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 80(June), 5962.Barman, H., Roy, A., Das, S. K., Singh, N. U., Dangi, D. K., & Tripathi, A. K. (2016).Antifungal properties of some selected plant extracts against leaf blight (Alternariaalternata) in tomato. Res. on Crops 17(1), 151156.Bele, M. Y., Focho, D. A., Egbe, E. A., & Chuyong, B. G. (2011). Ethnobotanical surveyof the uses of Annonaceae around mount Cameroon. African Journal of PlantScience, 5(4), 237247.Bero, J., Frederich, M., & Quetin-Leclercq, J. (2009). Antimalarial compounds isolatedfrom plants used in traditional medicine. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology,61(11), 14011433.Bersch, V. P., Osvaldt, A. B., Edelweiss, M. I. A., Schumacher, R. D. C. A., Wendt, L. R.R., Abreu, L. P., Rohde, L. (2009). Effect of nicotine and cigarette smoke on anexperimental model of intraepithelial lesions and pancreatic adenocarcinomainduced by 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene in mice. Pancreas, 38(1), 6570.Biri, H., ztrk, H. S., Kamaz, M., Karaca, K., Tokuo?lu, H., & Durak, I. (1999).Activities of DNA turnover and free radical metabolizing enzymes in canceroushuman prostate tissue. Cancer Investigation, 17(5), 314319.Boonphong, S., Baramee, A., & Kittakoop, P. (2007). Antitubercular and AntiplasmodialPrenylated Flavones from the Roots of Artocarpus altilis. Chiang Mai J. Sci. 34(3),339344.Bosso, T. (2001). Weedy Plants of Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Selangor. PertanikaJournal of Tropical Agricultural Science. 24 (3) 1Boyom, F. F., Fokou, P. V. T., Yamthe, L. R. T., Mfopa, A. N., Kemgne, E. M.,Mbacham, W. F. and Rosenthal, P. J. (2011). Potent antiplasmodial extracts fromCameroonian Annonaceae. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134(3), 717724.Br, P. N. E., & Piperaceae, F. (2010). Isolation of chemical constituents fromEnicosanthum cupulare (King) Airy-Shaw. Natural Product Research, 24 (17),16301636Burkill, I. H. (1935). A Dictionary of the Economic Product of the Malaya PeninsulaLondon: Published on behalf of the governments of the Straits settlements andFederated Malay states by the Crown agents for the colonies. volum II (1-2).Bussmann, R. W., Malca-Garca, G., Glenn, A., Sharon, D., Chait, G., Daz, D. andBenito, M. (2010). Minimum inhibitory concentrations of medicinal plants used inNorthern Peru as antibacterial remedies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 132(1),101108.Butterfield, D. A., & Lauderback, C. M. (2002). Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidationin Alzheimers disease brain: potential causes and consequences involving amyloid-peptide-associated free radical oxidative stress. Free Radical Biology andMedicine, 32(11), 10501060.Camargo, C. A., Eleonora, M., Silva, F., Rodrigo, A., Justo, G. Z., Gomes-marcondes, M.C. C., & Aoyama, H. (2011). Biochemical and Biophysical ResearchCommunications Inhibition of tumor growth by quercetin with increase of survivaland prevention of cachexia in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Biochemical andBiophysical Research Communications, 406(4), 638642.Carlos Lopez, Manuel Pastrana, Alexandra Ros, Alvaro Cogollo and Adriana Pabon.(2018). Huberine , a New Canthin-6-One Alkaloid from the Bark of Picrolemmahuberi. Molecules 26.Carpi, S., Polini, B., Poli, G., Barata, G. A., Fogli, S., Romanini A and Di Giuseppe, G.(2018). Anticancer activity of euplotin C, isolated from the marine ciliate euplotescrassus, against human melanoma cells. Marine Drugs, 16(5).Chauhan, S., Sharma, A., Upadhyay, N. K., Singh, G., Lal, U. R., & Goyal, R. (2018).InVitro Osteoblast Proliferation And In-Vivo Anti-Osteoporotic Activity OfBombax Ceiba With Quantification Of Lupeol , Gallic Acid And -Sitosterol ByHPTLC and HPLC. Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 112.Chaves, R. P., Silva, S. R. da, Nascimento Neto, L. G., Carneiro, R. F., Silva, A. L. C. da,Sampaio, A. H., Nagano, C. S. (2018). Structural characterization of twoisolectins from the marine red alga Solieria filiformis (Ktzing) P.W. Gabrielsonand their anticancer effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. International Journal ofBiological Macromolecules, 107(PartA), 13201329.Chen, B., Feng, C., Li, B. G., & Zhang, G. L. (2003). Two new alkaloids from Miliusacuneata. Natural Product Research, 17(6), 397402.Chen, C. Y., Kao, C. L., Li, W. J., Chen, H. C., & Li, H. T. (2018). A New AporphineAlkaloid from the Stems of Liriodendron chinense. Chemistry of NaturalCompounds, 54(3), 509511.Chen, H. C., Kao, C. L., Chen, C. T., Li, H. T., & Chen, C. Y. (2018). ChemicalConstituents of the Leaves of Michelia figo. Chemistry of Natural Compounds,54(2), 407410.Chen, J., Shao, J., Zhao, C., Shen, J., & Dong, Z. (2018). Chemical constituents fromViburnum fordiae Hance and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.Archives of Pharmacal Research, 41(6), 625632.Chen, X. X., Liang, G., Chai, W. M., Feng, H. L., Zhou, H. T., Shi, Y., & Chen, Q. X.(2014). Antioxidant and antityrosinase proanthocyanidins from Polyalthialongifolia leaves. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 118(5), 583587.Chong, H. W., Rezaei, K., Chew, B. L., & Lim, V. (2018). Chemometric profiling ofClinacanthus nutans leaves possessing antioxidant activities using ultravioletvisiblespectrophotometry. Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 45(3), 15191530.Choucry, M. A., Khalil, M. N. A., & El Awdan, S. A. (2018). Protective action ofCrateva nurvala Buch. Ham extracts against renal ischaemia reperfusion injury inrats via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Journal ofEthnopharmacology, 214(November 2017), 4757.Chow?ski, S., Adamski, Z., Marciniak, P., Rosi?ski, G., Bykgzel, E., Bykgzel, K., Bufo, S. A. (2016). A review of bioinsecticidal activity of Solanaceae alkaloids.Toxins, 8(3), 128.Chudobova, D., Dostalova, S., Blazkova, I., Michalek, P., Ruttkay-Nedecky, B., Sklenar,M., Adam, V. (2014). Effect of ampicillin, streptomycin, penicillin andtetracycline on metal resistant and non-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(3), 32333255.Cochrane, C. B., Nair, P. K. R., Melnick, S. J., Resek, A. P., & Ramachandran, C. (2008).Anticancer Effects of Annona glabra Plant Extracts in Human Leukemia CellLines, 972, 965971.Connolly, J. D., Haque, E., & Kadir, A. A. (1996). Two 7,7-bisdehydroaporphinealkaloids from Polyalthia Bullata. Phytochemistry, 43(1), 295297.Costa, E. V, Soares, L. N., Pinheiro, M. L. B., Maia, B. H. L. N. S., Marques, F. A.,Barison, A., Koolen, H. H. F. (2018). Phytochemistry Guaianolide sesquiterpenelactones and aporphine alkaloids from the stem bark of Guatteria friesiana.Phytochemistry, 145, 1825.Costa, E. V., da Cruz, P. E. O., de Loureno, C. C., de Souza Moraes, V. R., de LimaNogueira, P. C., & Salvador, M. J. (2013). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activitiesof aporphinoids and other alkaloids from the bark of Annona salzmannii A. DC.(Annonaceae). Natural Product Research, 27(11), 10021006.Costa, E. V., De Assis Marques, F., Pinheiro, M. L. B., Braga, R. M., Delarmelina, C.,Duarte, M. C. T., Maia, B. H. L. N. S. (2011). Chemical constituents isolatedfrom the bark of Guatteria blepharophylla (Annonaceae) and their antiproliferativeand antimicrobial activities. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 22(6),11111117.Costa, E. V., Pinheiro, M. L. B., Barison, A., Campos, F. R., Salvador, M. J., Maia, B. H.L. N. S., Eberlin, M. N. (2010). Alkaloids from the bark of Guatteria hispida andtheir evaluation as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Journal of NaturalProducts, 73(6), 11801183.Costa, E. V., Pinheiro, M. L. B., De Souza, A. D. L., Barison, A., Campos, F. R., Valdez,R. H., Nakamura, C. V. (2011). Trypanocidal activity of oxoaporphine andpyrimidine-carboline alkaloids from the branches of annona foetida mart.