A case study examining the implementation of higher order thinking skills in a Tesl teacher education programme in a public university

This study aimed to examine the implementation of higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in a TESL teacher education programme in a public university. This case study was conducted to determine the HOTS among third-year TESL student-teachers in a public university. HOTS in this study were based on the...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Logeswari Arumugam M. Pillay
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2020
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6805
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:6805
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic
spellingShingle
Logeswari Arumugam M. Pillay
A case study examining the implementation of higher order thinking skills in a Tesl teacher education programme in a public university
description This study aimed to examine the implementation of higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in a TESL teacher education programme in a public university. This case study was conducted to determine the HOTS among third-year TESL student-teachers in a public university. HOTS in this study were based on the Revised Blooms Taxonomy. Fourteen lessons of the semester 5 TESL programme involving a TESL teacher educator and twenty-seven student-teachers were observed and analysed inductively for emerging issues and categories. Research instruments consisted of an interview protocol and a classroom observation checklist. Interview sessions with the teacher educator and the seven student-teachers were conducted besides classroom observations on the 27 student-teachers for one semester. Qualitative data collected were analysed using the Atlas.ti software. The emerging themes from the interview showed that HOTS were integrated into the classroom via teaching and learning process, resources, and feedbac. Findings also revealed that instructional strategies, questioning and inquiry techniques, graphic organizers and the application of flipped classrooms are crucial to the process of implementing HOTS in a TESL classroom. Observation data showed that the usage of relevant resources, critical discussions, dialogi interactions and constructive feedback were pertinent in nurturing HOTS for the student-teachers. In conclusion, the main findings show that the key attributes that influence the successful implementation of HOTS in the TESL classroom include positive and highly interactive environment, deep inquiry and questioning, impactful learning resources and process, and meaningful feedback. The main implication of the study is that a new set of pedagogical guidelines for TESL teacher education could be designed based on the empirical data of the study.
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Logeswari Arumugam M. Pillay
author_facet Logeswari Arumugam M. Pillay
author_sort Logeswari Arumugam M. Pillay
title A case study examining the implementation of higher order thinking skills in a Tesl teacher education programme in a public university
title_short A case study examining the implementation of higher order thinking skills in a Tesl teacher education programme in a public university
title_full A case study examining the implementation of higher order thinking skills in a Tesl teacher education programme in a public university
title_fullStr A case study examining the implementation of higher order thinking skills in a Tesl teacher education programme in a public university
title_full_unstemmed A case study examining the implementation of higher order thinking skills in a Tesl teacher education programme in a public university
title_sort case study examining the implementation of higher order thinking skills in a tesl teacher education programme in a public university
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi
publishDate 2020
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6805
_version_ 1747833313082474496
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:68052022-02-22 A case study examining the implementation of higher order thinking skills in a Tesl teacher education programme in a public university 2020 Logeswari Arumugam M. Pillay This study aimed to examine the implementation of higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in a TESL teacher education programme in a public university. This case study was conducted to determine the HOTS among third-year TESL student-teachers in a public university. HOTS in this study were based on the Revised Blooms Taxonomy. Fourteen lessons of the semester 5 TESL programme involving a TESL teacher educator and twenty-seven student-teachers were observed and analysed inductively for emerging issues and categories. Research instruments consisted of an interview protocol and a classroom observation checklist. Interview sessions with the teacher educator and the seven student-teachers were conducted besides classroom observations on the 27 student-teachers for one semester. Qualitative data collected were analysed using the Atlas.ti software. The emerging themes from the interview showed that HOTS were integrated into the classroom via teaching and learning process, resources, and feedbac. Findings also revealed that instructional strategies, questioning and inquiry techniques, graphic organizers and the application of flipped classrooms are crucial to the process of implementing HOTS in a TESL classroom. Observation data showed that the usage of relevant resources, critical discussions, dialogi interactions and constructive feedback were pertinent in nurturing HOTS for the student-teachers. In conclusion, the main findings show that the key attributes that influence the successful implementation of HOTS in the TESL classroom include positive and highly interactive environment, deep inquiry and questioning, impactful learning resources and process, and meaningful feedback. The main implication of the study is that a new set of pedagogical guidelines for TESL teacher education could be designed based on the empirical data of the study. 