A case study of students and teachers' perceptions of the use of a higher order thingking skills module for teaching writing to weak ESL learners

A case study of students and teachers' perceptions of the use of a higher order thingking skills module for teaching writing to weak ESL learners

The aim of this study was to investigate the higher order thinking skills (HOTS)strategies used by the ESL teachers to teach writing using the module developed.Analysis of ESL students performance was carried out after using the module. This study alsoanalysed the teachers and students perception of...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Rhashvinder Kaur Ambar Singh
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2019
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6752
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:6752
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic
spellingShingle
Rhashvinder Kaur Ambar Singh
A case study of students and teachers' perceptions of the use of a higher order thingking skills module for teaching writing to weak ESL learners
description The aim of this study was to investigate the higher order thinking skills (HOTS)strategies used by the ESL teachers to teach writing using the module developed.Analysis of ESL students performance was carried out after using the module. This study alsoanalysed the teachers and students perception of using the HOTS module developed for teachingwriting to weak learners in selected national schools in Malaysia. The HOTS module wasdeveloped based on Blooms Taxonomy focusing on cognitive as the main domain of learning. Theactivities in the module were developed based on the themes stipulated in the Englishlanguage curriculum. A qualitative approach with a case study design was used for this study.Two ESL teachers from Kedah and Johor were chosen using snowball sampling method as studiedsubjects. Classroom observations, semi-structured interviews for ESL teachers, focused groupinterview for ESL students and document analysis were used to collect data. Thematic analysis wasused to analyse the classroom observations and interviews. Classrooms observations were made toinvestigate the teachers strategies to incorporate higher order thinking skills usingthe module developed to teach writing. Teachers and students interviews were carried out toascertain their response towards the strategies and use of the higher order thinking skillsmodule to teach writing. The findings revealed that the mean score for the students in Kedahincreased from 3.63 to 6.94 and for students in Johor it increased from 10.0 to 16.9after using the HOTS module developed. The analyses of the interviews showed that the teacherspreferred using the module as they were able to integrate the higher order thinking skillsstrategies to teach writing. Students expressed that their writing improved after they were exposedto the higher order thinking skills strategies and module used by their teachers. Thepedagogical implications for this study is adopting higher order thinking strategies in the formof writing module in the ESL classrooms for teaching and learning ispracticable
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Master's degree
author Rhashvinder Kaur Ambar Singh
author_facet Rhashvinder Kaur Ambar Singh
author_sort Rhashvinder Kaur Ambar Singh
title A case study of students and teachers' perceptions of the use of a higher order thingking skills module for teaching writing to weak ESL learners
title_short A case study of students and teachers' perceptions of the use of a higher order thingking skills module for teaching writing to weak ESL learners
title_full A case study of students and teachers' perceptions of the use of a higher order thingking skills module for teaching writing to weak ESL learners
title_fullStr A case study of students and teachers' perceptions of the use of a higher order thingking skills module for teaching writing to weak ESL learners
title_full_unstemmed A case study of students and teachers' perceptions of the use of a higher order thingking skills module for teaching writing to weak ESL learners
title_sort case study of students and teachers' perceptions of the use of a higher order thingking skills module for teaching writing to weak esl learners
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi
publishDate 2019
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6752
_version_ 1747833305400606720
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:67522022-02-16 A case study of students and teachers' perceptions of the use of a higher order thingking skills module for teaching writing to weak ESL learners 2019 Rhashvinder Kaur Ambar Singh The aim of this study was to investigate the higher order thinking skills (HOTS)strategies used by the ESL teachers to teach writing using the module developed.Analysis of ESL students performance was carried out after using the module. This study alsoanalysed the teachers and students perception of using the HOTS module developed for teachingwriting to weak learners in selected national schools in Malaysia. The HOTS module wasdeveloped based on Blooms Taxonomy focusing on cognitive as the main domain of learning. Theactivities in the