(annonaceae). Molecules, 16(11), 97149720.Costa, R. A., Pitt, P. O., Pinheiro, M. L. B., Oliveira, K. M. T., Salome, K. S., Barison,A., & Costa, E. V. (2017). Spectroscopic investigation, vibrational assignments,HOMO-LUMO, NBO, MEP analysis and molecular docking studies ofoxoaporphine alkaloid liriodenine. Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular andBiomolecular Spectroscopy, 174, 94104.Couvreur, T. L. P., Pirie, M. D., Chatrou, L. W., Richard, M., Saunders, K., Su, Y. C. F., Erkens, R. H. J. (2011). Early evolutionary history of the flowering plant familyAnnonaceae : steady diversification and boreotropical geodispersal, 664680.Cruz-Vega, D., Verde-Star, M. J., Salinas-Gonzalez, N. R., Rosales-Hernandez, B.,Estrada-Garcia, I., Mendez-Aragon, P., Castro-Garza, J. (2009). Review ofpharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza radix and its bioactive compounds.China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 22(4), 557559.Alessandro, M., Erb, M., Ton, J., Brandenburg, A., Karlen, D., Zopfi, J., S.Guzmn-Trampe, D. Lemus, O. Jimnez1, B. Ruiz-Villafn1, A. Garca-Carranc, R.Hernndez-Fernndez, E. Garca-Zepeda, R. Rodrguez-Sanoja, M. L. M.-R. and S.S. (2003). A family of multicyclic indolosesquiterpenes from a bacterial endophyte.Plant, Cell and Environment, 67(4), 3962.da Silva, F. M. A., da Silva-Filho, F. A., de Souza, C. A. S., Maciel, J. B., Costa, E. V.,Barison, A. and Pinheiro, M. L. B. (2018). Isoquinoline-derived alkaloids fromleaves of Unonopsis stipitata Diels (Annonaceae). Biochemical Systematics andEcology, 79(May), 6971.Dai, D. N., Thang, T. D., & Ogunwande, I. A. (2014). Chemical composition of essentialoils from the leaves and stem barks of Vietnamese species of Polyalthia harmandiiPolyalthia jucunda and Polyalthia thorelii. Natural Product Research. 28(8), 555-562de Souza Arajo, C., de Oliveira, A. P., da Conceio Santos, A. D., Guimares, A. L.,dos Santos Silva, N. D., Queiroz, M. A. ., da Silva Almeida, J. R. G. (2018).Total content of kaurene diterpenes in Annona vepretorum stems via 1 H NMR: Amethod for speeding the identification of bioactive extracts. PhytochemicalAnalysis,(3), 16Deng, Y., Bao, M.-F., Shi, B.-B., Wu, bullet Jing, & Cai, X.-H. (2018). Three NewIndole Alkaloids from Tabernaemontana divaricata. Natural Products andBioprospecting, 8(3), 183188.Doddapaneni, S. J. D. S., Amgoth, C., Kalle, A. M., Suryadevara, S. N., & Alapati, K. S.(2018). Antimicrobial and anticancer activity of AgNPs coated with Alphonseasclerocarpa extract. Biotech, 8(3), 19.Dogan, O., Cubukcu, H. C., Durak, Z. E., Kocaoglu, H., & Durak, ?. (2017). Effects ofgarlic extract on adenosine deaminase, 5 nucleoditase, and xanthine oxidaseenzymes in cancerous gastric tissues. Biomedical Research (India), 28(13), 60806084.Donald Wicklow, Dean Gray, James D. McChesney, A. Douglas Kinghorn and Ikhlas A.Khan and Aruna Weerasooriya. (2006). Book Reviews. Journal of NaturalProducts (12), 859861.dos Santos, A. R., Pires, C., Marques, F. A., Lobao, A. Q., & Maia, B. H. L. N. S. (2017).Isoquinoline alkaloids isolated from three Guatteria species. BiochemicalSystematics and Ecology, 73, 12.Doshi, G. M., Chaskar, P. K., & Une, H. D. (2015). Elucidation of -sitosterol fromBenincasa hispida Seeds, Carissa congesta Roots and Polyalthia longifolia Leavesby High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography. Pharmacognosy Journal, 7(4),221227.Dsd, S. J., Amgoth, C., S, S. N., Ch, P., Madhavi, J., & A, K. S. (2018). Antioxidant andanticancer activities of an Aporphine alkaloid isolated from Alphonsea sclerocarpa.Journal of Phytopharmacology, 7(1), 5155.Ebelle Etame, R., Mouokeu, R. S., Cidjeu Pouaha, C. L., Voukeng Kenfack, I.,Tchientcheu, R., Assam Assam, J. P. and Ngono Ngane, R. A. (2018). Effect ofFractioning on Antibacterial Activity of Enantia chlorantha Oliver (Annonaceae)Methanol Extract and Mode of Action. Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine, 2018, 113.Ee, G.C.L., S.K. Lim, C.M. L Im And K. D Zulkefly. (2008). Alkaloids and CarboxylicAcids from Piper nigrum. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 20, 8, 5931-5940Ehimwenma S.Omoregie and Ehigbai I. Oikeh (2015). Comparative Studies on thePhytochemical Composition , Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities ofMethanol Leaf Extracts of Spondias mombin and Polyathia longifolia. JordanJournal of Biological Sciences, 8(2), 145149.Ekor, M. (2014). The growing use of herbal medicines: Issues relating to adversereactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Frontiers in Neurology, 4(1), 110.Faizi, S., Khan, R. A., Azher, S., Khan, S. A., Tauseef, S., & Ahmad, A. (2003a). NewAntimicrobial Alkaloids From The Roots Of Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula.Planta Medica, 69(4), 350355.Faizi, S., Khan, R. A., Mughal, N. R., Malik, M. S., Sajjadi, K., & Ahmad, A. (2008).Antimicrobial Activity of Various Parts of Polyalthia longifolia var . pendula :Isolation Berries, 912(4), 907912.Faizi, S., Mughal, N. R., Khan, R. A., Khan, S. A., Ahmad, A., Bibi, N., & Ahmed, S. A.(2003b). Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Property of Polyalthia longifolia var.Pendula: Isolation of a Lactone as the Active Antibacterial Agent from the EthanolExtract of the Stem. Phytotherapy Research, 17(10), 11771181.Ferreira, C., Passos, C. L. A., Soares, D. C., Costa, K. P., Rezende, M. J. C., Lobo, A.Q., Saraiva, E. M. (2017). Leishmanicidal activity of the alkaloid-rich fraction fromGuatteria latifolia. Experimental Parasitology, 172, 5160.Gbedema, S. Y., Bayor, M. T., & Wright, C. W. (2015). Clerodane diterpenes fromPolyalthia longifolia ( Sonn ) Thw . var . pendula : Potential antimalarial agents fordrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum infection, Journal of Ethnopharmacology169, 176182.Ghani, N. A., Ahmat, N., Ismail, N. H., & Zakaria, I. (2011). Flavonoid constituents fromthe stem bark of Polyalthia cauliflora var . Cauliflora. Australian Journal of Basicand Applied Sciences, 5(8), 154158.Ghani, N. a., Ahmat, N., Ismail, N. H., Zakaria, I., & Zawawi, N. K. N. a. (2012).Chemical Constituents and Cytotoxic Activity of Polyalthia cauliflora var.cauliflora. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 6(1), 7482.Ghosh, G., Subudhi, B. B., Badajena, L. D., Ray, J., Mishra, M. K., & Mishra, S. K.(2011). Antibacterial activity of Polyalthia longifolia var. angustifolia stem barkextract. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 3(1), 256260.Guo, Y. G., Ding, Y. H., Wu, G. J., Zhu, S. L., Sun, Y. F., Yan, S. K., Zhang, W. D.(2018). Three new alkaloids from Xylopia vielana and their antiinflammatoryactivities. Fitoterapia, 127(12), 96100.Gupta, D. Das, Haque, M. E., Islam, M. N., Rahman, S., Hasan, A. M., & Shibib, B. A.(2012). Alkaloid and Steroid from the Stem Bark of Jatropha curcas(Euphorbiaceae). Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10(1), 911.Guy, G., Gole, C., Anthelme, S., Bi, N., Zahoui, O. S., & Traore, F. (2018). Comparativestudy of Annona senegalensis (Annonaceae) and Hallea ledermannii (Rubiacaceae)effects on glycemia in rats. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 7(1), 17.Hadj, A. H. A. (1965). Phytochemical Survey of Malaysian Plants Preliminary Chemicaland Pharmacological Screening. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 4955.Hamidah, A., Azizan, S., & Hadi, A. H. A. (2014). Chemical Constituents Of MitrellaKentii ( Annonaceae ). Open Conference Proceedings Journal 2426.Hamonnire, M., Leboeuf, M., & Cav, A. (1977). Alcaloides Aporphiniques EtComposfis Terpfiniques Du Polyalthia Oliveri. Phytochemistry, 16(7), 10291034.Hampton, T. (2013). Report reveals scope of US antibiotic resistance threat. JAMA -Journal of the American Medical Association, 310(16), 16611663.Hao, X., & Yang, X. (1995). Clerodane Diterpenes From Polyalthia cheliensis.Phytochemistry, 39(2), 447448.Harrigan, G. G., Gunatilaka, A. A. L., Kingston, D. G. I., Chan, G. W., & Johnson, R. K.(1994). Isolation Of Bioactive And Other Oxoaporphine Alkaloids From TwoAnnonaceous Plants, Xylopia Aethiopica And Miliusa Cf. Banacea. Journal ofNatural Products, 57(1), 6873.Harvey, a L., Clark, R. L., Mackay, S. P., & Johnston, B. F. (2010). Current strategiesfor drug discovery through natural products. Expert Opin Drug Discov, 5(6), 559568.Hashmi, A., Ali, M. S., Latif, M., Ahmed, Z., & Ngoupayo, J. (2018). Phenolic EsterFrom Leaves Of Ocimum Viride. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 54(4), 564566.Hocquemiller, R., Bories, C., Waechter, A., & Mun, V. (1999). Antiprotozoal activity ofaporphine alkaloids isolated from Unonopsis buchtienii (Annonaceae) - Waechter -1999 - Phytotherapy Research - Wiley Online Library, 177, 175177.Hoffman, M. J., Stafford, G. I., & Makunga, N. P. (2018). The role of alkaloids inchemical defence in Clivia miniata (Amaryllidaceae) against herbivory by Brithyscrini. South African Journal of Botany, 115, 319320.Hospital, T. M. (1973). Vincristine neuropathy, 6986.Houghton, P. J., & Raman, A. (2012). Laboratory Handbook for the Fractionation ofNatural Extracts, 204.Hsu, S., Lu, J., Kuo, C., Yang, J., Lin, M., Chen, G., Chung, J. (2008). Crude Extractsof Solanum lyratum Induced Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis in a Human ColonAdenocarcinoma Cell Line( Colo 205 ). Anticancer Research 28, 10451054.Hu, Y. K., Wang, L., Li, Y. Y., Li, M. J., Xu, W., Zhao, Y., Zhao, Y. (2018). Five newtriterpenoids from Syzygium samarangense (Bl.) Merr. et Perry. PhytochemistryLetters, 25(4), 147151.Huang, C.-T., Chen, S.-J., Wu, H.-M., Kang, Y.-F., Chen, H.-L., Li, W.-J., Chen, C.-Y. (2014). Chemical Constituents of the Stems of Michelia champaca. Chemistry ofNatural Compounds, 50(6), 912914.Iio, M., Moriyama, A., Matsumoto, Y., Takaki, N., & Fukumoto, M. (1985). Inhibition ofxanthine oxidase by flavonoids. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 49(7),21732176.Indrani, V., Madhuri, T., Lakshmi, B., & P, S. D. (2015). Invitro Comparative Antifungalstudies of Alphonsea sclerocarpa with Local herbal shampoo against clinicallyisolated Aspergillus flavus. Vulasi Indrani IJSRM 3(2), 21032105.Issn, P. (2007). Azafluorenonas En Corteza De Oxandra Longipetala R . E . Fr . Synthese,(33), 177178.Jachak, S. M., & Saklani, A. (2004). Challenges and opportunities in drug discovery fromplants. Current Science, 12511257.Jain, T., & Sharma, K. (2011). Available online through Antibacterial Activity of theStem bark Extracts of Polyalthia longifolia Benth . & Hook . Against SelectedMicrobes, 4(3), 815817.Jantan, I. (2004). Medicinal plant research in Malaysia: scientific interests and advances.Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2(2), 2746.Jaspars, F. F. M., & Diederich, M. D. M. (2010). Photosynthetic marine organisms as asource of anticancer compounds. Phytochem Rev, 9, 557579.Ji-hong, W., Ming-hui, J. I., Huo-ming, S. H. U., Guang-ying, C., Xiao-ping, S., & Jing,W. (2012a). Chemical constituents from the roots of Polyalthia obliqua. ChineseJournal of Natural Medicines, 10(4), 303306.Jin, Q., Yang, D., Dai, Z., Khan, A., Wang, B., Wei, X., Luo, X. D. (2018). Antitumoraporphine alkaloids from Thalictrum wangii. Fitoterapia, 128(5), 204212.Jin, Y., Wu, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, C., Sun, W., & Dong, L. (2018). Litsine A : A NewAporphine Alkaloid from the Root Barks of Litsea glutinosa and Xiaopo Zhang.Recods of Natural Products,1307-6167Jing, Y., Li, X. M., Shang, M. Y., Yu, J., Liu, G. X., Li, Y. L., Cai, S. Q. (2017).Phenanthrene derivatives from roots and rhizomes of Asarum heterotropoides var.mandshuricum. Fitoterapia, 117, 101108.Johnson, T. A., Sohn, J., Ward, A. E., Cohen, T. L., Lorig-Roach, N. D., Chen, H., Bjeldanes, L. F. (2013). (+)-Altholactone exhibits broad spectrum immunemodulating activity by inhibiting the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines inRAW 264.7 cell lines. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 21(14), 43584364.Jothy, S. L., Aziz, A., Chen, Y., & Sasidharan, S. (2012). Antioxidant Activity andHepatoprotective Potential of Polyalthia longifolia and Cassia spectabilis Leavesagainst Paracetamol-Induced Liver Injury. Hindawi, 2012, 1-10Jothy, S. L., Choong, Y. S., Saravanan, D., Deivanai, S., Latha, L. Y., Vijayarathna, S., &Sasidharan, S. (2013). Polyalthia longifolia Sonn: An ancient remedy to explore fornovel therapeutic agents. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological andChemical Sciences, 4(1), 714730.Jothy, S. L., Saito, T., Kanwar, J. R., Chen, Y., Aziz, A., Yin-hui, L., & Sasidharan, S.(2015). Radioprotective activity of Polyalthia longifolia standardized extractagainst X-ray radiation injury in mice. Physica Medica. 1-12Jothy, S. L., Saito, T., Kanwar, J. R., Kavitha, S., Chiuan, L., Chen, Y., Sasidharan, S.(2017). Bioassay-Guided Isolation and Antioxidant Evaluation of Rutin from Leafof Polyalthia longifolia. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 05(01), 138-148Kamboj, A., & Saluja, A. K. (2011). Isolation Of Stigmasterol And -Sitosterol FromPetroleum Ether Extract Of Aerial Parts Of Ageratum Conyzoides (Asteraceae).International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(1), 46.Kang, H. K., Choi, M. C., Seo, C. H., & Park, Y. (2018). Therapeutic properties andbiological benefits of marine-derived anticancer peptides. International Journal ofMolecular Sciences, 19(3).Kanokmedhakul, S., Kanokmedhakul, K., & Lekphrom, R. (2007). BioactiveConstituents of the Roots of Polyalthia cerasoides. Journal of Natural Product 2,15361538.Kanokmedhakul, S., Kanokmedhakul, K., Kantikeaw, I., & Phonkerd, N. (2006). 2-Substituted furans from the roots of Polyalthia evecta. Journal of Natural Products,69(1), 6872.Kanokmedhakul, S., Kanokmedhakul, K., Yodbuddee, D., & Phonkerd, N. (2003). Newantimalarial bis-dehydroaporphine alkaloids from Polyalthia debilis. Journal ofNatural Products, 66(5), 616619.Kar, a, Borthakur, S. K., Goswami, N. K., Saharia, D., Energy, T., & Centre, N. R.(2013). Wild Edible Plant Resources Used by the Mizos of Mizoram, India.Kathmandu University Journal Of Science, Engineering and Technology, 9(1),106126.Kaur, R., & Kaur, H. (2017). Plant Derived Antimalarial Agents. Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies 5(1), 346363.Kaya, G. I., Unver, N., Gzler, B., & Bastida, J. (2004). (-)-Capnoidine and (+)-bulbocapnine from an Amaryllidaceae species, Galanthus nivalis subsp. cilicicus.Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 32(11), 10591062.Kc, S., Juan, M. C., & Golde, D. W. (2006). Antioxidants prevent oxidative DNAdamage and cellular transformation elicited by the over-expression of c-MYC.Fundamental And Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 593, 6479.Khan, A., Tak, H., Nazir, R., & Lone, B. A. (2015). Flora of Kashmir with AntimicrobialActivity-A Review. International Journal of Medical Microbiology and TropicalDiseases 1(1), 3033.Kimia, K. (2015). The Chemical Constituents of Ellipeia cuneifolia and TheirAntibacterial Activity. Sains Malaysiana, 44(8), 11251128.Koay, Yen Chin, E. Al. (2014). Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities ofZanthoxylum limonella (Rutaceae): A Review, Tropical Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch, 13 (12): 2119-2130.Kosti?, D. A., Dimitrijevic, D. S., Stojanovic, G. S., Palic, I. R., Dordevic, A. S., &Ickovski, J. D. (2015). Xanthine oxidase: Isolation, assays of activity, andinhibition. Journal of Chemistry, 1-8Kouam, S. F., Ngouonpe, A. W., Lamshft, M., Talontsi, F. M., Bauer, J. O., Strohmann,C., Spiteller, M. (2014). Indolosesquiterpene alkaloids from the Cameroonianmedicinal plant Polyalthia oliveri (Annonaceae). Phytochemistry, 105, 5259.Koudokpon, H., Armstrong, N., Dougnon, T. V, Loko, F., Chabrire, E., & Rolain, J. M.(2018). Antibacterial Activity of Chalcone and Dihydrochalcone Compounds fromUvaria chamae Roots against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. BioMed ResearchInternational, 1-10.Kowithayakorn, T., & Ishibashi, M. (2016). Cerasoidine, a Bis-aporphine AlkaloidIsolated from Polyalthia cerasoides during Screening for Wnt Signal Inhibitors.Journal of Natural Products, 1116.Krueger, R. (2011). Review of Drugs of Natural Origin. A Treatise of Pharmacognosy.6th Revised Edition. Journal of Natural Products, 74(4), 910910.Kumar, V., Tiwari, N., Gupta, P., Verma, S., & Pal, A. (2016). Phytomedicine Aclerodane diterpene from Polyalthia longifolia as a modifying agent of theresistance of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Phytomedicine, 23(6),654661.Kuo, P., Hung, H., Liao, Y., Chan, Y., & Wu, T. (2018). Chemical Constituents fromKalanchoe hybrida and their Cytotoxicity. Chinese Herbal Medicines, (18)1674-6384.Lajimia, A. A., Rezaie-Tavirani, M., Mortazavi, S. A., Barzegar, M., Moghadamnia, S.H., & Rezaee, M. B. (2010). Study of anti cancer property of Scrophularia striataextract on the human astrocytoma cell line (1321). Iranian Journal ofPharmaceutical Research, 9(4), 403410.Lathifah, U. Z., Rahim, R. A., Sudrajat, H., & Khairi, S. (2010). Antiplasmodial ativity ofakaloids from Garcinia Parvifolia Miq . Stem Bark. Journal of the IranianChemical Research, 5963.Latiff, A., Hanum, I. F., Ibrahim, A. Z., Goh, M. W. K., Loo, A. H. B., & Tan, H. T. W.(1999). On the vegetation and flora of Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia. RafflesBulletin of Zoology, 47(6), 1172.Lee, K., Chuah, C., & Goh, S. (1997). seco-Benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines fromPolyalthia insignis (Annonaceae). Tetrahedron Letters, 38(7), 12531256.Lee, S., Xiao, C., & Pei, S. (2008). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants at periodicmarkets of Honghe Prefecture in Yunnan Province , SW China. Journal ofEthnopharmacology, 117, 362377Lee, T. H., Wang, M. J., Chen, P. Y., Wu, T. Y., Wen, W. C., Tsai, F. Y., & Lee, C. K.(2009). Constituents of Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula. Journal of NaturalProducts, 72(11), 19601963.Leena Gupta, B. S. P., Archna Talwar, B. S. P., & Prem M.S. Chauhan, B. S. P. (2007).Bis and Tris Indole Alkaloids from Marine Organisms: New Leads for DrugDiscovery. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 14(16), 17891803.Lekphrom, R., Kanokmedhakul, K., Schevenels, F., & Kanokmedhakul, S. (2018).Fitoterapia Antimalarial Polyoxygenated Cyclohexene Derivatives From The Rootsof Uvaria cherrevensis. Fitoterapia, 127(11), 420424.Letha Mathews1 & Jesse M. Ehrenfeld (2018). Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs andPostoperative Pulmonary Complications. Current Anesthesiology Reports, 14(4).Lewis. J. R. (1991). Muscarine, Oxazole, Imidazole, Thiazole, and Peptide Alkaloids, andOther Miscellaneous Alkaloids. Natural Product Reports, 8, 171.Li, H. T., Kao, C. L., Tsai, C. R., Li, W. J., & Chen, C. Y. (2017). Isoquinoline Alkaloidsfrom Michelia fuscata. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 53(3), 504507.Li, J. W. H., & Vederas, J. C. (2009). Drug discovery and natural products: End of an eraor an endless frontier? Science, 325(5937), 161165.Li, Z., Gao, J., Hu, P., & Xiong, J. (2017). Anticancer effects of liriodenine on the cellgrowth and apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells through the upregulationof p53 expression. Oncology Letters, (12), 19791984.Lima, M. A., Barbosa-Filho, J. M., Merlic, C. A., Doroh, B. C., Maia, J. G. S., Silva, M.S., & Da-Cunha, E. V. L. (2004). Alkaloids and volatile constituents fromGuatteria poeppigiana. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 32(3), 347349.Lin, C. L., Kao, C. L., Li, W. J., Li, H. T., & Chen, C. Y. (2018). Chemical Constituentsof the Roots of Michelia champaca. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 54(2), 324326.Liu, B., Jian, L., Chen, G., Song, X., Han, C., & Wang, J. (2014). Chemical constituentsand in vitro anticancer cytotoxic activities of Polyalthia plagioneura. Chemistry ofNatural Compounds, 49(6), 11721174.Liu, B., Wang, L., Chen, G., Han, C., & Wang, J. (2010). Isolation and crystal structureof Marcanine A from Polyalthia plagioneura. Molecules, 15(9), 63496356.Long, S. Y., Li, C. L., Hu, J., Zhao, Q. J., & Chen, D. (2018). Indole alkaloids from theaerial parts of Kopsia fruticosa and their cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antifungalactivities. Fitoterapia, 129(6), 145149.Lopes, J. C., Chatrou, L. W., Mello-Silva, R., Rudall, P. J., & Sajo, M. G. (2018).Phylogenomics and evolution of floral traits in the Neotropical tribe Malmeeae(Annonaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 118(8), 379391.Lopez-angulo, G., Montes-avila, J., Daz-camacho, S. P., Vega-avina, R.,Lopezvalenzuela, J. ., & Delgado-vargas, F. (2018). Comparison of terpene andphenolic profiles of three wild species of Echeveria ( Crassulaceae ). Journal ofApplied Botany and Food Quality, 154, 145154.Lopez-Perez, J. L., Theron, R., del Olmo, E., & Diaz, D. (2007). NAPROC-13: Adatabase for the dereplication of natural product mixtures in bioassay-guidedprotocols. Bioinformatics, 23(23), 32563257.Lucio, A. S. S. C., Almeida, J. R. G. da S., da-Cunha, E. V. L., Tavares, J. F., & BarbosaFilho, J. M. (2015). Alkaloids of the Annonaceae: Occurrence and a Compilation ofTheir Biological Activities. Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, 74, 233-409Ma, Q., Wei, R., Wang, Z., Liu, W., Sang, Z., Li, Y., & Huang, H. (2017). Bioactivealkaloids from the aerial parts of Houttuynia cordata. Journal ofEthnopharmacology, 195, 166172.Machana, S., Weerapreeyakul, N., & Barusrux, S. (2012). Anticancer effect of theextracts from Polyalthia evecta against human hepatoma cell line ( HepG2 ). AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(5), 368374.Machana, S., Weerapreeyakul, N., Barusrux, S., Thumanu, K., & Tanthanuch, W. (2012).Synergistic anticancer effect of the extracts from Polyalthia evecta causedapoptosis in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Asian Pacific Journal of TropicalBiomedicine,2(8), 589596.Majid, N. A., & Hashim, N. M. (2015). Liriodenine , an aporphine alkaloid from Enico -of human ovarian cancer cells through induction of apoptosis via the mitochondrialsignaling pathway and blocking cell cycle progression. Drug Design, Developmentand Therapy, 10(3), 14371448.Manogna, C., Rao, K. N. V, & Banji, D. (2018). Partial Review On The Content ofPlants Of Indian Materia Medica . Indo American Journal of Pharmacy, 4(1), 370397.Mansour, H. H., Elkady, A. A., Elrefaei, A. H., & Hafez, H. F. (2018). Radioprotective ,antioxidant and antitumor efficacy of Annona muricata leaf extract. Indian Journalof Biochemistry & Biophysics, 55(7), 205214.Marie Lavault, Helene Guinaudeau, Jean Bruneton, Thierry Sevenet And Hamid A.Hadis . (1990). (-)-Thaipetaline, A Tetrahydroprotoberberine From A MalayanAnnonaceae. Phytochemistry, 