2020 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6805 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6805 text eng closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi Adawati, H. S. (2014). Exploring teachers experiences on integration of higher order thinking skills ( HOTS ) in teaching of science. University Malaysia Sarawak.Abdul Halim, T. & Siti Muhibah, H. N. (2015). Prinsip Pembelajaran Aktif dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Pendidikan Islam. Jurnal Pendidikan Fakulti Pendidikan, 3(2), 28-42Al-Hattami, A. A. (2019). The perception of students and faculty staff on the role of constructive feedback. International Journal of Instruction, 12(1), 885894. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12157a.Alghafri, A. S. R., & Ismail, H. N. Bin. (2014). The Effects of Integrating Creative and Critical Thinking on Schools Students Thinking. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 4(6). https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2014.V4.410.Alhassora, N. S. A., Abu, M. S., & Abdullah, A. H. (2017). Inculcating higher-order thinking skills in mathematics: Why is it so hard? Man in India, 97(13), 5162. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10274-012-0006-7.Allwright, D., & Bailey, K.M. (1991). Focus on the Language Learner. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressAnderson, L. & Krathwohl, D.E. (2001). A Taxonomy for learning teaching and assessing: A revision of Blooms taxonomy of educational objectives. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.Ali, S. N. (2012). Malaysian polytechnic lecturers teaching practices with ICT utilization to promote higher-order thinking skills.Allan, J., & Clarke, K. (2007). Nurturing Supportive Learning Environments in Higher Education Through the Teaching of Study Skills : To Embed or Not to Embed ? International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 19(1), 64 76. Retrieved from http://eproxy.ucd.ie/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/professional/docview/8 15956444?accountid=14507Allen, S. H. L., & Wern, L. E. (2017). Involvement Of Higher Order Thinking Skills Within A Preparatory Course For The Malaysian University English Test, XL, 95 112.Almacen, B. U. (2010). Teacher Training Program The_Malaysian.Amy S. Ackerman, & Krupp, M. L. (2012). Five components to consider for byot/byod. IADIS International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age (CELDA. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022055Aziz @ahmad, A. A., Ismail, F., Ibrahim, M., & Samat, N. A. (2017). Investigating the Implementation of Higher Order Thinking Skills in Malaysian Classrooms: Insights from L2 Teaching Practices. Sains Humanika, 9, 42. https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v9n4-2.1361Bailey, C. R. (2007). Guide to Qualitative Field Research. Sage, 2nd ed.Bakianathan, S., & Maat, S. M. (2015). Exploring Teachers on Integrating HOTS Element in Teaching and Learning Process, (2006), 524530.Balakrishnan, M., Nadarajah, G. M., Vellasamy, S., Gnanam, E., & George, W. (2016). Enhancement of Higher Order Thinking Skills among Teacher Trainers by Fun Game Learning approach. International Journal of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, 10(12), 39543958. Retrieved from https://waset.org/publications/10006190/enhancement-of-higher-order-thinking- skills-among-teacher-trainers-by-fun-game-learning-approachBarber, M., & Mourshed, M. (2007). How the worlds best-performing school systems come out on top. London: McKinsey and CompanyBarker, C., Mannion, J., Provost, E., Reinisch, S., Dean, E., & Bullis, M. A. (2017). Dialogic Interactions that Support Learning and Motivation: A Phenomenological Study of High School Teachers Experiences during Reflective Dialogue.Baron, J., & Sternberg, R. (1987). Teaching Thinking Skills:Theory and Practice.Bassham, G., Irwin, W., Nardone, H., & Wallace, J. (2011). Critical Thinking: A Student's Introduction. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp.164-224Baxter, P., Susan Jack, & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers. The Qualitative Report Volume, 13(4), 544559. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874434600802010058Beltrn-Martn, I. (2019). Using Padlet for collaborative learning, 18. https://doi.org/10.4995/head19.2019.9188Ben-David, A., & Orion, N. (2013). Teachers Voices on Integrating Metacognition into Science Education. International Journal of Science Education, 35(18), 31613193. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2012.697208Beyer, B. K. (1985). Critical thinking: What is it. Social Education.Beyer, B. K. (2008). What Research Tells Us about Teaching Thinking Skills. The Social Studies, 99(5), 223232. https://doi.org/10.3200/tsss.99.5.223-232Bitsch, V. (2005) Qualitative Research: A Grounded Theory Example and Evaluation Criteria. Journal of Agribusiness, 23, 75-91.Bloom, B. S., Engelhart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, W. H., & Krathwohl, D. R. (1956).The Classification of Educational Goals. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, 207.Bogdan, R.C. and Biklen, S.K. (2007) Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. 5th Edition, Allyn & Bacon, BostonBowen, G. A. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal (Vol. 9). https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027Brierton, S., Wilson, E., Kistler, M., Flowers, J., & Jones, D. (2016). A comparison of higher order thinking skills demonstrated in synchronous and asynchronous online college discussion posts. North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture, 60(1), 1421. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/921358994?accountid=14645Brookhart, S. M. (2011). Educational Assessment Knowledge and Skills for Teachers. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 30(1), 312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3992.2010.00195.xBruner, J. (1963). Needed: A theory of instruction. Educational Leadership, 20(8), 523532. Retrieved from http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Needed+:+A+ Theory+of+Instruction#0Bruner, J.S. (1996). The Culture of Education, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.BS Bloom, MD Englehard, EJ Furst, WH Hill, D. K. (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The classification of Educational Goals.Budsankom, P., Tatsirin Sawangboon, S. D., & Chuensirimongkol, J. (2015). Factors affecting higher order thinking skills of students: A meta-analytic structural equation modeling study. Educational Research and Review, 10(16), 23312339. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2015.Butakor, P. K. (2016). The role of formative feedback in promoting higher order thinking skills in classrooms: a theoretical model. African Research Review, 10(5), 147. https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v10i5.11Byrnes, J. P. (1996). Cognitive Development and Learning in Instructional Contexts.Byrnes, J. P. (2008). Byrnes , James P . ( 2008 ). Piaget s theory . In M . M . Haith & J . B . Benson ( editors ), Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development ( vol . 2 ., 2(July), 543552.Cano, J., & Martinez, C. (1991). the Relationship Between Cognitive Performance and Critical Thinking Abilities Among Selected Agricultural Education Students. Journal of Agricultural Education, 2429.Carless, D. (2015). Exploring learning-oriented assessment processes. Higher Education, 69(6), 963976. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9816-zChapman, C. (2015). From one school to many: Reflections on the impact and nature of school federations and chains in England. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 43(1), 4660. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143213494883Chen, M. (2016). Theoretical Framework for Integrating Higher-order Thinking into L2 Speaking. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 6(2), 217226.Choy, S. C., & Cheah, P. K. (2009). Teacher Perceptions of Critical Thinking among Students and its Influence on Higher Education. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 20(2), 198206.Choy, S. C., & Oo, P. S. (2012). Reflective thinking and teaching practices: A precursor for incorporating critical thinking into the classroom. International Journal of Instruction, 5(1), 167182. https://doi.org/e-ISSN:1308-1470Chun, T. C. (2019). Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management ( Mojem ) the Teaching of Higher Order Thinking Skills ( HOTS ) in Malaysian Schools : Policy and Practices Malaysian Online Journal of, (July), 018.Coffman, D. M. (2013). Thinking about Thinking : An Exploration of Preservice Teachers Views about Higher Order Thinking Skills. Journal of Educational and Social Research.Cohen, J. (1988). Set Correlation and Contingency Tables. Applied Psychological Measurement, 12(4), 425434. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662168801200410Collins, H. (2014). Rejecting knowledge claims inside and outside science. Social Studies of Science, 44(5), 722735. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312714536011Costa, A. L. (2001). Developing Minds: A Resource Book for Teaching Thinking. Virginia, USA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.Costa, A., & Kallick, B. (2000). Habits of mind: A developmental series. Book 1: Discovering and exploring habits of mind. Book 2: Activating and engaging habits of mind. Book 3: Assessing and reporting on habits of mind. Book 4: Integrating and sustaining habits of mind. Alexandria, VA: ASCDCreswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SageCreswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design. Sage Publication, 2nd ed. Th.Cruickshank, D.R., Jenkins, D.B., & Metcalf, K.K. (2003). The Act of Teaching. McGraw-Hill, New YorkDavis, A. (1995). Criterion?referenced Assessment and the Development of Knowledge and Understanding. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 29(1), 321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9752.1995.tb00337.xDean, B. (1967). Educational Administration Quarterly, 307309.Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). Introduction: The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (p. 132). Sage Publications LtdDenscombe, M. (1998). The Good Research for Small Scale Social Research Project. Philadelphia: Open University PressDemore, W. (2017). Know Thyself: Using Student Self-Assessment to Increase Student Learning Outcomes, 135. Retrieved from http://repository.uwyo.edu/smtc_plan_bhttp://repository.uwyo.edu/smtc_plan_b/ 63.DeWaelsche, S. A. (2015). Critical thinking, questioning and student engagement in Korean university English courses. Linguistics and Education, 32, 131147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2015.10.003Dewey, J. (1933). How We Think: A Restatement of the Relation of Reflective Thinking to the Educative Process. Boston, MA: D.C. Heath & Co Publishers.Dewitt, D., Alias, N., & Siraj, S. (2016). Problem Solving Strategies of Malaysian Secondary School Teachers. Educational Technology World Conference 2016, 1 14.Donohoo, J. (2017). Collective teacher efficacy research: implications for professional learning. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 2(2), 101116. https://doi.org/10.1108/jpcc-10-2016-0027Doody, O., & Doody, C. M. (2015). Conducting a pilot study: case study of a novice researcher. British Journal of Nursing, 24(21), 10741078. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2015.24.21.1074Drever, E. (1995) Using semi-structured interviews in small-scale research. A teacher's guide. Edinburgh: Scottish Council for Research in EducationEdwards, M., & Briers, G. (2000). Higher-Order Thinking Versus Lower-Order Thinkining Skills: Does School-Day Scheduling Pattern Influence Achievement At. Journal of Southern Agricultural Education Research, 50(1), 1523. Retrieved from http://pubs.aged.tamu.edu/jsaer/Vol50Whole.pdf#page=15Ennis, R.H. (1981). Eight fallacies in Blooms taxonomy. In C.J.B Macmillan (Ed.). Philosophy of Education. Philosophy of Education Society, Bloomington.Ennis, R. H. (1993). Critical thinking assessment. Theory Into Practice, 32(3), 179186. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405849309543594Fadhlullah, A., & Ahmad, N. (2017). Thinking Outside of the Box: Determining Students Level of Critical Thinking Skills in Teaching and Learning. Asian Journal of University Education, 13(2), 5170.Fahim, M., & Masouleh, N. S. (2012). Critical thinking in higher education: A pedagogical look. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(7), 13701375. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.7.1370-1375Farren, P. (2015). Transformative pedagogy in context: being and becoming.Fauzan, N., & Mat Zaini, N. (2015). Creative Thinking Among Preschool Children. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications Www.Ijtra.Com Special Issue, 22(22), 23208163. https://doi.org/e-ISSN:2320-8163Ferrara, R. A., Brown, A. L., & Campione, J. C. (1986). Childrens learning and transfer of inductive reasoning rules: studies of proximal development. Child Development, 57(5), 10871099. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 8624.1986.tb00438.xFisher, R. (1999). Thinking Skills to Thinking Schools: Ways to Develop Childrens Thinking and Learning. Early Child Development and Care, 153(March 2015), 5163. https://doi.org/10.1080/0300443991530104Fisher, Robert. (2001). Philosophy in Primary Schools : fostering thinking skills and literacy. Reading Literacy and Language, (July), 6773.Forehand, M. (2005). Blooms Taxonomy: Original and Revised. In M. Orey (Ed.), Emerging Perspectives on Learning, Teaching, and TechnologyFullan, M. (1994). Coordinating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Strategies for Educational Reform. Systemic Reform, (September), 17. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/pubs/EdReformStudies/SysReforms/fullan1.htmlFraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2005). How to design and evaluate research in education (6th edition). New York: Published by McGraw Hill, 1221 Avenue of the AmericasGanapathy, M., Kaur, M., Singh, M., Kaur, S., & Kit, L. W. A. I. (2017). Promoting Higher Order Thinking Skills via Teaching Practices, 23(1), 7585.Gardner, H. (2008a). Quandaries for neuroeducators. Mind, Brain, and Education, 2(4), 165169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-228X.2008.00050.xGardner, H. (2008b). The Five Minds for the Future. Schools: Studies in Education, 5(1/2), 1724. https://doi.org/10.1086/591814Genesee, F., & Upshur, J. A. (1996). Classroom-based evaluation in second language education. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGhafar, M. N. A., Hamdan, A. R., Sihes, A. J., & Harun, A. (2010). Integrated Curriculum Concepts in Malaysia: Knowledge and Application Differentiation. European Journal of Social Sciences.Gillies, R. M. (2014). Dialogic interactions in the cooperative classroom. International Journal of Educational Research, 76, 178189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2015.02.009Goh, P. S. C., & Blake, D. (2015). Teacher preparation in Malaysia: needed changes. Teaching in Higher Education, 20(5), 469480. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2015.1020780Gutek, L.G. (1988). Philosophical and Ideological Perspective on Education. 2nd ed. MA: Allyn & Bacon.Hargreaves, A. (1995). Development and desire: A postmodern perspective. Professional Development in Education: New Paradigms & Practices, 934.Hargreaves, A. (2003). Teaching in the knowledge society: Education in the age of insecurity. New York: Teachers College Press.Harrison, N. (2013). Using the interactive whiteboard to scaffold a metalanguage: Teaching higher order thinking skills in preservice teacher education. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 29(1), 5465. https://doi.org/10.1234/ajet.v29i1.48Hashim, A. T., Osman, R., Arifin, A., Abdullah, N., & Noh, N. M. (2015). Teachers Perception on Higher Order Thinking Skills as an Innovation and its Implementation in History Teaching. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(32), 215221.Hassan, A., Maharoff, M., Abiddin, N. Z., & Rois, I. (2015). Teacher trainers and trainee teachers understanding towards the curriculum philosophy regarding soft skills embedment in the Malaysian Institute of Teacher Education. Policy Futures in Education, 1478210315597857. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210315597857Hassan, M. N., Mustapha, R., Azmah, N., Yusuff, N., & Mansor, R. (2017). Development of Higher Order Thinking Skills Module in Science Primary School : Needs Analysis. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(2), 624628. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i2/2670Hassan, S. R., Rosli, R., & Zakaria, E. (2016). The Use of i-Think Map and Questioning to Promote Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Mathematics. Creative Education, 07(07), 10691078. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2016.77111Heong, Y. M., Othman, W. B., Yunos, J. Bin, Kiong, T. T., Hassan, R. Bin, Mohaffyza, M., & Mohamad, B. (2011). The Level of Marzano Higher Order Thinking Skills among Technical Education Students. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 1(2), 121125.Hewitt-Taylor, J. (2001). Self-directed learning: Views of teachers and students. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36(4), 496504. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365- 2648.2001.02001.xHorwitz, E. K. (1989). Facing the Blackboard: Student Perceptions of Language Learning and the Language Classroom. ADFL Bulletin.Huitt, W. (2011). A Holistic View of Education and Schooling: Guiding Students to Develop Capacities, Acquire Virtues, and Provide Service William.Ismail Md Zain, Balakrishnan Muniandy, & Wahid Hashim. (2016). The Integration of 21st-Century Learning Framework in the ASIE Instructional Design Model. Journal of Psychology Research, 6(7), 415425. https://doi.org/10.17265/2159- 5542/2016.07.004Ivie, S. D. (1998). Ausubel s learning theory : An approach to teaching higher order thinking skills. The High School Journal, 82(1), 3542.Jamil, H., Arbaa, R., & Ahmad, M. Z. (2016). Exploring the Malaysian Rural School Teachers Professional Local Knowledge in Enhancing Students Thinking Skills. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(2), 25. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v6n2p25Jamil, H., Razak, N. A., Raju, R., & Mohamed, A. R. (2011). Teacher Professional Development in Malaysia: Issues and Challenges. Universiti Sains Malaysia, 200, 85102. Retrieved from http://home.hiroshima- u.ac.jp/cice/publications/sosho4_2-08.pdfJerome, C., Lee, J. A. C., & Ting, S. H. (2017). What students really need: Instructional strategies that enhance higher order thinking skills (HOTS) among unimas undergraduates. International Journal of Business and Society, 18(S4), 661668.Jhee, Y. S., Nagappan, R., Osman, R., & Sundaram, S. B. (2012). Developing open educational resources (oer) for malaysian classrooms: The HOTS Experience. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2John Dewey. (1933). How We Think: A Restatement of the Relation of Reflective Thinking to the Educative Process. The Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem- Based Learning, 1(1), 920.Juel, F. M. (2018). Use of Semi-Structured Interviews to Investigate Teacher Perceptions of Student Collaboration, 8(1), 110. Retrieved from https://www.business.dk/oekonomi/oekonomer-med-klar-melding-ingen- rentestigning-i-2018Juvova, A., Chudy, S., Neumeister, P., Plischke, J., & Kvintova, J. (2015). Reflection of Constructivist Theories in Current Educational Practice. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 3(5), 345349. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2015.030506Kassim, N., & Zakaria, E. (2015). Integrasi kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran matematik: Analisis keperluan guru. Prosiding Seminar Education Graduate Regional Conference (EGRC 2015)., 3(1), 112.Kaur, M., Singh, M., Ganapathy, M., & Tan, D. (2019). Kahoot !: Enhancing Creativity in Classroom Learning, (July).Kim, Y. (2011). The pilot study in qualitative inquiry: Identifying issues and learning lessons for culturally competent research. Qualitative Social Work, 10(2), 190 206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325010362001King, F., Goodson, L., & Rohani, F. (1998). Higher Order Thinking Skills Definition Teaching Strategies Assessment. Thinking, 18, 458. https://doi.org/10.4090/juee.2012.v6n1.010017King, R. B., McInerney, D. M., & Watkins, D.A. (2012). How you think about your intelligence determines how you feel in school: the role of theories of intelligence on academic emotions. Learn. Individ. Differ. 22, 814819Klimova, B. F. (2015). Developing Thinking Skills in the Course of Academic Writing, (OCTOBER 2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.09.229Krathwohl, D. R. (2002). A Revision of Blooms Taxonomy: An Overview. American Journal of Psychology, 41(4), 219225. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4104Krishnan, B. A. (2014). The acceptance and problems faced by teachers in conducting higher order thinking skills. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.Kuhn. (2009). Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, 95115. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479193Lamb, A., & Johnson, L. (2010). Bringing Back the Joy: Creative Teaching, and Librarianship.Latief, J. A., Karim, S., & Pabbajah, M. (2018). The Implementation of Higher Order Thinking Skills at Universitas Teknologi Yogyakarta in Indonesia : Opportunities and Challenges, (April).Lee, F. L. M., Tracey, D., Barker, K., Fan, J. C. M., & Yeung, A. S. (2014). What predicts teachers acceptance of students with special educational needs in kindergarten? Australian Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 14(SPEC. ISS.), 6070.Leech, N. L., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2007). An Array of Qualitative Data Analysis Tools: A Call for Data Analysis Triangulation. School Psychology Quarterly, 22(4), 557584. https://doi.org/10.1037/1045-3830.22.4.557Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2005). Practical research: Planning and design (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice HallLewis, A., & Smith, D. (2001). Defining higher order thinking. Theory Into Practice, 32(3), 131137. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405849309543588Lewis, A., Smith, D., & Lewis, A. (2009). Defining higher order thinking, (March 2015), 3741. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405849309543588Li, M. P. & Lam, B. H. (2013a). Cooperative Learning, 133.Li, M. P. & Lam, B. H. (2013b). Theoretical Underpinning- Social Constructivism, 1 33.Licorish, S. A., Owen, H. E., Daniel, B., & George, J. L. (2018). Student perception Kahoot. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 13(9), 124. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-018-0078-8Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: SageLipman, M. (2003). Thinking in Education. Cambridge University Press.Lumby, J. (2001). Framing teaching and learning in the twenty-first century, in D. Middlewood & N. Burton (2001) (eds), Managing the Curriculum. Thousand Oak, California: Sage PublicationLutz, S., & Huitt, W. (2004). Connecting Cognitive Development and Constructivism: Implications from Theory for Instruction and Assessment. Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 9(1), 6790. Retrieved from http://teach.valdosta.edu/WHuitt/brilstar/chapters/cogdev.docMahardale, J. (2013). Reflective learning for higher order thinking, (October), 6.Malini, G., & Kaur, S. (2014). ESL Students Perceptions of the use of Higher Order Thinking Skills in English Language Writing. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.5n.5p.80Marzano, R. (1993). How Classroom Teachers Approach the Teaching of Thinking. Theory into Practice, (January 2015), 3741. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405849309543591Mayer, R. E. (2002). A Revision of Blooms Taxonomy: An Overview. American Journal of Psychology, 41(4). https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4104Mazer, J. P., Murphy, R. E., & Simonds, C. J. (2007). Ill see you on facebook: The effects of computer-mediated teacher self-disclosure on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate. Communication Education, 56(1), 1 17. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520601009710McDavitt, D. S. (1994). Teaching for understanding: Attaining higher order learning and increased achievement through experiential instruction., 79.McLoughlin, C., & Luca, J. (2000). Cognitive Engagement and Higher Order Thinking through Computer Conferencing: We know why but do we know how? In Flexible futures in tertiary teaching (pp. 24).McWilliam, E. L. (2009). QUT Digital Repository : This is the author version published as : This is the author version published as : McWilliam , Erica L . ( 2009 ) Teaching for creativity : from sage to guide to Copyright 2009 Routledge. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 29, 281293.Mehta, U., & Pandya, S. (2016). EduInspire : An International E-Journal ISSN- 2349- 7076, (June).Mergler, A. G., & Spooner-Lane, R. (2012). What pre-service teachers need to know to be effective at values-based education. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 37(8), 6681. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ995221.pdfMerriam, S.B. (1988). Case Study Research in Education. A Qualitative Approach. Jossey-Bass, San FranciscoMerriam, S.B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-BassMhd Simin, N., Hasyim, R., & Abdul Latif, M. (n.d.). Guide to Bloom s Taxonomy, 131.Miles, M.B., & Huberman, A.M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage PublicationsMOE. (2013). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013 - 2025. Malaysia Education Blueprint, Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2010.08.007Mohamad, S. N. (2015). Teachers Perception on the Integration of HOTS in Language Teaching. Journal of Educaion, 12(1), 1236.Mohd Aderi, C. N., Mohd Talhah, A., & Engku Zarihan, E. A. R. (2017). Teachers practice of Higher Order Thinking Skills in the lesson of Islamic Education. Tinta Artikulasi Membina Ummah, 3(2), 113.Morgan, K., Kingston, K., & Sproule, J. (2005). Effects of different teaching styles on the teacher behaviours that influence motivational climate and pupils motivation in physical education. European Physical Education Review, 11(3), 257285. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X05056651Nagappan, R. (2001). Language teaching and the enhancement of higher-order thinking skills. Anthology Series-Seameo Regional Language Centre, (April 2000), 190223. Retrieved from http://nsrajendran.tripod.com/Papers/RELC2000A.pdfNagappan, Rajendran. (2001a). The Teaching of Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Malaysia** (** Published in the. Journal of Southeast Asian Education, 2(1).Nagappan, Rajendran. (2001b). The Teaching of Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Malaysia. Journal of Southeast Asian Education, 2, 121.Nagappan, Rajendran. (2002). Constructivist Approach. 10th International Conference on Thinking 2002, (June), 30.Nagappan, Rajendran. (2010). Teaching Thinking Skills at Institutions of Higher Learning : Lessons Learned. Pertanika J. Social Science & Humanities, 18, 114.Najib, A. R. (2010). Key Points of the 10th Malaysia Plan (2011-2015). Bernama, 1. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004Nardi, P.M. (2017). Critical Thinking: Tools for Evaluating Research. California: University of California PressNeuendorf, K. (2002). The Content Analysis Guidebook. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CANeuman, W.L. (2007). Basics of Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 2nd Edition, Allyn and Bacon, BostonNickerson, R. S., Baddeley, A., & Freeman, B. (1987). Are peoples estimates of what other people know influenced by what they themselves know? Acta Psychologica, 64(3), 245259. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(87)90010-2Omer, A. A., & Abdularhim, M. (2017). The criteria of constructive feedback: The feedback that counts. Journal of Health Specialties, 5(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.4103/2468-6360.198798Othman, L. (2007). Penyelidikan kualitatif : pengenalan kepada teori dan metod. Tanjung Malim, UPSI.Othman, N., & Mohamad, K. A. (2014). Thinking Skill Education and Transformational Progress in Malaysia. International Education Studies, 7(4), 2732. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v7n4p27Othman, T. (2013). Pengenalan Analisis Data Kualitatif 140 illustrasi langkah demi langkah.Owen, G. T. (2014). Qualitative methods in higher education policy analysis: Using interviews and document analysis. The Qualitative Report, 19(26), 119. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004Palraj, S., Dewitt, D., & Alias, N. (2017). Teachers Beliefs in Problem Solving in Rural Malaysian Secondary Schools, 5(4), 4557.Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2008). A-Guide-to-Four-Cs.pdf.Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Method. Sage, 2nd ed.Paul, R. W., Elder, L., & Bartell, T. (1997). California Teacher Preparation for Instruction in Critical Thinking: Research Findings and Policy Recommendations, 194. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED437379.pdfPeel, E. A., Flavell, J. H., & Piaget, J. (1963). The Developmental Psychology of Jean Piaget. British Journal of Educational Studies, 12(1), 107. https://doi.org/10.2307/3118952Peer, K. S. (2014). Five Minds for the Future: Shaping the Future Through Education. Athletic Training Education Journal, 9(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.4085/09013Pellegrino, J. W., & Hilton, M. L. (2012). Education for Life and Work : Developing Transferable Knowledge and Skills in the 21st Century. The National Academies Press at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13398 Education for Life and Work : Developing Transferable.Pickard, M. J. (2007). The new Blooms Taxonomy: an overview for family and consumer sciences. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences Education, 25(1), 11.Plump, C. M., & LaRosa, J. (2017). Using Kahoot! in the Classroom to Create Engagement and Active Learning: A Game-Based Technology Solution for eLearning Novices. Management Teaching Review, 2(2), 151158. https://doi.org/10.1177/2379298116689783Pogrow, S. (2005). HOTS Revisited:A Thinking Development Approach to Reducing the Learning Gap After Grade 3. Phi Delta Kappan, 87(No. 1).Raheem, M.N., & Said, N.E. (2019). Higher Order Thinking Skills in a Primary School Setting: A Case Study of Teachers Perception and Pedagogical StrategiesRajendran, N. S., & Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. (2008). Teaching & acquiring higher-order thinking skills: Theory & practice. Perak: Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan IdrisRakes, G. C., Fields, V. S., & Cox, K. E. (2006). The influence of teachers technology use on instructional practices. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 38(4), 409424. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2006.10782467Ramasamy, S., Rahman, F. A., Ismail, H., Manaf, U. K. A., & Said, R. R. (2016). Teachers Levels of Knowledge and Interest on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS ) According to the Field Taught and Category of Schools, 6(9), 612621. https://doi.org/10.15341/jmer(2155-7993)/09.06.2016/005Ramos Ordoez, M. D. C., & Pavn Vzquez, V. (2015). Developing Cooperative Learning through Tasks in Content and Language Integrated Learning. Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research, 5(2), 136. https://doi.org/10.17583/remie.2015.1429Reiser, R. A., & Ely, D. P. (1997). The field of educational technology as reflected through its definitions. Educational Technology Research and Development, 45(3), 6372. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02299730Resnick, L. B. (1987). Education and Learning to Think. Washington: National Academic Press.Resnick, L. B. (2010). Nested Learning Systems for the Thinking Curriculum. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X10364671Retnawati, H., Djidu, H., Kartianom, K., Apino, E., & Anazifa, R. D. (2018). Teachers knowledge about higher-order thinking skills and its learning strategy. Problem of Education in the 21st Century, 76(2), 215230. Retrieved from http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1524597598.pdfRezaei, S., Derakhshan, A., & Bagherkazemi, M. (2011). Critical Thinking in Language Education. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2(4), 769777. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.2.4.769-777Ritchhart, R., & Perkins, D. (2008). Making thinking visible. Educational Leadership, 65(5), 5761. Retrieved from http://www.visiblethinkingpz.org/VisibleThinking_html_files/06_AdditionalRes ources/makingthinkingvisibleEL.pdfRitchie, J., & Lewis, J. (2003). Qualitative Research PracticeA Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. London, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications LtdRow, B. N., Subramaniam, S., & Renuka, V. (2016). When students say I just couldn t think : Challenges in Teaching Skilful Thinking. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 4(2), 5969.Rotherham, A., & Willingham, D. (2009). 21st Century Skills: The Challenges Ahead. Educational Leadership. 67. 16-21.Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. (2005). Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data. Sage Publications.Saad N.S., Nagappan, R., Ratnavadivel, N., Yasin S.M., Hin, L.C., & Radzi I.M. (2009). The attributes of teachers pedagogical decision-making qualities in mathematics classroom Proc. Int. Conf. on Science and Mathematics in Education pp 3805Sahlberg, P. (2010). The secret to Finlands success: Educating teachers. Stanford Centre for Opportunity Policy in Education- Research Brief, (September), 18.Said, E. . (1978). Orientalism. American Anthropologist, 82(4), 948948. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1980.82.4.02a00890Saido, G. M., Siraj, S., Bakar, A., Nordin, B., & Saadallah, O. (2015). Higher Order Thinking Skills Among Secondary School Students in Science Learning. The Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Science, 3(3), 1320.Sanmuganathan Nagayar, Azian Abd Aziz@Ahmad, & Mangala Nayahi Kanniah. (2015). Young Adult Literature and High-Order Thinking Skills : A Confluence of Young Minds. International Journal of Language Education and Applied Linguistics (IJLEAL), 03, 5161.Sasson, I., Yehuda, I., & Malkinson, N. (2018). Fostering the skills of critical thinking and question-posing in a project-based learning environment. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 29, 203212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.08.001Savery, J. R. (2015). Overview of Problem-based Learning : Definitions and Distinctions. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 1(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1002Seman, S. C., Yusoff, W. M. W., & Embong, R. (2017). Teachers Challenges in Teaching and Learning for Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in Primary School. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 7(7), 534545. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.1.2017.77.534.545Shafeei, K. N., Hassan, H., Ismail, F., & Abdul Aziz, A. (2018). Incorporating Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) Questions in ESL Classroom Contexts. LSP International Journal, 4(1), 101116. https://doi.org/10.11113/lspi.v4n1.49Shiring, B. (2019). Strategy 1 : Make Connections Strategy 2 : Get Visual, (January), 16.Shulman, L. S. (2004). The Wisdom of Practice: Essays on Teaching, Learning, and Learning to Teach (Jossey-Bass/Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching) (v. 1), (0)(2), 608. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com/Wisdom- Practice-Jossey-Bass-Foundation-Schmuck, R. A. (1997). Practical action research for change. Arlington Heights, IL: IRI/Skylight Training and PublishingSingh, C. K. S., Singh, R. K. A., Singh, T. S. M., Mostafa, N. A., & Mohtar, T. M. T. (2018). Developing a Higher Order Thinking Skills Module for Weak ESL Learners. English Language Teaching, 11(7), 86.https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v11n7p86Slavin, R. E. (1991). Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice. Pearson.Soares, F. (2015). The Relationship between Teachers and Students in the Classroom : Communicative Language Teaching Approach and Cooperative Learning Strategy to Improve Learning.Soo, K. Y., Nor Haniza, H., Rohani, J., & Siti Nuur-ila Mat, K. (2015). Innovating with HOTS for the ESL Reading Class. English Language Teaching, 8(8), 1017. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v8n8p10Sparapani, E. F. (2009). Encouraging Thinking in High School and Middle School: Constraints and Possibilities. The Clearing House, 71(5), 274276. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098659809602722Stake, R. E. (1995). The Art of Case Study Research. Sage, 523540.Stake, R. E. (2000). Case studies. In N. K. Denzin, & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of qualitative research, second edition (pp. 134-164). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, IncStapleton, L., & Stefaniak, J. (2019). Cognitive Constructivism: Revisiting Jerome Bruners Influence on Instructional Design Practices. TechTrends, 63(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-018-0356-8Sukla, D., & Dungsungneon, A. P. (2016). Students Perceived Level and Teachers Teaching Strategies of Higher Order Thinking Skills; A Study on Higher Educational Institutions in Thailand. Journal of Education and Practkice, 7(12), 211219.Sulaiman, T., Ayub, A. F. M., & Sulaiman, S. (2015). Curriculum Change in English Language Curriculum Advocates Higher Order Thinking Skills and Standards- Based Assessments in Malaysian Primary Schools. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 494. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2p494Sulaiman, T., Muniyan, V., Madhvan, D., Ehsan, S. D., Persekutuan, W., & Lumpur, K. (2017). Implementation of Higher Order Thinking Skills in Teaching Of Science: A Case Study in Malaysia. International Research Journal of Education and Sciences (IRJES), 1(1), 25502158. Retrieved from www.masree.info ManuscriptSybing, R. (2019). Identifying features of dialogic interaction in EFL teacher discourse: A literature review. Journal of Foreign Language Education and Technology (Vol. 2).Swartz, R., Costa, A., Kallick, B., Beyer, B., & Reagan, R. (2007). Thinking based learning. Norwood, MA: Christopher-GordonTajudin, N. M., & Chinnappan, M. (2016). The Link between Higher Order Thinking Skills, Representation and Concepts in Enhancing TIMSS Tasks. International Journal of Instruction, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2016.9214aTan, C. (2004). My Two Difficulties. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 38(4), 639662. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0309-8249.2004.t01-4-00410.xTan, C. (2016). Philosophical perspectives on education, (January 2006).Tan, S. Y., & Halili, S. H. (2015). Effective Teaching of Higher-Order Thinking (HOT) in Education. The Online Journal of Distance Education and E-Learning, 3(2), 4147.ten Cate, O., Snell, L., Mann, K., & Vermunt, J. (2004). Orienting teaching toward the learning process. Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 79(3), 219228. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200403000-00005Thomas Lauer. (2005). Teaching Critical - Thinking Skills Using Course Content Material.Tiwari, A., Lam, D., Yuen, K. H., Chan, R., Fung, T., & Chan, S. (2005). Student learning in clinical nursing education: Perceptions of the relationship between assessment and learning. Nurse Education Today, 25(4), 299308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2005.01.013Tobin, G. A., & Begley, C. M. (2004). Methodological rigour within a qualitative framework. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(4), 388396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03207.xTsui, L. (2002). Fostering critical thinking through effective pedagogy: Evidence from four institutional case studies. The Journal of Higher Education, 73(6), 740763. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2002.0056Tyler, R.W. (1949). Basic principles of curriculum and instruction. Chicago: University of Chicago PressVan Berkel, H., & Schmidt, H. (2005). On the additional value of lectures in a problem- based curriculum. Education for Health, 18(1), 4561. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576280500042648Varutharaju, E., & Ratnavadivel, N. (2014). Enhancing higher order thinking skills through clinical simulation. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 11, 75100.Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. Mind and Society. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(96)79572-3Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University PressWagner, T. (2008). The seven survival skills for careers, college, and citizenship. The Global Achievement Gap: Why Even Our Best Schools Dont Teach the New Survival Skills Our Children Need- and What We Can Do about It, 202205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318411409429Warsihna, J., Ramdani, Z., & Prakoso, B. H. (2019). Using kahoot to improve students achievement and critical thinking in undergraduate of psychology students. 16th International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age, CELDA 2019, (December), 144150.https://doi.org/10.33965/celda2019_201911l018Weber, R. P. (1990) Basic content analysis (Vol. 49). Sage Publications, IncorporatedWhittington, M. S., Stup, R. E., Bish, L., & Allen, E. (1997). Assessment Of Cognitive Discourse: A Study Of Thinking Opportunities Provided By Professors. Journal of Agricultural Education, 38(2), 4653. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.1997.01046Willis, J.W., & Mehlinger, H.D. (1996). Information technology and teacher education. In J.T.J. Sikula, & E. Guyton, (Eds.) Handbook of research on teacher education (2nd ed., pp. 978-1209). New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan.Wong, K. T., bt Osman, R., Goh, P. S. C., & Rahmat, M. K. (2013). Understanding student teachers behavioural intention to use technology: Technology acceptance model (TAM) validation and testing. International Journal of Instruction, 6(1), 89104.Woods, D. R. (1996). Problem-based learning for large classes in chemical engineering. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 1996(68), 9199. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.37219966813Yang, Y. T. C., & Gamble, J. (2013). Effective and practical critical thinking-enhanced EFL instruction. ELT Journal, 67(4), 398412. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/cct038Yeung, S. yin S. (2015). Conception of teaching higher order thinking: perspectives of Chinese teachers in Hong Kong. Curriculum Journal, 26(4), 553578. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585176.2015.1053818Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage, 3rd ed. Th.Yusoff, W. M. W., & Seman, S. C. (2018). Teachers Knowledge of Higher Order Thinking and Questioning Skills : A Case Study at a Primary School in Teachers Knowledge of Higher Order Thinking and Questioning Skills : A Case Study at a Primary School in Terengganu , Malaysia. Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education& Development, 7(2), 119. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v7-i2/4120Zhao, C., Pandian, A., & Mehar Singh, M. K. (2016). Instructional Strategies for Developing Critical Thinking in EFL Classrooms. English Language Teaching, 9(10), 14. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n10p14Zohar, A. (1999). Teachers metacognitive knowledge and the instruction of higher order thinking. Teaching and Teacher Education, 15(4), 413429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(98)00063-8Zohar, A. (2013a). Challenges in wide scale implementation efforts to foster higher order thinking (HOT) in science education across a whole school system. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 10, 233249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2013.06.002Zohar, A. (2013b). Scaling up higher order thinking in science classrooms: The challenge of bridging the gap between theory, policy and practice. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 10, 168172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2013.08.001Zohar, A., & Schwartzer, N. (2005). Assessing Teachers Pedagogical Knowledge in the Context of Teaching Higher?order Thinking. International Journal of Science Education, 27(13), 15951620. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690500186592Zucker, L., & Fisch, A. (2019). Play and Learning with KAHOOT!: Enhancing Collaboration and Engagement in Grades 9-16 through Digital Games. Journal of Language and Literacy Education, 15(1).