module were developed based on the themes stipulated in the Englishlanguage curriculum. A qualitative approach with a case study design was used for this study.Two ESL teachers from Kedah and Johor were chosen using snowball sampling method as studiedsubjects. Classroom observations, semi-structured interviews for ESL teachers, focused groupinterview for ESL students and document analysis were used to collect data. Thematic analysis wasused to analyse the classroom observations and interviews. Classrooms observations were made toinvestigate the teachers strategies to incorporate higher order thinking skills usingthe module developed to teach writing. Teachers and students interviews were carried out toascertain their response towards the strategies and use of the higher order thinking skillsmodule to teach writing. The findings revealed that the mean score for the students in Kedahincreased from 3.63 to 6.94 and for students in Johor it increased from 10.0 to 16.9after using the HOTS module developed. The analyses of the interviews showed that the teacherspreferred using the module as they were able to integrate the higher order thinking skillsstrategies to teach writing. Students expressed that their writing improved after they were exposedto the higher order thinking skills strategies and module used by their teachers. Thepedagogical implications for this study is adopting higher order thinking strategies in the formof writing module in the ESL classrooms for teaching and learning ispracticable 2019 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6752 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6752 text eng closedAccess Masters Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi Adawati, Hj Suhaili. (2014). Exploring teachers' experiences on integration of higher orderthinking skills (HOTS) in teaching of science. (Masters thesis, Universiti MalaysiaSarawak).Anderson, J. R. (1990). Cognitive psychology and its implications (3rd ed.). New York, NY:Freeman.Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching and assessing:a revision of Blooms Taxonomy. New York, NY. Longman.Anderson. (1998). Fundamentals of educational research. London, UK: Falmer Press.Andrew Choo. (2012). PT3 Writing Answer Scheme. Retrieved fromhttp://www.andrewchoo.edu.my/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/SBP-PT3-Trial-Bahasa-Inggeris-Skema-2015.pdfAronson, J. (1995). A Pragmatic View of Thematic Analysis. The Qualitative Report, 2(1), 1-3. Retrieved from http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol2/iss1/3Ausubel, D.P. (1968). Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View. New York: Holt.Babbie, E. R., & Mouton, J. (2004). The practice of social research. Cape Town, South Africa:OUP.Barahal, Susan L. (2008). Thinking about thinking: Preservice teachers strengthen theirthinking artfully. Phi Delta Kappan. 90(4), 298-302.Bassey, M. (1998). Enhancing teaching through research. Professional Development Today,1(2), 39-46.Batson, A. D. (1981). Questioning: A reading/thinking foundation for the gifted. Paperpresented at the Annual Meeting of the Southwest Regional Conference of the International ReadingAssociation, San Antonio, Texas, 29-31 Jan. (ERIC DocumentReproduction Service No. ED 201 999.)Berman, R., & Cheng, L. (2010). English academic language skills: Perceived difficulties byundergraduate and graduate students, and their academic achievement. Canadian Journal of AppliedLinguistics, 4(1-2), 25-40. Retrieved fromhttp://ojs.vre.upei.ca/index.php/cjal/article/viewArticle/169Bloom, B. S. (Ed.) (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives, Handbook I: The cognitive domain.New York, NY: David McKay.Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative ResearchJournal, 9(2), 27-40. doi:10.3316/QRJ0902027Braten, I., & Stromso, H. I. (2003). A longitudinal think-aloud study of spontaneous strategicprocessing during the reading of multiple expository texts. Reading and Writing: AnInterdisciplinary Journal, 16(3), 195-218. doi: 10.1023/ A:1022895207490Briner, M. (1999). Learning Theories. Denver: University of Colorado. Retrieved fromhttp://curriculum.calstatela.edu/fauty/psparks/theorists/501learn.htmlBromley, K., DeVitis, L. I. and Modlo, M. (1999). 50 Graphic Organizers for Reading, Writing &More. New York: Scholastic Professional Books.Brookhart, S. (2010). How to assess Higher Order Thinking Skills in your classroom. ASCD. Retrievedfrom http://www.ascd.org/Publications/Books/Overview/How-to-Assess-Higher-Order-Thinking-Skills-in-Your-Classroom.aspxBruner, J. S. (1977). Early social interaction and language acquisition. In H. R. Schaffer (Ed.),Studies in Mother-infant Interaction (pp. 271289). London, UK: Academic Press.Bryne, D. (1979). Teaching writing skills. London, UK: Longman.Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and codedevelopment. Thousand Oaks, CA: SageBudsankom Prayoonsri, Tatsirin Sawangboon, Suntorapot Damrongpanit, & Jariya Chuensirimongkol.