29(12), 38453847.Marino, L. B., Levy, S. M., & Ph, D. (1986). Primary and Secondary Prevention ofCancer in Children and Adolescents : Current Status and Issues. Prevention inPrimary Care, 33(4), 975993.Massotte, D., & Kieffer, B. L. (1998). A molecular basis for opiate action. Essays inBiochemistry, 33, 6578.Mayan, K., Samarakoon, S. R., & Tennekoon, K. H. (2016). Evaluation of SelectedNatural Compounds for Cancer Stem Cells Targeted Anti-cancer Activity : AMolecular Docking Study. European Journal of Medicinal Plants 15(4), 121.Mcarthur, H. L. (2007). Has first-line therapy had an impact on general outcome inmetastatic breast cancer ?. Future Science Group, 3, 411418.McChesney, J. D., Venkataraman, S. K., & Henri, J. T. (2007). Plant natural products:Back to the future or into extinction?. Phytochemistry, 68(14), 20152022.McClatchey, W. C., Mahady, G. B., Bennett, B. C., Shiels, L., & Savo, V. (2009).Ethnobotany as a pharmacological research tool and recent developments inCNSactive natural products from ethnobotanical sources. Pharmacology andTherapeutics, 123(2), 239254.Md Roduan, M. R., Hamid, R. A., Cheah, Y. K., & Mohtarrudin, N. (2018). Cytotoxicity,antitumor-promoting and antioxidant activities of Annona muricata in vitro.Journal of Herbal Medicine.Medina, R. P., de Moura, V. M., da Silva, C. C., de Oliveira, C. M. A., Kato, L., Pomini,A. M., Santin, S. M. O. (2018). Anti-inflammatory and antiproliferativeactivities of Ixora brevifolia Benth. (Rubiaceae). Natural Product Research, 32(11),13571360.Min, H., Hee, S., Eom, J., Lee, D., Kim, S., Sung, K., Kim, K. H. (2018). Bioactivityevaluations of betulin identified from the bark of Betula platyphylla var . japonicafor cancer therapy. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 14(8).Mithfer, A., & Boland, W. (2012). Plant Defense Against Herbivores: ChemicalAspects. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 63(1), 431450.Moghadamtousi, S. Z., Fadaeinasab, M., Nikzad, S., Mohan, G., Ali, H. M., & Kadir, H.A. (2015). Annona muricata (Annonaceae): A review of its traditional uses,isolated acetogenins and biological activities. International Journal of MolecularSciences, 16(7), 1562515658.Monggoot, S., Pichaitam, T., Tanapichatsakul, C., & Pripdeevech, P. (2018).Antibacterial potential of secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus sp., anendophyte of Mitrephora wangii. Archives of Microbiology, 200(6), 951959.Montenegro, H., Gutierrez, M., Romero, L. I., Ortega-Barra, E., Capson, T. L., &Cubilla-Rios, L. (2003). Aphorphine alkaloids from Guatteria sp. withLeshmanicidal activity. Planta Medica, 69, 677679.Moskovitz, J., Yim, M. Bin, & Chock, P. B. (2002). Free Radicals and Disease 1, 397(2),354359.Moylan, J. S., & Reid, M. B. (2007). Oxidative stress, chronic disease, and musclewasting. Muscle & Nerve, 35(4), 411429.Mueller, D., Davis, R. A., Duffy, S., Avery, V. M., Camp, D., & Quinn, R. J. (2009).Antimalarial activity of azafluorenone alkaloids from the Australian treeMitrephora diversifolia. Journal of Natural Products, 72(8), 15381540.Mukai, R., Horikawa, H., Fujikura, Y., Kawamura, T., & Nemoto, H. (2012). Preventionof Disuse Muscle Atrophy by Dietary Ingestion of 8-Prenylnaringenin inDenervated Mice. Plos One, 7(9), 111.Mukherjee, S., Ray, S., & Ray, A. (2006). Environmental contaminants in pathogenesisof breast cancer. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 44(8), 597617.Murray, C. J. L., Laakso, T., Shibuya, K., Hill, K., & Lopez, A. D. (2015). Can weachieve Millennium Development Goal 4 ? New analysis of country trends andforecasts of under-5 mortality to 2015. 370 (9), 1040-1054Murthy, M. M., Subramanyam, M., Bindu, M. H., & Annapurna, J. (2005). Antimicrobialactivity of clerodane diterpenoids from Polyalthia longifolia seeds. Fitoterapia, 76,336339.Mustapha, A. A. (2013). Annona senegalensis Persoon : A Multipurpose shrub , itsPhytotherapic , Phytopharmacological and Phytomedicinal Uses. InternationalJournal of Science and Technology, 2(12), 862865.Na, Z., Feng, Y. L., & Xu, Y. K. (2012). Chemical constituents from aerial parts ofEupatorium odoratum. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs, 43(4), 18961900.Nahata A. (2017). A Review of Relevant Information on Important Herbal Drugs.International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 6, 250255.Negbenebor, H. E., Makanjuola, W. A., Denloye, A. A., & Nura, S. (2018). Toxicity ofpowdered and ethanolic extracts of Uvaria chamae (Annonaceae) Bark on selectedstored product insect pests. African Journal of Biotechnology, 17(11), 350355.Negi R S. And Sharma B. (2010). In Vitro Antibacterial Activity Of Plants Available InSemiarid Region Of Rajasthan.II. J. Phytol. Rres. 23(l), 41-45Nelson, P., & Hector, H. M. (2016). Positive Electrospray Ionization Ion Trap MassSpectrometry And Ab Initio Computational Studies Of The Multi-PathwayFragmentation Of Oxoaporphine Alkaloids. International Journal of MassSpectrometry, (16),1387-3806.Newman, D. ., Cragg, G. ., & Snader, K. . (2003). Natural Products as sources of NewDrugs over the Period 1981 - 2002. Journal of Natural Products, 66(7), 10221037.Ngantchou, I., Nyasse, B., Denier, C., Blonski, C., & Hannaert, V. (2010). Bioorganic &Medicinal Chemistry Letters Antitrypanosomal alkaloids from Polyalthiasuaveolens ( Annonaceae ): Their effects on three selected glycolytic enzymes ofTrypanosoma brucei. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 20(12), 34953498.Ngbolua, K., Inkoto, C. L., Bongo, G. N., Moke, L. E., Lufuluabo, L. G., Ashande, C.M., Mpiana, P. T. (2018). Phytochemistry and Bioactivity of Annona reticulataL. ( Annonaceae ): A Mini-review. South Asian Research Journal of NaturalProducts, 1(10), 111.Nik Abdullah Zawawi, N. K., Ahmat, N., Ahmad, R., Jaafar, F. M., & Ghani, N. A.(2012). Oxoaporphine alkaloids and flavonols from Xylopia ferruginea(Annonaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 43, 79.Nobsathian, S., Bullangpoti, V., Kumrungsee, N., Wongsa, N., & Ruttanakum, D. (2018).Larvicidal effect of compounds isolated from Maerua siamensis (Capparidaceae)against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Chemical and BiologicalTechnologies in Agriculture, 5(1), 410.Nor Hadiani Ismail, Asmah Alias and Che Puteh Osman (2018). Alkaloids andAnthraquinones. Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia Intech Open, 2, 64.Norhayati, I., Getha, K., Muhd Haffiz, J., Mohd Ilham, A., Lili Sahira, H., Siti Syarifah,M. M., & Muhd Syamil, A. (2013). In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of Malaysianplants. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 25(1), 5259.Novaes, P., Ferreira, M. J. P., & Santos, D. Y. A. C. dos. (2018). Flavonols from Annonacoriacea Mart. (Annonaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 78(3),7780.Ogunlaja, O. O., Moodley, R., Singh, M., Baijnath, H., & Jonnalagadda, S. B. (2018).Cytotoxic activity of the bioactive principles from Ficus burtt-davyi. Journal ofEnvironmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, andAgricultural Wastes, 53(4), 261275.Okhale, S., Akpan, E., Fatokun, O., Esievo, K., & Kunle, O. (2016). Annona senegalensisPersoon (Annonaceae): A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, biological activitiesand phytocompounds. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 5(2), 211219.Oladimeji, A. O., Oladosu, I. A., Ali, S., & Lateef, M. (2017). Dioclins A and B , newantioxidant flavonoids from Dioclea reflexa. Natural Product Research,6419(8), 1-8.Olivar, J. E., Sy, K. A., Villanueva, C. V., Alejandro, G. J. D., & Tan, M. A. (2018).Alkaloids as chemotaxonomic markers from the Philippine endemic Uncariaperrottetii and Uncaria lanosa f. philippinensis. Journal of King Saud University -Science, 30(2), 283285.Omar, H., Hashim, N. M., Zajmi, A., Nordin, N., Abdelwahab, S. I., Azizan, A. H. S., Ali, H. M. (2013). Aporphine alkaloids from the leaves of Phoebe grandis (Nees)Mer. (Lauraceae) and their cytotoxic and antibacterial activities. Molecules, 18(8),89949009.Ononiwu, F. O., Banwo, A. S., Akintokun, O. A., & Obaseki, O. S. (2017). Antimicrobialactivities and phytochemical properties of Annona muricata leaf. Covenant Journalof Physical & Life Sciences, 5(2), 4049.Orozco-Castillo, J. A., Cruz-Ortega, R., Martinez-Vzquez, M., & Gonzlez-Esquinca,A. R. (2016). Aporphine alkaloid contents increase with moderate nitrogen supplyin Annona diversifolia Saff. (Annonaceae) seedlings during diurnal periods. NaturalProduct Research, 30(19), 22092214.Paarakh, P. M. (2009). Phytoconstituents from the genus Polyalthia a review. Journalof Pharmacy Research, 2(4), 594605.Pandey, G. (2009). An Overview On Certain Anticancer Natural Products. Journal ofPharmacy Research, 2(12), 17991803.Panidthananon, W., Chaowasku, T., Sritularak, B., & Likhitwitayawuid, K. (2018). Anew benzophenone C-glucoside and other constituents of Pseuduvaria fragrans andtheir -glucosidase inhibitory activity. Molecules, 23(7), 613.Parkin, D. M., Bray, F., Ferlay, J., & Pisani, P. (2002). Global Cancer Statistics , 2002.A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 55(2), 74105.Patocka, J. (2003). Biologically active pentacyclic triterpenes and their current medicinesignification. J Appl Biomed, 1(1), 712.Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M., & Kriz, G. S. (2001). 3rd ed. Introduction tospectroscopy: A guide for students of organic chemistry. United States:Thomson Brooks.Perumal Samy, R., & Gopalakrishnakone, P. (2010). Therapeutic potential of plants asanti-microbials for drug discovery. Oxford University Press, 7(3), 283294.Pezzuto, J. M. (1997). Plant-derived anticancer agents. Biochemical Pharmacology,53(2), 121133.Pierre, L. L., & Moses, M. N. (2015). Isolation and Characterisation of Stigmasterol and -Sitosterol from Odontonema Strictum ( Acanthaceae ). Journal of Innovations inPharmaceuticals and Biological Sciences, 2, 8895.Pimenta, L. P. S., Garcia, G. M., Gonalves, S. G. D. V., Dionsio, B. L., Braga, . M., &Mosqueira, V. C. F. (2014). In vivo antimalarial efficacy of acetogenins, alkaloidsand flavonoids enriched fractions from Annona crassiflora Mart. Natural ProductResearch, 28(16), 12541259.Pompermaier, L., Marzocco, S., Adesso, S., Monizi, M., Schwaiger, S., Neinhuis, C. andLautenschlger, T. (2018). Medicinal plants of northern Angola and theirantiinflammatory properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 216(11), 2636.Prachayasittikul, S., Buttrawong, K., Worachartcheewan, A., Ruchirawat, S., &Prachayasittikul, V. (2009). Isolation of bioactive metabolites from root extracts ofPolyalthia debilis. European Journal of Scientific Research, 38(4), 596603.Pratheema, P., Gurupriya, S., Banu, K. S., Cathrine, L., Nadu, T., Nadu, T., Nadu, T.(2017). Isolation And Characterization Of Stigmasterol From Methanolic Extract ofRhizomes of Alpinia Calcarata. World Journal of Pharmacy And PharmaceuticalSciences, 6(12), 18721885.Puvanendran, S., Manoranjan, T., Wickramasinghe, A., Karunaratne, D. N., Kumar, V.,Wijesundara, S., Karunaratne, V. (2010). Alkaloids from Xylopia parvifolia andXylopia nigricans (Annonaceae). Journal of the National Science Foundation of SriLanka, 38(1), 7576.Puvanendran, S., Wickramasinghe, A., Karunaratne, D. N., Carr, G., Wijesundara, D. S.A., Andersen, R., & Karunaratne, V. (2008). Antioxidant constituents from Xylopiachampionii. Pharmaceutical Biology, 46(5), 352355.Qulez, A. M., Fernnndez-Arche, M. A., Garca-Gimenez, M. D., & De la Puerta, R.(2018). Potential therapeutic applications of the genus Annona: Local andtraditional uses and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 225, 244270.Rabovsky, A.B. and J. Ivie (2011). Antioxidant dietary supplement compositionscomprising tocopherol and carotene. Melaleuca, Inc., USA . p. 14pp.Rahman, M. M., Lopa, S. S., Sadik, G., Harun-Or-Rashid, Islam, R., Khondkar, P., Rashid, M. A. (2005). Antibacterial and cytotoxic compounds from the bark ofCananga odorata. Fitoterapia, 76(78), 758761.Raj, V. K., Sharma, A. K., & Lariya, S. K. (2018). Evaluation Of Bioactive Compoundsof Poly Herbal Formulation For Its Anti-Acne Activity. World Journal OfPharmacy And Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(6), 13881412.Rajca Ferreira, A. K., Loureno, F. R., Young, M. C. M., Lima, M. E. L., Cordeiro, I.,Suffredini, I. B., Moreno, P. R. H. (2018). Chemical composition and biologicalactivities of Guatteria elliptica R. E. Fries (Annonaceae) essential oils. Journal ofEssential Oil Research, 30(1), 6976.Ram Bahor Saket and SB Singh (2017). Phytochemical and antimicrobial study ofRauwolfia serpentina. International Journal of Botany Studies, 2(2), 1316.Raquel, M., Lima, F. De, Souza, J. De, Feitosa, A., Ca, M. C., & Ana, S. (2006). Antibacterialactivity of some Brazilian medicinal plants. Journal ofEthnopharmacology, 105, 137147.Ravikumar, Y. S., Mahadevan, K. M., Kumaraswamy, M. N., Vaidya, V. P., Manjunatha,H., Kumar, V., & Satyanarayana, N. D. (2008). Antioxidant, cytotoxic andgenotoxic evaluation of alcoholic extract of Polyalthia cerasoides (Roxb) Bedd.Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 26, 142146.Ravikumar, Y. S., Mahadevan, K. M., Manjunatha, H., & Satyanarayana, N. D. (2010).Phytomedicine Antiproliferative , apoptotic and antimutagenic activity of isolatedcompounds from Polyalthia cerasoides seeds. Phytomedicine, 17(7), 513518.Rivera, A. I. G., & lvarez, G. E. G. (2018). Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baillon(Annonaceae) active metabolites as alternative biocontrol agents against the lacebug Corythucha gossypii (Fabricius): An insect pest. Universitas Scientiarum,23(1), 2134.Saleem, R., Ahmed, M., Ahmed, S. I., Azeem, M., Khan, R. A., Rasool, N., Faizi, S.(2005). Hypotensive Activity and Toxicology of Constituents from Root Bark ofPolyalthia longifolia var . pendula. Phytotherapy Research, 884(June), 881884.Sanchez-Burgos, J. A., Ramrez-Mares, M. V., Gallegos-Infante, J. A., Gonzalez-Laredo,R. F., Moreno-Jimenez, M. R., Chairez-Ramrez, M. H., Rocha-Guzman, N. E.(2015). Isolation of lupeol from white oak leaves and its anti-inflammatory activity.Industrial Crops and Products, 77, 827832.Sant, D. G., Tupe, S. G., Ramana, C. V., & Deshpande, M. V. (2016). Fungal cellmembrane-promising drug target for antifungal therapy. Journal of AppliedMicrobiology, 121(6), 14981510.Saqib, F., Mushtaq, Z., Janbaz, K. H., Imran, I., Deawnjee, S., Zia-ul-haq, M., & Dima,L. (2018). Pharmacological Basis For The Medicinal Use of Michelia Champaca InGut , Airways And Cardiovascular Disorders. Asian Pacific Journal of TropicalMedicine 11(4).Srosi, S. and Bernth J. (2012). Fattori Che Influenzano L Accumulo Di AntiossidantiIn Piante Aromatiche. Italus Hortus, 19(1), 5164.Sashidhara, K. V, Singh, S. P., & Shukla, P. K. (2009). Antimicrobial Evaluation ofClerodane Diterpenes from Polyalthia longifolia var . pendula. Nat Prod Commun,4(3), 36.Sashidhara, K. V, Singh, S. P., Kant, R., Maulik, P. R., Sarkar, J., Kanojiya, S., &Kumar, K. R. (2010). Cytotoxic cycloartane triterpene and rare isomericbisclerodane diterpenes from the leaves of Polyalthia longifolia var . pendula.Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 20(19), 57675771.Sashidhara, K. V, Singh, S. P., Srivastava, A., Puri, A., Chhonker, Y. S., Bhatta, R. S., Imran, M. (2011). Discovery of a new class of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor fromPolyalthia longifolia as potential lipid lowering agent q. European Journal ofMedicinal Chemistry, 46(10), 52065211.Savithramma, N., Rao, M. L., & Suhrulatha, D. (2011). Screening of Medicinal Plants forSecondary Metabolites. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 8(3), 579584.Sawai, S., & Saito, K. (2011). Triterpenoid Biosynthesis and Engineering in Plants.Frontiers in Plant Science, 2(6), 18.Schafer, H., & Wink, M. (2009). Medicinally important secondary metabolites inrecombinant microorganisms or plants: Progress in alkaloid biosynthesis.Biotechnology Journal, 4(12), 16841703.Sesang, W., Punyanitya, S., Pitchuanchom, S., Udomputtimekakul, P., Nuntasaen, N.,Banjerdpongchai, R., and Pompimon, W. (2014). Cytotoxic aporphine alkaloidsfrom leaves and twigs of Pseuduvaria trimera (Craib). Molecules, 19(7), 87628772.Sevenet, T. (1991). Looking for new drugs: what criteria?. Journal ofEthnopharmacology, 32(13), 8390.Shahidi, F. (2005). Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Health Promotion and DiseasePrevention. Traditional Medicine & Nutraceuticals, 6, 1324.Shahnaz Sultana, Mohammed Ali and Showkat Rassol Mir (2018). ChemicalConstituents from the Aerial Parts of Jasminum auriculatum Vahl and Seeds ofHolarrhena pubescens Wall . ex G . Don. Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences2(3), 49.Shami, A. M. (2017). The Effect of Alkaloid Fraction from Annona squamosa L .against Pathogenic Bacteria with Antioxidant Activities. Tabriz University ofMedical Sciences, 23(4), 301307.Sharma, S. K., Ali, M., Kumar, N., & Sultana, S. (2018). Chemical Constituents from theStem Barks of Plumeria rubra L . Research Journal of Pharmacognosy (5), 6978.Shoemaker, R. H. (2006). The NCI60 human tumour cell line anticancer drug screen.Nature Rev., 6(10), 813823.Silva, L. B. D. E., & Kingston, G. I. (1995). Cyathocaline , An Azafluorenone AlkaloidFrom Cyathocalyx Zeylanica. Jourtlrrl of Natural Prdcts 58(3), 459462.Simo, M. K., Nguepi, M. D., Sameza, M. L., Toghueo, R. K., Fekam, F. B., & Froldi, G.(2018). Cameroonian medicinal plants belonging to Annonaceae family: radicalscavenging and antifungal activities. Natural Product Research, 32(17), 20922095.Singh, R. (2015). Chemical Constituents From The Seeds of Embelia Ribes. IJCMS (1),166167.Sisodiya, P. S. (2013). Plant Derived Anticancer Agents: A Review. InternationalJournal of Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 2(2), 293308.Skytte, D. M., Frydenvang, K., Hansen, L., Nielsen, P. G., & Jaroszewski, J. W. (2010).Synthesis and characterization of an epimer of tacrolimus, an immunosuppressivedrug. Journal of Natural Products, 73(4), 776779.Soobrattee, M. A., Neergheen, V. S., Luximon-Ramma, A., Aruoma, O. I., & Bahorun, T.(2005). Phenolics as potential antioxidant therapeutic agents: Mechanism andactions. Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 579(12), 200213.Srivastava, G., & Mehrotra, R. C. (2013). First Fossil Record of Alphonsea Hk. f. & T.(Annonaceae) from the Late Oligocene Sediments of Assam, India and Commentson Its Phytogeography. PLoS ONE, 8(1), 16.Stvigny, C., Block, S., De Pauw-Gillet, M. C., De Hoffmann, E., Llabrs, G., Adjakidj,V., & Quetin-Leclercq, J. (2002). Cytotoxic aporphine alkaloids from Cassythafiliformis. Planta Medica, 68(11), 10421044.Subramanion Lachumy Jothy, Tamio Saito, Jagat Rakesh Kanwar, SubramaniamKavitha, Leow Chiuan Herng, Yeng Chen, Leong Yin-Hui, and SreenivasanSasidharan. (2017). Bioassay-Guided Isolation and Antioxidant Evaluation of Rutinfrom Leaf of Polyalthia longifolia. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(1), 138-148Suman Joshi DSD, Venkata Rao G, Satya Prasad M, Kishore Babu M, Surya Narayana Sand Krishna Satya A. (2017). Phytochemical screening and evaluation ofantioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activity of medicinal plant Alphonseasclerocarpa Thaw. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(4), 12801286.Tadic, D., Cassels, B. K., & Cav, A. (1988). Spectral properties of ring-c-oxygenated 4-azafluorenes and 4-azafluorenones. The structures of natural onychine derivatives.Heterocycles, 27(2), 407421.Tadic, D., Cassels, B. K., Leboeuf, M., & Cav, A. (1987). Kinabaline and theaporphinoid biogenesis-of azaanthracene and azafluorene alkaloids.Phytochemistry, 26(2), 537541.Taha, H., Arya, A., Khan, A. K., Shahid, N., Noordin, M. I. Bin, & Mohan, S. (2018).Effect of Pseuduvaria macrophylla in attenuating hyperglycemia mediatedoxidative stress and inflammatory response in STZ-nicotinamide induced diabeticrats by upregulating insulin secretion and glucose transporter-1, 2 and 4 proteinsexpression. Journal of Applied Biomedicine, 111.Talip, M. A., Azziz, S. S. S. A., Wong, C. F., Awang, K., Naz, H., Bakri, Y. M., Litaudon, M. (2017). New Azafluorenone derivative and antibacterial activities ofAlphonsea cylindrica barks. Natural Product Sciences, 23(3), 151156.Tan, A. C., Hons, M., Konczak, I., & Sze, D. M. (2010). Short Communication Towardsthe discovery of novel phytochemicals for disease prevention from nativeAustralian plants : an ethnobotanical approach. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 19(6), 330334.Tan, G., Gyllenhaal, C., & Soejarto, D. D. (2006). Biodiversity as a Source of AnticancerDrugs. Current Drug Targets, 265277.Tang, Y., Long, J., & Liu, J. (2014). Hyperglycemia-Associated Oxidative Stress InducesAutophagy: Involvement of the ROS-ERK/JNK-p53 Pathway. Autophagy: Cancer,Other Pathologies, Inflammation, Immunity, Infection, and Aging. Elsevier Inc.1, 105-115.Taveira, M., Carlos, R., Martins, D., Paula, A., Moura, G., Lira, A., Medeiros, D. P.(2018). Antitumor activity and toxicity of volatile oil from the leaves of Annonaleptopetala. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, (2017), 411.Taylor, P., Brophy, J. J., Goldsack, R. J., Forster, P. I., Brophy, J. J., Goldsack, R. J., &Forster, P. (2001). Leaf Oils of the Australian Species of Polyalthia Leaf Oils of theAustralian Species of Polyalthia (Annonaceae). J. Essent. Oil Res, 13, 5-7.Thang, T. D., Huong, L. T., Dai, D. N., & Ogunwande, I. A. (2013). Natural ProductResearch : Formerly Natural Product Letters Essential oil compositions ofAlphonsea philastreana (Pierre) Pierre ex Finet & Gagnep . and Alphonseagaudichaudiana (Baill.) Finet & Gagnep. from Vietnam. Natural ProductResearch, 27(21), 20222026.Thenmozhi, M., & Sivaraj, R. (2010). Phytochemical Analysis And AntimicrobialActivity Of Polyalthia Longifolia Materials And Methods : InternationalJournal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 1(3), 17.Thi, N., Hang, M., Thi, N., Oanh, T., Hue, C. T., Tung, T. H., Minh, C. Van. (2015).Eupolauridine alkaloids of Polyalthia nemoralis. Vietnam Journal Of Chemistry,53(4), 7376.Thomas, A., Rajesh, E. K., & Kumar, D. S. (2016). The Significance of Tinospora crispain Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Phytother. Res. 30, 357366.Treeratanapiboon, L., Worachartcheewan, A., Suksrichavalit, T., Kiatfuengfoo, R.,Prachayasittikul, S., Ruchirawat, S., Technology, A. (2011). Bioactive 4-Hydroxycinnamide And Bioactivities Of Polyalthia Cerasoides. Excli Journal, 3,1622.Tuchinda, P., Munyoo, B., Pohmakotr, M., Thinapong, P., Sophasan, S., & Herbarium, T.F. (2006). Cytotoxic Styryl-Lactones from the Leaves and Twigs of Polyalthiacrassa. J. Nat. Prod., 79, 17281733.Tuchinda, P., Pohmakotr, M., & Munyoo, B. (2000). An azaanthracene alkaloid fromPolyalthia suberosa. Phytochemistry, 53, 10791082.Turner, I. M., & Utteridge, T. M. A. (2015). A new species of Alphonsea (Annonaceae)from Peninsular Malaysia. Blumea, 59(3), 206208.Turner, I. M., & Utteridge, T. M. A. (2016). Whither Polyalthia ( Annonaceae ) inPeninsular Malaysia ? Synopses of Huberantha , Maasia , Monoon and Polyalthia s.s. European Journal of Taxonomy, 183, 126.Van Hoorn, D. E. C., Nijveldt, R. J., Van Leeuwen, P. A. M., Hofman, Z., MRabet, L.,De Bont, D. B. A., & Van Norren, K. (2002). Accurate prediction of xanthineoxidase inhibition based on the structure of flavonoids. European Journal ofPharmacology, 451(2), 111118.Verma, M., Singh, S. K., Bhushan, S., Sharma, V. K., Datt, P., Kapahi, B. K., & Saxena,A. K. (2008). In vitro cytotoxic potential of Polyalthia longifolia on human cancercell lines and induction of apoptosis through mitochondrial-dependent pathway inHL-60 cells. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 171, 4556.Vijayarathna, S., Oon, C. E., Chen, Y., Kanwar, J. R., & Sasidharan, S. (2017).Polyalthia longifolia Methanolic Leaf Extracts (PLME) induce apoptosis, cell cyclearrest and mitochondrial potential depolarization by possibly modulating the redoxstatus in hela cells. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapie, 89, 499514.Wang, L. K., Zheng, C. J., Li, X. B., Chen, G. Y., Han, C. R., Chen, W. H., & Song, X.P. (2014). Two new lanostane triterpenoids from the branches and leaves ofPolyalthia oblique. Molecules, 19(6), 76217628.Wang, T., Wu, X., Liu, Y., Luo, Y., Li, X., Zhou, Y., Jiao, X. (2018). Chemicalconstituents from ethanol extract of Polyalthia rumphii branches and theircytotoxicity evaluation. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 28(2), 235238.Wang, T., Yuan, Y., Wang, J., Han, C., & Chen, G. (2012). Anticancer activities ofconstituents from the stem of Polyalthia rumphii. Pakistan Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences, 25(2), 353356.Wang, Y. (2008). Needs for new plant-derived pharmaceuticals in the post-genome era:An industrial view in drug research and development. Phytochemistry Reviews,7(3), 395406.Wijeratne, E. M. K., Hatanaka, Y., Kikuchi, T., Tezuka, Y., & Gunatilaka, A. A. L.(1996). A dioxoaporphine and other alkaloids of two Annonaceous plants of srilanka. Phytochemistry, 42(6), 17031706.Wild, G. (2018). Polar Constituents of Salvia willeana (Holmboe) Hedge, Growing Wildin Cyprus. Plants, 7, (18)Wirasathien, L., Boonarkart, C., Pengsuparp, T., & Suttisri, R. (2006). Biologicalactivities of alkaloids from Pseuduvaria setosa. Pharmaceutical Biology, 44(4),274278.Wojdy?o, A., Oszmia?ski, J., & Czemerys, R. (2007). Antioxidant activity and phenoliccompounds in 32 selected herbs. Food Chemistry, 105(3), 940949.Wu, G., Chen, G., Zhou, J., Zhu, H., Chu, J., & Zhang, F. (2018). Liriodenine enhancesradiosensitivity in esophageal cancer ECA-109 cells by inducing apoptosis andG2/M arrest. Oncology Letters, 50205026.Wu, H. M., Kao, C. L., Huang, S. C., & Li, W. J. (2017). Secondary Metabolites FromThe Stems Of Nelumbo Nucifera Cv . Rosa-Plena, Chemistry of NaturalCompounds, 53(4), 677678.Wu, L.-J., Zheng, C.-J., Wang, L.-K., Han, C.-R., Song, X.-P., Chen, G.-Y., Yao, J.(2016). One new berberine from the branches and leaves of Polyalthia obliquaHook.f. & Thomson. Natural Product Research, 6419(4), 16.Wu, T. H., Cheng, Y. Y., Chen, C. J., Ng, L. T., Chou, L. C., Huang, L. J., Liaw, C. C.(2014). Three new clerodane diterpenes from polyalthia longifolia Var. Pendula.Molecules, 19(2), 20492060.Xiao, Z., Peng, Z., Peng, M., Yan, W., Ouyang, Y., & Zhu, H. (2011). Flavonoids HealthBenefits and Their Molecular Mechanism. Medicinal Chemistry, 11, 169-177Xie, N. & Yang, N.Y. (1999). A new azafluorenone alkaloid from Alphonseamonogyma. Chinese Chemical Letters, 10 (8), 671-672.Xie, N., Renan, X., Shouming, Z. & Shouxun, Z. (1994). Chemical investigation onAlphonsea mollis Dum. Journal of China Pharmaceutical University, 205.Xie, N., Zhong, S., Zhao, S. and Peter, G.W. (1989). Study on the major alkaloids fromAlphonsea mollis. Journal of China Pharmaceutical University, 20(6), 321-324.Xie, Y., Yang, W., Tang, F. Chen, X. & Ren, L. (2015). Antibacterial activities offlavonoids: structure-activity relationship and mechanism. Current MedicinalChemistry, 22 (1), 132-149.Xue, B., Shao, Y. Y., Saunders, R. M. K., & Tan, Y. H. (2017). Alphonsea glandulosa(Annonaceae), a new species from Yunnan, China. Plos One, 12(2).Yang, C., Peng, W., Yang, B., Zhang, J., & Chen, Y. (2016). A new sesquiterpenoid fromPolyalthia petelotii. Natural Product Research, 30(14), 15651570.Yang, C., Peng, W., Yang, B., Zhang, J., & Chen, Y. (2016). A new sesquiterpenoid fromPolyalthia petelotii. Natural Product Research, 30(14), 15651570.Yang, N., Xie, N., and Zhi, F. (1999). Study on the major alkaloids of Alphonseamonogyma. Journal of China Pharmaceutical University, 30 (3), 171-173Yang, N.Y., Xie, N., Kong, L.Y. & Li,G. (2000). Chemical investigation onAlphonseamonogyma. China Chemistry Letters, 77,409.Yang-Chang, W., & Chang-Yih, D. (1990). Two new natural azafluorene alkaloids and acytotoxic apophine alkaloid from Polialthia longifolia. Journal of Natural Products,53(5), 13271331.Yaouba, S., Koch, A., Guantai, E. M., Derese, S., Irungu, B., Heydenreich, M., &Yenesew, A. (2018). Alkenyl cyclohexanone derivatives from Lannea rivae andLannea schweinfurthii. Phytochemistry Letters, 23(11), 141148.Yasmen, N., Aziz, A., Tajmim, A., Akter, M. I., Hazra, A. K., & Rahman, S. M. M.(2018). Analgesic and anti - inflammatory activities of diethyl ether and n - hexaneextract of Polyalthia suberosa leaves. Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine, 2018.Yaw L. Siow, Yuewen Gong, Kathy K.W. Au-Yeung, Connie W.H. Woo,Patrick C. Choy, and Karmin (2005). Emerging issues in traditional Chinesemedicine. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 83(4), 321334.Yi Sun, Liang-liang Gao, Meng-yue Tang, Bao-min Feng, Yue-hu Pei and KenYasukawa (2018). Triterpenoids from Euphorbia maculata and TheirAntiInflammatory Effects. Molecules, 19.Yoshida, N. C., De Siqueira, J. M., Rodrigues, R. P., Correia, R. P., & Garcez, W. S.(2013). An azafluorenone alkaloid and a megastigmane from unonopsis lindmanii(annonaceae). Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 24(4), 529533.Young, J. E., Zhao, X., Carey, E. E., Welti, R., Yang, S., & Wang, W. (2005).Phytochemical phenolics in organically grown vegetables. Mol. Nutr. Food Res 49.11361142.Yu, Z., Zhuo, M., Li, X., Fu, Y., Chen, G., Song, P., Fan, Q. (2017). A newnorsesquiterpene from the roots of Polyalthia laui. Natural Product Research,6419(3), 0.Yu, Z.-X., Fu, Y.-H., Chen, G.-Y., Song, X.-P., Han, C.-R., Li, X.-B., Chen, S.-C.(2016). New clerodane diterpenoids from the roots of Polyalthia laui. Fitoterapia,111, 3641.Yuan, Y. X., Guo, F., He, H. P., Zhang, Y., & Hao, X. J. (2018). Two newmonoterpenoid indole alkaloids from Alstonia rostrata. Natural Product Research,32(7), 844848.Zhang, J., Yu, Y., Liu, D., & Liu, Z. (2007). Extraction and composition of threenaturally occurring anti-cancer alkaloids in Camptotheca acuminata seed and leafextracts. Phytomedicine, 14, 5056.Zheng, G., Luo, S., Li, S., Hua, J., Li, W., & Li, S. (2018). Phytochemistry Specializedmetabolites from Ageratina adenophora and their inhibitory activities againstpathogenic fungi. Phytochemistry, 148, 5762.Zhong, Y., Zhang, Y., Luo, D., Niu, Q., Qin, J., & He, L. (2018). Two New Compoundsfrom Wedelia chinensis and Their Anti-inflammatory Activities. ChemistrySelect,34593462.Zhou, Q., Fu, Y. H., Li, X. B., Chen, G. Y., Wu, S. Y., Song, X. P., Han, C. R. (2015).Bioactive benzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Artabotrys hexapetalus.Phytochemistry Letters, 11, 296300.Zhu, W. M., Li, S. L., Shen, Y. M., Ning, X. J., & Zhao, B. T. (2002). TheSesquiterpenoid From Polyalthia cheliensis Hu, Heterocycles, 57(3), 529534.

Similar Items