(2015). Factors affecting higher order thinking skills of students: A meta-analytic structuralequation modeling study. Educational Research and Reviews, 10(19), 2639-2652.Burns, R. B. (2000). Introduction to research methods. London, UK: Sage. Carroll, M., Goldman, S.,Britos, L., Koh, J., Royalty, A., & Hornstein, M. (2010).Destination, imagination and the fires within: Design Thinking in a middle school classroom.International Journal of Art & Design Education, 29(1), 37-53.Chaleunvong K. (2009). Data collection techniques. Paper presented at: Training Course inReproductive Health Research - GFMER - WHO - UNFPA - LAO PDR Programme; 2009 Sep 25; Vientiane, LaoPDR.Chee Choy, & Pou San Oo. (2012). Reflective Thinking and Teaching Practices: A Precursor forIncorporating Critical Thinking Into the Classroom. International Journal of Teaching and Learningin Higher Education, 20(2), 198-206. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ864337Choy, S. C., & Cheah, P. K. (2009). Teacher perceptions of critical thinking among students and itsinfluence on higher education. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education,20(2), 198-206.Chin, C. (2007). Teacher questioning in science classrooms: Approaches that stimulate productivethinking. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 44 (6), 815843.Chritmas, D., Chinyoka Kudzai, & Mamberu Josiah. (2013). Vygotskys Zone of Proximal DevelopmentTheory: What are the implication of mathematical teaching? Greener Journal of Social Sciences,3(7), 371-37. Retrieved from www.gjournals.org /GSC/ GJSC%20 PDF/2013/ August/ 052213632 %20Denhere.Cohen D. (2008). Qualitative Research Guidelines Project. Retrieved fromhttp://www.qualres.org/HomeAudi-3700.htmlCohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, M. (2012). Research methods in education (7th ed). New York, NY:Routledge. Retrieved fromhttps://islmblogblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/rme-edu-helpline-blogspot-com.pdfCohen, A. D., & Macaro, E. (2007). Language learner strategies: 30 years of research and practice.Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Collins, R. (2014). Skills for the 21st Century: Teaching higher-order thinking. Curriculum &Leadership Journal,12(14).Cook, D. (1993). Behaviourism evolves. Education Technology, 62-77.Cotton, K. (1988). Classroom questioning. Retrieved June 7, 2019, fromhttp://www.nwrel.org/scpd/sirs/3/cu5.htmlCovino, W. A., & Jolliffe, D. A. (1995). Rhetoric concepts, definitions, boundaries. Boston, MA:Allyn and BaconCross, K.P. (1999). Learning is About Making Connections. League for Innovation in the CommunityCollege Educational Testing Service. 26522 La Alameda, Suite 370 Mission Viejo, California 92691(949) 367-2884Crowl, T. K., Kaminsky, S., & Podell, D. M. (1997). Educational psychology: Windows on teaching.Madison, WI: Brown and BenchmarkDenscombe, M. (2014). The good research guide: for small-scale social research projects.5th ed. Maindenhead: Open University Press, 2014.Denzin, N. (1978). The research act: A theoretical introduction to Sociological Research Methods(3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (Eds.). (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SageDeWalt, Kathleen M., & DeWalt, Billie R. (2002). Participant observation: a guide for fieldworkers.Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press."Dewey, John (18591952)." Encyclopedia of Philosophy. . Retrieved March 26, 2019 fromEncyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dewey-john-1859-1952Dewey, J. (1933). How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to theeducative process. Boston, MA: D. C. Heath.Diaz, Z., Whitacre, M., Esquierdo, J. J., & Ruiz-Escalante, J. A. (2013). Why Did I Ask ThatQuestion? Bilingual/ESL Pre-Service Teachers Insights. International Journal of Instruction, 6(2),163-176.Drapeau, P. (1998). Great Teaching With Graphic Organizers: Lessons and Fun-shaped Templates ThatMotivate Kids of all Learning Styles. New York: Scholastic Professional Books, pp.4-10.Dunston, P.J. (1992). A critique of graphic organizer research. Reading Research and Instruction,31 (2), pp.57-65.Duckor, B., & Perlstein, D. (2014). Assessing habits of mind: Teaching to the test at central ParkEast secondary school. Teachers College Record, 116(2).Education System Malaysia. (2015). Retrieved fromhttps://www.epnuffic.nl/en/publications/find-a-publication/education-system- malaysia.pdfElder, L. & R. Paul (2002). The miniature guide to the art of asking essential questions. SantaRosa, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking.Elder, L. & R. Paul (2006). Art of Socratic questioning. Dillion Beach, CA: Foundation for CriticalThinking.Erlandson, E. A., Harris, L., Skipper, B., & Allen, S. D. (2013). Doing naturalistic inquiry: Aguide to methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Explorable.com (Apr 24, 2009). Snowball Sampling. Retrieved from Explorable.com:https://explorable.com/snowball-samplingFelder & Brent, R. (2003). Learning by doing. The philosophy and strategies of active learning.Chem. Engr. Education, 37(4), 282283.Feltovich, P. J., Prietula, M. J. and Ericsson, K. A. (2006) Studies of Expertisefrom Psychological Perspectives. In K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. J. Feltovitch andHoffman R. R. (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance (pp. 41-67). NewYork: Cambridge University Press.Fisher, J. (2012). Process of personal transition. Retrieved fromhttps://www.csu.edu.au/ data/assets/pdf_file/0006/949533/fisher-transition-curve- 2012.pdfFisher, R. (2003).Teaching thinking: Philosophical enquiry in the classroom (2nd ed.).New York, NY: Continuum.Flower, L., & R. Hayes. (1981). A cognitive process theory of writing. College Composition andCommunication, 32(4), 385-387.Foley, J. (1994). Scaffolding. ELT Journal. Retrieved from eltj.oxfordjournals.org/content/48/1/101.full.pdf.Fogarty, R. (2009). Brain-compatible Classrooms (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Fushan Sun.(2014, July). The Application of Schema Theory in Teaching College EnglishWriting. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4(7), 1476-1482. doi:10.4304/tpls.4.7.1476-1482Fuson, K. C. (1988). Childrens counting and concepts of numbers. New York, NY: Springer. Gagg, J.C. (1955). Newness classroom Series, Teaching Written English. London: NewnessGeorge, A. L., & Bennett, A. (2005). Case studies and theory development in the social sciences(4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Gibson, M. (2012). Integrating Higher-Order Thinking Skills into The L2 Classroom. [Online].Available from: http://dadun.unav.edu/bitstream/10171/27571/1/Gibson.pdf (accessed 29.05.2019)Goodman, K. S. (1989). Reading: A Psycholinguistic Guessing Game. Retrieved fromhttp://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.837.7726&rep=rep1&type= pdfGolding, Clinton. (2002). Connecting Concepts: Thinking Activities for Students. Camberwell.Vii, 62, (ix) p. ISBN 0864316089.Goldman, S. R., & Scardamalia, M. (2013). Managing, understanding, applying, and creating knowledgein the information age: Next-generation challenges and opportunities.Cognition and Instruction, 31 (2), 255-269. doi: 10.1080/ 10824669.2013.773217Gough, D. (1991).Thinking about thinking. Alexandria, VA: National Association ofElementary School Principals.Grabe, W., & Kaplan, R. (1996). Theory and practice of writing. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: PearsonEducation, Longman.Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1981). Effective evaluation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Hall, A., Mayer, T., Wuggetzer, I., & Childs, P. R. N. (2013). Future aircraft cabins & designthinking: Optimisation vs. win-win scenarios. Propulsion & Power Research, 2(2), 85-95.Hamad I. Odhabi (2007). Investigating the impact of laptops on students learning using Bloom'slearning taxonomy. June, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00730.x.Hashim, R. (2003). Malaysian Teachers Attitudes, Competencies and Practices in the Teaching ofTeaching. Intellectual Discourse, 11(1), 27-50.Hastings, S. (2003) Questioning, TES Newspaper, 4 July. Available from:http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=381755 (accessed 5th June 2019).Hattie, J. (2012). Visible Learning for Teachers: Maximising the Impact on Learning.Abingdon: Routledge.Hedge, T. (1988). Writing English test. New York, NY: Longman. Hedge, T. (1991). Writing. New York,NY: Oxford University Press.Henning, E., Van Rensburg, W., & Smit, B. (2004). Finding your way in qualitative research.Pretoria, South Africa: Van Schaik Publishers.Heong, Y. M., Yunos, J. B. M., Hassan, R. B., Othman, W. B., & Kiong, T. T. (2011). The Perceptionof the Level of Higher Order Thinking Skills among Technical Education Students. InternationalProceedings of Economics Development & Research, 5(2).Heuring, D. L. (1984). The revision strategies of skilled and unskilled ESL writers: Five casestudies. (MA thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa).Hiroe Kobayashi, & Carol Rinnert (2008). Task response and text construction across L1 and L2writing. Retrieved fromhttp://sla.sjtu.edu.cn/thesis/Task%20response%20and%20text%20construction%20across%20L1%20and%20L2%20writing.pdfHoward, R. M., Serviss, T., & Rodrigue, T. K. (2010). Writing from sources, writing from sentences.Writing & Pedagogy, 2(2), 177-192. doi: 10.1558/wap.v2i2.177Hyerle, D., & Yeager, C. (2007). Thinking Maps: A Language for Learning. Cary, NC: Thinking Maps,IncHyland, K. (2003). Second language writing. NY: Cambridge University Press.http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667251Jarvis, M. (2005). The psychology of effective teaching and learning. Cheltenham, UK: NelsonThornes.Javadi, M. & Zarea, M. (2016). Understanding Thematic Analysis and its Pitfalls. Journal Of ClientCare, 1 (1) , 33-39.Jayakaran Mukundan, Elaheh Hamed Mahvelati, Mohd Amin Din, & Vahid Nimehchisalem. (2013). MalaysianSecondary School Students ESLWriting Performance in an Intensive English Program. World AppliedSciences Journal, 22(12), 1677-1684.Jayarajah, Saat & Rauf (2013): In press publication of 5th International Conference on Science andMathematics Education, CoSMEd: (11-14th November) Penang, Malaysia.Johnson, S. D., & Thomas, R. G. (1992). Technology education and the cognitive revolution.The Technology Teacher, 51(4), 7-12.Kagan, S. (2003). Kagan Structures for Thinking Skills. Retrieved fromhttps://www.kaganonline.com/free_articles/dr_spencer_kagan/280/Kagan-Structures-for-Thinking-SkillsKajornboon, A. B. (n.d.). Using interviews as research instruments. Retrieved from http://www.culi.chula.ac.th/e-Journal/badn/Annabel.pdfKanar, Carol. (1998).The confident student (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. KathleenCotton. (2005). Classroom Questioning. North West Regional EducationalLaboratory. Used with permission.Kauchak, D., & Eggen, P. (1998). Learning and teaching: Research-based methods (3rd ed.).Boston, MA: Allyn and BaconKaufman, A. B., Kornilov, S. A., Bristol, A. S., Tan, M., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2010). Theneurobiological foundation of creative cognition. The Cambridge handbook of creativity, 216-232.Khairiah Ahmad. (1970, August). Factors influencing the learning of English Language in selectedMalay medium schools in Malaysia: A research proposal. Jurnal Pendidikan, 1(1).Kim, Y. (2005). Cultivating reflective thinking: The effects of a reflective thinking tool onlearners' learning performance and metacognitive awareness in the context of on-line learning.(Ph.D. The Pennsylvania State University). Retrieved fromhttp://search.proquest.com/docview/305419245?accountid=28930King, F. J, Rohani, F., & Goodson, L. (1997). State wide assessment of listening and verbalcommunication skills, information literacy skills, and problem-solving skills.Tallahassee: Florida State University.King, F.J, Goodson, L., &Rohani, F. (2011). Higher order thinking skills: Definitions,strategies, assessment. Center for Advancement of Learning and Assessment. Tallahassee,FL: Florida State UniversityKrathwohl, D. R. (2002). A revision of Bloom's taxonomy: An overview. Theory into practice, 41(4),212-218Kroll, Barbara. (1990). Vygotsky and the teaching of writing. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nwp.org/cs/public/download/nwp_file/789/Vygotsky.pdf?x-r=pcfile_dLachapelle, C. P., Sargianis, K., & Cunningham, C. M. (2013). Engineer it, learn it: Science andengineering practices in action. Science and Children. 51(3), 1-4.Langer, Judith A., & Applebee, A. N. (1987). How writing shapes thinking: A study of teaching andlearning. Research Monograph Series No. 22. Urbana: NCTE.Lantolf, J. P., & Thorne, S.L. (2006). Sociocultural theory and the genesis of second languagedevelopment. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Lapp, R. (1984). The Process Approach to Writing: Towards a Curriculum for International Students.(MA thesis, Department of English as a Second Language, University of Hawaii).Lee, T. (2011). I did it all by myself: Scaffolding to develop problem-solving and self-help skillsin young children. Texas Child Care. Retrieved fromwww.childcarequarterly.com/pdf/spring1/_scaffolding.pdf.Lewin, K. (1990). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2, pp. 34-46Lewin, K. (1997). Resolving Social Conflicts and Field Theory in Social Science. Washington DC:American Psychological Association.Lewis, A., & Smith, D. (1993). Defining higher order thinking. Theory into Practice, 32(3),131137.Li, L. (2016). Integrating Thinking Skills In Foreign Language Learning: What Can We Learn FromTeachers Perspectives?. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 22, 273- 288Lidawan, M.W. (2019). Reinforcing collaborative writing by order thinking skills with perceivedviability. A Paper Presented during the 1st ELI End-of-Year Professional Development Convention,Jubail Industrial College, Royal Commission of Jubail, May 2018. European Journal of Literature,Language and Linguistics Studies - Volume 3 ? Issue 1 ? 2019 pages. Doi: 10.5281/zenodo.2550897.Lobiondo- Wood, G., & Haber, J. (1994). Nursing research: Methods, and critical appraisal forevidence-based practice. St Louis, MO: Mosby.Macintyre, Christine. (2000). The art of Action Research in the classroom (1st ed). London, UK:Routledge.Lu, S. C.Y., & Liu, A. (2012). Abductive reasoning for design synthesis, CIRP Annals ManufacturingTechnology, 61(1), 143-146.Malaysia Education Blueprint 2015-2025 (Higher Education). Retrieved fromhttps://www.um.edu.my/docs/default-source/about-um_document/media-centre/um-magazine/4-executive-summary-pppm-2015-2025.pdf?sfvrsn=4Malini Ganapathy, Manjet Kaur, Sarjit Kaur, & Liew Wai Kit. (2017). Promoting Higher Order ThinkingSkills via teaching practices. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 23(1),75 85. doi: 10.17576/3L-2017-2301-06Malini Ganapathy, & Sarjit Kaur. (2014). ESL students perceptions of the use of Higher OrderThinking Skills in English language writing. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 5(5),80-87. doi:10.7575/aiac.alls.v.5n.5p.80Mansoor Fahim, & Mastaneh Haghani. (2012). Sociocultural perspectives on foreign language learning.Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 3(4), pp. 693-699. doi: 10.4304/ jltr.3.4.693-699.Marzano, R. J. (2000). Designing a new taxonomy of educational objectives. Thousand Oaks, CA:Corwin Press.Marzano, R. (2010). Teaching inference. Educational Leadership, 67(7), 80-01. Retrievd fromhttp://www.ascd.org/publications/educational- leadership/apr10/vol67/num07/Teaching-Inference.aspx.Mason, J. (2002). Qualitative interviews: Asking, listening and interpreting. In T. May (Ed.),Qualitative research in action (pp. 225-241). London, UK: Sage.Mateos, M., Martin, E., Villalon, R., & Luna, M. (2008). Reading and writing to learn in secondaryeducation: Online processing activity and written products in summarizing and synthesizing tasks.Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 21(7), 675697. doi: 10.1007/ s11145-007-9086-6Mc Comas WF, Abraham L (2005). Asking more effective questions.http://cet.usc.edu/resources/teaching_learning/material_docs/Asking_ Better_Questions.pdf (accessedon June 6?? 2019)McGregor, J. (2011). A Visual Approach: Teaching SynSchool Library Monthly, 27(8), 5-7.Retrieved from http:// www.schoollibrarymonthly.com/articles/ Mcthesis. gregor2011-v27n8p5.htmlMcKenzie, G. R. (1972). Some effects of frequent quizzes on inferential thinking. AmericanEducational Research Journal, 9(2), 231-40.Mercier, H, Bernard, S., & Clement, F. (2013). Early sensitivity to arguments: How pre schoolersweight circular arguments, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 100(1), 215-224.Merriam, Sharan B. (1988). Qualitative research and case study applications in education (2nd ed.).San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Merriam, Sharan B. (2002). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. SanFrancisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Merriam, Sharan B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (2nd ed.).San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nded.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Mu Congjun. (2007). A proposal for a taxonomy of ESL writing strategies. Singapore Tertiary EnglishTeachers Society, 6 (1). Retrieved from http://www.stets.org.sg/Vol6No1_2007/Vol6N1_07_p05to13congjun.pdfMurai, H., Watanabe, Y.,Ozeki, N., and Tomita, Y. (2012). Methodology for Integrative EnglishTeaching. Japan: Seibido.Nagin. (2006). Why Digital Writing Matters. Retrieved fromhttp://digitalis.nwp.org/sites/default/files/files/119/intro_digitalwritingmatters.pdfNalova, E. M., & Shalanyuy, K. R. (2012).Teaching practices and the development of Higher OrderThinking Skills in secondary school students in The North West Region of Cameroon. European Journalof Education Studies, 3 4 148-158.Nasreen, H,. (2003). Helping EFL/ESL Students by Asking Quality Questions. The Internet TESLJournal, Vol. IX, No. 10, October 2003, http://iteslj.orgNesamalar, C., Saratha S., & Teh, S. (2001). ELT methodology: Principles and practice.Selangor: Penerbit Fajar Bakti.Neuman, W. L. (2003). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches(5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Neuman, W. L. (2011). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches(7th ed.). Pearson.Newman, Judith M. (1985). Whole language: Theory in use. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Nieuwenhuis, K.A. (2006). The content analysis guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Nordlof, J. (2010). Vygotsky, Scaffolding, and the Role of Theory in Writing Center Work.Retrieved from http://writingcenters.org/wp- content/uploads/2015/10/Nordlof_WCJ34.1_2014.pdfNorris, S. P., & Ennis, R. H. (1989). Evaluating critical thinking. Pacific Grove, CA: MidwestPublications.Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving toMeet the Trustworthiness Criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16 (1), 1-13.Ojose, B. (2008). Applying Piagets theory of cognitive development to Mathematics instruction.Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ841568.pdfOLeary, Z. (2014). The essential guide to doing your research project (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks,CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.Othman, Nooraini. (2014). Exploring leadership characteristics in innovative teachers forinnovative students. Paper presented at the 7th International Conference of Education PsychologicalCapital in Education and Innovation.Oxford, Rebecca. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know.University of Maryland, College ParkPalpanadan, S., Fauziah Ismail, & Abdul Rahim Salam. (2015). Role of Model Essays in DevelopingStudents Writing Skills in Malaysian Schools: A Review of Literature. Mediterranean Journal ofSocial Sciences, 6.Patton, M. Q. (2001). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (3rd ed.). Newbury Park, CA:Sage.Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4th ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.Paulston, Christina Bratt, & Bruder, Mary Newton. (1976). Teaching English as Second Language:Techniques and procedures. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop.Piaget, J., & Cook, M. T. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York, NY:International University PressPiaget, J. (1963). Origins of intelligence. New York, NY: Norton.Piaget, J. (1970). Science of education and the psychology of the child. New York, NY: Viking.Piaget, J. (1977). Epistemology and psychology of functions. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel.Pica, T. (2000). Tradition and Transition In English Language Teaching Methodology. System, 29,118PISA. (2012). Results in Focus: What 15-year-olds know and what they can do with what they know.Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012- results.htmPolgar, S., & Thomas, S. A. (1995). Introduction to research in the health sciences (3rd ed.).Melbourne, Australia: Churchill Livingstone.Polit, D. F., & Hungler, B. P. (1995). Nursing research: Principles and methods (5th ed.).Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.Polya, G. (1957). How to Solve It. New York: Doubleday & Co., Inc.Pratiwi, Y. (2001) Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran. Pengembangan Kompetensi Teks dalamPembelajaran Prosa Fiksi. Malang: IKIP MalangPrice-Mitchell, Marilyn. (2015). Metacognition: Nurturing self-awareness in the classroom.Retrieved from https://www.edutopia.org/blog/8-pathways-metacognition-in-classroom-marilyn-price-mitchellRaiyn Jamal, & Oleg Tilchin. (2015). Higher-Order Thinking development through adaptiveproblem-based learning.Rajendran, N. (1999). Teaching Higher Order Thinking Skills in language classrooms: The need fortransformation of teaching practice. (Ph.D dissertation, Michigan State University).Redfield, D., & Rousseau, E. (1981). A meta-analysis of experimental research on teacherquestioning behaviour. Review of Educational Research, 51(2), 237245.Reid, J. (1995). Learning styles in the ESL/EFL classroom. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle.Richards, J. C., & Lockhart, C. (1990). Teacher development through peer observation.Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jack_Richards4/publication/234669130_Teacher_Development_through_Peer_Observation/links/5580c02b08ae47061e5f350b.pdf Rivers, W. M. (1981).Teaching foreign-language skills (2nd ed). Chicago, IL: University ofChicago Press.Robinson, K., Minkin, L., Bolton, E., French, D., Fryer, L., Greenfield, S., & Green, L. (1999).All our futures: Creativity. Culture and Education. Report for the Secretary of State.Sam, Praveen & Premalatha, Rajan. (2013). Using Graphic Organizers to Improve Reading ComprehensionSkills for the Middle School ESL Students. English Language Teaching. 6. 155-170.10.5539/elt.v6n2p155.Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2000). Research methods for business students. (2nd ed.).Harlow, UK: Pearson Education.Shafie, Maesin, N. Osman, S. Nayan, & M. Mansor. (2010). Understanding collaborative academicwriting among beginner university writers in Malaysia. Studies in Literature and Language, 1(2),58-69.Saido Gulistan Mohammed, Saedah Siraj, Abu Bakar Bin Nordin, & Omed Saadallah Al_Amedy. (2015).Higher Order Thinking Skills among secondary school students in science learning. The MalaysianOnline Journal of Educational Science, 3(3), 13-20.Schmuck, R. (1997). Practical action research for change. Arlington Heights, IL: IRI/SkylightTraining and PublishingSchoonen, R., van Gelderen, A., de Glopper, K., Hulstijn, J., Simis, A., Snellings, P., &Stevenson, M. (2003). First language and second language writing: The role oflinguistic knowledge, speed of processing and metacognitive knowledge. Retrieved fromhttp://dare.uva.nl/document/2/33245Schulz, H. W., & FitzPatrick, Beverly. (2016). Teachers Understandings of Critical and HigherOrder Thinking and What This Means for Their Teaching and Assessments. Memorial University ofNewfoundland. Retrieved fromhttp://ajer.journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/ajer/article/view/1682Sherman, Kristin. (2013). How social media changes our thinking and learning. Central PiedmontCommunity College. Retrieved from Shukla Divya. (2016). Students perceived level and teachers teaching strategies of Higher OrderThinking Skills: A study on higher educational institutions in Thailand. (Department of BusinessAdministration, St. Theresa International College, Thailand).Simons, Helen. (2009). Case study research in practice. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Siti Nadia binti Mohamad. (2016). Teachers Perception on the Integration of HOTS in LanguageTeaching. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications, 15, 561-575.Siti, R. H., Roslinda, R., & Effandi, Z. (2016). The Use of i-Think Map and Questioning to PromoteHigher-Order Thinking Skills in Mathematics. Creative Education, 7, 1069- 1078.http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ce.2016.77111Smith, J. K., & Heshusius, L. (1993). Closing down the conversation: The end of the quantitativequalitative debate among educational inquiries. Educational Researcher 15, 412.Soo, Nor Haniza, Rohani, & Siti Nuur-ila Mat. (2015). Innovating with HOTS for the ESL readingclass. Canadian Center of Science and EducationSoozandehfar, S. and Adeli, M. (2016). A Critical Appraisal of Blooms Taxonomy. In AmericanResearch Journal of English and Literature, Vol. 2. Retrieved May 25, 2019Sorenson, S. (1991). Working with special students in English language arts. Bloomington, ERICClearinghouse on Reading and Communication Skills.Steele, V. (2004). Product and process writing. Retrieved fromhttp://www.englishonline.org.cn/en/teachers/workshops/teaching-writing/teaching-tips/product-processSukirman, D. (2012). Pembelajaran Micro Teaching. Jakarta: Direktorat PAI Kementerian AgamaTaba, H. (1966). Teaching strategies and cognitive functioning in elementary school children.Cooperative Research Project No. 2404. San Francisco State College.Tan Shin Yen, & Siti Hajar Halili. (2015). Effective teaching of higher order thinking (HOT) ineducation. The Online Journal of Distance Education and e-Learning, 3(2), 41-47.Tajularipin Sulaiman, Vickneswary Muniyan, Diwiyah Madhvan, Raidah Hasan, & Suzieleez Syrene AbdulRahim. (2017). Implementation of Higher Order Thinking Skills in Teaching Of Science: A Case Studyin Malaysia. International Research Journal of Education and Sciences (IRJES), 1(1).Tanner KD (2012). Promoting student metacognition. CBE Life Sci. Educ. 11(2):113-120 TanujayaBenidiktus. (2016). Development of an Instrument to Measure Higher OrderThinking Skills in Senior High School Mathematics Instruction. (Department of MathematicsEducation, University of Papua).Tayler, C. (2001). Australian early childhood milieu: Teacher challenges in promoting childrenslanguage and thinking. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 9(1), 41-56.Teijlingen, E. R. V., & Hundley, V. (2001). The importance of pilot studies. Social ResearchUpdate, 35. Retrieved from http://sru.soc.surrey .ac.uk/SRU35.htm.The Star Online. (2012). Developing higher-order thinking. Retrieved fromhttp://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2014/12/30/developing-higherorder- thinking/Thomas, R. (1992). Cognitive theory-based teaching and learning in vocational education:ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Center onEducation and Training for Employment, Ohio State UnivThomas, A., & Thorne, G. (2014). How to Increase Higher Order Thinking. Accessed on 5 June 2019.http://www.readingrockets.org/article/34655Thompson, T. (2008). Mathematics teachers Interpretation of Higher-Order Thinking in BloomsTaxonomy. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 3(2), pp. 96-109Tony, S., & Matsuda, K. P. (2001). Land Mark Essays: On EL Writing. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Toyes R. K. (1999). Controlled and guided composition. SEAMEO Regional Centre Tracy, S. J. (2012).The toxic and mythical combination of a deductive writing logic forinductive qualitative research. Qualitative Communication Research, 1(1), 109-141.Tripto, J., Assaraf, O. B., & Amit, M. (2013). Mapping What They Know? Concept Maps as an EffectiveTool for Assessing Students Systems Thinking. American Journal of Operations Research, 2013,245-258. http://doi.org/10.4236/ajor.2013.31A022Verenikina, I. (n.d.). Understanding scaffolding and the ZPD in educational research.Retrieved from ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article=1695& context= edupapers.Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Vygotsky, L.S. (1962). Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT PressWang, Yingxu & Widrow, Bernard & A. Zadeh, Lotfi & Howard, Newton & Wood, Sally & Bhavsar,Virendrakumar & Budin, Gerhard & Chan, Christine & Gavrilova, Marina & F. Shell, Duane. (2016).Cognitive Intelligence: Deep Learning, Thinking, and Reasoning by Brain-Inspired Systems.International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence. 10. 1-20.10.4018/IJCINI.2016100101.Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. White, R., & Arndt,V. (1991). Process writing. London, UK: Longman.Willingham, D. T. (2007). Cognition: The thinking animal (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.Wong, H. (1999). MUET regulations and scheme of test, syllabus and sample questions.Selangor: Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia.Yani, Ahmad & Dewi, N & Rosita, R. (2018). Connecting Concepts Test: An Alternative Instrument Formto Improve Students Logical Thinking Ability in Conceptual Understanding (Case Study on GeographySubject). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 145. 012059.10.1088/1755-1315/145/1/012059.Yee Mei Heong, Widad Binti Othman, Jailani Bin Md Yunos, Tee Tze Kiong, Razali Bin Hassan, & MimiMohaffyza Binti Mohamad. (2013). The Level of Marzano Higher Order Thinking Skills among TechnicalEducation Students. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 1(2), 121-125.Ying Jing Wang. (2011). Investigating the impact of using games in teaching children.English International Journal of Learning & Development, 1, No. 1. doi: 10.5296/ijld.v1i1.1118Yingli Wang. ( 2012). Differences in L1 and L2 Academic Writing. Retrieved fromhttp://www.academypublication.com/issues/past/tpls/vol02/03/29.pdfZaidah Zainal. (2007). Case study as a research method. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 9. Retrieved fromhttp://www.management.utm.my/download/jurnal-kemanusiaan/bil-09-jun-2007/48-case-study-as-a-research-method/file.htmlZaini, S. H., Mokhtar, S. Z., & Nawawi, M. (2010). The Effect of Graphic Organizer on StudentsLearning in School Types of Graphic Organizer. Malaysian Journal of Educational Technology, 10,17-23.Zairil K.J. (2017, November 29). Why replace local textbooks with textbooks designed for Spanishstudents? Malaysia Kini. Retrived on 23?? June 2019 from https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/403721Zamel, V. (1983). The composing process of advanced ESL students: six case studies.TESOL Quarterly, 17(2), 165-187Zulnaidi, H., & Zakaria, E. (2010). The Effect of Information Mapping Strategy on MathematicsConceptual Knowledge of Junior High School Students. US-China Education Review, 7, 26-31.http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/recordDetail?accno=ED511227

Similar Items